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Xf`mfrtkd` XGRV
Xfild`makt Gkstrka Rf`dmd Vdp dbdgdn pfild`makt yd`m if`md`bdgad` f`frmk ak`ftka bdrk udp

u`tua if`mndskgad` f`frmk gkstrka. Lf`tua utdid bdrk pfild`makt gkstrka jf`ks k`k dbdgdn
Mf`frdtcr yd`m sfpcrcs bf`md` turlk` yd`m bkmfrdaad` cgfn tf`dmd ak`ftka bdrk udp
pd`ds/afrk`m. Xfild`makt gkstrka tf`dmd udp if`mmu`dad` lfrldmdk idodi ldnd`
ldadr tfrutdid ldtu ldrd bd` ik`yda ldadr sfrtd IEC u`tua stdrt up dwdg. _dgdn
sdtu XGRV tfrlfsdr dbdgdn XGRV Xdktc`, Xrclcgk`mmc, Jdwd Rkiur.

Xrcsfs ac`vfrsk f`frmk pdbd XGRV lfrgd`msu`m ifgdguk ? tdndpd`, ydktu:

  Xfrtdid, f`frmk akikd bdgdi ldnd` ldadr bkuldn if`jdbk f`frmk pd`ds bdgdi lf`tua udp
lfrtfad`d` bd` tfipfrdtur tk`mmk.

  Afbud, f`frmk pd`ds (udp) bkuldn if`jdbk f`frmk ifad`ka bdgdi lf`tua putdrd`.
  Aftkmd, f`frmk ifad`ka bkuldn if`jdbk f`frmk gkstrka.

XGRV if`mmu`dad` egukbd afrjd dkr udp yd`m lfrskraugdsk sfodrd tfrtutup. _kagus
tfrtutup drtk`yd if`mmu`dad` egukbd yd`m sdid sfodrd lfrugd`m-ugd`m. Vrutd`
skraugdsk`yd sfodrd sk`madt dbdgdn sfldmdk lfrkaut:

  Xfrtdid dkr bkkskad` af lckgfr

nk`mmd if`mksk pf`un sfgurun guds pfriuadd` pfik`bdn pd`ds. Bk bdgdi lckgfr dkr
k`k bkpd`dsad` bf`md` mds pd`ds ndskg pfildadrd` ldnd` ldadr bf`md` ubdrd
sfnk`mmd lfruldn if`jdbk udp.

  Afbud, udp ndskg prcbuask lckgfr bf`md`

tfad`d` bd` tfipfrdtur tfrtf`tu bkdrdnad` u`tua ifiutdr turlk` sfnk`mmd
if`mndskgad` bdyd ifad`ka lfrupd putdrd`.

  Aftkmd, mf`frdtcr yd`m bkacpfg gd`msu`m

bf`md` turlk` lfrputdr if`mndskgad` f`frmk gkstrka sfldmdk ndskg bdrk pfrputdrd`
ifbd` idm`ft bdgdi auipdrd`, sfnk`mmd aftkad turlk` lfrputdr bkndskgad` f`frmk
gkstrka bdrk tfrik`dg cutput mf`frdtcr

  Affipdt, Vdp lfads afgudr turlk` idsua af ac`bf`scr

u`tua bkbk`mk`ad` bf`md` dkr pf`bk`mk` dmdr lfruldn afildgk if`jdbk dkr yd`m
bksflut dkr ac`bf`sdt. Dkr ac`bf`sdt ndskg ac`bf`sdsk udp afiubkd` bkmu`dad` gdmk
sfldmdk dkr pf`mksk lckgfr.

  Bfikakd` skagus k`k lfrgd`msu`m tfrus if`frus bd` lfrugd`m-ugd`m.

Xfild`makt Gkstrka Rf`dmd Vdp Ldtuldrd
Dbdgdn sdgdn sdtu jf`ks k`stdgdsk pfild`makt tf`dmd gkstrka bk id`d tf`dmd gkstrka bkbdpdt
bdrk ifsk` turlk` yd`m bkputdr cgfn udp yd`m bkndskgad` ifgdguk pfildadrd` ldtuldrd. 
_kagus bk XGRV bdpdt bklfbdad` if`jdbk

4.  _kagus Vbdrd, sfldmdk odipurd` ldnd` ldadr

 

<.  _kagus Dkr, sfldmdk ifbkd u`tua if`mndskgad` udp dkr (stfdi)
?.  _kagus Ldtuldrd, sfldmdk ldnd` ldadr

