Chapman & Nakielny’s Guide to Radiological Procedures ( PDFDrive )

Index 429

Emergencies, medical,  395–402 Express consent,  5, 375
adverse drug reactions in,  400–401 External biliary drainage,  115–118
aspiration in,  398 Extrahepatic bile ducts, ultrasound
bradycardia as,  400
bronchospasm as,  397–398 of,  98
cardiovascular,  399
contrast media reaction as,  400–401 F
equipment in,  395–397
hypotension as,  399 18F-choline,  267
laryngospasm as,  397 18F-fluoride,  267
local anaesthetic toxicity as,  402 Facet joint arthrography, for
pneumothorax in,  398
respiratory,  397 spine,  325
respiratory depression in,  397 Faecal tagging,  79
tachycardia as,  399–400 Failed back surgery syndrome,  329
Fatal reactions, to intravascular
Emergency procedures, interventional
radiology and,  368 contrast media,  28–29
Fatty oils,  38
Endoleaks, from aortic stent grafts,  241 Fédération Internationale de
Endoluminal examination
Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique
of anus,  76–77 (FIGO),  171
of oesophagus and stomach,  74 Female reproductive system
of rectum,  77 gynaecological malignancy in,  171
Endoscopic retrograde hysterosalpingography for,  163
methods of imaging in,  163
cholangiopancreatography ultrasound of,  166–167
(ERCP),  107–115 Femoral artery, puncture,  73, 119, 149
in obstructive jaundice,  124 Fentanyl,  387–388, 388t
Enema Ferrite,  38
barium,  60–63 Ferromagnetic contrast agents,  34
colostomy,  70 Ferromagnetic materials, effects of, in
contrast, in neonatal low intestinal magnetic resonance imaging,  15
Fetus, radiation effects on,  2–3
obstruction,  68–69 FFDM see Full-field digital
Enema variants,  63–68 mammography
FIGO see Fédération Internationale de
air enema,  64 Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique
‘instant’ enema,  64 Films, plain, for bones and joints,  279
Enteroclysis Filters, inferior vena cava,  256–258
CT,  79 FLAIR sequences (fluid attenuated
small-bowel magnetic resonance,  84 inversion recovery), in magnetic
Enterography, small-bowel magnetic resonance imaging, of brain,  310
Flumazenil,  389
resonance,  84 Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose
Environment, maintaining safe, (18FDG),  317
2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose
nurses role in,  373 (18F-FDG),  263
Equipment 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose
(18F-FDG) positron emission
nurses role, in imaging tomography,  264–265
procedures,  372 Fluoroscopic images, monitoring
of, interventional radiology
radiographers and,  369–370 and,  368–369
ERCP see Endoscopic retrograde Fluoroscopy, in intussusception
reduction,  65
cholangiopancreatography Flush aortography
Evacuating proctogram,  72 Frame rate, interventional radiology
Excretion urography, and,  368–369
Full-fat milk,  79
intravenous,  128–130 Full-field digital mammography
contraindications for,  128 (FFDM),  358
contrast medium of,  128
images of,  129–130
indications for,  128
patient preparation for,  128
preliminary images of,  128–129
technique of,  129
variation in,  130

430 Index Gastrointestinal tract (Continued)
magnetic resonance imaging
G of,  82–85
anorectal cancer, local staging
18G sheathed needle,  145 of,  84
67Ga-gallium citrate,  276 contraindications of,  83
contrast agents,  83
technique in,  277 indications of,  82
Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted motion artefacts in,  83
perianal fistula, suspected,  83–84
magnetic resonance imaging,  105 pulse sequences in,  83
Gadolinium, in MRI,  34–38, 246–247 small-bowel magnetic resonance
enteroclysis,  84
adverse reactions of,  35–37, 36t small-bowel magnetic resonance
blood pool agents,  35 enterography,  84
cardiac,  205 techniques for,  83–84
dose of,  35–38 methods of imaging of,  43–49
extracellular fluid (ECF) agents,  35 radionuclide
liver agents,  35 gastric-emptying study,  87–89
in pregnancy and lactation,  38 gastro-oesophageal reflux
Galactose monosaccharide study,  85–87
imaging of gastrointestinal
microparticles (Echovist),  167 bleeding,  90–92
Gallbladder Meckel’s diverticulum scan,  89–90
retrograde ileogram,  69–70
function of, assessment of,  97 sinogram,  69–72
radionuclide imaging of,  121–123 small-bowel enema,  57–60
ultrasound of,  96–98 small bowel follow-through,  55–57
68Gallium-labelled superior mesenteric and inferior
mesenteric arteriography,  73–78
pharmaceuticals,  267 ultrasound of,  74
67Gallium radionuclide tumour appendix,  76
endoluminal examination of
imaging,  268 anus,  76–77
Gamma cameras,  10 endoluminal examination of
Gases, as contrast media,  44 oesophagus and stomach,  74
Gastric-emptying study, endoluminal examination of
rectum,  77
radionuclide,  87–89 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis,  75
Gastro-oesophageal reflux study, large bowel,  76
small bowel,  75–76
radionuclide,  85–87 transabdominal examination of
Gastrografin,  43–44 oesophagus and stomach,  75
Gastrointestinal bleeding,
Gastromiro,  44
radionuclide imaging of,  90–92 Gated blood-pool study,  206–207
Gastrointestinal tract,  43–92 General anaesthesia,  385

barium enema,  60–63 complications due to,  7
barium meal,  51–57, 53f General Medical Council (GMC),  375
coeliac axis,  73–78
colostomy enema,  70 information recommended by,  377
computed tomography of,  78–82 legislation together with,  378
68Germanium,  265
colonography,  80–81 Gliomas,  313–314
indications of,  78–80 computed tomography for,  313
intraluminal contrast magnetic resonance imaging

agents,  78–79 for,  313–314
intravenous contrast,  79–80 Glucagon,  47–48
contrast enema, in neonatal low Glyceryl trinitrate,  200
GMC see General Medical Council
intestinal obstruction,  68–69
contrast media in,  43–44

barium,  45–46, 45t
gases,  44
pharmacological agents,  46–48
water-soluble contrast

agents,  43–44
contrast swallow,  49–51
enema variants,  63–68
evacuating proctogram,  72
herniogram,  70–72
intussusception reduction,  65–67
loopogram,  70

