KINGDOM PLANTAE AND KINGDOM ANIMALIA BY NUR AFRINA BINTI SHAHARUDIN (P12U)
PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA PHYLUM PTERIDOPHYTA PHYLUM ARTHROPODA PHYLUM ANNELIDA PHYLUM MOLLUSCA KINGDOM PLANTAE KINGDOM ANIMALIA
KINGDOM PLANTAE I N T R O D U C T I O N Plantae is a taxonomic kingdom that includes a diverse group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms commonly known as plants. This kingdom is one of the five major groups where living organisms are classified based on their fundamental characteristics and evolutionary relationships. Kingdom plantae consists of four phylum which are Bryophyta, Pteridophyte, Coniferophyte and Anthophyta. Each of this phylum has it own characteristic and function. Plant from phylum Byrophyta which is moss is searched The moss is placed on white tiles to observe its structure of the grasshopper. the moss is observed and recorded for the morphology writing photo are taken using a camera the experiment is repeated by replacing phylum Byrophyta with phylum Pteridophyta.
PHYLUM BYROPHYTA INTRODUCTION A vast and varied group of plants are known as bryophytes. According to estimates, there are between 18,000 and 23,000 species described globally. Each of the bryophytes has it own phylum where mosses is Bryophyta, liverworts is Marchantiophyta and hornworts is Anthocerotophyta. mosses contains the greatest number of species in the bryophyte groupings. There are thousands of species of mosses found in this world such as hair cap moss. Haircap moss is a species of moss commonly found in temperate and boreal regions throughout the world. It gets its name from the distinctive hairlike structures that grow from the tops of its stalks. Haircap moss is an important part of many ecosystems as it helps to retain moisture and nutrients in the soil and provides habitat for a variety of small invertebrates. It has also been used for a variety of traditional medicinal purposes such as a treatment for inflammation and as a poultice for wounds. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bryophyta Class: Polytrichopsida Species: Polytrichum commune TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC mosses know as non vascular plants where they absorb water and nutrient from the air through their surface. this is due to the lack of xylem cell in the mosses for the absorption of water and nutrient throughout the leave. Mosses do not develop flowers, hence they reproduce by spores as opposed to seeds. They have the capacity to create spores in the thousands or millions, and they use the wind to spread them. mosses are good environmental tolerant where they can tolerate extreme temperatures, drought, and high radiation levels. This is a result of their ability to become dormant during times of environmental stress and to create unique defensive structures like cuticles and rhizoids. One of the unique characteristics of haircap moss is its growth habit. it forms dense, cushion-like mats on the ground, which can grow up to 20 cm tall. These mats can be found in a variety of habitats, including damp woodlands, heaths, and bogs. Another unique characteristic of haircap moss is its leaf structure. The leaves of haircap moss are long, narrow, and pointed, with a distinctive groove running down the center. This groove, known as the costa, helps to channel water down the leaf surface, allowing the plant to absorb moisture more efficiently. In addition, haircap moss produces spore capsules on tall stalks that can grow up to 30 cm high. These capsules release spores that can be dispersed by the wind which allowing the plant to reproduce and spread to new areas. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC
STRUCTURE OF HAIRCAP MOSS HABITAT OF HAIRCAP MOSS Haircap moss is a common species of moss that is found in a variety of habitats throughout the world where It is often found in damp, shaded areas such as woodland floors, bogs, heaths, and moors.Haircap moss can tolerate a range of soil types, but it prefers acidic soils that are low in nutrients. It can also tolerate some degree of disturbance, such as trampling or grazing by animals. This species of moss is often used in horticulture and landscaping, as it is an attractive ground cover that can help to retain moisture in soil. In the wild, haircap moss plays an important role in ecosystem function, as it helps to retain water in wetland habitats and provides habitat for a variety of small animals and insects. The gametophyte is the main body of the moss plant and is responsible for photosynthesis and reproduction. the sporophyte only represent certain part of reproductive system. It develops from the gametophyte and consists of a capsule that is supported by a stalk called the seta.
LIFE CYCLE OF HAIRCAP MOSS Haircap moss, also known as Polytrichum commune, has a life cycle that includes a gametophyte and sporophyte generation. The gametophyte generation is the dominant and longlived phase in the life cycle of haircap moss. It is the stage that we commonly recognize as the green mossy plants growing on rocks, soil, or trees. During this stage, the gametophyte produces male and female sex organs, called antheridia and archegonia, respectively. The antheridia produce sperm, while the archegonia produce eggs. Fertilization occurs when sperm swim through a thin film of water to reach the archegonia and fertilize the eggs. The fertilized egg develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte generation is short-lived and grows on top of the gametophyte. It consists of a foot, seta, and capsule. The foot is the base of the sporophyte, and it anchors the sporophyte to the gametophyte. The seta is a stalk that lifts the capsule, which contains the sporangium. The sporangium produces and releases spores, which are dispersed by wind or water. The spores germinate and develop into a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle of the haircap moss.
Sexual reproduction in haircap moss occurs when the male and female gametophytes produce sperm and eggs, respectively. The sperm and egg cells fuse to form a zygote, which develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte remains attached to the gametophyte and eventually releases spores. These spores develop into new gametophytes, and the cycle continues. REPRODUCTION OF HAIRCAP MOSS Asexual reproduction in haircap moss occurs through fragmentation and the production of specialized structures called gemmae. Fragmentation occurs when a part of the gametophyte breaks off and develops into a new plant. Gemmae are small, multicellular structures that detach from the parent plant and develop into new plants. They can be found in cups or on specialized branches of the gametophyte.
Phylum Pteridophyta, also known as ferns, is a group of vascular plants that reproduce and disperse through spores. They are widely distributed throughout the world where they can be divided into four main classes which is Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta and Pterophyta. PHYLUM PTERIDOPHYTA INTRODUCTION Pteridophytes are a group of plants that reproduce via spores rather than seeds, and they typically have a vascular system that allows them to transport water and nutrients throughout their bodies. The term "pterophyta" specifically refers to the ferns, which are a diverse group of plants found in many different habitats around the world. Dryopteris is one of the example of Pterophyta class. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Pteridophyta Class: Polypodiopsida TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC Dryopteris has trichomes which is the presence of tiny, hair-like structures on the undersides of their fronds. These trichomes are multicellular and often branched, and they help the ferns to absorb and retain moisture from the air. Dryopteris ferns are also known for their ability to tolerate a wide range of growing conditions where from deep shade to partial sun and from moist to dry soils. GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC Pteridophytes is a seedless plants as it contains spore to reproduce. They have vascular tissues but lacking of xylem vessels and phloem companion in the cells The structures in which spores are created are called sporangia. They are normally homosporous which means one kind of spore is generated and they also heterosporous that means meaning two kinds of spores are produced.
HABITAT OF DRYOPTERIS Dryopteris ferns are a diverse group of ferns that can be found in a variety of habitats around the world. However, many species of Dryopteris ferns are commonly found in moist, shady habitats such as forests, woodlands, and along streams or rivers.Some species of Dryopteris ferns are also adapted to more dry or rocky habitats, such as Dryopteris remota, which is found on dry slopes and cliffs in Europe, or Dryopteris expansa, which is found in rocky habitats in the western United States. STRUCTURE OF DRYOPTERIS Ferns have fibrous roots that spread out to anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients. The fronds are where photosynthesis takes place, and they also play a role in reproduction. The rhizome stores food and water for the plant and can survive adverse conditions such as drought or fire
The life cycle of a Dryopteris fern begins with a spore. The spore develops into a tiny, heart-shaped gametophyte. The gametophyte produces both male and female reproductive organs. The male organ produces sperm, and the female organ produces eggs. When the sperm and egg meet, they fuse to form a zygote. The zygote develops into a sporophyte, which is the familiar fern plant. The sporophyte grows from the gametophyte and consists of a stem, fronds, and roots. The sporophyte produces spores, which are located on the underside of the fronds in structures called sori. The spores are released and can be carried by the wind or water to new locations, where they can develop into new gametophytes and begin the cycle anew. The sporophyte stage of Dryopteris ferns can live for several years, while the gametophyte stage is short-lived, lasting only a few months. LIFE CYCLE OF DRYOPTERIS
In Dryopteris, reproduction can take place in both sexual and asexual ways. Dryopteris generates spores in order to reproduce sexually. Sori are structures that create these spores, are found on the undersides of fronds. When the spores are ready to be released, the wind can disperse them. The spores can germinate and grow into gametophytes, which are tiny, heart-shaped organisms that generate both male and female reproductive cells, if the best conditions are present. The resulting zygote can combine these cells to create a new fern plant. Via the method of vegetative propagation, Dryopteris may also procreate asexually. When the roots, stems, or leaves of an existing plant are used to create new plants, this occurs. The growth of plantlets on the ends of fronds in Dryopteris is one way for this to happen. It is possible to take these plantlets out and replant them to create new plants with the same genetic makeup as the original plant. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION OF DRYOPTERIS
KINGDOM ANIMALIA I N T R O D U C T I O N Kingdom Animalia, also known as the animal kingdom, is a taxonomic group of organisms that includes multicellular and eukaryotic animals.The animal kingdom is incredibly diverse, and includes organisms ranging from simple sponges to complex mammals. animal kingdom can be divided into different phylum including Chordata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Porifera and Annelida. Animal from phylum arthropoda which is grasshopper is searched the grasshopper is placed on white tiles to observe its structure of the grasshopper. the grasshoper is observed and recorded for the morphology writing photo are taken using a camera the experiment is repeated by replacing phylum arthropods with phylum annelida and phylum mollusca animals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
INTRODUCTION PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Arthropoda is a phylum of animals that includes insects, spiders, crustaceans, and many other creatures. It is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, with over a million known species, and it is found in almost every habitat on Earth. Arthropods are incredibly diverse and have adapted to a wide range of environments, from the depths of the ocean to the tops of mountains. insect like grasshopper is an example of Arthropoda . Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Species: Melanoplus sanguinipes TAXONOMIC HIERACHY Grasshoppers are an essential component of ecosystems because they provide food for a variety of predators, such as birds, reptiles, and mammals. They may seriously harm crops, therefore they can also be regarded as pests in agricultural situations.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC Arthropods have a segmented body with a head, thorax, and abdomen. This segmentation allows for greater flexibility and adaptability in movement and behavior. Arthropods have jointed appendages that allow for a wide range of movement and manipulation. This feature is unique to arthropods and sets them apart from other animal phyla. Arthropods have an exoskeleton made of chitin that provides support and protection. This exoskeleton must be periodically shed to allow for growth. The exoskeleton is a unique feature that has allowed arthropods to survive in a variety of environments, including terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Many arthropods undergo metamorphosis, where they go through distinct stages of development with different body forms and behaviors. This feature allows arthropods to exploit different resources at different stages of their life cycle and increases their chances of survival.
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC Grasshoppers have hind legs that are specialized for jumping. These legs are longer and more muscular than the other legs and allow the grasshopper to jump long distances in a single bound. Grasshoppers have large and compound eyes that allow them to see in multiple directions at once. This gives them excellent vision and helps them avoid predators. Grasshoppers have tympanal organs, which are specialized structures for detecting sound. These organs are located on the abdomen and allow the grasshopper to hear the calls of potential mates and the warning sounds of predators. Grasshoppers have long and thin antennae that are used for sensing their environment. These antennae can detect chemical signals, temperature changes, and other sensory information. Grasshoppers have the ability to regenerate lost limbs, which allows them to recover from injuries and continue to survive in their environment.
STRUCTURE OF GRASSHOPPER HABITAT OF GRASSHOPPER grasshoppers live in a open habitats with lots of sunlight, as they are cold-blooded and need warmth to regulate their body temperature. They are particularly common in areas with grasses and other low-lying vegetation, which they use for food and shelter. Grasshopper are also adapted to survive in areas with periodic drought or fire, as their eggs can remain dormant for long periods of time until conditions improve. The eyes, antennae, and mouthparts of a grasshopper are found in the head of grasshopper The thorax is the middle section of the grasshopper's body and contains the legs and wings. The reproductive and digestive systems of the grasshopper are located in the abdomen, which is the last part of the body.