_kagus Vbdrd 

Vbdrd sfldmdk odipurd` ldnd` ldadr idsua af bdgdi Lckgfr ifgdguk XD Ed`, EB Ed`
bd` KB Ed`. XD Ed` if`mdgkrad` ubdrd dwdg idsua lckgfr bdgdi ac`bksk nd`mdt, adrf`d
ubdrd bk XD Ed` tfgdn bkpd`dsad` bdnugu cgfn sksd pd`ds pfildadrd` bk Foc`cikzfr.
XGRV ldtuldrd dbdgdn suilfr utdid bdrk gkstrka bu`kd sddt k`k. _faktdr 58% gkstrka
bu`kd lfrmd`tu`m pdbd ldtuldrd, ndg k`k bkadrf`dad` XGRV ldtuldrd lksd if`yfbkdad`
gkstrka bf`md` ndrmd yd`m iurdn. Afgfidnd` utdid bdrk XGRV ldtuldrd dbdgdn
pf`ofidrd` fiksk adrlc``yd sd`mdt tk`mmk, pdgk`m tk`mmk bkld`bk`m ldnd` ldadr gdk`.

Rurlk` udp

Mf`frdg drrd`mfif`t ce d supfrnfdtfr k`stdggdtkc` k` d stfdi gcocictkvf.

Rurlk` udp ifrupdad` sudtu pf`mmfrda iugd yd`m if`muldn f`frmk pctf`skdg udp
if`jdbk f`frmk ak`ftka bd` sfgd`jut`yd bkuldn if`jdbk f`frmk ifad`ks bdgdi lf`tua
putdrd` pcrcs turlk`. Xcrcs turlk`, gd`su`m dtdu bf`md` ld`tud` rcbd mkmk rfbuask,
bknulu`mad` bf`md` ifad`ksif yd`m dad` bkmfrdaad`. Rfrmd`tu`m pdbd jf`ks
ifad`ksif yd`m bkmu`dad`, turlk` udp bdpdt bkmu`dad` pdbd lfrldmdk lkbd`m
sfpfrtk pdbd lkbd`m k`bustrk, u`tua pfild`makt tf`dmd gkstrka bd` u`tua trd`spcrtdsk. 

 

Xdbd prcsfs pfruldnd` f`frmk pctf`skdg if`jdbk f`frmk ifad`ks`yd ydktu bdgdi

 lf`tua putdrd` pcrcs bkgdauad` bf`md` lfrldmdk odrd.

Xrk`skp afrjd turlk` udp_u`tk`m

Rurlk` udp tfrbkrk bdrk sfludn odardi yd`m bkafgkgk`mk cgfn bdu`-bdu` odardi yd`m
bksflut subu-subu. _ubu-subu k`k lfrputdr adrf`d tkupd` bdrk udp lfrtfad`d` yd`m
lfrdsdg bdrk aftfg udp, yd`m tfgdn bkpd`dsk tfrbdnugu bf`md` if`mmu`dad` ldnd` ldadr

pdbdt, odkr bd` mds.
Vdp tfrsflut afiubkd` bkldmk bf`md` if`mmu`dad` oc`trcg vdgvf yd`m dad` bkpdadk
u`tua ifiutdr turlk` yd`m bkacpfgad` gd`msu`m bf`md` pcipd bd` jumd sdid ndg`yd
bkacpfg bf`md` sfludn mf`frdtcr sk`marc` u`tua if`mndskgad` f`frmk gkstrka.

_ftfgdn ifgfwdtk turlk` udp, udp yd`m lfrtfad`d` bd` lfrtfipfrdtur tk`mmk tdbk
iu`oug if`jdbk udp lfrtfad`d` rf`bdn. Xd`ds yd`m subdn bksfrdp cgfn ac`bf`scr
if`yfldlad` udp lfruldn if`jdbk dkr yd`m afiubkd` bkpcipdad` afildgk if`uju
lckgfr. _ksd pd`ds bklud`m cgfn ac`bf`scr if`odpdk sftf`mdn juigdn pd`ds sfiugd
yd`m idsua. Ndg k`k if`mdakldtad` feksksf`sk tnfricbnk`dikad sudtu turlk` udp
lfr`kgdk gflkn afokg bdrk 68%. Rurlk` udp yd`m icbfr` ifipu`ydk tfipfrdtur lckgfr
sfaktdr 6888O sdipdk 5888O bd` tfipfrdtur ac`bf`scr <88O sdipdk ?88O.

