Morphological variations of chaste tree (Vitex agnus ...

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

ISSN: 0114-0671 (Print) 1175-8783 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzc20

Morphological variations of chaste tree (Vitex
agnus‐castus) genotypes from southern Anatolia,
Turkey

Osman Karaguzel & Belma Girmen

To cite this article: Osman Karaguzel & Belma Girmen (2009) Morphological variations of
chaste tree (Vitex agnus‐castus) genotypes from southern Anatolia, Turkey, New Zealand
Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 37:3, 253-261, DOI: 10.1080/01140670909510271
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140670909510271

Published online: 19 Feb 2010.

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New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 2009, Vol. 37: 253-261 253

1175-8783 (Online); 0014-0671 (Print)/09/3703-0253 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2009

Morphological variations of chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus)
genotypes from southern Anatolia, Turkey

Downloaded by [50.116.19.84] at 00:42 02 January 2016 OSMAN KARAGUZEL INTRODUCTION
BELMAGIRMEN
The ornamental plant industry has always strived
Department of Landscape Architecture to increase crop diversity. The genetic diversity of
Faculty of Agriculture ornamentals is an invaluable resource. The diversity
Akdeniz University of cultivars in ornamental horticulture was derived
07070 Antalya, Turkey from selection and breeding of wild plants (Heywood
email: [email protected] 2003). Developments in genetic engineering provide
opportunities for the creation of new forms of plants
Abstract In this study, the extent and distribution with interesting visual characteristics or resistance
of visual and morphological characteristics and to biotic and abiotic stresses (Deroles et al. 2002;
diversity based on seven origin sites for 37 chaste Lorito et al. 2002). Nevertheless, native populations
tree (Vitex agnus-castus)genotypes selected from the of plant species still harbour a considerable amount
east coast of Antalya Province (southern Anatolia, of variation and are therefore an important resource
Turkey) were determined. Plant size, growth habit, for plant breeders (Jensen 1988; Weiss 2002; Chahal
and flower colour were used as visual characteristics. & Gosal 2006).
Morphological characteristics included primary
and secondary panicle lengths and flower numbers, There has been an increasing demand for native
petiole length, mid-leaflet length and width, and plant species to be included in landscape design
flowering branch diameter. Genotypes differed (Brzuszek et al. 2007) to increase sustainability and
significantly in both overall and within origin sites reduce landscape maintenance cost and water use. This
in terms of frequency for visual characteristics. increasing demand, along with new approaches to plant
Similar large diversities were recorded between and genetic resource conservation policies (Karagüzel et
within origin sites for morphological characteristics. al. 1999), indicate the importance of recovering and
Pearson's coefficients revealed that there were describing the genetic diversity of native species or
several significant and positive correlations between native populations of cultivated plants.
morphological characteristics of V. agnus-castus
genotypes. Cluster and principal component analyses The chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus L.)
based on means of genotypes for morphological (Verbenaceae) is an ancient and current medicinal
characteristics confirmed large variations between (Chevallier 1996; Saglam et al. 2007) as well as
V.agnus-castus genotypes. an important garden plant (Bridwell 2003). It is
one of 250 species of Vitex genus and native to the
Keywords Vitex agnus-castus;selection; botanical Mediterranean region and western Asia (Brickell &
characters; diversity Zuk 1997; Bryant et al. 1999). Southern Anatolia
(Turkey), the east coast of Antalya Province in
H08073; Online publication date 31 August 2009 particular, has a rich native population of V.agnus-
Received 11 August 2008; accepted 5 July 2009 castus. Conducting the first selection study in this
area, Girmen & Karagüzel (2005) identified V.
agnus-castus genotypes that had unique aesthetic
appearances which can be exploited according to the
diversity needs in the nursery industry. In addition,
Girmen & Karagüzel (2005) reported some visual
and morphological characteristics of genotypes in
detail; however, they did not assess diversity.

