Buku Program ICoRAST 2023

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 1

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 2 ICoRAST2023 intends to bring together a range of new scienƟfic and technological developments and challenges. Its primary objective is to address the needs of the country via technology sharing and knowledge dissemination through strong ties with industry experts, scientists and academicians. It seeks to bring together leading experts, scientists, researchers, scholars and students to discuss and share expertise, insight, and study on advancement aspects of the new and advanced science and technology disciplines in various subjects. This conference will offer an impetus for new networks to be developed and will also address the functional problems faced and the different solutions implemented in their fields worldwide to date. Preface

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 3 Professor Ts. Dr. Sharifudin Md Shaarani Honorary Chair - Vice-Chancellor Professor Ts. Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Mohamad Isa Advisor - Dean, Faculty of Science & Technology Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurfadhlina binti Abdul Halim Chairman Assoc. Prof. Dr. Farida Hazwani Mohd Ridzuan Vice Chairman Dr. Noor 'Adilah binti Ibrahim Secretary Pn. Siti Nazurah binti Md Jusof Deputy Secretary Dr. Shahrina binti Ismail Treasurer Pn. Silawati binti Manan Deputy Treasurer COMMITTEE MEMBERS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mazlynda binti Md Yusuf Head, Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Sharifah Fairuz binti Syed Mohamad Deputy Head, Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Latiffah binti Karim Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Syamila binti Mansor Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Ismatul Nurul Asyikin binti Ismail Scientific, Journal & Publication Assoc. Prof. Ts Dr. Zulkifly bin Mohd Zaki Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Hanifah binti Abdul Hamid Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Nurdiana binti Azizan Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Rabihah binti Md Sum Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Muhammad Zaim bin Razak Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Norizarina binti Ishak Scientific, Journal & Publication Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Nazrul bin Rosli Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Nadhrah binti Md Yatim Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Nur Athirah binti Mohd taib Scientific, Journal & Publication Assoc. Prof. Dr. Salina binti Md Radzi Scientific, Journal & Publication ICORAST 2023 CommiƩee

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 4 Dr. Syaza binti Azhari Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Nur Atiqah binti Nasir Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Asmah binti Mohd Jaapar Scientific, Journal & Publication Dr. Muhammad Qadri Effendy bin Mubarak Head, Invitation, Registration, Certificates & Souvenirs Dr. Nur Amalina binti Mohd Amin Invitation, Registration, Certificates & Souvenirs Dr. Maryam binti Mohamed Rehan Invitation, Registration, Certificates & Souvenirs Dr. Shahino Mah bin Abdullah Invitation, Registration, Certificates & Souvenirs Dr. Azrul Azim bin Mohd Yunus Head, Logistic & Technical En. Mohamad Zulhilmi bin Ghazali Logistic & Technical En. Mohd Nazrul bin Maslam Logistic & Technical En. Rosli bin Shaari Head, Event Management & Protocol Pn. Norlida binti Mahusin Event Management & Protocol Dr. Azira binti Khalil Event Management & Protocol Dr. Nur Hafiza binti Zakaria Event Management & Protocol Dr. Norhidayah binti Azman Head, Publicity & Multimedia Dr. Murtadha Arif bin Sahbudin Publicity & Multimedia Dr. Mohd Fadzli bin Marhusin Publicity & Multimedia Dr. Mohamad Hafizuddin Mohamed Najid Publicity & Multimedia Dr. Muhammad Arif bin Muhamad Jamali Financial Generation & Sponsorship ICORAST 2023 CommiƩee

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 5 PREFACE .............................................................................................. 2 ICoRAST2023 COMMITTEE .................................................................. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................... 5 CHAIRMAN WELCOME ADDRESS ........................................................ 6 DEAN’S WELCOME ADDRESS ............................................................... 7 KEYNOTE SPEAKER .............................................................................. 8 KEYNOTE ABSTRACT ............................................................................ 9 ICoRAST2023 PROGRAMME SCHEDULE ............................................ 10 ICoRAST2023 ORAL SCHEDULE.......................................................... 11 LIST OF ABSTRACTS ........................................................................... 16 Table of Contents

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 6 Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and greetings, On behalf of the organizing committees, it is a great pleasure to welcome all presenters and participants to the 4th International Conference on Recent Advancements in Science and Technology (ICoRAST 2023). Due to the success of the previous conference, this year, we continue to hold the meeting virtually, to make it possible for everyone to attend this conference. Experts from various disciplines in the fields of biology, computer science, physics, chemistry and mathematics come together for the conference hosted by the Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) every two years. This year, our theme, "Towards Continuity, Sustainability, and Resilience," is relevant to the world marked by constant change and challenges. It is through the lens of science and technology that we envision a brighter, more secure, and more sustainable tomorrow. This conference serves as a platform for the brightest minds from around the globe to come together, share their knowledge and research findings, and collectively forge a path towards a more prosperous and resilient future. Through this conference, hopefully, we will be able to harness the power of collaboration for networking and knowledge acquisition. Finally, I would also like to extend my appreciation to the organizing committee, distinguished speakers, presenters and participants, and everyone who has worked tirelessly behind the scenes to make this event possible. Your dedication and hard work have been instrumental in bringing us all together in making this event possible and successful. Thank you. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurfadhlina Abdul Halim Chairman, ICoRAST 2023 Chairman’s Welcome Address

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 7 Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and greetings, On behalf of the Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM, I am delighted to welcome all presenters and participants to the 4th International Conference on Recent Advancements in Science and Technology (ICoRAST 2023). I would also like to extend our warm welcome to our distinguished speakers at the conference. Our faculty is dedicated to advancing knowledge, fostering creativity, and inspiring the next generation of scientists and technologists to support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ICoRAST is a testament to our commitment to these ideals. Marked as the fourth series, ICoRAST 2023 is a platform enabling industry experts, scientists, and academicians from interdisciplinary fields in science and technology to embark on sharing ideas, research output, and knowledge advancement that will benefit humankind's sustainability and prosperity. Our goal for the conference is to engage in meaningful discussions, and foster collaborations and networking for everyone to advance their research. Let us be open to new perspectives, challenge our preconceived notions, and inspire one another to push the boundaries of innovation further. Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all authors, presenters and reviewers, as well as the conference committee members, who have relentlessly put their effort into making this ICORAST 2023’s success possible. Prof. Ts. Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Hj. Mohamad Isa Dean of Faculty Science and Technology Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia Dean’s Welcome Address

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 8 Prof. Dr. Muhammad Rezal Bin Kamel Ariffin Received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in mathematics from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia, in 1999 and 2002, respectively, and his PhD degree in mathematics from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia, in 2009. He is a Professor with the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, UPM. He was the Director for the Institute for Mathematical Research (INSPEM), UPM for the term 2020 - 2023. A total of 7 PhD students in the field of Mathematical Cryptography has graduated under his supervision and 8 for the MSc degree also in the same field of study. Currently he has 6 PhD students undergoing research in Mathematical Cryptography. He has published a combination of more than 140 scientific documents in international journals, conferences, books, book chapters, patents, and policies. In 2007, he pioneered the establishment of the Malaysian Society for Cryptology Research (MSCR). He is currently the President of MSCR beginning December 2020. His overwhelming research interests in cryptography is related to designing and analysing number theoretic based cryptosystems and post-quantum cryptography. He, with his dedicated research team are exploring methods towards the development of post quantum cryptography for seamless drop-in replacement for existing non-post quantum asymmetric cryptosystems and is also hoping to find better methods to reduce the complexity of the RSA problem. He was invited as one of the panel of experts for the 2nd Oxford Post-Quantum Cryptography Summit 2023 at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom in September 2023. Finally, he also has interest in chaos dynamical systems. Keynote Speaker

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 9 MATHEMATICS IN MAINSTREAM NATION BUILDING The modern computer, which could be traced back to the algebraic and logical works by Alan Turing via his article ‘On Computable Numbers’ in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society on May 28, in 1936 was the catalyst for modern computing machines. Notwithstanding the contributions by Al-Khwarizmi and other earlier mathematicians, Alan Turing was central in galvanizing theoretical aspects and its realization. In the past footprints of time mathematics revolved around the domain of the initiated, humankind is now witnessing it at the forefront of modern technologies. Fast forward to the 1980s, upon widespread adoption of computers and automation during the third industrial revolution, the fourth industrial revolution (I.R 4.0) emerged between 2000 – 2010 with smart and autonomous systems fueled by data and artificial intelligence. As opined by many - "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences and number theory is the queen of mathematics", where once the queen of mathematics was kept serene and awed by many, it is now consumed by masses yearning for security in the cyber realm. Such is the story and future of the evolution of the sciences (mathematics), hand in hand with nation building. Keynote Abstract

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 10 TIME PROGRAMME 08:00 - 08:45 Registration /Participants enter online platform (Main Platform) 08:45 - 09:00 Participants enter online platform (Parallel Platform) 09:00 - 10:45 Parallel Session 1 (6 Breakout Rooms) 10:45 - 11:00 Preparation Opening Ceremony /Participants enter online platform (Main Platform) 11:00 - 12:45 OPENING CEREMONY DOA RECITATION 1. WELCOMING SPEECH Prof. Madya Dr. Nurfadhlina Abdul Halim Chairman of ICoRAST 2023 2. OFFICIATING SPEECH Profesor Ts. Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Mohamad Isa Dean of Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia 3. KEYNOTE ADDRESS Prof. Dr. Muhammad Rezal Kamel Ariffin Professor in Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 12:45 - 14:15 Lunch Break 14:15 - 16:30 Parallel Session 2 (6 Breakout Rooms) 16:30 - 17:00 Photo Session via Virtual Platform ICORAST 2023 Programme Schedule