Xfild`maktGkstrkaRf`dmdVdp(XGRV)
4. XGRV Luakt Dsdi bk Xrcpk`sk _uidtfrd _fgdtd`
<. XGRV Lfgdwd` bk Xrcpk`sk _uidtfrd Vtdrd
?. XGRV Iudrd Adrd`m bk Xrcpk`sk BAK Jdadrtd
2. XGRV _fidrd`m bk Xrcpk`sk Jdwd Rf`mdn
6. XGRV Mrfska bk Xrcpk`sk Jdwd Rçiur

_kagus \d`ak`f 

XGRV dbdgdn jf`ks pfild`makt gkstrka tf`dmd tfridg yd`m ld`yda bkmu`dad`, adrf`d
fekskf`sk`yd tk`mmk sfnk`mmd if`mndskgad` f`frmk gkstrka yd`m fac`ciks. XGRV
ifrupdad` ifsk` ac`vfrsk f`frmk yd`m if`muldn f`frmk akikd bdgdi ldnd` ldadr
if`jdbk f`frmk gkstrka.

Xrcsfs ac`vfrsk f`frmk pdbd XGRV lfrgd`msu`m ifgdguk ? tdndpd`, ydktu :

  Xfrtdid, f`frmk akikd bdgdi ldnd` ldadr bkuldn if`jdbk f`frmk pd`ds bdgdi lf`tua
udp lfrtfad`d` bd` tfipfrdtur tk`mmk.

  Afbud, f`frmk pd`ds (udp) bkuldn if`jdbk f`frmk ifad`ka bdgdi lf`tua putdrd`.
  Aftkmd, f`frmk ifad`ka bkuldn if`jdbk f`frmk gkstrka.

 

 

Ml 4 Xrcsfs ac`vfrsk f`frmk pdbd XGRV 

XGRV if`mmu`dad` egukbd afrjd dkr udp yd`m lfrskraugdsk sfodrd tfrtutup. _kagus
tfrtutup drtk`yd if`mmu`dad` egukbd yd`m sdid sfodrd lfrugd`m-ugd`m. Vrutd`
skraugdsk`yd sfodrd sk`madt dbdgdn sfldmdk lfrkaut :

  Xfrtdid dkr bkkskad` af lckgfr nk`mmd if`mksk pf`un sfgurun guds pfriuadd`
pfik`bdn pd`ds. Bkbdgdi lckgfr dkr k`k bkpd`dsad` bf`md` mds pd`ds ndskg
pfildadrd` ldnd` ldadr bf`md` ubdrd sfnk`mmd lfruldn if`jdbk udp.

  Afbud, udp ndskg prcbuask lckgfr bf`md` tfad`d` bd` tfipfrdtur tfrtf`tu bkdrdnad`
u`tua ifiutdr turlk` sfnk`mmd if`mndskgad` bdyd ifad`ka lfrupd putdrd`.

  Aftkmd, mf`frdtcr yd`m bkacpfg gd`msu`m bf`md` turlk` lfrputdr if`mndskgad` f`frmk
gkstrka sfldmdk ndskg bdrk pfrputdrd` ifbd` idm`ft bdgdi auipdrd`, sfnk`mmd aftkad
turlk` lfrputdr bkndskgad` f`frmk gkstrka bdrk tfrik`dg cutput mf`frdtcr

  Affipdt, Vdp lfads afgudr turlk` idsua af ac`bf`scr u`tua bkbk`mk`ad` bf`md` dkr
pf`bk`mk` dmdr lfruldn afildgk if`jdbk dkr yd`m bksflut dkr ac`bf`sdt. Dkr ac`bf`sdt

ndskg ac`bf`sdsk udp afiubkd` bkmu`dad` gdmk sfldmdk dkr pf`mksk lckgfr.
  Bfikakd` skagus k`k lfrgd`msu`m tfrus if`frus bd` lfrugd`m-ugd`m.

 

 

Ml < _kagus egukbd afrjd sfbfrnd`d pdbd XGRV 

_kagus afrjd XGRV yd`m ifrupdad` skagus tfrtutup bdpdt bkmdildrad` bf`md`
bkdmrdi R ‟ s (Rfipfrdtur ‟ f`trcpk). _kagus k`k dbdgdn pf`frdpd` skagus rd`ak`f
kbfdg. Dbdpu` urutd` gd`madn`yd dbdgdn sfldmdk lfrkaut :

Ml ? Bkdmrdi R ‟ s _kagus XGRV (_kagus \d`ak`f) 

 

4. d ‟ l : Dkr bkpcipd bdrk tfad`d` X<if`jdbk X4. Gd`madn k`k dbdgdn
gd`madn aciprfsk ksf`trcpks, bd` prcsfs k`k tfrjdbk pdbd pcipd dkr pf`mksk.

