INSTITUT PENILAIAN NEGARA (INSPEN)
CERTIFICATE OF PROPRTY MANAGEMENT
SESSION 2018/2019
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
IPC PROPERT MANAGEMENT SDN.BHD.
NAME NURUL NURDINI BINTI NORZAMAN
NO ID SPGT 11-18-010
NRIC 980506-02-6010
NAME OF SUPERVISOR INSPEN SR. HAZIRAH BINTI YAHYA
NAME OF SUPERVISOR IPC MR. MUHAMMAD HEZRY SAFWAN B.
RAMLI
SITE ADDRESS DANAU IDAMAN CONDOMINIUM, JALAN
2/109F, TAMAN DESA OFF JALAN KLANG
LAMA 58100 KUALA LUMPUR.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO CONTENT PAGES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO PROPERTY MANAGEMENT 2-7
2.0 INTRODUCTION TO DANAU IDAMAN CONDOMINIUM 8 - 17
3.0 TYPES OF STRUCTURE ORGANIZATION
3.1 STRUCTURE ORGANIZATION OF IPC PROPERTY 18
MANAGEMENT SDN BHD 19
3.2 ROLES AND DUTY OF REGISTERED PROPERTY
20
MANAGER 21
3.3 ROLES AND DUTY OF BUILDING MANAGER 22
3.4 ROLES AND DUTY OF BUILDING EXECUTIVE 23
3.5 ROLES AND DUTY OF ADMINISTRATION 24
3.6 ROLES AND DUTY OF TECHNICIAN
25 - 30
4.0 MAINTENANCE PLAN IN DANAU IDAMAN
CONDMINIUM 31 - 32
33
4.1 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE 34
4.2 CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE
5.0 CONCLUSION
A APPENDICES
B REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank my Institute, INSPEN for arranging the internship
program for me. I’m also grateful to IPC Property Management Sdn. Bhd. For recruiting me
as an intern.
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my Team
Leader Danau Idaman Condominium, Mr. Muhammad Hezry Safwan for his exemplary
guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this internship.
The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the
journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to SR. Hazirah Binti Yahya, Associate
Professor, Institut Penilaian Negara (INSPEN) for his kind support and inspiration which has
immensely strenghthened my confidence during my internship program.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Operation Manager
of IPC Property Management Sdn. Bhd. Mr. Syafiq Riduan for their cordial support, valuable
information and guidance, which is helped me in completing this task through various stages.
I’m extremely grateful and remain indebted to IPC Property Management Sdn. Bhd.
for being source of inspiration and for his constant support in internship.
I’m obliged to all my Team members, for the valuable information provided by them
in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my
internship.
I’m thankful to them for their continual constructive criticism and invaluable
suggestion and help, which benefited me a lot at my internship.
1
1.0 Introduction to Property Management
Property Management is the operation, control and oversight of real estate. Management
indicates a need to be cared for monitored and accountability given for its useful life and
condition. This is much to the role of management in any business.
Property management is also the management of personal property, equipment, tooling and
physical capital assets that are acquired and used to build, repair and maintain end item
deliverables.
Property management involves the process system and manpower required to manage the life
cycle of all acquired property as defined above including acquisition, control, accountability,
responsibility, maintenance, utilization, and disposition.
Robert and Floyd (1998) define property management as the management of real estate on
behalf of the owner for compensation. According to thief definition, it implies that the person
managing the property is not owner himself and that the owner will essentially compensate
the manager for his services rendered.
The knowledge of property management is nit limited to strata management act only but
covers major related parliament act such as Housing Development (Control and Licensing)
Act 1966, Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 (Act 133), Electricity supply Act 1990 (
Act 447), Electricity Regulations 1994, Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171), Energy
Commission Act 2001 (Act 610), Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara Act 2006 (Act 654),
Water Service Industry Act 2006 (Act 655), the Factory and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139),
Fire Service Act 1988 (Act 341), Sewerage Service Act 1993 (508).
2
IPC Property Management Sdn Bhd (Kajang Branch)
Type of Managed Property:
1) Medium Cost Condominium
2) Low Cost Apartment
Medium Cost Condominium
1. Site: Danau Idaman Condominium
Address: Danau Idaman Condominium, Jalan 2/109F, TMN Danau Desa, Off Jalan
Klang Lama, 58100 Kuala Lumpur.