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 11 9 NOVEMBER 2023 (THURSDAY) PARALLEL TECHNICAL SESSION ROOM 1 - COMPUTER SCIENCE TIME PAPER ID PAPER TITLE MODERATOR Dr. Murtadha Arif Sahbudin 09:00 - 09:15 4 VIRTUAL MODELS FOR REAL-WORLD LEARNING: THE DEVELOPMENT OF PATIENT SIMULATOR FOR EYE DISABILITY DIAGNOSIS 09:15 - 09:30 5 SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: COVER SELECTION IN STEGANOGRAPHY 09:30 - 09:45 11 SPECIAL CHICKEN DISH CLASSIFIER: CLASSIFICATION OF DISH LAUK AYAM IMAGES USING CNN AND TRANSFER LEARNING METHODS 09:45 - 10:00 13 AI TECHNICAL INDICATORS ANALYSING SYSTEM (ATIAS) 10:00 - 10:15 25 SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ON SASE AD ZTNA IMPLEMENTATION TO ENSURE SECURE ACCESS 10:15 - 10:30 35 SAKTI: SECURED CHATTING TOOL THROUGH FORWARD SECRECY 10:30 - 11:00 TEA BREAK 11:00 - 12:45 OPENING CEREMONY 12:45 - 14:15 LUNCH BREAK 14:15 - 14:30 39 MOTIVATION ELEMENTS IN GAME-BASED LEARNING (GBL) 14:30 - 14:45 40 RANSOMWARE DETECTION: PROOF OF CONCEPT (POC) 14:45 - 15:00 41 MALWARE DETECTION USING DEEP LEARNING (DL): A REVIEW ROOM 2 - COMPUTER SCIENCE TIME PAPER ID PAPER TITLE MODERATOR Dr. Nur Hafiza Zakaria 09:00 - 09:15 56 A MOBILE APPLICATION PROTOTYPE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION 09:15 - 09:30 53 ASSESSING USER MOTIVATION IN AL-QURAN MEMORIZATION THROUGH A VARKINTEGRATED MULTIMEDIA REPRESENTATION LEARNING MODEL 09:30 - 09:45 48 URL-BASED CLASSIFICATION FEATURES IN PREVENTING RANSOMWARE CYBERATTACKS 09:45 - 10:00 65 EXPLORING STRUCTURAL TEXT PATTERNS IN AL-QURAN 10:00 - 10:15 74 THE DESIGN OF E-IFRAD COURSEWARE TO ENHANCE QIRA'AT STUDIES 10:15 - 10:30 76 UNVEILING THE DIGITAL DILEMMA: EXPLORING SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION AMONG MALAYSIAN YOUTHS 10:30 - 11:00 TEA BREAK 11:00 - 12:45 OPENING CEREMONY 12:45 - 14:15 LUNCH BREAK 14:15 - 14:30 80 ENTANGLEMENT CLASSIFICATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SU (2) AND SL (2) DEVELOPED OPERATOR MODELS 14:30 - 14:45 82 NOODLE DISH IMAGE CLASSIFIER: BUILDING DEEP LEARNING CLASSIFICATION MODEL FOR RECOGNIZING MULTIPLE MALAYSIAN NOODLE DISH IMAGES ICORAST 2023 Oral Schedule

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 12 ROOM 3 - BIOLOGY TIME PAPER ID PAPER TITLE MODERATOR Dr. Latifah Karim 09:00 - 09:15 32 DNA EXTRACTION METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OF EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA, LABISIA PUMILA, AND ORTHOSIPHON STAMINEUS IN HERBAL PRODUCT FORMS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 09:15 - 09:30 7 CHITOSAN AS FAT-BINDER FOR LOWERING BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVEL 09:30 - 09:45 18 PROFILING OF METABOLITES COMPOUND IN CHROMOLAENA ODORATA USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS) 09:45 - 10:00 22 ANALYSIS ON THE MOISTURE AND GLUCOSE CONTENT OF STINGLESS BEE POLLEN FROM VARIED TROPICAL SPECIES 10:00 - 10:15 24 ISOLATION AND SELECTION OF SODIUM DODECYL SULPHATE DEGRADING BACTERIA FROM DIVERSE SOURCES 10:15 - 10:30 26 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENTS, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND THIN- LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY TEST EXTRACT LEAF OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA CV WANGI 10:30 - 11:00 TEA BREAK 11:00 - 12:45 OPENING CEREMONY 12:45 - 14:15 LUNCH BREAK 14:15 - 14:30 36 EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIOXIDANT ANALYSIS OF NEPETA CATARIA (CATNIP) LEAVES EXTRACTS 14:30 - 14:45 43 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND VIABILITY OF PROBIOTIC STRAINS OF FROZEN SOYMILK YOGURT 14:45 - 15:00 49 CHARACTERIZATION OF RHODOPSEUDOMONAS SP. STRAIN SBL AS BIOSORBENT FOR CADMIUM 15:00 - 15:15 50 AN ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY CLASSROOM FOR HYGIENIC AWARENESS AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS 15:15 - 15:30 71 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RATIOS OF CHICKEN MEAT TO GREY OYSTER MUSHROOM STEMS ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY OF PATTIES 15:30 - 15:45 34 ASSESSING Β-CARBOLINE ANALOGUES AS ANTIBIOTIC AGENT USING IN VITRO STUDIES ICORAST 2023 Oral Schedule

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 13 ROOM 4 - CHEMISTRY TIME PAPER ID PAPER TITLE MODERATOR Dr. Shikh Mohd Shahrul Nizan Shikh Zahari 09:00 - 09:15 9 PHENOLICS COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES FROM OPTIMIZED PHEONIX DACTYLIFERA EXTRACT USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY 09:15 - 09:30 8 EFFECT OF EXTRACTION CONDITION ON THE RECOVERY OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF DEFATTED HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS SEED 09:30 - 09:45 14 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY BASED PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF SOAPS PRODUCED FROM VEGETABLE OILS AND ANIMALS FATS 09:45 - 10:00 17 ALKYLDIETHANOLAMIDE SURFACTANT BASED ON KETAPANG SEED OIL IN HERBICIDE FORMULATION 10:00 - 10:15 77 UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY STUDY IN THERMAL DIGESTION OF POME CATALYSED BY FECL3 WITH GLUCOSE AND LIGNIN 10:15 - 10:30 45 SYNTHESIS OF COPPER SUPPORTED ON DIAPERS CHAR AS GREEN CATALYST FOR THE CARBOXYLATION OF GLYCEROL 10:30 - 10:45 46 THEORETICAL COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF 4–DIPHENYLAMINO) BENZALDEHYDE– 4– (ORTHO/META/PARA–FLUOROPHENYL) THIOSEMICARBAZONE ISOMERS PREDICTS BIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY 10:45 - 11:00 TEA BREAK 11:00 - 12:45 OPENING CEREMONY 12:45 - 14:15 LUNCH BREAK 14:15 - 14:30 54 MAGNETICALLY RETRIEVABLE IRON OXIDE-SILICA CORE-SHELL SUPPORTED PALLADIUM(II) COMPLEX AS POTENTIAL SUPPORTED CATALYST FOR MIZOROKIHECK CATALYTIC REACTION 14:30 - 14:45 55 EFFECT OF DOPED POLYANILINE IN ADSORPTION-DESORPTION PROCESS DURING ACETONE DETECTION 14:45 - 15:00 58 OPTICAL SENSING MATERIAL BASED ON P-TOLUIDINE IMMOBILISED IN POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FILM FOR DETECTION OF HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL (HMF) IN HONEY 15:00 - 15:15 62 DECOMPOSITION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS USING IONIC LIQUIDS 15:15 - 15:30 72 ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF BAECKEA FRUTESCENS USING ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE-FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (ATR-FTIR) AND ITS SAPONIFICATION PROCESS ICORAST 2023 Oral Schedule

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 14 ROOM 5 - PHYSICS TIME PAPER ID PAPER TITLE MODERATOR Dr. Azira Khalil 09:00 - 09:15 67 IONIC CONDUCTIVITY STUDIES ON PROTON CONDUCTING SOLID BIOPOLYMER ELECTROLYTE BASED ON 2-HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (2HEC) DOPED WITH AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (NH4CL) 09:15 - 09:30 51 AMPLITUDE AND HITS ACOUSTIC EMISSION DATA PARAMETERS OF CONCRETE ON THE CYCLIC LOAD TEST METHOD 09:30 - 09:45 19 LEVERAGING CHATBOT TECHNOLOGY FOR MENTAL HEALTH SUPPORT AMONG STEM UNDERGRADUATES 09:45 - 10:00 23 CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE + AMMONIUM FORMATE BIOPOLYMER ELECTROLYTE: IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 10:00 - 10:15 28 DETERMINING THE LIQUID DENSITY OF TRIDECANE USING A SOLID DENSITY STANDARD 10:15 - 10:30 29 ASSESMENT OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS FOR GOLD 916: USING ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESENCE AND HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING SYSTEM 10:30 - 10:45 31 THE EFFECT OF CO-DOPING GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND CEPHALOPOD BONES ON MICROSTRUCTURAL OF YBCO SUPERCONDUCTOR 10:45 - 11:00 TEA BREAK 11:00 - 12:45 OPENING CEREMONY 12:45 - 14:15 LUNCH BREAK 14:15 - 14:30 47 ELUCIDATING URIC ACID CONCENTRATION-SURFACE TENSION LEVEL THROUGH REFLECTIVE INTENSITY OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR 14:30 - 14:45 10 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF BINARY AND TERNARY ZNO/C POROUS NANO BIOCOMPOSITES AS ANODES FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 14:45 - 15:00 15 COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE AS ELECTROMAGNETIC ABSORBER 15:00 - 15:15 69 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A DEVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR CTS-BASED THIN FILM SOLAR CELL USING SCAPS-1D SIMULATOR 15:15 - 15:30 70 STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF SOLID BIOPOLYMER ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM BASED ON 2HYDROXYETHYL ELLULOSE BLEND WITH AMMONIUM CHLORIDE 15:30 - 15:45 37 DETECTION OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN WATER FOR IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ICORAST 2023 Oral Schedule