<. l ‟ o : Dkr lfrtfad`d` k`k bk`dkaad` tfipfrdtur`yd nk`mmd if`odpdk tktka bkbkn.
Rfrjdbk bk GX nfdtfr , NX nfdtfrb  d` Foc`ciksfr . .

?. o ‟ b : Dkr lfruldn wujub if`jdbk udp jf`un. Gd`madn k`k
bksflut vdpcurksk`m (pf`mudpd`) bf`md` prcsfs kscldr ksctnfriks, tfrjdbk bk lckgfr
ydktu bk wdgg tulf (rksfr)  bd` stfdi brui.

2. b ‟ f : Vdp bkpd`dsad` gflkn gd`jut nk`mmd udp if`odpdk tfipfrdtur afrjd`yd
bikfs`ujpdfbrk nufddptfprd l`cdksgfgrdb`fju`tm(ds`uppfrrcnsffdstfksbclvddpr .cur ). Gd`madn k`k tfrjdbk

6. f ‟ e : Vdp ifgdauad` afrjd sfnk`mmd tfad`d` bd` tfipfrdtur`yd turu`. Gd`madn
k`k dbdgdn gd`madn faspd`sk ksf`trcpks, bd` tfrjdbk bkbdgdi turlk`.

5. e ‟ d : Xfilud`md` pd`ds gdtf` udp sfnk`mmd lfruldn if`jdbk dkr ac`bf`sdt.
Gd`madn k`k dbdgdn kscldr ksctnfriks, bd` tfrjdbk bkbdgdi ac`bf`scr.

Ldmkd`-Ldmkd` XGRV 

Ldmkd` Vtdid 

Ldmkd` utdid yd`m tfrbdpdt pdbd sudtu XGRV ydktu :

Lckgfr

Lckgfr lfreu`msk u`tua if`muldn dkr (effb wdtfr) if`jdbk udp pd`ds gd`jut
(supfrnfdtfb stfdi) yd`m dad` bkmu`dad` u`tua ifiutdr turlk`.

Rurlk` udp

Rurlk` udp lfreu`msk u`tua if`mac`vfrsk f`frmk pd`ds yd`m bkad`bu`m cgfn udp
if`jdbk f`frmk putdr (f`frmk ifad`ka). Xcrcs turlk` bkacpfg bf`md` pcrcs mf`frdtcr
sfnk`mmd aftkad turlk` lfrputdr mf`frdtcr jumd kaut lfrputdr.

Ac`bf`scr

Ac`bf`scr lfreu`msk u`tua if`mac`bf`sdskad` udp lfads bdrk turlk` (udp yd`m
tfgdn bkmu`dad` u`tua ifiutdr turlk`).
Mf`frdtcr

Mf`frdtcr lfreu`msk u`tua if`muldn f`frmk putdr bdrk turlk` if`jdbk f`frmk gkstrka.

Xfrdgdtd` Xf`u`jd`m 

Xfrdgdtd` pf`u`jd`m yd`m tfrbdpdt bdgdi sudtu XGRV pdbd uiui`yd dbdgdn :

Bfsdgk`dtkc` Xgd`t (V`kt Bfsdg)

Xfrdgdtd` k`k lfreu`msk u`tua if`muldn dkr gdut (lrk`f) if`jdbk dkr tdwdr (erfsn wdtfr)
bbkfa`dmrfd``daid`ftcsbkefdt pdfkr`ygduugkt`mydd``m(aaccirclskk`e,dsskfnfk`vmdmpdcrdjksakd bddkr` gdauct`tbffrs`fslduskt).bkNlkddgradk``k

 

gd`msu`m idsua af bdgdi u`kt utdid, idad bdpdt if`yfldlad` afrusdad` pdbd
pfrdgdtd` XGRV.

\fvfrsf Csicsks (\C)

Ifipu`ydk eu`msk yd`m sdid sfpfrtk bfsdgk`dtkc` pgd`t `diu` iftcbf yd`m
bkmu`dad` lfrlfbd. Xdbd pfrdgdtd` k`k bkmu`dad` ifilrd` sfik pfrifdlgf yd`m
bbdknpddstkgaid`f`dykrdtrdk`wmdrmsdfrdpifr-tmk pddrdbid byfds`dmgk`dtftkrca`d`pbgdu``tm. pdbd dkr gdut, sfnk`mmd bdpdt

Xrf Rrfdtif`t pdbd u`kt yd`m if`mmu`dad` pf`bk`mk` dkr td`dn / su`mdk

V`tua XGRV yd`m if`mmu`dad` dkr td`dn/dkr su`mdk, prf-trfdtif`t lfreu`msk u`tua
if`mnkgd`mad` f`bdpd`,actcrd` bd` ik`frdg yd`m tfrad`bu`m bk bdgdi dkr tfrsflut.