Index 431

Gonad protection,  7 HMPAO,  276
Gonadal vein embolization, as venous HOCM see High osmolar contrast

interventions,  255–256 media
Gradient-echo T2-weighted sequences, Hybrid systems,  10
Hyoscine-N-butylbromide,  46–47
in magnetic resonance, of Hypaque,  22t–23t
brain,  310 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis,  75
Gradient field, effects of, in magnetic Hypotension,  399
resonance imaging,  15–16 Hysterosalpingography,  163–166
Grafts, stent, thoracic and
abdominal,  238–241 aftercare for,  165
Grey-scale US, of arterial system,  217 complications of,  165–166
Guidewires contraindications of,  164
for angioplasty,  230 contrast medium of,  164
breakage,  229 equipment of,  164
for vascular access,  221–222, 222f images of,  165
Gynaecological malignancy,  171 indications of,  163
cervical cancer,  171 patient preparation of,  164
ovarian cancer,  172 technique of,  164–165
uterine carcinoma,  171–172
I
H
131I-labelled MIBG,  269
Haemangiomas,  101 123I-orthoiodohippurate
Haemoptysis, lung biopsy and,  182
Haemorrhage/haematoma, as catheter (Hippuran),  151
123I-sodium iodide,  353
complication,  227 Idiosyncratic reactions, to
Heart,  193–216
intravascular contrast
angiocardiography of,  193–195, media,  28–29, 28t
194f, 194t Ileogram, retrograde,  69–70
Image guided ablation techniques, for
computed tomography of,  198–203 cancer treatment,  155–162
contrast-enhanced scan of,  201–203 cryoablation in,  157–158
coronary arteriography of,  195–198, irreversible electroporation

196f–197f in,  158–159
magnetic resonance imaging microwave ablation in,  156–157
radiofrequency ablation
of,  203–206
radionuclide ventriculography in,  155–156
tips in,  160–161
of,  206–209 types of,  155–160
Hepatic artery, ultrasound of,  95 Image-guided breast biopsy,  363–366
Hepatic dysfunction, sedation complications of,  365
equipment of,  364
causing,  392 indications of,  363–365
Hepatic veins, ultrasound of,  95 patient preparation of,  364–365
Hepato-biliary agents,  105 technique for,  365
Hepatobiliary system Imaging, radionuclide,  9–11
activity administered,  9–10
methods of imaging in,  93–96 aftercare for,  11
radionuclide imaging in,  121–123 for bones and joints,  279
Herniogram,  70–72 for brain,  307–308, 315–320
Hexabrix,  21–24, 22t–23t of breast,  363
High osmolar contrast media complications with,  11
equipment for,  10
(HOCM),  21, 24, 164 of gallbladder,  121–123
High pressure balloons, for of gastrointestinal bleeding,  90–92
hepatobiliary,  121–123
angioplasty,  231 images in,  10–11
High-resolution scan, in computed in infection,  263–278
of inflammation,  276–278
tomography of thorax,  178
Hip

arthrography for,  287–289, 288f,
290f, 293f

joint effusion of,  300
ultrasound, paediatric,  299–300
Histamine release,  29

432 Index

Imaging, radionuclide (Continued) Intracranial haemorrhage,  311–312
of liver,  119–120 computed tomography for,  311–312
myocardial perfusion,  209–215 magnetic resonance imaging
in oncology,  263–278 for,  312
for parathyroid,  354–356
patient positioning in,  10 Intradiscal therapy,  340–341
radiation safety for,  11 Intrahepatic bile ducts, ultrasound
radioactive injections for,  9
radiopharmaceuticals in,  9–11 of,  97
for spine,  325 Intraluminal contrast agents,  78–79
of spleen,  119–120
technique of,  10 CT enteroclysis,  79
for thyroid,  352–356 faecal tagging,  79
ventriculography,  206–209 full-fat milk,  79
negative oral contrast,  78–79
Implants, magnetic resonance imaging osmotic negative contrast
and,  18
agents,  79
Implied consent,  5, 375 positive oral contrast,  78
111In-human immunoglobulin Intraoperative cholangiography,  110
Intraoperative sentinel node
(HIG),  276
111In-labelled leucocytes,  276 identification,  363
111In-labelled white cells, technique Intravascular contrast media,  21–42

in,  277 adverse effects of,  25–32
111In-octreotide,  270 cardiovascular toxicity,  26
111In-oxine,  276 fatal reactions,  28–29
Indirect CT venography, for deep vein idiosyncratic
reactions,  28–29, 28t
thrombosis,  246 mechanisms of idiosyncratic
Inert gas quench, in magnetic contrast medium
reactions,  30
resonance imaging,  17 nephrotoxicity,  26–27, 27t
Infection, radionuclide imaging nonfatal reactions,  29
prophylaxis of,  30–32, 31t
in,  263–278 soft-tissue toxicity,  25
Inferior mesenteric thyroid function,  27–28
vascular toxicity,  25
arteriography,  73–78, 118
Inferior vena cava filters, as venous high osmolar contrast
media,  21, 24
interventions,  256–258
Inferior vena cavography,  historical development
of,  21–25, 22t–23t, 24f
250–251
Infertility,  163 ionic compounds and,  24
Inflammation, radionuclide imaging iso-osmolar,  24
low osmolar contrast media,  21–24
of,  276–278
Inflammatory bowel disease, labelled in magnetic resonance
imaging,  33–39
white cell scanning in,  92
Inhalational analgesia,  387 see also Magnetic resonance
‘Instant’ enema,  64 imaging, intravascular contrast
Internal biliary drainage,  media in

115–116 non-ionic dimers and,  24
Interventional radiology in pregnancy and lactation,  30–32
of soft-tissue toxicity,  25
nurse role of,  370–373 Intravenous analgesia,  387–389, 388t
radiographer role in,  367–370 Intravenous contrast, for computed
Royal College of Nursing,  371
Intervertebral disc, prolapsed,  328 tomography of gastrointestinal
Intestinal obstruction tract,  79–80
contrast enema in neonatal Intravenous excretion urography
(IVU),  128–130
low,  68–69 contraindications for,  128
upper, newborn infants with,  54 contrast medium of,  128
Intraarticular chemical therapy,  images of,  129–130
indications for,  128
284
Intraarticular structural abnormalities,

in arthrography,  283

Index 433

Intravenous excretion urography Judkins coronary artery
(IVU) (Continued) catheters,  196, 196f