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 15 ROOM 6 - MATHEMATICS TIME PAPER ID PAPER TITLE MODERATOR Dr. Sharifah Fairuz Syed Mohamad 09:00 - 09:15 66 ESTIMATING ACTIVE CASE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE USING SEIRD MODEL; CASE OF COVID-19 DISEASES IN MALAYSIA 09:15 - 09:30 30 CLINICAL PATTERN OF RETINOBLASTOMA PATIENTS IN MALAYSIA: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY 09:30 - 09:45 44 EARTHQUAKE BOND PRICING MODEL WITH DOUBLE TRIGGER PARAMETERS USING CREDIBILITY MEASURE 09:45 - 10:00 52 FACTORS INFLUENCING MOBILE BANKING USAGE AMONG MALAYSIANS DURING COVID-19 PERIOD 10:00 - 10:15 57 FACTORS AFFECTING PUBLIC PENSION BENEFIT IN MALAYSIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW 10:15 - 10:30 59 RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES VS COPING MECHANISMS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK 10:30 - 11:00 TEA BREAK 11:00 - 12:45 OPENING CEREMONY 12:45 - 14:15 LUNCH BREAK 14:15 - 14:30 64 EMPIRICAL TESTING TOWARDS FIXED EFFECT METHOD ON INTRINSIC VALUE VARIABLES OF ECONOMIC BUBBLES 14:30 - 14:45 16 EMPIRICAL TEST TOWARDS POOLED ORDINARY LEAST SQUARE METHOD ON PARAMETER OF INTRINSIC VALUE OF ECONOMIC BUBBLES 14:45 - 15:00 68 ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS IN DEVELOPING DIABETES AMONG PUBLIC IN MALAYSIA AND THEIR INTEREST IN TAKAFUL PRODUCTS 15:00 - 15:15 81 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STANDARD NEURAL NETWORKS AND GRANULAR NEURAL NETWORKS ICORAST 2023 Oral Schedule

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 16 4 - VIRTUAL MODELS FOR REAL-WORLD EARNING: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PATIENT SIMULATOR FOR EYE DISABILITY DIAGNOSIS MUHAMMAD KHUARIZMI BIN MOHD RAPI1 , a), DR. AZUAN BIN AHMAD2,b) and PROF. TS. DR. MADIHAH MOHD SAUDI3,c) 1Todak Studios Game Development Unit, Todak Studios Sdn Bhd, Malaysia 2Cybersecurity and System Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia 3Cybersecurity and Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia a) [email protected] b) [email protected] c) [email protected] Abstract: Patient simulators have become an increasingly popular tool in medical education, providing a safe and realistic environment for students to practice clinical skills and decision-making. However, a notable gap exists in the realm of ophthalmology training, where the use of patient simulators is limited, especially for the diagnosis of eye disabilities. This study aims to address this critical gap by describing the development of a patient simulator tailored for ophthalmology training, focusing on the diagnosis of eye disabilities. The simulator integrates real-world patient data and generates lifelike eye disability scenarios designed to challenge students' diagnostic skills. To achieve this, algorithm techniques are applied to enhance the realism of the patient simulator for ophthalmology training. Additionally, user interface is designed and tested in optimizing the confidentiality of the simulator, which incorporates to protects user information data. The research methodology encompasses the complete lifecycle of the simulator, including its development, the creation of several realistic eye disability scenarios, and the confidentiality of user data that using the patient simulation. Results from this study reveal a significant improvement in students' ability to diagnose eye disabilities after utilizing the simulator. Furthermore, this research provides valuable insights into the intricacies and challenges associated with the development of patient simulators in the context of ophthalmology training. Beyond the immediate impact on educational practices, this study sheds light on potential avenues for future research in this area. By bridging the existing gap in ophthalmology training, the patient simulator introduced in this study holds the promise of being a valuable educational tool, offering students a realistic and engaging learning experience while simultaneously enhancing their diagnostic skills in the realm of eye disability diagnosis. Keywords: Patient simulators, diagnostic List of Abstracts COMPUTER SCIENCE

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 17 5 - COVER SELECTION IN STEGANOGRAPHY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW TAQIYUDDIN ANASa,1, FARIDA RIDZUANa,b,2 * & SAKINAH ALI PITCHAYa,b,3 aFaculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia bCybersecurity and Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected]* 3 [email protected] *Corresponding author’s email Abstract: Steganography is the art and science of hiding secret messages in other data that do not seem important so that the secret message stays hidden. In addition, the analysis of cover selection specifically on audio steganography is limited. This paper provides a systematic review of the research on cover selection in steganography, examining the contexts, contents, and conclusions of existing research. The review process started with a thorough search for relevant articles. Then, inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to make sure that only relevant studies were chosen. The final 44 selected articles were analyzed to identify the parameters features, methods, and results there were in cover selection. The analysis revealed that cover selection techniques can be broadly categorized into four main groups which are image, audio, text, and video-based cover selection. This systematic literature review provides an overview parameters features used from different medium, common evaluation metrics on each medium if available, and correlation between metrics performance and parameter features. In this study, the most considered parameters are message size and cover size, with evaluation metrics related to imperceptibility such as Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) are used to determine effectiveness of the cover selection technique. This article can be used as a guidance and reference for other researchers in the cover selection fields in steganography. Keywords: cover selection; carrier selection; steganography; systematic literature review

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 18 11 - SPECIAL CHICKEN DISH CLASSIFIER: CLASSIFICATION OF DISH LAUK AYAM IMAGES USING CNN AND TRANSFER LEARNING METHODS Putra Sumari1 ,Valliappan Raman1 , M.Prabhavathy2 , Eng Yee Wei3 , Sabati Hashim Jawad3 , Wong kam Kang3 , Hou Siyang3 , Mah May3 , Sundresan Perumal4,* 1School of Computer Science University Sains Malaysia Penang, Malaysia [email protected] 1Department of AI and DS Coimbatore Institute of Technology Coimbatore, India [email protected] 2Department of AI and DS Coimbatore Institute of Technology Coimbatore, India [email protected] 3School of Computer Science University Sains Malaysia Penang, Malaysia (yeewei96; baraahashim; kamkang96; housiyang; may-kim.mah)@student.usm.my 4 , *Faculty of Science and Technology University Sains Islam Malaysia Nilai, Malaysia Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Image classification has become easier with advance algorithm and greater datasets, as well as the accessibility of computational resources. The most well-known and extensively used image categorization method nowadays is through deep learning approach. The objective of the paper is to develop deep learning models that generates classification among five types of Malaysian chicken dishes. The dataset used in this study is consisting of 1500 chicken images of five different classes. This dataset was collected, preprocessed, and fed into the proposed Convolution Neural Network (CNN). In addition, transfer learning from pretrained model such as VGG16 and Resnet-50 are applied to attempt improving the accuracy from leveraging feature representation. Apart from that, the dataset size is increased by data augmentation technique to see if it can improve the performance of models. The performance of the proposed CNN model is evaluated on our own dataset and produces an accuracy of 73%. By using transfer learning, both VGG16 (86%) and Resnet-50 (89%) models are outperforming the CNN model in this classification task. With data augmentation, both VGG-16 and Resnet-50 models can reach the accuracy of 96%, which is the best accuracy that can achieve in this study. Keywords: - food classification, convolutional neural network, deep learning, transfer learning, data augmentation

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 19 13 - AI TECHNICAL INDICATORS ANALYSING SYSTEM (ATIAS) Reca Seng Binti Mohd Fadzil Seng*1 1 Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract — AI Technical Indicators Analyzing System (ATIAS) is a machine learning application used to identify which technical indicator used able to gain profit the most in the context of cryptocurrency trading. This technology may also be applied for both short-term and long-term market trading styles with varies timeframe, including scalping, day trading, momentum trading, swing trading and position trading. This paper proposed an approach to analyze technical indicators using several AI techniques. The proposed method in this paper only focuses on analyzing the technical indicators using machine learning techniques. CryptoCompare API will be used to retrieve the cryptocurrency’s historical data and the data will refresh every minute and run through several AI models such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) Kernel Linear, SVM Kernel Polynomial, and Random Forest Regressor. From the Cryptocompare retrieved cryptocurrency historical data, the data will be resampled to gain historical data in several different timeframe which are 1-minute, 5-minute, 15-minute, 1 hour and 4-hour. By analyzing the data using several different strategies, the system will then calculate the returns of every cryptocurrency and generate a list of the profitable technical indicators to be used for the specific cryptocurrency. The profitability of each technical indicators will also be calculated and displayed based on a default trade amount. Keywords: AI techniques; Technical Indicators; Cryptocurrency

