CHEMISTRY FOLIO AMALIN SYAHIRAH 4C

CHEFOMLIISOTRY

CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

NAME : MRSM PASIR TUMBOH

Nur Amalin Syahirah Bt Mohd
Araffuddin

CLASS : 4 Champion

TNEAAMCEHER S' : Pn. Masitah Bt Shukri

CONTENT

1.INTRODUCTION
2.ALLOY AND ITS IMPORTAN EC

- comparison of properties of alloys and pure metals
- the uses of alloys based on their composition and properties

3.CITOSMUPSOESSITION OF GLASS AND

- types of glass

4.ACONDMIPTOSSUITSIEOSN OF CERAMICS

- types of ceramics
- ceramic uses application

5.ICTOSMIMPOPOSIRTTEAMNACTEERIALS AND

- composite materials and its uses
- comparison and difference in properties of composite materials and their original

components

6.CONCLUSION
7.REFEREN EC S

INTRODUCTION

All the objects that exist around us are made up of
chemical substances. These objects exist an element,
compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit
to human kind. As time goes on, human has done many
researches to ensure all these chemical substances will be
enough for the use of themselves.

This syllabus introduces the students with manufactured
substances in industry. This is important for the students to
appreciate the knowledge of chemistry that is still new for
themselves. Personally, I think that this chapter is an
interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist
produces the material around me. It also gives me new
knowledge of the uses of chemical substances that I
usually found in the laboratories.

I hope, by learning this chapter, I will be more interested in
learning chemistry as it will help me in the future. All the
equations from this chapter make me more understand of
the previous chapters.

ALLOYS AND ITS IMPORTANCE

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals mixed in a certain
percentage. Most pure metals are weak and soft. The properties of


pure metals can be improved by making them into alloys.

ALLOYS AND ITS IMPORTANCE

comparison of properties of alloys and pure metals

the uses of alloys
based on their composition and properties

COMPOSITION OF GLASS AND ITS
USES

Glass is a mixture of two or more types of metallic
silicates but the main component is silicon(IV) dioxide.

Glass has the following properties:
a.Transparent and not porous
b.Inactive chemically
c.Can be cleaned easily
d.Good insulators of heat and electricity
e.Hard but brittle
f.Can withstand compression but not pressure




types of glass

Soda Lime Glass

Produced by heating a mixture of silicon dioxide (sand) with
calcium carbonate (lime) and sodium carbonate.



Composition: SiO2 – 70%,

Na2O – 15%,
CaO – 10%,
Others – 4%
Properties:
1. Low melting point (700°C)
2. Moldable into shapes
3. Cheap
4. Breakable
5.Can’t withstand high heat
Uses: Glass containers, Glass panes, Mirrors, Lamps and
bulbs, Plates and bowls Bottles

COMPOSITION OF GLASS AND ITS
USES

Lead Glass (crystal)

Produced by heating a mixture of silicon dioxide (sand) with
lead oxide and potash.

Composition: SiO2 – 70%,
Na2O – 20%,
PbO – 10%

Properties:
1. High density and refractive index
2. Glittering surface
3. Soft
4. Low melting point (600°C)

Uses: Containers for drinks and fruit, Decorative glass and
lamps, Crystal glassware, Lenses for spectacles

Borosilicate Glass (pyrex)

Produced by adding boron oxide (B2O3) into soda-lime glass.

Composition: SiO2 – 80%,
B2O3 – 13%,
Na2O – 4%,
AI203 – 2%

Properties:
1. Resistant to high heat and chemical reaction
2. Does not break easily
3.Allows infra-red rays but not ultra-violet rays

Uses: Glass apparatus in laboratories, Cooking utensils

COMPOSITION OF GLASS AND ITS
USES

Fused Silica Glass

Produced by heating Silicon Tetra Chloride at high
temperature with the presence of oxygen.
Composition: SiO2 – 99%,

Other – 1%
Properties:

1. High melting point (1700°C)
2. Expensive
3.Allows ultraviolet light to pass through
4. Difficult to melt or mould into shape
Uses: Scientific apparatus like lenses on, spectrometer,
Optical lenses, Laboratory apparatus

COMPOSITION OF CERAMICS AND

ITS USES

Ceramic is a substance that is made from clay and hardened
by heat in a furnace maintained at a high temperature. Clay is
composed of aluminosilicate with sand and iron(III) oxide as

impurities.