patient preparation for,  128 Justification, of proposed
preliminary images of,  128–129 examination,  2
technique of,  129
variation in,  130 K
Intussusception, reduction of,  65–67
barium,  67 Kellett needle,  145
pneumatic,  66–67 Kidneys, computed
ultrasound,  67
Iodine,  21 tomography,  133–134
123Iodine(I)-MIBG,  269 Knee arthrography,  286–287, 287f
Iodixanol,  22t–23t, 24 81mKr (krypton) gas,  184–185
Iohexol,  21–24, 22t–23t
Iomeprol,  21–24, 22t–23t L
Iomeron,  21–24, 22t–23t
Ionic contrast media, Lacrimal system,  345–356
digital subtraction and computed
conventional,  21 tomography dacryocystography
Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) for,  345–346
imaging methods of,  345–346
Regulations 2000, 9 magnetic resonance imaging
Iopamidol,  21–24, 22t–23t for,  346–347
Iopamiron,  21–24
Iopromide,  21–24, 22t–23t Lactation
Iothalamate,  22t–23t intravascular contrast media in,  31t
Iotrolan,  22t–23t, 24 iodinated contrast in,  30–32
Ioversol,  21–24, 22t–23t magnetic resonance imaging
Ioxaglate,  21–24, 22t–23t contrast agents in,  38
Iron-oxide, in magnetic resonance
Large bowel, ultrasound of,  76
imaging contrast agents,  34 Laryngospasm,  397
negative agents,  38 Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA),  380
positive agents,  38 Late-phase visceral arteriography,  73,
in pregnancy and lactation,  38
Irreversible electroporation,  158–159 119
Iso-osmolar contrast media,  24 Lecithin,  267
Isopaque,  22t–23t Left bundle branch block, pulmonary
Isovist,  22t–23t, 24
Isovue,  21–24, 22t–23t arteriography and,  187
Legal advice,  381
J Legal regulations, for radiation risk,  2
Leucocyte imaging,
Jaundice, investigation of,  124–125
JB2 catheter,  323f radionuclide-labelled,  276
Joints,  279–306 Leukoscan,  277
Levovist,  40
arthrography for,  283–286 ‘Liberating the NHS’
general points in,  282–286 Lidocaine,  387, 388t
site-specific issues in,  286–298 Ligamentous injuries, in

computed tomography for,  280 arthrography,  283
imaging modalities for,  279–282 Liver,  93–126
musculoskeletal magnetic resonance
computed tomography of,  99–102,
imaging for,  280–282 124
plain films for,  279
radionuclide bone scan,  303–306 magnetic resonance imaging
tendon imaging for,  298–300 of,  103–107, 124
thermoablation of musculoskeletal
radionuclide imaging of,  119–120
tumours for,  300–303 tumours, investigation of,  123–124
ultrasound for,  299–300 ultrasound of,  94–96, 124
see also Bones and joints
Joule Thomson effect, in contrast-enhanced,  95
Liver-specific contrast agents, 
cryoablation,  157–158
105–106
Local anaesthesia

complications due to,  7
drugs for,  387, 388t
toxicity of,  402

434 Index

Local structures, damage to, as Lymph glands/nodes (Continued)
catheter complication,  227–228 imaging of,  272–276
intraoperative sentinel node
LOCM see Low osmolar iodinated identification of,  363
contrast material magnetic resonance imaging of,  273
radiographic lymphangiography
Long TR sequences, in magnetic of,  273
resonance imaging, of brain,  310 radiography of,  272
radioiodine
Loopogram,  70 metaiodobenzylguanidine scan
Loose body, in arthrography,  283 of,  268
Low intestinal obstruction, contrast radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy
of,  273–275
enema in neonatal,  68–69 somatostatin receptor imaging
Low osmolar iodinated contrast of,  270
ultrasound of,  272
material (LOCM),  164
Lower limb Lymphangiography
magnetic resonance,  275
computed tomographic angiography radiographic,  273
of,  218–219
Lymphatic channel
peripheral venography of,  247–249 computed tomography of,  272–273
venous ultrasound,  244–245 imaging of,  272–276
Lower-limb CT venography, magnetic resonance imaging
of,  273
direct,  246 radiographic lymphangiography
LPA see Lasting Power of Attorney of,  273
Lumbar discography,  337–339 radiography of,  272
radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy
aftercare for,  339 of,  273–275
aims of,  337 ultrasound of,  272
complications of,  339
contraindications to,  338 Lymphoscintigraphy,
contrast medium for,  338 radionuclide,  273–275
equipment for,  338
indications of,  337–338 M
patient interrogation in,  339
patient preparation for,  338 Magnetic fields, effects of, to magnetic
preliminary radiographs of,  338 resonance imaging,  14–16
radiographic views in,  339
technique of,  338–339 Magnetic resonance angiography
Lumbar myelography,  332–335 of arterial system,  219–220
contraindications to,  333 of heart,  206
contrast medium for,  333 of liver,  106
equipment for,  333 for pulmonary embolism,  183
indications of,  333 renal,  138–141
patient preparation for,  333
preliminary images of,  333 Magnetic resonance arthrography,  285
radiographic views of,  335 for bones and joints,  281–282
technique of,  333–335
Lumbar spine, nerve root blocks Magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography
for,  343–344 (MRCP),  106
Lung biopsy, computed
in nonobstructive jaundice,  125
tomography-guided,  179–182 Magnetic resonance enteroclysis,  38
aftercare for,  181 Magnetic resonance imaging
patient preparation for,  180
Lymph glands/nodes (MRI),  13–14
computed tomography of,  272–273 for acoustic neuromas,  314–315
18F-choline,  267 of adrenals,  138
2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose biological effects of,  14
of bones and joints,  280
(18F-FDG) positron emission of brain,  307, 309–311
tomography,  265 of breast,  361–362
68gallium-labelled cardiac,  203–206
pharmaceuticals,  267
67gallium radionuclide tumour
imaging of,  268