Appointment: Management Corporation (MC) Contractual Appointment
3
Low Cost Apartment
1. Site: Pangsapuri Mawar & Barat
Address : Pangspuri Mawar, Jalan BS 11/12, Taman Bukit Serdang, 43300 Seri Kembangan,
Selangor
Appointment: Commissioner of Building (COB) appointment under Strata
Management Act 2013 (Act 757)
4
5
2.0
6
7
2.0 Introduction to Danau Idaman Condominium
Property Info: : 659 unit (2 type of unit design)
1. No of units : 951 (numbering start 01-316 and 318-951)
2. No of Parking lot : 5 Shops
3. No of Shop Lot : 3 Blocks
4. No of Block : 9 Lifts
5. No of Lift
Breakdown: A B C
Block 22 18 15
No of Floor 264 216 180
No of Unit 36 40 34
No of
Parking Lot 3 3 3
No of Lift 4 1 0
No of Shop
Lot Management Office, Multi-Purpose Hall, Surau, Meeting Room,
Facilities Mini Market, Coin Gym, Kindergarten Reading Room, Game
Laundry, Saloon,
Security CCTV, Security Post Room
Barber
CCTV, Security Post CCTV, Security Post
8
Facilities Description Located Picture
No. Facilities Located at:
1. Management Management office Ground
floor, Block
office Danau Idaman Aman.
2. Mini mart essentially ensure
(Shop 1)
the smooth running
of an office on a
day-to-day basis
(Mon-Sat) and
accepted any
payment,
complaints and etc.
A convenience store Located at:
Ground
is a small retail floor, Block
Aman.
business that stocks
a range everyday
items or daily
groceries for
residents Danau
Idaman
3. Coin laundry Coin laundry or Located at:
(Shop 2) Ground
self-service laundry floor, Block
Aman.
is a facility where (between
Shop 1 and
residents can wash Shop 3)
their clothes and
dried without
personalized
professional help.
4. Barber shop Barbering services Located at:
(Shop 3)
such as cutting, Ground
trimming and floor, Block
styling hair, Aman.
trimming beards or (between
giving shaves. Shop 2 and
Shop 4)
9
5. Saloon (Shop 4) Saloon hair services Located at:
such as cutting hair Ground
to performing scalp floor, Block
treatments include Aman
shampooing, styling
hair and also
provide hair
treatments
6. Cafeteria Cafeteria it’s a self- Located at:
Ground
service such as floor, Block
Aman.
restaurant where
you can select and
pay for food,
residents at Danau
Idaman can be
purchased for
breakfast and lunch.
7. Multi-purpose Provides a well- Located at:
hall Ground
equipped space floor, Block
8. Gymnasium B
suitable for a wide
range of activities
such as receptions
parties and so on.
Residents who want
to use need to fill
form at
Management office.
Deposit charged
RM 50.00 only
Gymnasium is a Located at:
Ground
room for indoor floor, Block
sports activities for B
residents. It’s open
everyday at 7:00
a.m. until 7:00 p.m.
10
9. Kindergarten Kindergarten gives Located at:
Ground
children the floor, Block
B
opportunity to grow
and develop through
play-the way
children learn best.
2 teachers are
provided at
kindergarten.
10. Surau Are used for men Located at:
and women muslim Ground
to prayers and do floor, Block
activities such as C
reading Al-quran
and etc.
11. Meeting room Meeting room used Located at:
Ground
for committee and floor, Block
C (nearest
management office reading
room and
do meeting for game room)
monthly and
anything their need
to used.
12. Reading room Reading room used Located at:
Ground
for residents who floor, Block
C
can do schedule
learning with
grouping. Residents
need to fill form at
management office
and charged deposit
RM 50.00
11
13. Game room Game room is Located at:
indoor activities Ground
such as ping pong. floor, Block
Residents can use C
starting 7:00 a.m.
until 7:00 p.m.
