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Pragmatics (Lecture on Language Education and Linguistic Information I) Introduction D. Y. Oshima Second Semester, AY 2011‐2012

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Published by , 2016-06-09 23:12:03

and Linguistic Information I) - Nagoya University

Pragmatics (Lecture on Language Education and Linguistic Information I) Introduction D. Y. Oshima Second Semester, AY 2011‐2012

Pragmatics 
(Lecture on Language Education 

and Linguistic Information I)  

Introduction

D. Y. Oshima
Second Semester, AY 2011‐2012
DICOM‐GSID‐Nagoya University

What is pragmatics?

• It is difficult to define pragmatics. 
• ‘The received wisdom is that “pragmatics”

simply cannot be coherently defined.’
(Ariel, M. 2010. Defining Pragmatics)

What is pragmatics?

• A working definition:

• Pragmatics is the systematic study of meaning by
virtue of, or dependent on, the use of language.

• The central topics of inquiry of pragmatics include
implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and
deixis.

What is pragmatics?

• Major criteria:

• literal vs. inferred
• code vs. inference
• grammatical vs. extragrammatical

• truth‐conditional vs. non‐truth‐conditional
• context independent vs. context dependent

• a list‐of‐topics definition; big‐tent pragmatics 
(broad church pragmatics); family resemblance 

What is pragmatics?

• One way to split the field of pragmatics:

• what you know before hearing something. 
(“beforehand” pragmatics)

• what  you know after hearing something. 
(“afterwards” pragmatics)

1. The guy I mentioned is dangerous. 

A history of pragmatics

• Philosophers in the 1930s: Morris, Carnap, 
Peirce, etc.

• Morris’ three‐fold division of semiotics

• syntax: deals with relation between signs
• semantics: deals with relation between signs and 

their denotations
• pragmatics: deals with relation between signs and 

their users/interpreters

A history of pragmatics

• Analytic philosophy in the 1950s & 1960s

• ideal language philosophy: Montague, Lewis, 
Davidson, etc.

• ordinary language philosophy: Austin, Grice, 
Searle, etc.

A history of pragmatics

• The ‘pragmatic turn’ in the late 1960s and  
1970s:

• generative semantics: Katz, Ross, Lakoff, etc.
• Works by Horn, Fillmore, Gazder, etc.
• Levinson’s (1983) Pragmatics

• ‘pragmatic wastebasket’

A history of pragmatics

• Anglo‐American school:

• Pragmatics is a core component of a theory of language, 
on a par with phonology, syntax, and semantics.

• Focus is on topics emerging from the traditional concerns 
of analytic philosophy and theoretical linguistics.

• European Continental school: 

• ‘Pragmatics constitutes a general functional (i.e. 
cognitive, social and cultural) perspective on linguistic 
phenomena in relation to their usage in the form of 
behavior’ (Verschuren 1999)

Some prominent names

• Functionalists: Mira Ariel, Charles Fillmore, 
Jeanette Gundel, Susumu Kuno, George 
Lakoff, Ellen Prince, Jerrold Sadock, Sandra 
Thompson, etc.

• Neo‐Griceans: Stephen Levinson, Lawrence 
Horn, Yan Huang, etc.

• Relevance  theorists: Dan Sperber, Deirdre 
Wilson, Robyn Carston, etc.

Why pragmatics?

• Linguistic underdeterminacy: gap between 
what is coded & what is conveyed.

1. You and you, and not you, stand up!
2. The authorities barred the anti‐globalization 

demonstrators because they {advocated/feared} 
violence.
3. John is looking for glasses.
4. They are cooking apples.

Why pragmatics?

Darryl: .. What does that have to do with heaven 
and hell in the book.

Pamela:  ... Well, 
... I’m just sort of reiterating.
... I could read you some.

Darryl: [No].
Pamela: [I] mean is that allowed?
Darryl:  ... No I don’t want to hear anything out of 

the book with, 
... chapter called heaven and hell.

Why pragmatics?

Pamela: You don’t.
Darryl :  .. No.

Nkay.
Pamela:  Well then let’s then talk about [our 

vacation].
Darryl:  [I’m gonna be] closed‐minded about it
Pamela:  (TSK) ... Oh dear.

[from Santa Barbara Corpus]

Why pragmatics?

• Simplification of semantics and syntax

• Occam’s razor: Entities must not be multiplied 
beyond necessity.

• Modified Occam’s razor (by Grice): Senses or 
dictionary entries must not proliferate. 

Why pragmatics?

1. Mary has two children.
a) Mary has at least two children.
b) Mary has exactly two children. 

(i): Mary has at least two children. (entailment)
(ii): Mary doesn’t have more than two children. 

(implicature)
(i) & (ii): Mary has exactly two children. 

Why pragmatics?

2. {Some/most} students failed the exam.

(i): The number of students who failed the exam 
exceeded X. (entailment)

(ii): Not all students failed the exam. (implicature)
(i) & (ii): {Some/most} but not all students failed the 

exam. 

Why pragmatics?

• Chomsky’s binding conditions: 

A. An anaphor must be bound in a local domain.
B. A pronominal must be free in a local domain.
C. An r‐expression is free. 

1. Bach1 adored himself1.
2. Bach1 adored him2.
3. Bach1 adored Bach2. 

Sentence, utterance, proposition

• Sentence: a syntactic unit; a well‐formed 
string of words put together according to the 
grammatical rules

• Utterance: the use of a particular piece of 
language, by a particular speaker, on a 
particular occasion

1. Hello!
2. A coffee, please.
3. John has already left.
4. John has already left. I will too, in a moment.

Sentence, utterance, proposition

• sentence‐meaning ≈ proposition
• utterance‐meaning (speaker’s meaning): what 

a speaker intends to convey by making an 
utterance

Sentence, utterance, proposition

• Propositional content

1. Liszt criticized Chopin.
2. Chopin was criticized by Liszt.
3. It is Liszt who criticized Chopin.
4. Did Liszt criticize Chopin?

• Propositional character vs. propositional 
content.

1. ‘I respect you’ + c = ‘(x) respects (y)’

Context

• Context: Features of the setting in which 
linguistic signs are used

• physical context: identities of the interlocutors,  
spatio‐temporal setting of utterance, 
accompanying gestures  

• linguistic context: surrounding discourse

1. Who gave the waiter a large tip? – Helen.
2. A man came in. He was tall.

• real‐world knowledge context: common ground 
(communal or personal)

Truth, truth condition, entailment

• Truth value: A sentence is either true or false 
(in a given world). 

• S is true (in w) = the truth value of S (relative to w) is 1.
• S is false (in w) = the truth value of S (relative to w) is 0.

• Truth conditions: The conditions that the 
world must meet for a sentence to be true.

• S is true (in w) iff p holds (in w).
• S is true in w iff w œ p. 

Truth, truth condition, entailment

• entailment: Sentence S1 entails sentence S2 if 
and only if the truth of S1 guarantees the truth 
of S2.

• contradiction, equivalence

Assignment

• pp.18‐19: Problems 2, 4, 5.


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