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Index 435

(Continued) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
contraindications to,  204 (Continued)
indications for,  203–206
patient preparation for,  204 nonbiological effects of,  15
technique for,  204–206 for obstructive jaundice,  124
cardiac pacemaker in, effects of,  15 for ovarian cancer,  172
for cervical cancer,  171 of pancreas,  106–107
contrast enhanced, for salivary of parathyroid,  352
patient preparation for,  13–14
glands,  350 pregnancy and,  18
contrast media in of prostate,  136
for pulmonary embolism,  188–189
gadolinium,  34–38, 246–247 pulse sequences in,  103–104
of gastrointestinal tract,  38, 83 radiofrequency field in, effects of,  16
historical development,  33 of reproductive system,  169–173
mechanism of action,  33–34 of respiratory system,  191–192
in pregnancy,  38 restricted access to,  18
controlled access to,  18 safety in,  14–18
diffusion weighted imaging in,  104
electrical devices in, effects of,  15 inert gas quench in,  17
ferromagnetic materials in, effects magnetic fields to, effects of,  14–16
noise in,  16
of,  15 recommendations for,  17–18, 17t
gadolinium-enhanced for salivary glands,  347
for scrotum,  170
T1-weighted,  105 sedation and monitoring for,  394
of gastrointestinal tract,  82–85 of sialography,  350
for spine,  326, 328–329
anorectal cancer, local staging static field in, effects of,  14
of,  84 for thyroid,  352
of urinary tract,  135–136
contraindications of,  83 for uterine carcinoma,  172
contrast agents,  83 of venous system,  246–247
indications of,  82 Magnetic resonance liver imaging,
motion artefacts in,  83 contrast-enhanced,  105–106
perianal fistula, suspected,  83–84 Magnetic resonance lymphangio
pulse sequences in,  83 graphy,  275
small-bowel magnetic resonance Magnetic resonance (MR)
cholangiography,  101
enteroclysis,  84 Magnetic resonance renal
small-bowel magnetic resonance angiography,  138–141
Magnetic resonance urography,  137
enterography,  84 Magnetization-prepared rapid-
techniques for,  83–84 acquisition gradient echo
see also Gastrointestinal tract; (MPRAGE),  313–314
Magnetization-prepared T1-weighted
magnetic resonance imaging GRE,  104
for gliomas,  313–314 Malabsorption,  59
gradient field in, effects of,  15–16 Male, ascending urethrography
implants and,  18 in,  140–141
for intracranial haemorrhage,  312 Male reproductive system
intravascular contrast media methods of imaging in,  163
scrotum ultrasonography,  163
in,  33–39 Malignancy see Tumours
gadolinium,  34–38 Mammography,  357–359
gastrointestinal,  38 contrast-enhanced digital,  358
historical development of,  33 equipment of,  358–359
mechanism of action,  33–34, indications of,  357
not indicated,  357–358
33f–34f technique for,  359
in pregnancy,  38
for lacrimal system,  346–347
of liver,  103–107
liver-specific contrast agents

in,  105–106
in liver tumours,  124
of lymph nodes,  273
missile effect of,  18

436 Index

Mani catheter,  323f Motion artefacts, in magnetic
Maximum intensity projection resonance imaging, of
gastrointestinal tract,  83
(MIP),  310
Maxolon,  48 MR (magnetic resonance) enteroclysis,  38
Meckel’s diverticulum scan, MRCP see Magnetic resonance

radionuclide,  89–90 cholangiopancreatography
Meconium ileus,  68 MRI see Magnetic resonance imaging
Medical emergencies,  395–402 Multidetector CT

adverse drug reactions in,  400–401 cholangiography,  101
aspiration in,  398 Multidetector CT (MDCT),  245–246
bradycardia as,  400 Multiparametric imaging,  170
bronchospasm as,  397–398 Multiphasic contrast-enhanced
cardiovascular emergencies,  399
contrast media reaction as,  400–401 computed tomography,  100–101
equipment in,  395–397 Multiplanar imaging,  246–247
hypotension as,  399 Musculoskeletal magnetic resonance
laryngospasm as,  397
local anaesthetic toxicity as,  402 imaging,  280–282, 281t
pneumothorax in,  398 Musculoskeletal tumours,
respiratory depression in,  397
respiratory emergencies,  397 thermoablation of,  300–303
tachycardia as,  399–400 biopsy of,  302
Medicines (Administration of complications of,  303
contraindications for,  301
Radioactive Substances) equipment for,  301
Regulations 1978 (MARS),  9 indications for,  301
Megabecquerel (MBq),  9 introduction of,  300–303
Melanoma, injection technique for,  274 post radiofrequency ablation care
Mental Capacity Act 2005, 378
Mesenteric arteriography, superior for,  303
mesenteric and inferior,  73–78 procedure for,  302
Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) rationale for,  301
scan,  268 thermoablation of,  302
Metoclopramide,  48 thermocoagulation of,  300–301
Metoprolol, in cardiac computed Myelography
tomography,  200 cervical,  330–332
Metrizoate,  22t–23t
Microbubble, as contrast aftercare for,  332
agents,  39–40 contrast medium for,  331
Microwave ablation,  156–157 equipment for,  331
Micturating indications of,  330
cystourethrography,  138–140 lateral cervical C1/2 puncture
aftercare for,  139–140
complications of,  140 versus lumbar injection
contraindications for,  138 in,  330–331
contrast medium of,  138 by lumbar injection,  336
equipment of,  138 patient preparation for,  331
indications for,  138 radiographic views of,  332
patient preparation for,  138 technique of,  331–332
preliminary image of,  139 computed tomography,  336
technique of,  139 lumbar,  332–335
Midazolam,  389 contraindications to,  333
Midcarpal joint, arthrography for,  296 contrast medium for,  333
Monitoring,  392–394 equipment for,  333
for magnetic resonance indications of,  333
patient preparation for,  333
imaging,  394 preliminary images of,  333
sedation and,  385–394 radiographic views of,  335
Morphine,  387–388, 388t technique of,  333–335
Morphine, provocation of,  122 paediatric,  336–337
for spine,  325, 330–340
Myocardial perfusion
magnetic resonance imaging,  205
radionuclide imaging,  209–215

N Index 437

Naloxone,  388–389 Nonionic contrast media,  21–24
Nasolacrimal drainage apparatus, Nonobstructive jaundice, investigation

methods of imaging for,  345–346 of,  124–125
National Institutes of Health and Nurse, role of, in interventional

Excellence (NICE),  175 radiology,  370–373
National Institutes of Health (NIH) assisting with imaging

catheter,  194, 194f procedures,  372
Needle, for vascular access,  221 carrying out specific
Negative oral contrast,  78–79
Neonatal low intestinal obstruction, interventions,  373
preparing patients,  371–372
contrast enema in,  68–69 safe environment, maintaining, 
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
373
(NSF),  36–37 safely caring for patients,  372
Nephrolithotomy, supporting patients,  372

percutaneous,  146–150 O
aftercare for,  148
complications of,  148 Obstruction, intestinal
contraindications for,  146 low, contrast enema in
contrast medium of,  146 neonatal,  68–69
equipment of,  146–147 upper, newborn infants with,  54
indications for,  146–148
patient preparation for,  147 Obstructive jaundice, investigation
technique of,  147–148 of,  124
Nephrostomy, percutaneous
Octreotide,  270
antegrade,  144–146 Oesophageal transit,  86
Nephrotoxicity, of intravascular Oesophagus

contrast media,  26–27, 27t endoluminal examination of,  74
Nerve root blocks pathology of, contrast swallow