Vitex agnus-castusgenotypes from different origin
sites could have evolved genetic complexities that

254 New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 2009, Vol. 37

Downloaded by [50.116.19.84] at 00:42 02 January 2016 Fig. 1 Map of the origin sites from which Vitex agnus-castus genotypes were selected.

favour their use in planting design or for medicinal considering categories in plant size, growth habit,

purposes. The aim of this study was to determine the and flower colour characteristics, which are important

extent and distribution of visual and morphological for ornamental plant selection (Weiss 2002), for

characteristics in V. agnus-castus genotypes selected selecting genotypes. Specifically, individuals with

from different origin sites on the east coast of the unusual aesthetic appearance (Horn 2002) were

Antalya Province (south Anatolia, Turkey). selected because unique traits are needed to meet

the diversity needs of the nursery industry (Halevy

2003; Heywood 2003).

MATERIALS AND METHODS Observations of visual characteristics and
measurements of morphological characteristics

Plant material were made during the peak flowering period (June

In this study, 37 V. agnus-castus genotypes were and July 2003) of V. agnus-castus in the region.
selected from seven origin sites from the east coast The climate in the study site is Mediterranean, with
(long. 3 0°57'E and 3 2°3 3 'E) of the Antalya Province warm, wet winters and hot, dry summers.

(south Anatolia, Turkey) (Fig. 1; Table 1). Before
plant selection, landscape surveys were performed Visual characteristics

and the selection area was divided into seven sites. Plant size, growth habit, and flower colour were

Sites were at the base or on the sides of valleys considered as visual parameters in this study. Plant

and they were separated from each other by land size was divided into five categories: (1) small tree

that had no or only a few V. agnus-castus plants. (plant height 3-6 m with single stem); (2) tall shrub

A visual selection method was then conducted by (multi-stemmed plant height 2-3 m growing taller

Karaguzel & Girmen—Morphological variations of chaste tree genotypes 255

Downloaded by [50.116.19.84] at 00:42 02 January 2016 than its width); (3) medium shrub (multi-stemmed site. Pearson's correlation coefficient, which is a
plant height 1-2 m growing as tall as its width); (4) bivariate correlation procedure, was used to measure
small shrub (multi-stemmed plant with height less associations among morphological characteristics.
than 1 m growing wider than its height (Ellison For all analyses, SPSS software for Windows v. 13.0
2002)); and (5) ground cover (separated multi- (SPSS Inc. Chicago, United States) was used.
stemmed plant height less than 1.2 m) and able to
perform functions described by MacKenzie (2003) Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component
in the landscape. Growth habit was divided into four analysis (PCA), which were based on the means of
categories: (1) rounded; (2) spreading rounded; (3) genotypes for eight morphological characteristics,
upright oval; and (4) wide-shallow. These categories were performed to determine the relationship and
consider the importance of this characteristic for pattern of variation between genotypes from different
landscape plant selection (Dirr 1998; Bridwell origin sites (Iezzoni & Pritts 1991; van Togeren
2003). Flower colour was divided into six groups: 2002). Numerical Taxonomy Multivariate Analysis
(1) white-pale pink; (2) pink; (3) dark pink; (4) lilac; System (NTSYS)-PC v. 2.01 (Rohlf 1998) was
(5) dark lilac-purple; and (6) purple. used for cluster and principal component analyses.
Before each analysis, data from each genotype were
Morphological characteristics standardised as standard deviations of character
means. Matrixes of similarity coefficients for each
In this study, eight morphological characteristics pair of characters were constructed using Pearson
were measured in three randomly chosen flowering product-moment correlations. Then a CA dendrogram
branches of each genotype. The three branches as SAHN with the unweighted pair-group method
selected were separated by 120° in the middle part algorithm (UPGMA) and a PCA using the SQRT
of the canopy. The morphological characteristics (LAMBDA) parameter for computing eigenvectors
investigated were primary and secondary panicle were generated and plotted.
lengths and flower numbers, petiole length, mid-
leaflet length and width, and flowering branch RESULTS
diameter.
Genotypes had significantly different visual
Data analyses characteristics overall and within origin sites (Table
2). Overall, the majority of the selected genotypes
Chi-square tests were used to analyse visual charac- were tall (59.5%) and medium (27.0%) shrubs; only
teristics of genotypes and the prevalence of each 8.1% of the genotypes were small trees and 2.7%
characteristic overall and within each origin site of the genotypes were small shrubs or ground cover
(Gomez & Gomez 1984). ANOVAs were used to plants, according to the plant size categories used.
analyse morphological characteristics. Mean squares The percentages of genotypes in each plant size
of origin sites were tested against the pooled mean category were similar within Osl, Os2, Os5, and
squares of genotypes within origin sites. In addition, Os6. Overall, there was a significant difference in the
the mean squares of genotypes in each origin site percentage (frequency) of genotypes with different
were tested against mean squares of genotypes within growth habits; 48.6% and 43.2% of genotypes
that site (Tabaei-Aghdaei et al. 2007). Means and
standard deviations were computed for each origin