LIFE CYCLE OF GRASSHOPPER The life cycle of a grasshopper can be divided into three stages: egg, nymph, and adult. Female grasshoppers lay their eggs in the soil or on plant stems in the fall. The eggs overwinter and hatch in the spring when conditions are favorable. The nymphs are small, wingless versions of the adult grasshopper. They go through several stages of growth and shedding their skin each time to grow larger. During nymphs time, grasshopper eat and develop rapidly. Once the nymphs have gone through several stages of growth, they molt one final time and emerge as adult grasshoppers. Adult grasshoppers have wings and are capable to fly. They also have fully developed reproductive organs that can mate and lay eggs to continue the life cycle.
REPRODUCTION OF GRASSHOPPER Grasshoppers have a simple reproductive system compared to some other insects. They have two ovaries and one spermatheca, which stores the sperm from the male. The sperm can remain viable for several weeks which allowing females to fertilize multiple batches of eggs without mating again Male grasshoppers attract females by producing a mating call using their wings or rubbing body parts together. Once a female is attracted, the male uses his cerci which is a paired appendage at the end of the abdomen to transfer a packet of sperm called a spermatophore to the female's reproductive tract. Females lay their eggs in the soil or on vegetation, and the eggs hatch into nymphs after a period of time. The number of eggs laid and the time it takes for them to hatch varies depending on the species and environmental conditions
PHYLUM ANNELIDA INTRODUCTION Phylum Annelida is a taxonomic group that includes segmented worms. The name "Annelida" comes from the Latin word "annellus," which means "little ring." Annelids are characterized by their body segmentation, which is visible externally and internally. They are also characterized by their closed circulatory system which means that blood is confined to vessels and does not flow freely through the body cavity. Annelids come in many different shapes and sizes.Earthworms are perhaps the most wellknown annelids. They are found in many parts of the world and are known for their ability to burrow through soil. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Class: Clitellata Species: Lumbricus terrestris TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC Annelids have a body that is divided into repeated segments or "rings," which can be seen both externally and internally where segmentation allows for greater flexibility and movement. Annelids are coelomate animals which they have a fluid-filled body cavity called a coelom that is surrounded by mesoderm. Annelids have a welldeveloped nervous system including a brain and a ventral nerve cord that runs along the length of the body. In contrast to people and other animals, earthworms lack lungs. They do not use lungs instead, they breathe through moist skin that allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC Earthworms have the ability to regenerate lost segments of their body. If an earthworm is cut in half, both halves can grow into complete worms as long as the head and a portion of the nervous system are intact. Earthworms are hermaphrodites where each of the earthworm has both male and female reproductive organs. However, they still require a partner to mate and exchange sperm.
STRUCTURE OF EARTHWORM HABITAT OF EARTHWORM Earthworms can be found in a wide range of habitats such as : earthworm can be found in soil, where earthworm burrow and create tunnels as they prefer moist and nutrient-rich soil with a neutral pH. Earthworm also can be found in forested areas where they play an important role in breaking down leaf litter and other organic matter. Earthworms can be found in grasslands where they help to improve soil structure and nutrient availability for plants. clitellum is a swollen, saddle-shaped band where It is involved in reproduction. The earthworm's body is made up of multiple segments which contains bristles called setae that use for movement.
LIFE CYCLE OF EARTHWORM The life cycle of an earthworm involves several stages. firstly, mating stages where two earthworms exchange sperm packets, which they then use to fertilize their own eggs. Next, earthworm lays a cocoon in the soil. The cocoon contains several eggs which will hatch into small, immature worms during hatchling stage. The hatchling's colour will match that of an adult earthworm as it develops and eats. During the adult stage, they become sexually mature and ready for reproducing. Adult earthworms continue to burrow through the soil, feeding on organic matter and helping to improve soil health. The last stage is when earthworms eventually die. When an earthworm dies, its body is broken down by decomposers and release nutrients back into the soil. The next stage is Juvenile stage where this Juvenile earthworms look similar to adult earthworms, but they are smaller and not sexually mature. They spend their time feeding and growing in the soil.