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 20 25 - SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ON SASE AND ZTNA IMPLEMENTATION TO ENSURE SECURE ACCESS Sivakameni Indrana,c , and Najwa Hayaati Mohd Alwia , b* a Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia b Cybersecurity and Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia *[email protected] c School of Information Technology, SEGi College Subang Jaya, 47600, USJ, Selangor, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract: Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) and Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) are among the technologies used to secure access. This study aims to delve into the effectiveness of SASE and ZTNA in bolstering secure access for organizations, particularly considering the shortcomings of traditional security measures in the era of widespread cloud services and remote work. The study was conducted as a systematic literature review. Searches within the past five years (2018-2023) in Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, ACM Digital Library, and ScienceDirect identified 25 papers for the analysis. The keywords search used has included and excluded the necessary scope of the study. The result has revealed three core principles and components of SASE, as well as two distinct ZTNA architectures. Implementing SASE and ZTNA yields substantial security improvements, such as reduced data breaches, enhanced control over network traffic, improved user authentication, and mitigation of lateral network movement. Seven concrete benefits of SASE and ZTNA adoption were uncovered, emphasizing their critical role in modern cybersecurity. To maximize the advantages of these technologies, continuous evaluation and adaptation are recommended to counter evolving threats effectively. The review also spotlights four primary challenges tied to adopting and implementing SASE and ZTNA, emphasizing the need for meticulous planning and expertise. Five integration approaches of SASE and ZTNA were identified in the studies. Organizations choose a combination of these approaches to achieve their desired security and networking goals. Lastly, the review outlines four future directions for SASE and ZTNA, suggesting the adoption of customized frameworks tailored to each organization's unique security needs. In essence, this systematic review underscores the significance of SASE and ZTNA in contemporary cybersecurity. It stresses the importance of careful planning, assessment, and adaptation, acknowledges the complexities of integration, and advocates for customized solutions to strengthen organizational security in the face of evolving threats. Keywords: Zero Trust Network Access, Secure Access Service Edge, Integration Approach, Secure Access

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 21 35 - SAKTI©: SECURED CHATTING TOOL THROUGH FORWARD SECRECY A H AZNI a,b,1 , ISMAIL AZ-ZUHARa 2 , FARIDA RIDZUANa,b,3 , NUR HAFIZA ZAKARIAa,b,4 , ABDUL ALIF ZAKARIAc, 5 , NAJWA HAYAATI MOHD ALWIa,b,6 , SAKINAH ALI PITCHAYa,b,7 a Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Bandar Baru, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia b CyberSecurity and Systems (CSS) Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia cCyberSecurity Malaysia, Menara Cyber Axis, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia 1 Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] [email protected] 5 [email protected] 6 [email protected] 7 [email protected] Abstract: In the age of digital communication, ensuring the security and privacy of conversations has become increasingly important. This paper focuses on the development of a secured chatting tool known as SAKTI that incorporates forward secrecy as a crucial feature. Forward secrecy addresses the vulnerability of encryption keys in the key exchange process, which can compromise the entire security system if leaked. By employing the Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman Ephemeral (ECDHE) algorithm for key exchange, the proposed chatting tool achieves forward secrecy, providing enhanced protection for users' conversations. The tool utilizes various cryptographic techniques, including encryption and decryption processes, to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the transmitted data. Through a detailed analysis of the key exchange algorithm of ECDHE and its limitations, this paper emphasizes the need for forward secrecy as a preventive measure against potential breaches. The implemented secured chatting tool not only mitigates the risks associated with unauthorized access and tampering of data but also enhances user confidence in the privacy of their conversations. Keywords: secured chatting, forward secrecy, Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman Ephemeral

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 22 39 - MOTIVATION ELEMENTS IN GAME-BASED LEARNING (GBL) [1] Nadiah Ramlah, [2] Norasikin Fabil, [3]Zawawi Ismail [1] Universiti Sains Islam, Malaysia, [2] Universiti Sains Islam, Malaysia, [3] University of Malaya, Malaysia [1] [email protected], [2] [email protected], [3] [email protected] Abstract— Game-based Learning (GBL) is an adaptable aid for teaching and learning and encourages learners to engage in the learning process. However, vary factors are still being investigated on the game design towards the successfully of GBL implementation. Thus, this study discusses the motivational elements as the aspect in designing a game. Besides, the earlier research examined the use and the need of technological approaches to entice learners to acquire Islamic subjects explicitly. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify GBL design on students’ motivation in learning Tajweed. The game (iTajweed) deployed Game Development Framework (GDF) and tested experimentally on 120 students at a primary school by purposive sampling method. The findings of the independent sample t-test analysis show that the significant difference in motivation for before and after experiment with a significant value obtained being .003 (p<.05) Hence, the result proves that the use of GBL with motivational elements design is positively able to increase the student motivation. Keyword : Index Terms, Game-Based Learning, Game Design, Motivation, Tajweed.

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 23 40 - RANSOMWARE DETECTION: PROOF OF CONCEPT (POC) TAMARA NUSAIRAT, MADIHAH MOHD SAUDI & AZUAN AHMAD 1 Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM),71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Jordan /Irbid /university street Malaysia [email protected], [email protected], azuan @usim.edu.my Currently, we are bombarded by different types of cyber-attacks, such as distributed denial of service (DDoS), phishing, ransomware, and smishing with malicious intent. One of the challenges in countering these malware attacks is providing an effective detection solution. Ransomware attacks are increasing, especially in the healthcare, financial, and telecommunications sectors. Hence, this article presents the proof of concept (POC) for detecting ransomware against Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices. This paper's objectives are to identify and evaluate the corresponding factors that triggered the ransomware attacks against IoMT. The experiment was conducted using hybrid analysis in a controlled lab environment. As a result, thirteen (13) related features have been identified as trigger factors for ransomware attacks. These features are based on vulnerability analysis, potential attack routes, and the effects of a successful security breach against the security devices. This work can be used as an input for ransomware detection model development, which can be beneficial for other researchers with the same interest. Keywords: ransomware attacks, hybrid analysis, IoMT, ransomware detection

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 24 41 - MALWARE DETECTION USING DEEP LEARNING (DL): A REVIEW Chowdhury Sajadul Islam1,2 , Madihah Mohd Saudi1 , Nur Hafiza Zakaria1 1 CyberSecurity and Systems (CSS) Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, 2Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), Uttara University, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh. There are increasing malicious software attacks against crucial international infrastructures such as the healthcare, food, nuclear, defense, energy, financial, and telecommunication sectors. The malware used in the invasion with the integration of machine learning (ML) algorithms, especially with deep learning (DL), code transformation, polymorphism techniques, and other advanced evasions, makes malware detection (MD) harder for cyber experts. The experiment was conducted by using Google's cloud-based GPU from Kali Linux with Python 3.7 programming libraries, including Tensor Flow, Keras, and Sykit Learn, and the Portable Executable (PE) malware dataset are collected from Kaggle, Malimg, Virusshare, Malvis, MS Big2015, VX-underground and finally created a new dataset. The raw dataset was rescaled to a 128x128 greyscale and RGB (red, green, blue) image and then flattened to 1024-byte vector images into their respective families for convolution neural network (CNN) interpolation to extract features to detect malware. The pre-processed dataset is input for deep learning algorithms to build the custom model that predicts malware. In the research findings, the customized CNN model by fine-tuning hyper-parameters with the three-channel RGB dataset outperformed with an accuracy of 98.7% and error rate of 1.3% in recent malware compared with other artificial neural network (ANN), ML algorithms such as Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Keywords: Machine learning; deep learning; malware detection; hybrid analysis; malware applications (MA); artificial neural network (ANN); CNN

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 25 48 - URL-BASED CLASSIFICATION FEATURES IN PREVENTING RANSOMWARE CYBER-ATTACKS Nurlida Basir1, a), Melad Mohamed Al-Daeef 2, b), Nurzi Juana Mohd Zaizi 3, c) and Fatin Nabila Rafei Heng 4, d) and Melinda Melinda 5, e) 1, 3, 4 Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. 2Department of Data Analysis and Computer, Faculty of Economics, Elmergib University, Al-Khoms, Libya. 5Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. a) [email protected] b) [email protected] c) [email protected] d) [email protected] e) [email protected] Abstract: During pandemic COVID-19 outbreaks, the number of ransomware cyber-attacks have increased tremendously. Ransomware often spread through malicious links or compromised URLS. Such link infects a computer and restricts users’ access until a ransom is paid to unlock it. Nowadays, several ransomware detection techniques have been developed, however these approaches were either unsuccessful or unable to prevent these attacks. One of the downsides is due to poor detection accuracy and low adaptability to the new variants of ransomware. Another reason behind the unsuccessful ransomware detection solutions is an arbitrary selected URL-based classification features which may produce false results to the detection. Therefore, in this paper, twelve (12) potential URL-based web characteristics that can be manipulated to infect computers were analysed. Datasets of 10000 legitimate emails and a number of 3240 phishing emails were examined using heuristic-based model. It is believed that, an ongoing updated ransomware rules and database which is built-on immunological memory of updated URL ransomware features will prevent ransomware attacks with an appropriate countermeasure for prevention and removal. Keywords: Countermeasure, heuristic-based model, phishing, ransomware, URL-feature.