Table 1 Origin sites of Vitexagnus-castus genotypes.

Origin site No. (and code) of genotypes
(Os) no. Origin site

Osl West of Kirahmetler locality, Gazipasa (Antalya) district 8 (Gl, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, G8)

Os2 East of Kirahmetler locality, Gazipasa (Antalya) district 7 (G9, G10, G i l , G12, G13, G14, G15)

Os3 Kaledran county, Gazipasa (Antalya) district 1 (G16)

Os4 Belek county, Serik (Antalya) district 5(G17,G18,G19,G20,G21)

Os5 Demirtas. locality, Gazipasa (Antalya) district 5 (G22, G23, G24, G25, G26)

Os6 Coastal area between Gazipasa (Antalya) and Anamur 8 (G27, G28, G29, G30, G31,G32, G33, G34)

(Icel) districts

Os7 Coastal area between Anamur and Gazipasa (Antalya) districts 3 (G35, G36, G37)

256 New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 2009, Vol. 37

Downloaded by [50.116.19.84] at 00:42 02 January 2016 were classified as rounded and spreading rounded, Results of ANOVAs revealed significant differen-
respectively. Two of the 37 (5.4%) genotypes were ces among origin sites for all morphological
upright oval and only one (2.7%) genotype was characteristics except for flower number on primary
wide-shallow (Table 2). The number of significant panicle and mid-leaflet width (Table 3). Within origin
differences in growth habit categories within sites, however, the number of flowers on primary
origin sites, however, was less than that of plant panicles significantly differed among genotypes
size categories. The percentages (frequencies) of when origin sites had adequate degrees of freedom.
genotypes with different plant growth habits were Similar significant variations among genotypes
significantly different for two origin sites (Osl and within origin sites were found for the majority of
Os5). morphological characteristics, except for the number
of flowers on the secondary panicle and the length
Overall, there was a significant difference in the and width of the mid-leaflet in Os7.
percentage (frequency) of genotypes with different
flower colours, an important visual characteristic The means and standard deviations of morpho-
(Table 2). The majority (56.8%) of genotypes had logical characteristics for each origin site are shown
lilac flowers. Some genotypes (18.9%) had pink in Table 4. Morphological characteristics of V.
flowers, and 10.8% of genotypes had dark lilac- agnus-castus genotypes used in this study exhibited
purple flowers. Although 5.4% of the genotypes significant variation. For instance, genotypes from
had white-pale pink and dark pink flowers, only Osl had the lowest mean number of flowers on the
one genotype (2.7%) had purple flowers. Significant secondary panicle and the lowest mean diameter of
differences in the frequency of genotypes with the flowering branch, but had moderate means for
different flower colours were only recorded for one other characters. The Os2 genotypes had the highest
origin site, Osl (Table 2). mean lengths of primary and secondary panicles

Table 2 Size, growth habit, and flower colour characteristic frequencies of Vitex agnus-castus genotypes. Numbers
of genotypes are given as percentages and are pooled for all sites or given for each site.