during the first step which is mating step, two earthworms lie parallel to each other with their heads facing opposite directions. They exchange sperm packets, which are then stored in sacs called spermathecae. Each earthworm creates a mucus ring around its body after mating, then glides out of the ring. The ring then creates a cocoon in the soil that is filled with many eggs and sperm. Then, the stored sperm fertilises the eggs inside the cocoon. The cocoon then seals itself and is deposited in the soil The young worms hatch from the cocoon after a few weeks. Although the juvenile earthworms are tiny and lack all of the segments, they immediately start to eat and grow. usually, the earthworms reach sexual maturity in about 3-12 months, depending on the species and environmental conditions. REPRODUCTION OF EARTHWORM
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA INTRODUCTION Mollusca is a large and diverse phylum of invertebrate animals which contains an estimated 100,000 species. It can be classed into several classes, including Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Scaphopoda and polyplacophora. Snails are a diverse group of invertebrates that belong to the phylum Mollusca. Snails are important members of many ecosystems and play important roles as decomposers, herbivores, and prey for other animals. Some species of snails are also considered pests, as they can damage crops and gardens. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Species: Helix aspersa taxonomic hierarchy
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC Mollusks contain a thin layer of tissue known as mantle that surrounds the mollusk's body. The mantle often secretes the shell that covers and protects the animal. Many mollusks have a calcium carbonate-based hard shell that covers their sensitive bodies to protect them. Depending on the species, the mantle secretes a shell that can vary in size, shape, and colour. Mollusk has an open circulatory system where it prevents the blood from always being contained by blood vessels. Sinuses in the body are voids through which it instead circulates. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC Snails have two sets of tentacles on their heads. The shorter pair is used to detect substances in the air and water, while the longer pair is used to sense the surroundings and identify food. The snail moves by using its powerful foot, which is placed beneath its body. Snails move by contracting their foot, which produces an upward-moving wave-like action. Snails have an organ called a radula that resembles a tongue and is used to scrape food off of surfaces.
HABITAT OF SNAIL Terrestrial snails are often found in moist habitats, such as forests, grasslands and gardens. They can live in soil, under leaf litter,or on plants. Some species of terrestrial snails are adapted to dry environments and are able to enter a state of dormancy, known as estivation, during periods of drought. Freshwater snails live in rivers, streams, ponds and lakes. They are adapted to aquatic life and have gills for breathing. Some freshwater snails are found in brackish water, which is a mixture of saltwater and freshwater. Oceans and other saltwater habitats are where marine snails can be found. They can inhabit deep water habitats, rocky shorelines, coral reefs, and intertidal areas. Sea snails can survive in salty environments and may have unique mechanisms for excreting extra salt. STRUCTURE OF SNAIL shell is a protective covering made of calcium carbonate. foot is a muscular organ that used for movement of snail. The head contains the snail's sensory organs and two pairs of tentacles mantle secretes the shell and helps regulate the snail's internal environment.
The juvenile stage is reached when the hatchling matures where young snails are tiny and may not yet have a shell that is completely developed. LYFE CYCLE OF SNAIL Then, the egg hatches and a tiny snail emerges. this is known as the hatchling stage. The snail matures as it grows and becomes an adult. The mature snails have a whole shell and are completely developed. firstly, the snails begin life as eggs which are laid in a moist environment by adult snails. Adult snails are capable of reproduction and many of them are hermaphrodites. To fertilise their eggs, snails can mate and exchange sperm with other snails. Snails lay their eggs in a damp habitat after mating. Depending on the species, the quantity of eggs laid might vary significantly. The snail's life cycle is completed when the eggs grow and hatch.
REPRODUCTION OF SNAIL Since snails are hermaphrodites, they have both male and female reproductive systems in each snail. The reproduction of , snails typically engages in a process called copulation where two snails exchange sperm to fertilize each other's eggs. Snails stretch their genitalia which is their reproductive organs, to make connection with their partner during copulation. The snails then exchange sperm packets which fertilise each snail's egg After fertilization, the snails lay their eggs in a suitable environment, such as in soil or under leaf litter. The snail embryos grow inside the egg capsules until they are prepared to hatch after the eggs are placed. Once the hatchlings emerge from their eggs, they enter the juvenile stage and begin their life cycle anew.
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