cervical spine,  344 for,  49
lumbar spine,  343–344 perforation of,  50
for spine,  343–344 transabdominal examination of,  75
Neurology, 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy- ultrasonography of,  20
Omental biopsy,  173–174
D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron Omnipaque,  21–24, 22t–23t
emission tomography for,  266 Opioid drugs,  387–388, 388t
Newborn infants, with upper Optiray,  21–24, 22t–23t
intestinal obstruction,  54 Osmotic negative contrast agents,  79
Niopam,  21–24, 22t–23t Ovarian cancer,  172
Nitrates, in cardiac computed tomo
graphy,  200 P
Noise, in magnetic resonance
imaging,  16 Paediatric myelography,  336–337
Non echoplanar imaging, in magnetic Paediatrics see Children
resonance imaging, of brain,  311 Pain block, in arthrography,  284
Non-thermal ablative technology,  155 Pancreas,  93–126
irreversible electroporation
computed tomography of,  102–103
in,  158–159 endoscopic retrograde
Noncalcified lesion, of breast,  365
Nonimage guided technique, of cholangiopancreatography of
contrast medium in,  108
vascular access,  223–225 images in,  109
computed tomographic magnetic resonance imaging

angiography,  218 of,  106–107
peripheral (lower limb),  218–219 methods of imaging,  93
magnetic resonance angio ultrasound of,  98–99
Pancreatic pseudocysts, investigation
graphy,  219–220
vascular ultrasound,  217–218 of,  125
Noninvasive imaging, of arterial Pancreatitis, investigation of,  125
Para-articular cyst, in
system,  217–220
arthrography,  283–284
Paramagnetic contrast agents,  33f, 34

438 Index

Parathyroids,  345–356 Percutaneous omental biopsy,  173
computed tomography for,  352 Percutaneous renal cyst puncture and
magnetic resonance imaging
for,  352 biopsy,  143–144
methods of imaging for,  350–352 Percutaneous transhepatic
radionuclide imaging of, 
354–356 cholangiography,  112
ultrasound for,  351 Percutaneous vertebral

Parotid gland, preliminary images biopsy,  341–343
of, for conventional and digital Perianal fistula, for magnetic
subtraction sialo graphy,  348
resonance imaging,  83–84
Patient consent,  375–384 Peripheral embolus, as catheter
acting for person lacking in
capacity,  380–381 complication,  228
capacity of,  378 Peripheral (lower limb)
documenting assessment of capacity
by,  382 computed tomographic
information for,  376–378 angiography,  218–219
shared decision making of,  381f, Peripheral MR venography
382 (MRV),  246
supporting patients to make Peripheral venography
decisions in,  379–380 of lower limb,  247–249
voluntariness of,  375–376 aftercare for,  248
see also Consent complications in,  248–249
contraindications for,  247
Patient immobilisation, during contrast medium for,  247
radionuclide imaging,  10 equipment for,  248
images in,  248
Patients indications for,  247
in imaging procedures,  371–372 method of,  247
preparation of patient preparation in,  248
for computed tomography-guided technique for,  248
lung biopsy,  180 of upper limb,  249
for radionuclide lung ventilation/ aftercare for,  249
perfusion imaging,  185 complications in,  249
contrast medium for,  249
Pelvic scanning, in computed equipment for,  249
tomography,  13 indications for,  249
method of,  249
Pelvis, ultrasonography of,  19–20 patient preparation in,  249
Percutaneous antegrade pyelography technique for,  249
PET computerized tomography, of
and nephrostomy,  144–146 reproductive system,  174
aftercare for,  146 PET-CT,  10
complications of,  146 PET (positron emission tomography)
contraindications for,  144 see Positron emission tomography
contrast medium of,  144 Pethidine,  387–388, 388t
equipment of,  144 Phaeochromocytoma,  48
indications for,  144 Pharmaceuticals, in radionuclide
patient preparation for,  144 imaging
technique of,  144–146 myocardial perfusion,  209–210
Percutaneous extraction, of retained ventriculography,  207
Phosphatidylcholine,  267
biliary calculi,  117–118 Physicists, radiographers and,  369
Percutaneous Pigtail catheter,  194, 194f
Plain computed tomography,
nephrolithotomy,  146–150 heart,  201
aftercare for,  148 Plain film chest radiograph, for
complications of,  148 pulmonary embolism, 
contraindications for,  146 182–183
contrast medium of,  146 Plain film radiography, for urinary
equipment of,  146–147 tract,  128
indications for,  146–148
patient preparation for,  147
technique of,  147–148

Index 439

Plain films,  94 Proctogram, evacuating,  72
for bones and joints,  279 Prostate, magnetic resonance imaging
for salivary glands,  347
of,  136
‘Plain old balloon angioplasty’ Prostate specific membrane antigen
(POBA),  231
(PSMA), imaging of, 68gallium-
Pneumatic reduction, of labelled pharmaceuticals,  265
intussusception,  66–67 Prosthesis assessment, in
arthrography,  284
Pneumothorax,  398 Pseudoaneurysm, as catheter
lung biopsy for,  181–182 complication,  228
Pseudocysts, pancreatic,  125
Point resolved spectroscopy Pulmonary arteriography,  187–188
(PRESS),  313–314 for pulmonary embolism,  183
Pulmonary embolism
Portal phase contrast-enhanced diagnosis of, computed tomography
computed tomography,  100
in,  186–187
Portal vein, ultrasound of,  95 imaging methods for,  182–190
Portal venography,  251–253 magnetic resonance of,  188–189
as venous interventions,  260–261
aftercare for,  253 Pulmonary haemorrhage, local, lung
complications in,  253
contrast medium for,  251 biopsy for,  182
equipment for,  252 Pulse oximetry,  393
images in,  253 Pulse sequences, in magnetic
indications for,  251
methods of,  251 resonance imaging,  103–104
patient preparation in,  252 of gastrointestinal tract,  83
technique for,  252–253 of reproductive system,  170
Portal venous catheterization, Pulsed-wave Doppler, of arterial

transhepatic,  253–254 system,  217
Positive oral contrast,  78 Pyelography, percutaneous
Positron emission tomography
antegrade,  144–146
(PET),  10, 263–267 Pyeloureterography,
acceptance of,  263
for brain,  317–318 retrograde,  141–146
for breast,  363 Pyloric stenosis, hypertrophic,  75
18F-choline,  267
18F-fluoride,  267 R
2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose
Radial artery, for vascular access,  220
(18F-FDG) positron emission Radiation
tomography,  264–265
68gallium-labelled ALARP dose of,  2
pharmaceuticals,  267 deterministic effects of,  1–2
67gallium radionuclide tumour hereditary effects of,  1
imaging,  268 justification of,  2
Positron emission tomography legal regulations for,  2
scanner (PET-CT),  10 during pregnancy,  3
Postcholecystectomy,  98 risk due to,  1–4
Postembolization syndrome,  238 stochastic effects of,  2
Postoperative (t-tube) Radiation protection supervisor
cholangiography,  111–112
Power Doppler, of arterial system,  218 (RPS),  369
Pregnancy Radiation safety, for radionuclide
intravascular contrast media in,  31t
iodinated contrast in,  30–32 imaging,  11
magnetic resonance imaging Radiocarpal joint, arthrography
and,  18
magnetic resonance imaging for,  295–296
contrast agents in,  38 Radiofrequency ablation,  155–156
radiation risk during,  3 Radiofrequency field, effects of, in
Preliminary images,  7
Premedication,  6 magnetic resonance imaging,  16
Radiographers