14. Swimming pool Swimming pool at Located at:
Danau Idaman is Middle of
used by residents to Block A, B
do activities such as and C
swimming and etc.
start from 7:00 a.m.
until 12:00 p.m.
those who want to
use for activities
their can fill form
and charged deposit
RM 50.00
15. BBQ pit BBQ pit separated Located at:
by two which is Between
non-halal bbq pit for Block A and
non-muslim and C
halal bbq pit for
muslim. Residents
want to used their
can fill the form at
management office
and charged deposit
RM 50.00
16. Multi-purpose A large surface for Located at:
court (basketball playing basketball Near within
court) or anything which parking lot
requires a lot of and between
space. Opening gate Block B and
start form 7:00 a.m Block C.
until 12:00 p.m.
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Safety & Security
1. Vehicle Barrier Gate & Access Card
Description: vehicle barrier such as checkpoints and entrances to restricted areas.
Visitor who want to enter Danau Idaman Condominium need registered first before
their enter. While residents need used access card for enter. For the residents who
news or missing access card for barrier gate needed to registered at management
office. Deposit charge RM 50.00 only. (for rental need bring agreement/copy nric)
Entrance out Entrance in
2. Pedestrian Access Card
Description: Pedestrian access card only have one walk way for in and out. Residents
need to used access card to open the pedestrian gate. For the residents who news or
missing access card for pedestrian needed to registered at management office. Deposit
charge RM 20.00 only. (for rental need bring tenancy agreement/copy nric)
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3. 24 Hours Security
4. CCTV
Occupancy Status
1. Occupancy Rate:
2. Rental Rate
Ownership: 100%
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Property Management System (CSS System)
CSS system was applied at Danau Idaman Condominium started on 2016 and until
now for managing the owner’s database, payment and collection. CSS Property Management
module is a front-end database financial system fully equipped with smart tools to cater the
processing needs of property managers in managing a wide spectrum of property types under
various operation scenarios. Whether you are managing condominiums, leading serviced
apartments or running shopping complexes and leasing office lots, CSS Property
Management’s dynamic and flexible functions and features are there to take your
management profession to a greater height.
Being entirely built on web-browser platform, CSS Property Management is a cost
effective centralized systems supporting multiple property sites from head office server.
1. Maintenance Charges & Sinking Fund for owners
Billing and payment system
Billing to owner every month
Day to day receipt
Maintenance Account and account outstanding
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2. Utility Billing: mass meter reading invoicing with spreadsheet-like reading entry, auto
calculation and abnormal usage alert. Support downloading and uploading of reading
data. Flexible rate escalation by reading blocks method. Optional billing contribution
surcharge. Chilled water billings with parent and sub meters.
Billing every 2 months
Reading taken at every 15th
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Service Providers Summary
NO SERVICE PROVIDER DETAILS
1 Security
2 Cleaning • Summary of Service
3 Fire Contractor • No. of Staffing: 10
• Shift: 7:00 A.M – 7:00 P.M – 07:00 P.M. – 7:00 A.M.
4 Lift Maintenance
Contractor • Summary of Service
• No of Staffing: 10
Swimming Pool • Shift: 8:00 A.M - 5:00 P.M (Monday – Thursday)
5 Maintenance • Shift: 8:00 A.M – 2:00 P.M (Saturday)
• Summary of Service
Contractor • No of Staffing
• Shift
6 Electrical and • Summary of Service
Mechanical Engineers • No of Staffing
• Shift
7 Pest Control • Summary of Service
• No of Staffing
• Shift
• Summary of Service
• No of Staffing
• Shift
• Summary of Service
• No of Staffing
• Shift
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3.0 Type of Structure Organization
Danau Idaman Condominium is used the Decentralized organization in order to
manage the building. From the organization structure we can see that the Managing Director
is Mrs. Yasser Zulkefli, Registered Property Manager is Sr, Mohd Zuki Salleh and Mrs.
Muhammad Syafiq Riduan and followed Building Manager is Mrs. Muhammad Hezry
Safwan, Building Executive is Madam Hanisah Taha, administration Miss Fazeera Eizyani
and Technician named Mrs. Izal and Mrs. Fadzli.