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 26 53 - ASSESSING USER MOTIVATION IN AL-QURAN MEMORIZATION THROUGH A VARK-INTEGRATED MULTIMEDIA REPRESENTATION LEARNING MODEL Nor Musliza Mustafa1 , Zulkifly Mohd Zaki2* , Khairul Anuar Mohamad2 , Mokmin Basri1 and Sedek Ariffin3 1 Faculty of Creative Multimedia and Computing, Universiti Islam Selangor, Bandar Seri Putra, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3 Department of Al-Qur’an and Al-Hadith, Academy of Islamic Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia A well-designed interactive multimedia content for learning representation should consider various multisensory learning modalities. It should be carefully formulated to provide a student-centred mechanism within an environment supported by emerging information technologies. This is necessary due to the lack of research on multimedia learning representations that explore techniques for memorizing the Al-Quran based on students' differences in VARK learning styles. The purpose of this research is to present an evaluation of the multimedia representation learning model by assessing the application prototype developed, known as "EzHifz" for Quran memorization based on VARK learning styles. The model's evaluation involves testing the developed app prototype's impact on user motivation. Surveys and observations were conducted among 20 students aged between 10-15 years at the TahfizIntegration School in Sepang Selangor. Data collection utilized questionnaire instruments, observation task lists, and observation checklists in a quasi-experiment. Furthermore, the data were analysed using descriptive analysis. The results demonstrate that the EzHifz model facilitates learning, satisfies users, and enhances motivation. The application received positive feedback regarding user motivation, with a high-level interpretation (mean = 4.27). Specifically, user motivation results indicate a strong level of attention (mean = 4.31), relevance (mean = 4.24), confidence (mean = 4.33), and satisfaction (mean = 4.20). These findings suggest that the model has a high level of agreement, indicating that the multimedia learning representation model, when used as a supportive tool through the prototype, is suitable for Quran memorization. It effectively motivates students based on their preferred VARK learning styles. Moreover, students may persist in their learning for longer durations, exert higher-quality effort, and attain deeper comprehension. Keywords: Multimedia; multisensory; Quran memorization; VARK Learning Style; model evaluation

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 27 56 - A MOBILE APPLICATION PROTOTYPE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION Maslinda Mohd Nadzir1, a) and Mohd Shukur Zainol Abidin2, b) Author Affiliations 1 School of Computing, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia. 2 ProMark Strategies (M) Sdn Bhd, 50250, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Author Emails a) Corresponding author: [email protected] b) [email protected] Abstract: Climate change is not a trivial issue that can be disregarded because global warming differs according to region. The environment, social life, and the economy are all impacted by climate change. Earth's natural ecosystems won't be able to adjust to the effects of climate change if no mitigation actions are taken. Additionally, Malaysians are not sufficiently aware of the effects of climate change. To increase climate change awareness, Malaysians need to be educated. Although there are several digital tools for learning about climate change, there aren't many mobile applications for climate change education. Thus, this study proposes a mobile application prototype for climate change education. A Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology was used to develop the prototype. Thirty higher education students participated in the user testing. The prototype includes information and activities for climate change education. Most users were pleased with it because of the prototype's simplicity and ease of use. Future work that needs to be done includes adding games focusing on climate change and having an attractive user interface to get more users to use the application. Keywords: Mobile application, climate change, education, mobile learning

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 28 65 - EXPLORING STRUCTURAL TEXT PATTERNS IN AL-QURAN Nazia Nishat1, a) , Rosalina Abdul Salam1, b) , Yusuf Mahbubul Islam2,c) & Zulkifly Mohd Zaki1,d) 1Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM),71800, Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. 2 Independent University, Bangladesh(IUB),1229, Dhaka, Bangladesh a) [email protected] b) [email protected] c) [email protected] d) [email protected] Abstract: Al-Quran is a globally accessed world literature text from which many seek guidance. As claimed, it is said to have similar topics distributed across its chapters relating multiple contexts. Other research argues that about 75% of its chapters contain repetitions. As text patterns occur repeatedly in Al-Quran these may point to emphasis being placed or additional guidance provided in multiple different Ayats. In the approaches to date, the apparent repetitions have not been studied for possible interlinks, for example, for creating an index of repeating text patterns or concepts appearing in AlQuran to support information retrieval. The objective is to further the research done on text pattern repetitions in the entire Arabic Quran by designing steps to group and interlink repeating patterns to see how these are related to the structure and presentation of Al-Quran. To do this sequential text patterns are first isolated. As part of the structural exploration, the number of repeating text patterns are used to work out ratios between the patterns. With repeating incremental text patterns, it was found that a consistent ratio of approximately 1.6 (popularly known as the Golden Ratio) exists between the number of common or repeated n-grams and the subsequent (n-1)-grams. Structurally, this represents a consistently reducing “ring structure” of repeating text patterns between successively smaller clusters. This consistent reducing structure may offer a means to link and index repetitive text patterns for the purpose of finding similar concepts presented in Al-Quran. Keywords: n-gram, structure of Al-Quran, repeating text patterns, information retrieval

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 29 74 - THE DESIGN OF E-IFRAD COURSEWARE TO ENHANCE QIRA'AT STUDIES Abdul Mun’im bin Hilmi1 , Norazman bin Alias2* , Zulkifly Mohd Zaki3 , Zainora binti Daud4 , Anuar bin Hasin5 1Faculty of Quranic and Sunnah Studies, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Emel: [email protected] 2Faculty of Quranic and Sunnah Studies, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Emel: [email protected] 3Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Emel: [email protected] 4Faculty of Quranic and Sunnah Studies, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Emel: [email protected] 5Faculty of Quranic and Sunnah Studies, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Emel: [email protected] *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] The Qira'at Studies Programme at the Islamic Science University of Malaysia (USIM) has been experiencing growth and maintaining its competitiveness through a range of academic and nonacademic initiatives. This upward trajectory necessitates significant shifts in traditional education practices to align with current technological advancements. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to present the design and development of the E-Ifrad Courseware in Qira'at studies, based on the requirements and feedback gathered from a prior study. The prototype for this courseware was developed utilizing the Heutagogy approach, specifically tailored to Qira'at studies. This approach incorporates various key elements, including exploration, creativity, collaboration, connection, sharing, and reflection. The initial evaluation of the application was conducted by convening a focus group, which consisted of 76 students and two lecturers specializing in relevant fields. The results of this evaluation were overwhelmingly positive, with most respondents expressing favorable feedback regarding the E-Ifrad application. A notable highlight was the potential of this application to serve as supplementary teaching and learning material for those seeking to deepen their understanding of Qira'at, irrespective of their location or circumstances. Keywords: Design; E-Ifrad Courseware; User Evaluation; Qira’at Studies

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 30 76 - UNVEILING THE DIGITAL DILEMMA: EXPLORING SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION AMONG MALAYSIAN YOUTHS Hanifah Binti Abdul Hamidi , Nuradli Ridzwan Shah Bin Mohd Daliii & Nur Faizah Abdul Kahar3iii iSenior Lecturer, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. [email protected] i i(Corresponding author). Associate Professor, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. [email protected] iiiPhD Student, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. [email protected] Abstract: Social media platforms have radically changed how people behave, communicate and share information in today's society. However, there are worries about the possible emergence of social media addiction due to how widely and extensively these platforms are used. Two focussed groups were conducted represented students from three universities in Malaysia. The interviews data were analysed using thematic analysis. The study found FoMO or peer influence, having access to the most recent information, and following the latest trends are the major factors that motivates the students to use social media. The study shed light on the complicated influences that social media has on users, including peer-driven adoption, the potential for generating income, the implications for finances, and the negative impacts of excessive usage on daily life and wellbeing. Keywords: social media, addictions, FoMO, digital, online.

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 31 80 - ENTANGLEMENT CLASSIFICATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SU(2) AND SL(2) DEVELOPED OPERATOR MODELS Amirul Asyraf Zhahir1 , Siti Munirah Mohd2 ,*, Mohd Ilias M Shuhud1 , Bahari Idrus3 , Hishamuddin Zainuddin4 , Nurhidaya Mohamad Jan2 , and Mohamed Ridza Wahidin5 1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2 Kolej PERMATA Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3 Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology (CAIT), Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 4 1133, Jalan S2 A33, Central Park, Seremban 2, 70300 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 5 Tahmidi Centre, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Entanglement classification is a core aspect of quantum information theory. It ensures successful quantum information processing. This article presents a comparative study of entanglement classification using developed operator models for the Special Unitary group SU (2) and Special Linear group, SL(2) . This study was built upon prior work in entanglement classification in a pure three-qubit quantum system environment, where the operator models for each mathematical group were independently developed. Through extensive analysis, both synthesized models are functionally effective and yield the desired results. However, the comparative analysis reveals that the SU (2) operator model exhibits certain limitations, particularly in its early phase of development compared to SL(2) . This study provides valuable insights into the practical abilities of the developed operator models in entanglement classification and underlines the theoretical distinction between SU (2) and SL(2) , paving the path for future research in quantum information theory, specifically entanglement classification. Keywords: Entanglement classification, Quantum entanglement, Special Unitary group, Special Linear group, SU(2), SL(2)

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 32 82 – NOODLE DISH IMAGE CLASSIFIER: BUILDING DEEP LEARNING CLASSIFICATION MODEL FOR RECOGNIZING MULTIPLE MALAYSIAN NOODLE DISH IMAGES Putra Sumari1 ,Valliappan Raman2 , M.Prabhavathy2 , Sundresan Perumal1 1School of Computer Science University Sains Malaysia Penang, Malaysia [email protected] 2Department of AI and DS Coimbatore Institute of Technology Coimbatore, India [email protected] 2Department of AI and DS Coimbatore Institute of Technology Coimbatore, India [email protected] 1Faculty of Science and Technology University Sains Islam Malaysia Nilai, Malaysia [email protected] *Corresponding author’s email [email protected] ABSTRACT Image Recognition is a term used to describe a set of algorithms and technologies that attempt to analyze images and understand the hidden representations of features behind them and apply these learned representations for different tasks like classifying images into distinct categories automatically, understanding which objects are present and where in an image, etc. These technologies leverage various traditional computer vision methods as well as machine learning and deep learning algorithms to achieve the required results for solving such problems. This paper shows a recognition model for classifying Malaysian Noodle images. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms, a deep learning technique extensively applied to image recognition were used for this task. The model uses a deep learning process that was trained on natural images (AlexNet and SqueezeNet dataset) and was fine-tuned to generate the predictive Noodle model, which comprised approximately 4308 images. The dataset was divided into ten groups/categories of Noodles images which include the following: Mee Bee Hoon Goreng, Mee Bee Hoon Sup, Mee Goreng, Mee Koay Teow Goreng, Mee Koay Teow Sup, Mee Laksa Goreng, Mee Laksa Sup, Mee Maggi Goreng, Mee Maggi Sup, Mee Sup. The trained model achieved high accuracy on the test set, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach. Keywords: Noodle, Classification, Deep Learning, CNN, AlexNet, SqueezeNet.