outside angiographic suite,  370
physicists and,  369
PPE and,  369

440 Index Radionuclide imaging (Continued)
of gastrointestinal bleeding, 
Radiographers (Continued) 90–92
preprocedural role of,  367–368 gastrointestinal tract see
role of, in interventional Gastrointestinal tract,
radiology,  367–370 radionuclide
in theatre,  368–370 hepatobiliary,  121–123
images in,  10–11
Radiographic lymphangiography, of in infection,  263–278
lymph nodes,  273 of inflammation,  276–278
of liver,  119–120
Radiography myocardial perfusion,  209–215
conventional,  327 aftercare for,  214
of lymph nodes,  272 analysis in,  213
plain film chest, for pulmonary complications of,  214
embolism,  182–183 contraindications to,  209
plain film, for urinary tract,  128 equipment for,  210
images in,  212–213
Radioiodine metaiodobenzylgua- indications for,  209–214
nidine,  268–270 patient preparation for,  210
radiopharmaceuticals
Radioisotope-guided occult lesion for,  209–210
localization using Iodine-125, technique for,  210–213
seeds (“ROLLIS”),  363 in oncology,  263–278
for parathyroid,  354–356
Radiology,  1–9 patient positioning in,  10
aftercare for,  7 radiation safety for,  11
complications of,  7–8 radioactive injections for,  9
contraindications to,  1–5 radiopharmaceuticals in,  9–11
images in,  7 for spine,  325
indications of,  1 of spleen,  119–120
interventional technique of,  10
nurse role of,  370–373 for thyroid,  352–356
radiographer role in,  367–370 ventriculography,  206–209
Royal College of Nursing,  371 aftercare for,  209
preliminary images in,  7 analysis for,  208
risk due to contrast medium,  4–5 complications of,  209
risk due to radiation,  1–4 contraindications to,  207
technique of,  7 equipment for,  207
images in,  208
Radionuclide bone scan,  303–306 indications for,  206–209
additional techniques for,  305 patient preparation for,  207
analysis for,  305 radiopharmaceuticals for,  207
competing modalities for,  305 technique for,  207–209
complications of,  305
contraindications for,  304 Radionuclide-labelled leucocyte
equipment for,  304 imaging,  276
images for,  304–305
indications for,  303–305 Radionuclide lung ventilation/
patient preparation for,  304 perfusion imaging,  183–186
radiopharmaceuticals in,  304
technique in,  304 radiopharmaceuticals for,  184
Radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy, of
Radionuclide gastric-emptying
study,  87–89 lymph nodes,  273–275
Radionuclide Meckel’s diverticulum
Radionuclide gastro-oesophageal
reflux study,  85–87 scan,  89–90
Radionuclide micturating cystography,
Radionuclide imaging,  9–11
activity administered,  9–10 direct,  153–154
aftercare for,  11 Radionuclide scintigraphy
for bones and joints,  279
for brain,  307–308, 315–320 dynamic renal,  151–153
of breast,  363 static renal,  149–150
for children,  10
complications with,  11
equipment for,  10
of gallbladder,  121–123

Radiopharmaceuticals,  120 Index 441
in radionuclide imaging
of gallbladder,  121 Respiratory system,  177–192
hepatobiliary,  121 computed tomography-guided lung
of liver,  120 biopsy of,  179–182
of spleen,  120 imaging of, methods for,  177
magnetic resonance imaging
RE cell agents see Reticuloendothelial of,  191–192
(RE) cell agents pulmonary arteriography
of,  187–188
Recombinant tissue plasminogen pulmonary embolism and
activator (rt-PA),  235 diagnosis of, computed
tomography in,  186–187
Recovery, from sedation,  394 magnetic resonance of,  188–189
Rectum, endoluminal examination methods of imaging of,  182–190
radionuclide lung ventilation/
of,  77 perfusion imaging of,  183–186
Regional cerebral blood flow thorax and, computed tomography
of,  177–178
imaging,  315–317
aftercare for,  317 Resuscitation, ABC of,  395
analysis for,  317 Retained biliary calculi, percutaneous
complications of,  317
contraindications for,  315 extraction of,  117–118
equipment for,  316 Reticuloendothelial (RE) cell
images for,  316
indications for,  315 agents,  105–106
patient preparation for,  316 Retrograde ileogram,  69–70
radiopharmaceuticals for,  Retrograde

315–316 pyeloureterography,  141–146
technique for,  316 Right-sided percutaneous femoral
Relative percentage washout
arterial approach, in uterine artery
(RPW),  133 embolization,  175
Remifentanil,  389 Right ventricular end-diastolic
Renal angiography, magnetic pressure, elevated, pulmonary
arteriography and,  187
resonance,  138–141 Rotational movement,  15
Renal arteriography,  148–149 Royal College of Nursing,  371
Renal artery stenosis,  131–132
Renal cyst puncture and biopsy, S

percutaneous,  143–144 Salivary glands,  345–356
Renal failure, sedation causing,  392 computed tomography for,  347
Renal lesion characterization magnetic resonance imaging
for,  347
computed tomography,  133 methods of imaging for,  347–350
Renal vein thrombosis,  132 plain films for,  347
Reproductive system,  163–176 sialoscintigraphy for,  347
ultrasound for,  347
computerized tomography of,  169
female Sampling needle, for lung
biopsy,  179–180
gynaecological malignancy,  171
hysterosalpingography for,  163 Scan protocol, for cardiac computed
methods of imaging in,  163 tomography,  201
ultrasound of,  166–167
magnetic resonance imaging Sciatica,  326–327
Scintigraphy
of,  169–173
male dynamic renal
radionuclide,  151–153
methods of imaging in,  163
scrotum ultrasonography,  163 static renal radionuclide,  149–150
omental biopsy of,  173–174 Scrotum
PET computerized tomography
magnetic resonance,  170
in,  174 methods of imaging in,  163
uterine artery embolization ultrasound of,  168
Scrub practitioner, nurses role, in
in,  174–176
Respiratory depression,  397 imaging procedures,  373
Respiratory emergencies,  397