3.1 Structure Organization of IPC Property Management Sdn.Bhd.
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IPC Property Management in Danau Idaman Condominiun
Registered Property Manager
Mrs. Muhammad Syafiq Riduan
Building Manager
Mrs. Muhammad Hezry Safwan
Building Executive
Madam Hanisah Taha
Administration Technician Handyman
Miss Fazeera Eizyani Mrs. Izal Emban Mrs. Fadzli
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3.2 Roles and Duty of Registered Property Manager
• To maintenance and repairs
• The property manager must keep the property in safe and habitable condition and
responsible for the physical management of the property, including regular
maintenance and emergency repairs.
• Property maintenance which is includes performing preventive property maintenance
to keep the property functioning in top condition. For example, for leaks, landscape
shovel snow and remove trash. This maintenance aims to keep current tenants happy
and attract new tenants.
• Repairs is when there is an issue, the property manager must fix the problem or hire
someone else to do it. They often have a large network of reliable plumbers,
electricians and other contractors.
• Has knowledge of landlord-tenants laws
• Good in property managers have in-depth knowledge of statewide and national laws
regarding the proper ways to :
• Comply with property Safety Standards.
• Responsible for managing the budget/maintaining records.
• Handle security deposits
• The property manager can assist the property owner with understanding how to file
taxes for the investment property and also can files taxes for the property.
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3.3 Roles and Duty of Building Manager
• Make sure all staff do their work
• Make sure the best quotation for residents in order to make the building going well
• Make sure the security and cleaning well manage
• To maintain a safe environment with proper lighting, signage, and disability access
• To contract professionals for repairs as needed
• To monitor building maintenance budgets
• To arrange for building improvements
• To oversee contractors and inspecting completed jobs
• To supervise other employee such as cleaner / security personnel
• To hire employees or contractors as needed to maintain, repair, or improve the
property
• To provide training for building employees as needed
• To perform daily operation for the management office and to maintain the
performance of management office
• To evaluate employee performance and providing direction, correction, or additional
training to ensure proper maintenance of the building
• To schedule contractors and employees
• To resolve complaints, problems, and requests from building tenants
• To assist with emergency response and evacuations
• To keep thorough records regarding property
• To ensure monthly billing and periodic billing are prepared and submitted on the
stipulated date.
• To ensure prompt Bank-In for daily collection are conducted. Collection money from
resident must be bank-in not more than 3 working day after money receivable
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3.4 Roles and Duty of Building Executive
• Maintaining a safe environment with proper lighting, signange and disability access.
• Drafting and updating emergency plans and evacuation procedures.
• Overseeing security, fire prevention and other safety systems.
• Scheduling regular building maintenance and janitorial services.
• Contracting professionals for repairs as needed.
• Ensuring that occupants are provided with proper utilities.
• Monitoring building maintenance budgets.
• Arranging for building improvements.
• Overseeing contractors and inspecting completed jobs.
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3.5 Roles and Duty of Administration
• issues the official receipt to residents
• Checking Email and do action or complaint or send back the official receipt if
residents make payment using online method
• Do all payment list (list item what we want to pay every end of the month) and
payment voucher
• Answer Phone call and solve any request or complaint from residents
• Ensure the complaint has been done.
• Write a notice or letter to residents as request
• Manage a rental parking
Manage all the form like shifting in and out, renovation form, car sticker form and
overnight form
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3.6 Roles and Duty of Technician/Handyman
• Maintain corporate safety procedures at all times and comply with access control
regulations.
• Work with tools and suppliers necessary to complete jobs.
• Receive and respond tenant/owner complaints of mechanical or maintenance issues on
common areas. Take action into complaint.
• Evacuate building in the event of an emergency.
• Communicate with facilities management about any work that requires outside expert
assistance. Do the maintenance to make this site going well
• Inspect around the building to make sure building is in a good condition.
• Check pump for swimming pool everyday
• Check water tank level
• Do a backwash and vacuum a swimming pool three times a week
• Backwash a water filter in main pipe apartment.
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4.0 Maintenance Plan in Danau Idaman Condominium
MAINENANCE PLAN
PRVENTIVE CORRECTIVE
MAINTANENCE MAINTENANCE
Preventive maintenance is process to repair and prevent the defect that will be done
more before the defect happens. This involves the management of facilities and utilities
provided in the building consist of electrical and mechanical.