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 33 7 - CHITOSAN AS FAT-BINDER FOR LOWERING BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVEL SITI NUR FARAHAYU ABD RAHMAN 1 AND SITI AMIRA OTHMAN2, a) 1,2 Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600, Pagoh, Johor. b) Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide produced by deacetylation of chitin, a major component of crustaceans’ shells such as crab, shrimp, lobster and crawfish. Chitosan can be modified to become hydrophobic which means the lacking affinity of water where the increase of hydrophobicity increases its enzyme activity. Through hydrophobic bonds, it is claimed to have ability in binding with neutral lipids such as cholesterol. Cholesterol is a type of fat that is very essential for human, but too high level of cholesterol in body can be so dangerous. Thus, the purpose of this research is to observe the parameters that can enhance the ability of hydrophobically modified chitosan in lowering cholesterol level. The observed parameters include the concentration of chitosan, the different pH values and the type of cooking oil. Another research objective is to study the effect of gamma radiation on samples at the end of the research. The method used to determine how much cholesterol is entrapped by the chitosan is the quantification of entrapped oil method while the characteristics of cooking oil droplets formed can be observed through MB1-1600X microscope. UV- Visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) tests are used to analyse the sample absorbance, identifies chemical bonds in sample molecules and to observe the morphological of samples respectively. At the end of the research, the interaction between chitosan and cooking oil at those three parameters including the effect of gamma radiation on samples are determined. Keywords: Chitosan, fat-binder, blood, cholesterol, cholesterol level List of Abstracts BIOLOGY

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 34 18 - PROFILING OF METABOLITES COMPOUND IN CHROMOLAENA ODORATA USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY- MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS) A’WANI AZIZ NURDALILA1,2,a), MUHAMMAD SYAHIR NAJMI2,b), WAN AMIRUL SOLIHIN WAN ABDUL RAHIM2,c), MOHAMED FARHAN FADLY MOHD PAHAMIN2,d) , AHMAD HAKIMI SHAFFIE2,e), MOHD ZUHAIFAH MUHAMED JAMIL1,f) , NUR FAZIDAH ASMUJE2, g) , LIYANA AMALINA ADNAN2, h) Author Affiliations 1 Institute of Fatwa and Halal (IFFAH), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2Kolej PERMATA Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Author Emails a) Corresponding author: [email protected] b) [email protected] c) [email protected] d) [email protected] e) 19 [email protected] f)[email protected] g) [email protected] h) [email protected] Abstract: Kapal Terbang plant, also known scientifically as Chromolaena odorata can be found in open areas such as bushes and in the forest. The use of metabolomics can help us better comprehend the physiology and biochemistry of Chromolaena odorata. In order to assess the variance in metabolite profiles of Chromolaena odorata, this work uses Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the metabolite chemicals present in Chromolaena odorata leaves. An acetone extraction was used to prepare the extract. Arsenic Acid, tropones, bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene2 ,2-dimethoxybutane, and decane are the compounds that were identified. According to findings in the literature, arsenic acid has become an effective chemotherapy drug for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). Its capacity to target the Promyelocytic leukaemia /retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML-RARA) fusion protein and cause differentiation and apoptosis in leukemic cells has revolutionised the treatment of this subtype of acute myeloid leukaemia. While Tropones operate as antibiotics, algaecides, or quorum sensing signals in the terrestrial and marine environments, and their bacterial producers frequently interact symbiotically with plants. Tropones and their derivatives have significant promise for biomedical or biotechnological applications, such as antibiotics in aquatic organisms, due to their powerful bioactivities and slowly evolving bacterial resistance. In 2,2-dimethoxybutane, early research has suggested that this compound has anti-inflammatory capabilities. Pro-inflammatory chemicals, including cytokines and chemokines, which are involved in the inflammatory response, have been demonstrated to be inhibited by it. These results imply that 2,2-dimethoxybutane may be able to control inflammatory processes and aid in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. The production and buildup of metabolite compounds in Chromolaena odorata contains pharmacological active compounds that may enhance its use as a medicinal practice. Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, metabolomics, acetone extraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, pharmacological active compounds

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 35 22 - ANALYSIS OF THE MOISTURE AND GLUCOSE CONTENT OF STINGLESS BEE POLLEN FROM VARIED TROPICAL SPECIES Adibah Amir1, a), Wan Rasyidah Wan Zuri2, b), Azlin Suhaida Azmi3, c), Abdul Rahman Abdul Razak4, d) and Khairul Muna Kamaruddin5, e) 1,2Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak 53100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 3 Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak 53100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 4 MyIqra PLT, Selangor Fruit Valley, 45600 Rawang Selangor Malaysia 5 Department of Agriculture Malaysia, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security 62624 Putrajaya Malaysia a)Corresponding author: [email protected] b)[email protected] c)[email protected] d)[email protected] e)[email protected] Abstract: This study undertakes a comparison between the glucose and moisture content in the pollen of stingless bees (SBP) both before and after the drying process. The SBP samples were sourced from three distinct species of stingless bees: namely Geniotrigona thoracica, Heterotrigona itama and Tetrigona apicalis. The outcome of the analysis indicates that the glucose content in both raw and dehydrated samples across all species remains constant, despite the application of differing drying methods- traditional and semi-automatic. Concerning moisture content, it was observed that raw SBP from H. itama exhibited the highest moisture at 17.4%, followed by G. thoracica at 16.61% and T. apicalis with the lowest moisture content of 13.55%. Due to its tropical climate, Malaysia boasts a diverse array of stingless bee species, which presents the opportunity to harness SBP as a functional food source locally. The results obtained from this study will contribute to an improved understanding of safe and recommended processing techniques for SBP sourced from different species to preserve its quality and nutrients. Keywords: Stingless bee pollen, moisture and glucose content, Geniotrigona thoracica, Heterotrigona itama, Tetragona apicalis

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 36 24 - ISOLATION AND SELECTION OF SODIUM DODECYL SULPHATE DEGRADING BACTERIA FROM DIVERSE SOURCES Muhammad Amir Shafiq Mohd Suhaimi1, a) , *Shafinaz Shahir2, b) , Zaharah Ibrahim3, c) , Zarita Zakaria4, d) and Huszalina Hussin5, e) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. a) [email protected] b)[email protected] c) [email protected] d) [email protected] e)[email protected] Abstract: Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) is a popular anionic surfactant and is used as the main component of detergents, cleaners, and personal care products. Discharge of untreated effluents containing SDS into water bodies can lead to ecotoxicological problems. This study was conducted to isolate bacteria from diverse sources, such as palm oil mill and textile effluents, capable of degrading SDS. Seventeen bacterial isolates that could grow in the presence of SDS were isolated successfully. Bacteria were screened for their ability to degrade SDS using a modified zone of clearance technique, and three bacterial isolates with the maximum clearance zones were identified. Isolate FD-2aii was selected for further study because of its consistency in utilising SDS as the sole carbon source. This isolate showed the most consistent growth after incubating at 30 °C with shaking at 150 rpm for 24 h. A 16S rRNA analysis identified isolate FD-2aii as a Pseudomonas sp. This study is the first to report the existence of SDS-degrading bacteria in palm oil mill and textile effluents. Keywords: Sodium dodecyl sulphate, anionic surfactant, biodegradation, effluent, Pseudomonas sp

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 37 26 - PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENTS, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY TEST EXTRACT LEAF OF Colocasia esculenta cv WANGI Nurul Natasha Wazir1 , Nor’Aishah Hasan1,2*, Nor Monica Ahmad2,3, Siti Nursyazwani Maadon1 , Nurul Nabila Meskam1 , Siti Norbaizura Md Zain4 , Norfarah Nadhirah Noruddin1 , Umikalsom Hj. Bahari5 1 School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2 Biotechnology, Microbiology and Environmental Collaborative Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3 School of Chemistry and Environmental, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 4 School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, Private Bag 4442, New Zealand 5 Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), 43400 Serdang, Malaysia. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Colocasia esculenta L. is an annual herbaceous plant that can be found in many tropical countries. In Malaysia, the tuber of taro is commonly consumed for remedies, while the leaf is thrown, possibly due to a lack of public knowledge about the health benefits of taro. Present research aims to analyze the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of taro’s leaves using methanol and aqueous extract. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites which include: glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, sugars, acid amino, and saponins. Quantitative determination of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and in vitro antioxidant activities (DPPH) was carried out using colorimetric methods. Methanol extracts showed the highest phenolic content and possessed the better antioxidant activity than aqueous extracts. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the methanol extract were (399.69 ± 0.44) mg gallic acid equivalents/g and (1561.25 ± 0.09) mg quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. Methanol extract showed 73.6% DPPH radical scavenging activity with 2.46 mg/ml IC50 value. FTIR analysis revealed the major functional groups found in the leaf extract were hydroxyl groups, alkanes, primary amines, fatty acids, ether and carbohydrate molecule. The TLC analysis of the methanol and aqueous extracts showed the presence of the eight compounds as spots in specific fractions indicating the extracts as potent antioxidant agents. Findings indicates the potential of taro’s leaves as antioxidants properties and therefore, exhibit brighter future to commercialize taro’s leaves for consumption and application in industries such as medicine and food. Keywords: Antioxidant, Colocasia esculenta, phytochemicals, total phenolic content, wangi

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 38 32 - DNA EXTRACTION METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OF Eurycoma longifolia, Labisia pumila, and Orthosiphon stamineus in various herbal product forms: A comprehensive review Siti Nor Amira Mohd Azli1 , and Azi Azeyanty Jamaludin1,2,a) Author Affiliations 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia 2Center of Biodiversity and Conservation, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia Author Emails a) Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Herbal products have risen in worldwide relevance due to the medical advantages they provide and their economic considerations. Eurycoma longifolia (EL), Labisia Pumila (LP), and Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) are among the popular medicinal herbs in Southeast Asia. However, using their original raw materials is essential to the effectiveness of such herbal products. The herbal products from this plant species are usually processed into modified forms such as tea, capsules, tablets, powder, and tincture. Plant species in processed form cannot be identified using standard procedures. As a result of this, a reliable technique must be developed for removing high-quality DNA from the herbal product. The objective of this paper was to provide a comprehensive examination of the extraction methodology employed for targeted herbal plants, drawing upon existing research studies and scientific literature. Keywords: DNA extraction, Herbal product, Eurycoma longifolia (EL), Labisia pumila (LP), Orthosiphon stamineus (OS)

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 39 36 - EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIOXIDANT ANALYSIS OF NEPETA CATARIA (Catnip) LEAVES EXTRACTS Nawwal Aqilah Norhassani1 , Gayan Chandika Matharage2 , Shamala Marimuthu2 Ehwan Ngadi1 , Liyana Amalina1 , and Rahayu Ahmad1* 1Halal Action Laboratory, Kolej PERMATA Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2Department of Biotechnology, Manipal International University Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia *Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) A locally collected Nepeta cataria leaves were obtained from Sepang, Selangor Malaysia in an open field area with the coordinate of 2.803513”N, 1010.706672”E. Three different leaves extract were prepared through hot and cold-water extraction method producing NC1 (hot-water) and NC2 (coldwater) and ethanol extraction, NC3 extratcs. Organoleptic observation demonstrated that different extraction method produced different properties of crude extract, which reflects to the phytochemicals and antioxidant properties. Extracts with dark color (NC2 and NC3) exhibited high antioxidant analysis with the presence of phytochemicals. Phytochemical screening of these extracts indicated the presence of tannins, resins, alkaloids, flavonoid, and steroids. Various antioxidant analysis was further carried out to determine the antioxidant properties of the extracts through ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), free radical scavenging (FRAP) antioxidant analysis and total flavonoid content. NC2 extracts showed highest antioxidant capacity with 70% of inhibition meanwhile NC3 exhibited high antioxidant activity in FRAP and total flavonoid content with highest absorbance equivalent to 640 g/L of gallic acid (GAE) and 3.83 mg/g of flavonoid equivalent to the quercetin standard. Key words: Nepeta cataria; phytochemicals; antioxidants; extractions

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 40 43 – PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND VIABILITY OF PROBIOTIC STRAINS OF FROZEN SOYMILK YOGURT Mansor, A. 1. a) , Abdul Hamid, N.S 1.b) , Inche Zainal Abidin, N.F. 1. c) and Mat Saad, N. Z. 1.d) 1Food Science and Technology Research Centre, MARDI Headquarters, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. a) Corresponding author : [email protected] b) [email protected] c) [email protected] d)[email protected] Abstract: Nowadays there has been a growing interest in the development of innovative functional food products that provide special health benefits to consumers. Frozen yogurt is among the emerging functional food, as it acts as a probiotic carrier and has recently, gain high popularity among consumers. However, previously, most studies reported mainly on frozen yogurt from cow milk yogurt, and frozen yogurt from soymilk is still scarce. In this study, a frozen soymilk yogurt has been developed and evaluated for the physicochemical properties and viability of the probiotic strains. Initially, soymilk yogurt was produced using the commercial yogurt starter culture (Yogourmet), containing 3 probiotics besides the two conventional yogurt starter cultures. Different concentrations of yogurt (0, 20, 40, and 60%) were then incorporated into the ice cream mix base. Samples were withdrawn from the mixes for the analysis of total soluble solids, pH, acidity, viscosity, and total viable count of probiotics. The total soluble solids ranged from 18.7 to 26.8 °Brix. The pH ranged from pH 4.02 in the addition of 60% yogurt to pH 7.06 for the ice cream mix without yogurt. The amount of acidity (expressed as lactic acid) was in accordance with the reduction of pH, increased from 0.54 % to 1.44 % of lactic acid in the mixtures without yogurt and the addition of 60% yogurt, respectively. The highest viscosity was in the mixture without yogurt, probably due to the addition of soymilk powder. Finally, the highest total viable count was detected when the highest amount of yogurt (60%) was added with 8.63 log10 CFU/ml, in comparison to only 7.2 log10 CFU/ml in 20% addition of yogurt. Incorporating a high amount of yogurt into the ice cream mix will produce a stronger yogurt taste with higher desirability but will add cost to the development of frozen yogurt. Therefore, the addition of an average amount of soymilk yogurt is possible in order to compromise and fulfill the yogurt flavor while enhancing the healthy perception of the resulting frozen yogurt. Keywords: frozen yogurt, soymilk, physicochemical properties, total viable count, probiotics.

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 41 49 - CHARACTERIZATION OF Rhodopseudomonas sp. STRAIN SBL AS BIOSORBENT FOR CADMIUM Balqis Nurul Huda Armadi1, a), Siti Halimah Hasmoni2, b) and Shafinaz Shahir3, c) 1, 2, 3Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia a) [email protected] b) Corresponding author: [email protected] c) [email protected] Abstract: Rhodopseudomonas sp. strain SBL is a purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) originated from Proteobacteria phylum that was locally isolated from Kim Kim River, Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia. PNSB are widely used in bioremediation of heavy metals removal via biosorption due to its membrane surface characteristics. Biosorption is a sustainable biotechnological approach to minimize waste by utilizing their natural or modified forms. Non-living biomass of Rhodopseudomonas sp. strain SBL has shown to effectively remove cadmium from aqueous solution via biosorption. In this study, characterization of the biosorption of cadmium by Rhodopseudomonas sp. strain SBL will be done. The surface morphological changes, and the functional groups involved were analyzed before and after the biosorption via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Observation via FESEM showed morphological changes on Rhodopseudomonas sp. strain SBL’s cell surface and FTIR analysis showed that hydroxyl (O-H), alkenes (C=C) and alkyl (C-F) groups were the main functional groups involved in the biosorption of Rhodopseudomonas sp. strain SBL. These characterizations showed evidence that the strain has successfully adsorbed cadmium and has the potential to become a biosorbent. Keywords: Rhodopseudomonas sp., biosorption, and cadmium.

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 42 50 - AN ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY CLASSROOM FOR HYGIENIC AWARENESS AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ‘Affaf Rijwany Mohd Rezal1 , Nur Umairah Syamina Mohd Sofian1 , Nur Fazidah Asmuje1 , Liyana Amalina Adnan1 , Ehwan Ngadi1 , Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar2 , Rahayu Ahmad1* 1Al Razi Halal Action Laboratory, Kolej PERMATA Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2 Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Biotechnology Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, 50630, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Microbial contamination of the classroom environment is a worry since it can create a variety of health problems and negatively impact kids' and teachers’ general well-being. To increase awareness of personal hygiene during a pandemic and post-pandemic, students can reveal to themselves the true state of their body parts, clothing and surrounding conditions that are exposed to the breeding of germs. Thus, an environmental microbiology classroom has been conducted with Biotechnology Club high school students for a screening of microbial growth and contaminations on students’ body parts, attire, and school’s selected area. Swabbing method of students’ hands, collar of the shirt (boys) and scarf (girls) and doorknob (classes, laboratory, toilet & management office) was carried out and subsequently swabbing onto the nutrient agar (NA) plate for microorganisms’ growth. After 24 hours incubation, the colonies of the growing microorganisms were observed, and their number of different colonies were counted. Through this experiment, it is suggested that the students can observe themselves how dirty their hands, clothes and even selected areas like doorknob can cause the spread of the microbial infections if not cleaned regularly. Several hygienic practices, mitigation activities and awareness were suggested to the students in preventing the spread of microbial infection by handing out pocket posters for students to read and paste in rooms or classes. Key words: environmental microbiology, school environment, hygienic practice, education

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 43 71 - EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RATIOS OF CHICKEN MEAT TO GREY OYSTER MUSHROOM STEMS ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY OF PATTIES Sayeed Ibrahim, H. S. a and Huda-Faujan, N. a aFood Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, MALAYSIA. aCorresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effect of different ratios of chicken meat to grey oyster mushroom stems on the physicochemical properties and the sensory acceptability of chicken patties. Five formulations of patties were prepared by different combinations of chicken meat with grey oyster mushroom stems (Control = 65:0, A = 55:10, B = 45:20, C = 35:30, and D = 25:40). Results found that the pH of grey oyster mushroom stem-based patties significantly increased (p<0.05) as the level of grey oyster mushroom stems increased, but no significant (p>0.005) difference was observed between all the chicken patties in water activity. Increasing the amount of grey oyster mushroom stems in the chicken patties formulation significantly increased (p<0.05) the lightness (L*) and reduced the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values of the patties. In the sensory test, it was found that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in all the chicken patties in terms of appearance, texture, and taste regardless of the level of grey oyster mushroom stems in formulation. In this regard, all chicken patties were considered acceptable, and the chicken meat with 10% grey oyster mushroom stems exhibited significantly (p<0.05) highest sensory acceptance. In a word, grey oyster mushroom stem is a promising ingredient to partially replace chicken meat and is considered a potential meat alternative ingredient in the formulation of a chicken patty that provides new insights into a healthy hybrid patty with high consumer acceptability. Keywords: Chicken patties preference, chicken patties properties, grey oyster mushroom stems, hybrid chicken patty, mushroom patties