Characteristic Overall Osl Os2 Origin site Os6 Os7
Os3 Os4 Os5
Size 8.1 12.5 28.6 0.0 0.0
Small tree 59.5 50.0 57.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 100.0
Tall shrub 27.0 25.0 14.3 0.0 100.0 80.0 62.5 0.0
Medium shrub 2.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 20.0 12.5 0.0
Small shrub 2.7 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ground cover 87.316 9.000 6.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.750
<0.001 0.029 0.050 - 0.008 -
Chi-square - 5.400 -
48.6 25.0 57.1 - 0.020 37.5
P value 43.2 62.5 42.9 - 50.0 66.7
Growth habit 5.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 80.0 12.5 33.3
Rounded 2.7 12.5 0.0 0.0 40.0 40.0 0.0 0.0
Spreading rounded 43.358 9.750 0.429 0.0 60.0 20.0 5.250 0.0
Upright oval 0.001 0.008 0.513 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.072 1.000
Wide-shallow — 0.0 5.400 0.317
5.4 12.5 0.0 - 0.600 0.020 0.0
Chi-square 18.9 12.5 42.9 0.459 0.0 0.0
5.4 12.5 0.0 0.0 20.0 12.5 0.0
P value 56.8 62.5 57.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0
Flower colour 10.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.0 0.0 37.5 66.7
White-pale pink 2.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 60.0 0.0 33.3
Pink 99.741 18.000 0.429 0.0 40.0 0.0 5.650 0.0
Dark pink O.001 O.001 0.513 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.072 1.000
Lilac — 0.0 4.800 0.317
Dark lilac-purple - 0.600 0.091
Purple 0.439

Chi-square

P value

Karaguzel & Girmen—Morphological variations of chaste tree genotypes 257

and a high number of flowers on primary panicles. Correlation analyses revealed several significant
Genotypes from Os3 had the longest petioles, the and positive correlations between morphological
widest mid-leaflets, and the lowest number of flowers characteristics of V.agnus-castus genotypes (Table
on the primary panicles. The Os4 genotypes had the 5). Primary panicle length was positively correlated
greatest number of flowers on primary panicles and with secondary panicle length, flower number on
the largest flowering branch diameter. Genotypes from primary and secondary panicles, petiole length, mid-
Os5 had the highest secondary panicle flower number, leaflet length, and branch diameter (r = 0.83, 0.62,
the longest mid-leaflet, and the shortest petiole. The 0.32, 0.28, 0.26, and 0.45, respectively). Similarly,
mean values of all characters in the Os6 genotypes secondary panicle length was positively correlated
were high or moderate compared with genotypes with flower number on primary and secondary
from other origin sites. Genotypes from Os7 had panicles, petiole length, mid-leaflet length, and
the shortest primary and secondary panicles and the branch diameter (r = 0.57, 0.36, 0.21, 0.25, and
shortest and narrowest mid-leaflets (Table 4). 0.49). As a main morphological characteristic for the

Downloaded by [50.116.19.84] at 00:42 02 January 2016 Table 3 Analysis of variance between and within origin sites for morphological characteristics of Vitex agnus-castus
genotypes. (PP, primary panicle; SP, secondary panicle; P values for sources of variations are given.)

Mean square and P value

Source of variation d.f. Panicle length (cm) No. of flowers Petiole Mid-leaflet Branch
Between origin sites 6 length Length Width diam.
PP SP PP SP (cm) (cm) (cm) (mm)

Error 104 209.646 180.029 463.006 600.091 2.817 12.586 0.333 14.456
Within origin sites 7 <0.001 <0.001 0.081 <0.001 0.056 0.003 0.096 <0.001
40.769 34.436 94.386 1.323 3.510 0.180 1.006
Osl 238.702

Os2 6 81.155 59.010 686.518 246.452 5.772 10.005 0.723 2.568
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Os3 0 150.857 189.003 946.857 198.714 4.725 7.107 0.693 1.753
Os4 4 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002

Os5 4 - - - - - - - -

Osé 7 204.608 115.172 1546.500 617.100 6.132 11.726 0.480 2.092
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.006 0.022
Os7 2 192.333 97.251 810.900 207.900 1.306 15.491 0.268 6.913
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.006 <0.001 0.013 <0.001
116.612 137.039 534.375 443.143 2.079 12.417 0.348 2.097
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.001
72.503 49.003 273.000 7.000 3.053 1.163 0.054 4.000
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.451 <0.001 0.243 0.155 <0.001

Table 4 Means and standard deviations of morphological characteristics in Vitex agnus-castus genotypes. (PP, primary
panicle; SP, secondary panicle.)