Examples of ceramics include
a. Tiles
b. Cement
c. Bricks
d. porcelain



Common Properties of Ceramics

1. Hard
2.Strong but brittle
3.Chemically inactive
4.Poor conductor of heat and electricity
5.High melting point – heat resistant
6.Cannot be compressed easily

types of ceramics

Traditional ceramics are materials made
from naturally-occuring materials, such
as quartz sand or clay minerals. They
are mainly used for the creation of clay
tile and brick, china tableware,
refractory linings, and industrial
abrasives.

COMPOSITION OF CERAMICS AND
ITS USES

The term advanced ceramics refers to all the
products made from inorganic, high-purity
compounds through a series of specialized
manufacturing processes. Advanced
ceramics can be used for various purposes
due to their permeability, magnetism,
insulation, and conduction.

ceramic uses applications

COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND ITS
IMPORTANCE

Composite materials are substances which contain 2
or more materials that combine to produce new

substances with different physical properties from
the original substances.



composite materials and its uses

Reinforced Concrete Optical Fibre

Component: Concrete (cement, sand, stones), steel Component: SiO2, Na2CO3, CaO




1.Ordinary concrete is strong but heavy. Concrete pillars 1.This is a fine transparent glass tube that is made of
must be big to support the weight. They take up space molten glass.
and cannot withstand stress for example from
earthquakes. 2.In telecommunications, light has replaced electrons as
the transmitter of signals. This light transmits signals
2.Steel pillars are too expensive and can rust. through optical fibre.
3.Reinforced concrete, containing steel rods in the
3.Optical fibre is also used in the medical field as
concrete pillars, can make them stronger and able to a.laser to do operation
support larger loads. It also does not rust. b.endoscope to examine the internal organs of patients




Superconductor
Fibreglass

Component: Fibreglass and polyster resin Component: Ytrium oxide (Y2O3), BaCO3, CuO




1.Fibre glass is obtained by adding a polyester resin 1.Superconductors are electrical conductors which have
to molten glass. It cannot be compressed easily and almost zero (0) electrical resistance. Therefore, this
is more tensile than the original materials. conductor minimises the loss of electrical energy through
heat.
2.Fibre glass is light, withstands corrosion, can be cast
into different shapes, is impervious to water, not 2.Yttrium barium copper oxide is a type of ceramic
very flammable, not brittle and stronger than even superconductor
steel.
3.Superconductors are used to make magnets which are
3.It is used to make racquets, construction panels, light but thousands of times stronger than the normal
electrical appliances, pipes, and water tanks. magnet.




Photochromic Glass

Component: glass, AgCl (or AgBr)



1.Photochromic glass is very sensitive to light.
2.It darkens in the presence of bright light and lightens when the amount of sunlight lessens.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND ITS
IMPORTANCE

comparison and difference in properties of composite materials and their original
components

Reinforced Concrete Optical Fibre

Fibreglass Photochromic Glass

Superconductor

CONCLUSION

We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials.
One of the way is by doing continuous research and development
( R & D ) to produce better materials used to improve our standard
of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new
challenges and problems we face in our daily lives. Synthetic
material are developed constantly due to the limitation and
shortage of natural materials. New technological developments
are used by scientists to make new discoveries.



New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to
improve our daily life are developed continuously for the well-
being of mankind. New needs and new problem will stimulate the
development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new use
of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a
stronger and lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve
speed. Plastic composite materials may one day used to make
organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.



The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals
is important for both the development of new synthetic materials
and the disposal of such synthetic materials as waste. A
responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of
synthetic materials and their by-product is important to prevent
environmental pollution. The recycling and development of
environmental friendly synthetic material should be enforced.

REFERENCE

https://anyflip.com/fecj/tjvh/
https://anyflip.com/fevzw/mzzg
https://www.scribd.com/document/12535336
2/Folio-Chemistry-F4-Manufactured-
Substances-in-Industry
https://spmchemistry.blog.onlinetuition.com.
my/2012/09/spm-form-4-chemistry-chapter-9-
manufactured-substances-in-industry.html
http://online.anyflip.com/jhrka/pbth/mobile/
index.html