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 44 8 - EFFECT OF EXTRACTION CONDITION ON THE RECOVERY OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF DEFATTED HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS SEED Siti Salwa Abd Gani1,2*, Siti Atikah Zulkifli3 , Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan4 and Azizah Misran5 , Salina Md Radzi6 1Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia 2Natural Medicine and Product Research Laboratories (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia 3Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia 4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia 5Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, 43400 Serdang Selangor 6Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Extracts prepared from Hylocereus polyrhizus have received attention in pharmacological research due to its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-microbial effects. This current study aims to determine the level of mineral contents, the effect of different extraction conditions, extraction time, extraction temperature on the recovery of phenolic content, the antioxidant capacity of defatted H. polyrhizus seed extract (DHPSE) using one variable at a time (OVAT) method, and the toxicity of DHPSE. The phenolic content was evaluated through Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), while the antioxidant levels were measured through 2,2-diphenyl -1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The toxicity of the DHPSE extract we assess through a brine shrimp lethality assay. The DHPSE showed the presence of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), aluminium (Al), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), and selenium (Se). The current study also showed that all the various extracting conditions of DHPSE possessed a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity and presented no toxicity effect. The optimized conditions determined for extracting phenolic compound were 80% ethanol for 60 min at 80 ℃, which corresponds to the value of 120.33 mg GAE/g sample for TPC, 10.76 mg QE/g sample for TFC with 92.22% inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging. Thus, these conditions are recommended to enhance the recovery yield of phenolic compounds from defatted H. polyrhizus seeds. Keywords: Hylocereus polyrhizus; mineral; antioxidant; phenolic content; solvent; time; temperature; defatted seed extract List of Abstracts CHEMISTRY

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 45 9 - PHENOLICS COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES FROM OPTIMIZED PHEONIX DACTYLIFERA EXTRACT USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY Siti Salwa Abd Gani1 , 2* , Nur Asyiqin Binti Ramli3 , Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi4 , Salina Md Radzi5 1Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Natural Medicine and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Halal Products Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Inforport, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 4Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 5Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia *Corresponding author (email: [email protected] ) Phoenix dactylifera has been documented to possess numerous health potentials as it contains a myriad of bioactive compounds. P. dactylifera was extracted in this study, and extraction conditions through Soxhlet extraction procedures were improved by adopting response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of extraction time (3 h, 4.5 h, and 6 h), solute-to-solvent ratio (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 g/mL), and size of sample (1.00 mm, 2.87 mm, and 4.75 mm) on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were determined. The present study demonstrated the quadratic polynomial coefficients had a significant impact (p < 0.05) for all models, with a non-significant lack of fit at p > 0.05 and R2 exceeded 0.90 respectively. The best extraction conditions obtained were as follows: time for extraction (6 h), soluteto-solvent ratio (1:10), and size of sample (4.75 mm). Under ideal conditions, the TPC, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were 50.25 mg GAE/g, 11.14 mg QE/g, and 79.22% respectively. The phenolic compounds in the extract were screened and recorded by using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). Eleven phenolic compounds of prime importance in P. dactylifera extract were identified. This work indicated that P. dactylifera has a unique phytochemical profile which has antioxidant potential to be an adjunct in preventing a variety of diseases. Keywords: P. dactylifera; Soxhlet extraction; TPC; TFC; DPPH radical scavenging; response surface

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 46 14 - INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY BASED PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF SOAPS PRODUCED FROM VEGETABLE OILS AND ANIMAL FATS Dzulfadli Rosli1 , Muhammad Syazwan Fazale1 , Mohd Sukri Hassan2 , Farah Wahida Harun2 , Mohd Zuli Jaafar3 and Nazariyah Yahaya1,2* 1 Institut Fatwa dan Halal (IFFAH), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. 3 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Melaka Kampus Jasin, 77300 Merlimau Melaka, Malaysia *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) The soap-making process involves heating, encompassing various mechanisms such as oxidation and thermal reactions. These reactions can potentially modify the chemical structure of both animal and vegetable oils, making it challenging to trace their original sources in processed products. In this study, seven distinct bar soaps were produced using the saponification method, employing locally available commercial oils including canola oil (CA), coconut oil (CO), corn oil (CO), olive oil (OL), palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SF), and animal fat from lard (LD). The chemical profiles of the raw lard and vegetable oils, as well as their respective soaps and the fats/oils extracted from the soap, were obtained using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, followed by analysis through a chemometric approach. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was employed after pre-treatment of the FTIR dataset to discern their distribution in a score plot for determining clustering. For clustering lard from vegetable oils, the wavenumbers ranging from 1500 to 1000 cm-1 were selected in the PCA analysis. Subsequent re-extraction of fats/oils from the final product, coupled with the chemometric method, successfully demonstrated the differentiation of lard obtained from the soap and from soaps made from vegetable oils commonly sold in the market. Key words: Lard; sodium fatty acid; saponification; chemometric; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 47 17 - ALKYLDIETHANOLAMIDE SURFACTANT BASED ON KETAPANG SEED OIL IN HERBICIDE FORMULATION Erin Ryantin Gunawan1*, Nadita Khairunnisa2 , Dedy Suhendra3 , Murniati4 , Sri Seno Handayani5 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Indonesia *Corresponding author ([email protected]) Alkyldietanolamide (ADEA) which is a group of non-ionic surfactants that can be obtained from the amidation process which can potentially reduce the surface tension of the commercial herbicides thus increasing its effectiveness. The purpose of this research is to characterizes ADEA surfactants produced from the synthesis of triglycerides based on ketapang (terminalia catappa) seed oil with lipozyme enzyme TL IM catalyst, and the effect of adding surfactant with concentration 1-9 % in herbicide formulations with the active ingredient isopropylamine glyphosate. The resulting surfactant characterization has an acid number of 72.62 mg KOH/g ADEA, a saponification number of 106.59 mg KOH/g ADEA, HLB value 5.68, pH 6.2, density 0.941 g/mL, and viscosity of 6.328 Cp. The effect of adding 5% surfactant concentration is the best formulation that can reduce surface tension up to 14,656 dyne/cm from commercial herbicide with a surface tension value of 22.03 dyne/cm. Key words: surfactant, ketapang seed oil, herbicide, alkyldiethan olamide, surface tension

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 48 34 - ASSESSING β-CARBOLINE ANALOGUES AS ANTIBIOTIC AGENT USING IN VITRO STUDIES Nur Anis Afiqah Jasmin1,2 , Nurul Iman Aminudin1 , Shafida Abd Hamid1 , Noor Hidayah Pungot3 , Nurasyikin Hamzah1 and Rahayu Ahmad2* 1Kulliyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia 2 Islamic Science University of Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) The mortality rate caused by bacterial diseases and bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a concerning issue in global public health. There is a pressing need for new therapeutic agents that offer improved efficiency and fewer secondary effects to address the challenges posed by the currently available drugs used in clinical practice. In this study, 40 analogues of β- carboline were subjected to solubility tests to determine their solubility. Out of these, 22 analogues were found to be soluble and were subsequently tested for in vitro antibacterial activity using the agar disc diffusion method against S. aureus and E. coli to evaluate their antibacterial properties. The in vitro antibacterial studies revealed that compounds 1h, 7d, and 1l displayed appreciable growth-inhibitory effects against E. coli, while compounds 1a, 1f, 1l, and 1j exhibited appreciable growth-inhibitory effects against S. aureus. Out of the 22 compounds tested for in vitro antibacterial studies, compounds 1j and 1l displayed the highest growth-inhibitory potency against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Key words: Bacterial; antibacterial; in vitro

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 49 45 - SYNTHESIS OF COPPER SUPPORTED ON DIAPERS CHAR AS GREEN CATALYST FOR THE CARBOXYLATION OF GLYCEROL NURUL RAZALIa* & NAJAA ROZULANb aFaculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia [email protected] bFaculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia [email protected] *[email protected] ABSTRACT The commercialization of biodiesel as an alternative fuel has generate large amount of glycerol as by-product reaching 2.7 billion in 2020 while the concentration of CO2 has continuously increased to 420 ppm in August 2023. The combination of these two materials has gained attention in the industry for commercial and environmental concern. This study focusing on synthesize glycerol carbonate via carboxylation of glycerol using copper oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst supported on diapers char using impregnation method. Four different catalyst loading ratio of Cu/DC was prepared. The best result obtained with the use of Cu/DC with ratio of 0.1:0.9 resulted in 59.7% glycerol conversion and 9.7% selectivity of glycerol carbonate under condition of 150°C, 35 bar of CO2, 100 mmol glycerol, 200 mmol acetonitrile, 6 wt.% to glycerol ratio and was carried out for 5 hours. The result for glycerol carbonate, monoacetin and diacetin yield of Cu/DC with ratio 0.1:0.9 are 5.8%, 5.7% and 0.7% respectively. The morphology and properties of the catalyst was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET). Keywords: carboxylation of glycerol, diapers char, glycerol carbonate, acetins

Organized by Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM 50 46 - THEORETICAL COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF 4– (DIPHENYLAMINO)BENZALDEHYDE– 4–(ORTHO/META/PARA– FLUOROPHENYL)THIOSEMICARBAZONE ISOMERS PREDICTS BIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY UWAISULQARNI M. OSMANa,b & NURUL NOOR IZZATI MOHAMAD SHARIFa aFaculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected] bAdvanced Nano Materials Research Group (ANOMA), Ionic State Analysis (ISA) Laboratory, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia [email protected] *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Present study employs theoretical spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, NMR, and UV–Vis) to investigate biological reactivity of isomers: 4-(diphenylamino)benzaldehyde-4-(ortho/meta/parafluorophenyl) thiosemicarbazone. These investigations are carried out using quantum mechanical methods within a computational framework. Calculations are executed through density functional theory (DFT) employing Becke’s three-parameter hybrid functional B3LYP method and 6-311G(d,p) basis set. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) is utilized to present spatial accumulation of positive or negative charges around all isomer molecules. Furthermore, chemical reactivity assessment is grounded in analysis of highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), and their energy gap (ELUMO–EHOMO). Subsequently, comprehensive exploration of optimized structure forms foundation for natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. This analysis addresses intra and intermolecular charge delocalization between bonding and antibonding aspects of molecular system. Keywords: thiosemicarbazone; Gaussian09; chemical reactivity