Panicle length (cm) No. of flowers Petiole length Mid-leaflet Branch
diam.
Origin site PP SP PP SP (cm) length (cm) width (cm) (mm)

Osl 18.62±5.15 11.30±4.33 45.63±14.66 12.42±9.02 4.14Ü.36 9.70Ü.86 1.48±0.50 2.38±0.92
Os2 26.37±6.92 19.14±7.62 47.57il7.08 20.29±8.03 4.22 ±1.27 9.61Ü.63 1.33±0.50 3.70±0.84
Os3 19.03±2.59 ll.00il.50 30.00±2.65 20.00±3.00 6.03±0.59 10.03±0.93 1.90±0.35 3.00±0.26
Os4 24.71±7.78 15.61±5.90 51.00±21.20 24.80il3.40 3.91Ü.42 10.61±2.09 1.57±0.43 4.79±0.96
Os5 20.21i7.51 17.01±5.40 42.40±15.41 30.60±7.88 3.59±0.71 11.29±2.20 1.49±0.33 4.59Ü.47
Os6 22.95±6.15 16.94±6.53 40.13il2.93 24.00ill.78 3.90±0.93 9.83±2.04 1.59±0.38 4.12±0.92
Os7 15.50±4.37 10.33±3.64 35.00±8.44 19.67±2.74 3.83±0.89 7.90±0.88 1.22±0.17 2.67Ü.04

258 New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 2009, Vol. 37

ornamental value of genotypes, flower number on sites (Table 1; Fig. 1), had higher similarity in the
the primary panicle was positively correlated with same subgroup, and some genotypes such as G7
flower number on the secondary panicle (r = 0.52) and G8 selected from close origin sites, separated
and mid-leaflet length (r = 0.23). Flower number in the different subclusters. However, it was found
on the secondary panicle was also significantly and that some genotypes (G35 and G37) selected from
positively correlated with mid-leaflet length and the same origin site (Os7) were close together in
branch diameter (Table 5). Therefore, high values the same group (Fig. 2). The first two components
for primary and secondary panicles and long mid- of PCA explained 97.3% and 1.9% of the total
leaflets resulted in high flower numbers on primary variation, and the bi-plot confirmed the results of
panicles. In addition, significant positive correlations cluster analysis, and variation between V. agnus-
were found between petiole length and mid-leaflet castus genotypes (Fig. 3).
length and width and between mid-leaflet length
and mid-leaflet width. Moreover, branch diameter DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
was significantly positively correlated with both
mid-leaflet length and mid-leaflet width (Table 5).

Downloaded by [50.116.19.84] at 00:42 02 January 2016 The dendrogram obtained from the CA, which In this study, the extent and distribution of visual
was based on the means of the eight morphological and morphological characteristics in V. agnus-castus
characteristics of V. agnus-castus genotypes, clearly genotypes selected from different origin sites on
showed that genotypes grouped into different clusters the east coast of Antalya Province (south Anatolia,
regardless of being selected from same selection Turkey) were determined. Widespread differences
site or distances between different origin sites among origin sites for visual and morphological
(Fig. 2). Genotype 33 (G33) from Os6 constituted characteristics were unexpected, as the selection area
separately one of the most different two groups of was restricted compared with studies on other plant
V. agnus-castus genotypes. The remainder of the species, such as Damask roses (Tabaei-Aghdaei et
genotypes separated as a second group divided into al. 2007). This diversity suggests that selections for
two subgroups, including genotypes from the same visual or morphological characteristics as well as
or different origin sites. For instance, G20 from Os4 selections for aromatic and medicinal characters
and G26 from Os5 were in close proximity in one of are possible in V.agnus-castus populations that are
the subgroups, whereas Gl and G7 from Osl were native to south Anatolia.
clustered in different subgroups (Fig. 2). In turn, Genotypes that had unusual visual characteristics
G8 and G18, which have longer distance than most were rare or very rare. For example, only a few
of the genotypes selected from the different origin genotypes were classified as ground cover, as small

Table 5 Simple correlations (r) of different morphological characteristics within Vitex agnus-castus genotypes. (PPL,
primary panicle length; SPL, secondary panicle length; FNPP, flower number on primary panicle; FNSP, flower number
on secondary panicle; PL, petiole length; MLL, mid-leaflet length; MLW, mid-leaflet width; BD, branch diameter; P
values of correlations are given.)