442 Index Somatostatin receptor
imaging,  270–272
Sedation,  385–392, 386f
of children,  389–391, 390t SonoVue,  40
complications of,  391–392 SPECT-CT,  10
discharge criteria after,  394 SPECT scanners,  271
drugs for,  389–392 Spine,  325–344
for magnetic resonance
imaging,  394 arteriography for,  325
monitoring and,  385–394 back pain and sciatica in,  326–327
recovery from,  394 bone augmentation techniques

Seldinger technique, pulmonary for,  343
arteriography and,  188 cervical myelography for, 

Self-expanding stents,  233 330–332
Sentinel node computed tomography for,  326,

imaging of, in radionuclide 328–329
lymphoscintigraphy,  274 computed tomography

localization of,  273 myelography for,  336
Sentinel node identification, conventional radiography for,  327
discography for,  325
intraoperative,  363 facet joint arthrography for,  325
Shared decision making,  381f, 382 facet joint/medial branch blocks
Short tau inversion recovery
for,  340
(STIR),  104 imaging of,  325–330
Short TR sequences, in magnetic intradiscal therapy for,  340–341
lumbar discography for,  337–339
resonance imaging, of brain,  310 magnetic resonance imaging
Shoulder, arthrography for,  289–292,
for,  326, 328–329
291f–292f myelography for,  325, 330–340
technique for,  289–292 nerve root blocks for,  343–344
paediatric myelography
anterior, fluoroscopic
guided,  290–291, 291f for,  336–337
percutaneous vertebral biopsy
posterior, fluoroscopic
guided,  291–292, 292f for,  341–343
plain films for,  325
ultrasound guided, radionuclide imaging for,  325
posterior,  293–294, 293f ultrasound for,  326
SPIO,  105–106
Sialoscintigraphy, for salivary Spleen
glands,  347 radionuclide imaging of,  119–120
ultrasound of,  96
Silk tube,  58 Standard diagnostic computed
Simmons catheter,  323f
Single-phase (portal phase) tomography,  132–133
Standard gadolinium extracellular
contrast-enhanced computed
tomography,  100 agents,  105
Single photon emission computed Static (Graf) method,  299
tomography (SPECT),  10, 150, Static renal radionuclide
208, 212–213
Sinogram,  69–72 scintigraphy,  149–150
Skin sepsis, at needle puncture site,  5 Stent grafts, thoracic and
Slipped femoral capital epiphysis, 
300 abdominal,  238–241
Small-bowel enema,  46, 57–60 Stents,  233–234
Small bowel follow-through,  55–57
Small-bowel magnetic resonance aftercare for,  234
enteroclysis,  84 balloon mounted,  233
Small-bowel magnetic resonance complication in,  234
enterography,  84 covered,  233
Small-bowel transit time (SBTT),  48 equipment for,  233
Small bowel, ultrasound of,  75–76 indications for,  233
Sodium acetrizoate,  21 patient preparation for,  234
Sodium iodide,  21, 22t–23t self-expanding,  233
Solutrast,  21–24 technique in,  234
Somatostatin,  270

Index 443

Stimulated echo acquisition mode 99mTc-MAG-3
(STEAM),  313–314 (mercaptoacetyltriglycine),  151

STIR see Short tau inversion recovery 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisoni-
Stochastic effects, of radiation,  2 trile,  354–355
Stomach
in radionuclide myocardial
endoluminal examination of,  74 perfusion imaging,  209–210
transabdominal examination
99mTc-MIBI rest/stress test,  211
of,  75 99mTc-pertechnetate,  353
Stress regimen, in radionuclide 99mTc-sulesomab,  277
99mTc-Technegas,  184
myocardial perfusion 99mTc-tetrofosmin,  355
imaging,  211
Submandibular gland, preliminary in radionuclide myocardial
images of, for conventional perfusion imaging,  210
and digital subtraction
sialography,  348 99mTechnetium (Tc)-nanocolloidal
Super paramagnetic iron oxides albumin,  274
(SPIO),  105–106
Superior mesenteric angiography,  252 Tendon imaging, for bones and
Superior mesenteric joints,  298–300
arteriography,  73–78, 118
Superior vena cavography,  250 Tendon injuries, in arthrography,  283
Superparamagnetic contrast Testes, methods of imaging in,  163
agents,  34, 34f Tetrofosmin rest/stress test,  211
Susceptibility weighted imaging, in 201Thallium brain scanning,  318
magnetic resonance imaging, of Theatre,  368–370
brain,  310 Thermal ablative technology,  155

T cryoablation in,  157–158
microwave ablation in,  156–157
T-tube cholangiography,  111–112 radiofrequency ablation in,  155–156
T1-W GRE fat-suppressed volume Thermoablation, of musculoskeletal

acquisition,  104 tumours,  300–303
T1-weighted magnetic biopsy of,  302
complications of,  303
resonance imaging, contraindications for,  301
gadolinium-enhanced,  105 equipment for,  301
T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo indications for,  301
(GRE),  103 introduction of,  300–303
T2-weighted spin echo (SE),  104 post radiofrequency ablation care
Tachycardia,  399–400
Taps, for vascular access,  223 for,  303
99mTc,  184 procedure for,  302
99mTc-colloid, for lymphatic drainage/ rationale for,  301
lymphoedema,  274–275 thermoablation of,  302
99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid thermocoagulation of,  300–301
(DMSA),  149–150 Thermocoagulation,  300–301
99mTc-DTPA,  184–185 Thoracic stent grafts,  238–241
99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD), Thorax, computed tomography
for regional cerebral blood flow
imaging,  316 of,  177–178
99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine- Thrombolysis
oxime, for regional cerebral blood
flow imaging,  315–316 catheter-directed arterial,  234–236
99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneam- as venous interventions,  258–260
ineoxime (HMPAO)-labelled Thrombosis, venous, ultrasound for,  243
leucocytes,  276 Thrombus
99mTc-HMPAO-labelled white cells, arterial, as catheter complication,  227
technique in,  277 aspiration of, in angioplasty,  231
99mTc-human immunoglobulin Thyroid,  345–356
(HIG),  277 computed tomography for,  352
magnetic resonance imaging

for,  352
methods of imaging for,  350–352
radionuclide imaging of,  352–356
ultrasound for,  351