While, corrective maintenance is process of fixing that are broken or not
functioning well such as emergency repair. Another word, this maintenance were carried out
when the defect is already happens and repairing will be done after it.
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Hard Maintenance
• Hard maintenance requires a specified period to complete the maintenance. Usually
hard maintenance took one or two months to complete the maintenance.
• According to the Building Executive, this property use outsource contractors.
Outsources means property manager hire outsources contractors by tender to
maintain and manage the building.
ITEMS COMPANY ROUTINE
• Mechanical & • RK • Danau Idaman Condominium is
Electrical system Elevator using outsource
Lifts
• Contractor which mean they hire
• Plumbing • KIM AH HOI third parties to maintain the
mechanical and electrical system. It
is because to ensure that all of the
machinery operates efficiently to
satisfy the proprietor needs.
• The maintenance will be done
once a month only.
• The major problem in Danau
Idaman Condominium is lift.
Every week there will be one or
two lifts breakdown,
• To ensure there is no problem in
term of facilities such as pipe
leakage the property manager
appoint an in house management
team to maintain and manage
the plumbing.
26
• Closed-circuit • KY secure • CCTV is a part of security
(CCTV) system known as supervision
television video. The use of video cameras
is to transmit a signal to a
specific place, on a limited set
of monitors.
• So property manager also
appoint in house management
team to manage the CCTV.
• The management team will
maintain the CCTV once a
month according to the situation
of the CCTV.
• Fire Fighting, • Fire millennium • Firefighting which are fire
Fire protection protection system, water
system, sprinkler and fire hose rail is
Water Sprinkler, used to ensure the building
Fire hose rail, safety if fire event occur in the
Fire extinguisher. building. It also can reduce the
damaged made by the fire.
• To give the best impact by using
the firefighting
• To the building, user must use
the fire fighting in
• A right ways which according
with the
instruction.
• This firefighting system was
also used in house management
team.
27
• Chargeman and • CMS Megatech • As a competent Electrical
engineer
Engineer, he or his competent
representative shall:-
• Visit or inspect the electrical
installation.
• Record and direct all findings,
recommencations and
instruction to the client and to
submit an inspection report after
the inspection.
• Inform the client any defect in
the installation which is likely to
cause danger to make good or
remove the defects. Also make a
report to the Director of
Suruhanjaya Tenaga, if
necessary.
• Submit the Form 1 (Borang1) to
the Suruhanjaya Tenaga and the
client.
• Recommended to the owner the
suitable competent person
(Chargeman) to work, operate or
be in control of the installation
as required by the Electricity
Regulation 1994.
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• Fogging and pest • Rentokil Initial • The service provider is Rentokil (M)
control Sdn. Bhd.
• The service for mosquito control
(fogging and larvaciding), cockroaches,
and common ants (baiting, residue
spraying)
• Services commenced on 11th
May 2017. Contract expired on
11th May 2018.
• Cleaning services • SCSD Cleaning
Services
(daily, weekly, • Clean is free from visible dirt or soil
while sanitized means the level of
monthly and harmful organisms such as bacteria has
been reduced to a same one.
yearly)
• From the above statement, toilet must
be clean at least 3 to 4 times a day. It is
because to make sure toilet and other
facilities are safe to use. While for the
common area the maintenance will at
least 3 times a day.
• To maintain and manage MC Danau
Idaman Condo appoint outsource
management team which is ACQ
Ventures.
• SCSD Cleaning Services prepared
three workers to clean the building
including the toilets.
29
• Swimming pool • Kejuruteraan • Clean water and balance
maintenance Empunya Jaya chemistry are the key to pool
Sdn.Bhd maintenance
• Hired a person to do
maintenance about 3-4 per
weekly to clean and maintain
the chemical balance.
• Landscaping • Terang Bulan • Trimming grass as and when
• Security Group Sdn. Bhd needed or roughly once a month.
• Seagull • Assisting in the removal of dirt
Protection and sand debris from drain
Services around compound.
• Removing bulky furniture form
blocks to refuse chamber.
(almost daily)
• Replanting scrubs whenever
available.
• It operated in 24 hours to make
sure the building in a safe area.