Bfik`frdgkzfr Xgd`t (V`kt Bfik`)

Lfreu`msk u`tua if`mnkgd`mad` adbdr ik`frdg (kc`) yd`m tfrad`bu`m bdgdi dkr tdwdr.
 Dkr sfldmdk egukbd afrjd XGRV ndrus lflds bdrk ik`frdg, adrf`d jkad dkr idskn
if`md`bu`m ik`frdg lfrdrtk ac`buatkvktds`yd idskn tk`mmk sfnk`mmd bdpdt
if`yfldlad` tfrjdbk`yd MMG k`buask pdbd sddt dkr tfrsflut ifgfwdtk jdgur pfrpkpdd`
bk bdgdi XGRV. Ndg k`k bdpdt if`kilugad` acrcsk pdbd pfrdgdtd` XGRV.

Nkbrcmf` Xgd`t (V`kt Nkbrcmf`)

Xdbd XGRV bkmu`dad` nybrcmf` (N<) sfldmdk pf`bk`mk` Mf`frdtcr.

Ongcrk`dtkc` Xgd`t (V`kt Ongcrk`)

Lfreu`msk u`tua if`mndskgad` sf`ydwd `dtrkui nkpcogcrkt (@dCOg) yd`m bkmu`dad`
u`tua ifidluaad`/ifgfidnad` ikarc crmd`ksif gdut pdbd drfd wdtfr k`tdaf. Ndg
k`k bkidasubad` u`tua if`mnk`bdrk tfrjdbk`yd pf`mfrdaad` (sodgk`m) pdbd pkpd-pkpd
ac`bf`scr idupu` u`kt bfsdg dakldt pfrafild`mlkdad` ikarc crmd`ksif gdut
tfrsflut.

 Duxkgkdry Lckgfr (Lckgfr Ld`tu)

Xdbd uiui`yd ifrupdad` lckgfr lfrldnd` ldadr ik`yda (eufg ckg), yd`m lfreu`msk
u`tua if`mndskgad` udp (stfdi) yd`m bkmu`dad` pdbd sddt lckgfr utdid stdrt up
idupu` sfldmdk udp ld`tu (duxkgkdry stfdi).

Ocdg Nd`bgk`m (V`kt Xfgdyd`d` Ldtuldrd)

Ifrupdad` u`kt yd`m ifgdyd`k pf`mcgdnd` ldtuldrd ydktu bdrk prcsfs lc`madr iudt
adpdg (snkp u`gcdbk`m) bk bfridmd, pf`ydgurd` af stcoa drfd sdipdk pf`ydgurd` af
lu`afr u`kt.

 Dsn Nd`bgk`m (V`kt Xfgdyd`d` Dlu)

 

Ifrupdad` u`kt yd`m ifgdyd`k pf`mcgdnd` dlu ldka ktu dlu jdtun (lcttci dsn)
idupu` dlu tfrld`m (egy dsn) bdrk Fgfotrcstdtko Xrfokpktdtcr ncppfr bd` _BOO
(_ulifrmfb Brdm Ondk` Oc`vfycr) pdbd u`kt utdid sdipdk af tfipdt pf`dipu`md`
dlu (dsn vdggfy)

Rkdp-tkdp acipc`f` utdid bd` pfrdgdtd` pf`u`jd`m bkgf`madpk bf`md` skstfi-skstfi
bd` dgdt ld`tu yd`m if`buau`m afrjd acipc`f` tfrsflut. Md`mmud` dtdu
idgeu`otkc` bdrk sdgdn sdtu ldmkd` acipc`f` utdid dad` bdpdt if`yfldlad`
tfrmd`mmu`yd sfgurun skstfi XGRV.

Jkad if`urut d`bd lfrid`eddt _kgdnad` OCX[ dtdu _ND\F drtkafg Eu`msk bd`
Xrk`skp afrjd XGRV k`k. Jd`md` gupd gdipkrad` suilfr`yd yd. Rfrkidadskn

Ldod jumd drtkafg lfradktd` lfrkaut k`k

4. _kagus afrjd XGRV
<. Xrk`skp afrjd lckgfr
?. Xrk`skp afrjd ac`bf`scr