444 Index U

Thyroid function, intravascular Ultrasonography,  19–20
contrast media on,  27–28 of abdomen,  19
for children,  20
Thyrotoxicosis,  31t contrast agents in,  39–41
Tiger II coronary artery endoscopic,  20
patient preparation for,  19–20
catheter,  196–197, 197f of pelvis,  19–20
Tissue characterization, in cardiac
Ultrasound (US)
magnetic resonance imaging,  of biliary system,  96–98
205 for bones and joints,  280, 299–300
201Tl-thallous chloride,  355 developmental dysplasia,  299
in radionuclide myocardial dynamic method,  299
hip-joint effusion,  300
perfusion imaging,  210 indications for,  299
Tomosynthesis,  358 slipped femoral capital
Toxicity, local anaesthetic,  402 epiphysis,  300
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula in static (Graf) method,  299
technique for,  299–300
infants,  50 of brain,  308
Trans-splenic approach, in portal for breast,  360–361
of common bile duct,  95
venography,  252–253 for female reproductive
Transabdominal examination, of system,  166–167
of gallbladder,  96–98
oesophagus and stomach,  75 of gastrointestinal tract,  74
Transhepatic cholangiography, appendix,  76
endoluminal examination of
percutaneous,  112 anus,  76–77
Transhepatic portal venous endoluminal examination of
oesophagus and stomach,  74
catheterization,  253–254 endoluminal examination of
Translational movement,  15 rectum,  77
Transoesophageal hypertrophic pyloric stenosis,  75
large bowel,  76
echocardiography,  20 small bowel,  75–76
Triclofos,  390, 390t transabdominal examination of
Trochar-cannula system,  145 oesophagus and stomach,  75
Tropolonate,  276 of hepatic artery,  95
Tumours of hepatic veins,  95
of infant brain,  320–324
18F-choline imaging for,  267 intussusception reduction,  67
2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose of liver,  94–96
contrast-enhanced,  95
(18F-FDG) positron emission in liver tumours,  124
tomography for,  265 lower limb venous,  244–245
68gallium-labelled pharmaceuticals equipment for,  244
imaging for,  267 indications for,  244
67gallium radionuclide tumour technique of,  244–245
imaging for,  268 of lymph nodes,  272
liver, investigation of,  123–124 in nonobstructive jaundice,  124
radioiodine in obstructive jaundice,  124
metaiodobenzylguanidine scan for ovarian cancer,  172
for,  268 of pancreas,  98–99
somatostatin receptor imaging in pancreatic pseudocysts,  125
for,  270 in pancreatitis,  125
thermoablation of for parathyroid,  351
musculoskeletal,  300–303 of portal vein,  95
biopsy of,  302
complications of,  303
contraindications for,  301
equipment for,  301
indications for,  301
introduction of,  300–303
post radiofrequency ablation care
for,  303
procedure for,  302
rationale for,  301
thermoablation of,  302
thermocoagulation of,  300–301

Index 445

Ultrasound (US) (Continued) Urinary tract (Continued)
for salivary glands,  347 static renal radionuclide
for scrotum,  163, 168 scintigraphy for,  149–150
for spine,  326 ultrasound of,  130–132
of spleen,  96
for thyroid,  351 Urograffin,  22t–23t
upper limb venous,  245 Urography
equipment for,  245
indications for,  245 intravenous excretion,  128–130
technique of,  245 magnetic resonance,  137
of urinary tract,  130–132 US see Ultrasound
contraindications for,  131 Uterine artery embolization, in
equipment of,  131
indications for,  130–132 reproductive system,  174–176
patient preparation for,  131 clinical indications of,  175
technique of,  131–132 complications of,  176
vascular,  217–218 consent, counselling and
for vascular access,  221
of venous system,  243–245 communication of,  175
colour Doppler,  244 contraindications of,  175
duplex scanning,  244 follow-up,  176
procedure of,  175
Ultravist,  21–24, 22t–23t Uterine carcinoma,  171–172
Upper intestinal obstruction, newborn
V
infants with,  54
Upper limb Vallergan,  390
Varicose veins, ultrasound for,  243
peripheral venography of,  249 Vascular access,  220–226
venous ultrasound,  245
Ureters, computed aftercare for,  226
equipment in,  221–223
tomography,  133–134
Urethrography, ascending, in catheters,  222–223
connectors,  223
male,  140–141 guidewires,  221–222, 222f
Urinary tract,  127–154 needle,  221
taps,  223
ascending urethrography in the ultrasound,  221
male,  140–141 vascular sheaths,  222
patient preparation in,  220–221
computed tomography of,  relative contraindications
132–135
of,  223
conduitogram for,  142–143 in stent grafts,  240
direct radionuclide micturating technique in,  223–226, 224f
Vascular embolization,  236–238
cystography for,  153–154 Vascular sheaths, for vascular
dynamic renal radionuclide
access,  222
scintigraphy for,  151–153 Vascular toxicity, of intravascular
imaging methods in,  127–130
intravenous excretion urography contrast media,  25
Vascular ultrasound,  217–218
for,  128–130 Veins
magnetic resonance imaging
gonadal, embolization,  255–256
of,  135–136 varicose, ultrasound for,  243
micturating cystourethrography Venography
central,  250
for,  138–140
percutaneous antegrade pyelography inferior vena
cavography,  250–251
and nephrostomy for,  144–146
percutaneous nephrolithotomy superior vena cavography,  250
peripheral,  247–253
for,  146–150
percutaneous renal cyst puncture of lower limb,  247–249
of upper limb,  249
and biopsy for,  143–144 portal,  251–253
plain film radiography for,  128 Venous angioplasty and stents, as
renal arteriography for,  148–149 venous interventions,  254–255
retrograde pyeloureterography

for,  141–146

446 Index Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q)
radionuclide scanning, for
Venous interventions,  254–255 pulmonary embolism,  183
gonadal vein embolization, 
255–256 Ventriculography,
inferior vena cava filters,  256–258 radionuclide,  206–209
pulmonary embolism,  260–261
thrombolysis,  258–260 Vertebrale catheter,  323f
venous angioplasty and Visceral arteriography, late-phase,  73
stents,  254–255 Visipaque,  22t–23t, 24
Vitamin K, for abnormal prothrombin
Venous system,  243–262
central venography of,  250 time,  112
computed tomography of,  Volume scan, in computed
245–246
magnetic resonance of,  246–247 tomography of thorax,  178
methods of imaging,  243 Voluntariness,  375–376
peripheral venography of,  247–253 Vomiting, after oral sedation,  390
portal venography of,  251–253
transhepatic portal venous W
catheterization of,  253–254
ultrasound of,  243–245 Warfarin,  365
venous interventions,  254–255 Water-soluble contrast agents,  43–44
Wrist, arthrography for,  295–296, 295f
Venous thrombosis, ultrasound Written consent,  6, 375
for,  243
X
Venous toxicity, of intravascular
contrast media,  25 133Xe (xenon) gas,  184