• They have two shift which are
07:00 a.m. – 07:00 p.m. for day
shift and 7:00 p.m. – 7:00 a.m.
for night shift.
• The property manager also
needs to ensure the security
officers do their work every day.
It is to prevent other problem
such as lack of security.
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4.1 Preventive Maintanence
Preventive maintenance refers to regular, daily routine maintenance to help keep equipment
up and running, preventing any uplanned defect and expensive costs form unanticipated
equipment failure. It requires careful planning and scheduling of maintenance on equipment
before there is an actual problem as well as keeping accurate records of past inspection.
( SCSD Cleaning services )
Sweeping. Mopping
Cleaner will sweep everyday in every floor Wash the walk way each blok, toilet and
level, management office, guard house and common area to make that clean and make
other common area. To ensure property in a residents comfortable. Ready to use.
good condition and comfortable.
Pick up garbage from each level floor to
Clean Surau that residents often use. To
avoid lots of trash and etc.
ensure the residents are comfortable and
satisfied.
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Weekly Monthly
Clean the pools that are not filled with • patrolling every corner of the block
water, so that pool not like idle and to identify wildlife issues such as
wrinkled. ferns.
• Check for emergency stairs, as they
are often thrown away which can
cause disruption when descending
the stairs
• check the water reservoir in the
parking lot to prevent the aedes from
spreading
Security ( Seagull Protection Servis )
Seagull Protection Servis use VMS System
to monitoring the movement of cars out and
in (visitor also) to ensure residents and Security guard will patrol by using clocking
property in safe condition. method every 3 hours every day to ensure
the apartment is safe and no danger will
occur.
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4.2 Corrective Maintenance
Corrective maintenance is a systematic process to ensure the effective of the damage in the
building. It is the process of fixing thing that are broken and not performing well such as
emergency repairs, services outstages and correcting poor quality.
This involves the management of facilities and utilities provided in the building consist of
electrical and mechanical. As at April 2019, the status of handing over of mechanical and
electrical equipment by the Client is as follow:
NO SYSTEM & EQUIPMENT STATUS
1 Electrical Substation Equipment are running.
.
2 Generator Set Equipment is running and it is in good
condition. Diesel currently at 1/4 level. MSB 1
Power Factor meter faulty, MSB 2, Power
Factor 0.97, MSB 3 Power Factor 0.94.
Calibrations relay to expire on 11th May 2021.
3 Fire Fighting Firefighting equipment and pump are running.
License will expire on 27th August 2020.
4 Lift Equipment is running. 1 of the lift at Block A
6 Swimming Pool and Block B is not running.
The pumps are running. However, one of the
pump needs to be repaired, and the filter
medium needs to be changed.
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4 Conclusion
In conclusion, both out source and in house management team has their own
advantages and disadvantages, it actually depends on how they manage their team to
ensure the building being well maintained and indirectly enhance the value of the
property not only for the time being but also for the future. Another things that need
to be stressed on is the lifts these facilities have the most used by the occupant
compared to others facilities and often to be breakdown and need a constant or
frequent check by the maintenance personnel.
Overall the maintenance of Danau Idaman Condominium is good for now and
there is no major renovations since the property is still new and still in a good
conditions. Not to forget this assignment has help us in term of improving our soft
skills and so on.
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A. Appendices Picture
Description of work
The management office monitor the
lift before do calibration work
The CMS Chargeman brief the
management office before they start
calibration work
Replace bulb at Block A infornt unit
A-12-09 (received complaint from
residents)
Adjuster from insurances company
came doing for some inspection
(building cctv)
KOH KIM HUI came to replace ball
valve pump room at water tank Block
C
Closed drain valve pump room at
water tank Block B
DBKL inspection at DBKL land
besides Condominium (purpose to
cutting tree)
Painting roadlines at parking lot in
front Management Office.
Tow the vehicle that has been parked
uncovered parking management office.
Tow the vehicle at refuse chamber
area outside the condominium.
Testing epoxy for tiles swimming pool
DBKL fogging has been done
B. References
• Monthly report / Technical report of Danau Idaman Condominium
(January 2020 / February 2020)
• Technical team log book
• Refer tender / agreement of company service providers.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_action
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_maintenance