Character PPL SPL FNPP FNSP PL MLL MLW

SPL 0.827 0.573 0.521 -0.086 0.426 0.638 0.309
FNPP O.001 O.001 O.001 0.371 O.001 O.001 0.001
FNSP 0.267
PL 0.624 0.355 0.060 0.005 0.304 0.359
MLL O.001 O.001 0.534 0.090 0.001 O.001
MLW 0.226 0.349 0.157
BD 0.319 0.213 0.017 0.242 0.101
0.001 0.025 0.094 0.011
0.283 0.250 0.327
0.003 0.008 0.109
0.257 0.050 0.254
0.007 0.602
0.094 0.489
0.326 O.001
0.465
O.001

Karaguzel & Girmen—Morphological variations of chaste tree genotypes 259

Fig. 2 Unweighted pair group
method arithmetic average (UPG-
MA) dendrogram with similarity
coefficients for Vitex agnus-cas-
tus genotypes. Data were based
on the means of morphological
characteristics of V. agnus-castus
genotypes.

Downloaded by [50.116.19.84] at 00:42 02 January 2016 —i— —i— —I
O<59 0.77
095 1JD0

Coefficient

trees, or as having a wide-shallow growth habit. V. agnus-castus genotypes, as has been done in the
Thus, this species is described in the literature as breeding of many crops (Chahal & Gosal 2006).
a deciduous shrub (Blarney & Grey-Wilson 1998;
Bryant et al. 1999; Burnie 2000) or small tree (Dirr CA and PCA, which were based on the means of
1998; Wasson 2003) with a generally rounded morphological characteristics of genotypes, confirmed
growth habit. Similarly, genotypes with flowers the large variationbetween V. agnus-castus genotypes.
that were white-pale pink, dark pink, or purple were Since morphological characteristics are influenced
rare or very rare. Most of genotypes had flowers that by environmental factors and the developmental
were lilac, pink, or dark lilac-purple, as previously stage of the plant, they do not completely explain the
described for V. agnus-castus (Blarney & Grey- genetic diversity among individuals or populations
Wilson 1998; Bryant et al. 1999; Burnie 2000; (Dey et al. 2006). Nevertheless, morphological data
Wasson 2003). Dirr (1998) reported that some V. are important because qualitative and quantitative
agnus-castus cultivars, such as 'Alba', 'Abbeville characters have been used in plant breeding to
Blue', and 'Montrose Purple', had white, blue, and interpret the genetic diversity obtained via advanced
rich violet flowers, respectively. molecular techniques and to understand the heredity
of polygenic characters, such as flower colour
Analyses of variance and means and standard (Jensen 1988; Debener 2002; Chahal & Gosal
deviations clearly revealed large variations in the 2006; Dey et al. 2006). The selection area can be
morphological characteristics of V. agnus-castus described as a native primary gene pool for V. agnus-
genotypes, both between and within origin sites castus, considering the large variations in visual and
(Tables 3,4). Nevertheless, most of the mean values morphological characteristics between and within
of morphological characteristics were within the origin sites and the criterion mentioned by Chahal
limits mentioned for V. agnus-castus (Brickell & & Gosal (2006). In addition, it is likely that a similar
Zuk 1997; Dirr 1998; Bryant et al. 1999; Bridwell diversity of aromatic and medicinal characteristics
2003). There were positive correlations among exists in V. agnus-castus.
most of the morphological characteristics (Table
5) and some of them can easily be used to select In conclusion, variation in visual and morpho-
logical characteristics, which directly or indirectly

260 New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 2009, Vol. 37

0.44 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by theAdministration Unit of
Scientific Research Projects ofAkdeniz University (Project
no. 2003.02.0121.0.11).

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