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World Civilizations

The Global Experience

AP® Seventh Edition

28Chapter

Russia and Japan:
Industrialization Outside
the West

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 28.1 Japanese children at school.
Showing children the latest in naval technology

suggests the relationship between education
and other aspects of Japanese development in

the later 19th century.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter Overview

I. Russia's Reforms and Industrial
Advance

II. Protest and Revolution in Russia
III.Japan: Transformation without

Revolution

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
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TIMELINE 1700 C.E. to 1900 C.E.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
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TIMELINE (continued) 1700 C.E. to 1900 C.E.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
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Russia's Reforms and Industrial
Advance

• 1861, Russia begins social, political
reform

• Russia before Reform

– Anti-Westernization backlash

 Following Napoleon's invasion, 1812
 Holy Alliance

– Decembrist uprising, 1825

 Suppressed by Nicholas I

– Russia avoids revolutions of 1830, 1848

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
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Russia's Reforms and Industrial
Advance

• Economic and Social Problems

– The Peasant Question
– Crimean War (1854–1856)

 Defeat by industrial powers
 Alexander II turns to industrialization

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Map 28.1 Russian Expansion, 1815–1914
Russia continued to push to the west, south,
and east. At first, its main conflicts were with
the Ottoman empire. Later, however, conflicts
in east Asia loomed larger.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Russia's Reforms and Industrial
Advance

• The Reform Era and Early
Industrialization

– 1861, emancipation of serfs

 Forced to buy lands
 Productivity stagnant

– Alexander II

 Reforms of 1860s, 1870s

• Zemstvoes
• Military reform
• Some educational reform

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Russia's Reforms and Industrial
Advance

• The Reform Era and Early
Industrialization

– Industrialization

 Railways

• Pacific reached, 1880s

 Siberia opened to development
 Factories, 1880s

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Figure 28.2 This late 19th-century roadside
scene depicts the poverty of a Russian peasant

village. What forces produced such poor
conditions, even after serfdom had been

abolished?

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Russia's Reforms and Industrial
Advance

• The Reform Era and Early
Industrialization

– Industrialization

 Count Witte, 1892–1903

• High tariffs
• Banking system improved
• Western investment sought

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Protest and Revolution in Russia

• The Road to Revolution

– Intelligentsia

– Ethnic minorities

 Demands

– Peasants

 Famine, taxes

– Anarchists

 Fail to win peasant support
 Suppressed

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Protest and Revolution in Russia

• The Road to Revolution

– 1881, Alexander II assassinated
– New ideas

 Marxist socialism
 Lenin (Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov)
 Bolsheviks

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Protest and Revolution in Russia

• The Revolution of 1905

– Expansion continues

 Ottomans pushed back, 1870s

• New Slavic nations created

 Into Manchuria

– Defeated in Russo-Japanese war, 1904–05

 Revolution, 1905

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Protest and Revolution in Russia

• The Revolution of 1905

– Duma created

 Minister Stolypin
 Stolypin reforms

• Kulaks

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
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All Rights Reserved

Map 28.2 The Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese war focused on disputes
over Chinese territory. Japan had acquired the
Liaodong peninsula after its victory over China,
but Russia and others forced it out and then
maneuvered for territory of their own. Japan

proposed a split of Manchuria but assumed
negotiations would fail, and so attacked the
Russian fleet at Port Arthur, and later won over
Russian armies in China as well. A Russian fleet

sent from the Baltic was humiliated at
Tsushima Strait, which effectively ended the

war.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Protest and Revolution in Russia

• Russia and Eastern Europe

– Other nations follow Russia

 Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece
Parliaments

 End to serfdom
 Some industrialization

– Cultural revival

 Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy
 Tchaikovsky, Chopin, Liszt
 Mendel, Pavlov

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Figure 28.3 Women marching in the Russian
Revolution of 1905.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
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Japan: Transformation without
Revolution

• The Final Decades of the Shogunate

– Shogonate

 Alliance with daimyos, samurai

– Culture under the Tokugawa

 Thriving
 Neo-Confucianism

• Variety of schools, terakoya

 Dutch studies

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without
Revolution

• The Final Decades of the Shogunate

– By 1850s

 Economy slowing
 Rural riots

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
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Japan: Transformation without
Revolution

• The Challenge to Isolation

– Commodore Matthew Perry

 1853, Japanese ports forced to open

– Shogunate bureaucrats

 Open doors reluctantly
 Others want to end isolation
 Conservative daimyos for isolation

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without
Revolution

• The Challenge to Isolation

– Unrest

 1868, shogunate defeated
 Meiji restoration

• Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji)

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
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All Rights Reserved

The Separate Paths of Japan and
China

• China

– Government centralization
– Population growth
– Dynastic decline

• Japan

– More flexible

 Benefits of imitation

– Political, economic vigor in 19th century

• China and Japan become enemies.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without
Revolution

• Industrial and Political Change in the
Meiji State

– Feudalism ended

 Appointed prefects from 1871
 State expanded

– Samurai officials to United States

 Study, promote change

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without
Revolution

• Industrial and Political Change in the
Meiji State

– 1873–1876, samurai class abolished

 Some find new roles

• Iwasaki Yataro: Mitsubishi

– Political reorganization

 Constitution, 1889
 House of Peers
 Diet, lower house

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without
Revolution

• Japan's Industrial Revolution

– Westernization in other areas

 Military
 Banks
 Railways, steamships
 Tariffs, guilds removed
 Ministry of Industry, 1870

• Model factories

– Zaibatsu, 1890s

 Industrial combines

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Visualizing the Past
Two Faces of Western Influence

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Visualizing the Past
Two Faces of Western Influence

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without
Revolution

• Social and Diplomatic Effects of
Industrialization

– Population increase
– Culture

 Universal education

– Western dress adopted
– Conversion to Christianity limited

 Shintoism attracts new followers

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without
Revolution

• Social and Diplomatic Effects of
Industrialization

– Need for raw materials

 Sino-Japanese War over Korea, 1894–1895
 Alliance with Britain, 1902
 War with Russia, 1904
 Korea annexed, 1910

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Map 28.3 Japanese Colonial Expansion to
1914

The map shows Japan's principal gains, but also
the limitations that still frustrated Japanese
nationalists.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without
Revolution

• The Strain of Modernization

– Inter-generational debate
– Nationalism

 Emperor worship

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

American President Theodore Roosevelt at the
controls of a steam shovel during construction

of the Panama Canal. The Canal greatly
shortened international travel times.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

An antique Italian Red Cross poster. A winged
angel bends over a fallen soldier in a frame

beside the international logo. Here was a major
expression of new international humanitarian
impulses and political organization.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

Five young Japanese men have arrived in
London with the aim of learning from English
and Western culture. Among them are Prince
Ito Hirobumi (1841–1909) (top right), who
would later go on to be prime minister of the
first Japanese cabinet government, and Marquis
Inouye (bottom left). "Study abroad" was a key

element in new levels of globalization.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved