MPU 1062 INTEGRITY AND ANTI-CORRUPTION GROUP A CASE STUDY PREPARED FOR: DR. MARFUNIZAH MA’DAN PREPARED BY: THE FEARSOME GROUP NO. NAME MATRIC NUMBER 1. VALERIE ABBYGAIL ANAK LISTER 300798 2. AMIR RAFIQ BIN ABDUL HALIM 297734 3. AINA NAWWARAH BINTI BORHAN 297306 4. TAN JIA YI 297369 5. MOHANA LAKSHIMI A/P MUNUSAMY 297427 6. WISESA RAFFI ABRAR 297036 7. ELINA SOFEA BINTI FAIRUS FARID 300759 8. IDZHAN ARIEF BIN MOHD AZUDDIN 297261 9. MAVITIRAA A/P VIJAYAROOBAN 301470 10. NURUL HASSANAH BINTI MD SHUHAIMI 299682
TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Park Geun-Hye’s Corruption Allegation 1 1.2 Purpose of the case study 2 2.0 Historical and Political Context 3 2.1 South Korean political landscape 3 2.2 Key policies and initiatives during Park Geun-Hye Presidency 4 4.0 Corruption Allegations 5 4.1 Introduction to the corruption allegations 5 4.2 Key figures and entities involved 6 5.0 Impact On South Korea 7 5.1 Political Consequences 7 5.2 Social and Public Reactions 9 6.0 Lessons Learned 11 6.1 Implications for the Fight Against Corruption 11 6.2 Reforms and Changes in South Korea's Political Landscape 12 6.3 International Perspectives and Cooperation 12 7.0 Conclusion 13 REFERENCES 16
1.0 Introduction 1.1 Overview of Park Geun-Hye’s Corruption Allegation Park Geun-Hye, South Korea's first female president, was embroiled in a massive corruption scandal that rocked the country in 2016 and eventually led to her impeachment and jailing. The allegations centred on her relationship with her close friend, Choi Soon-Sil. The scandal revolved around Park's close relationship with Choi Soon-Sil, her old friend and confidant. Choi has been accused of using his relationship with the president to meddle in state affairs, even though he has no official government position.Besides, Park Geun-Hye is also facing accusations of abusing her presidential powers. She allowed Choi Soon-Sil access to confidential government documents and exerted undue influence over policy decisions.Additionally, Choi Soon-Sil is accused of embezzlement by using her influence. She has solicited large donations from South Korean conglomerates (chaebols), including Samsung, Lotte and SK, for two foundations she controls. Although Park Geun-Hye maintains her innocence, the scandal remains an important chapter in South Korean history and a clear reminder of the importance of fighting corruption in government. 1
1.2 Purpose of the case study The purpose of the case study is to spread awareness about corruption allegations. This can open people's minds about the complexity of corruption allegations, the importance of transparency, while also examining the potential consequences of political scandals and the impact on democratic institutions and the need for active citizen involvement in corruption prevention efforts. 2
2.0 Historical and Political Context 2.1 South Korean political landscape The South Korean political landscape is complex and dynamic, characterised by a mix of traditional and modern political institutions. The country's democratic system, established in 1948, has undergone several transitions, including military rule and authoritarianism, before stabilising in the 1990s. The current political system is a presidential republic, with the President serving as both head of government and head of state. The ruling party, the Democratic Party of Korea (DPK), has been in power since 2017, led by President Moon Jae-in. The DPK is a centre-left party that advocates for social welfare policies and economic reforms. The main opposition party is the United Future Party (UFP), formerly known as the Liberty Korea Party, which leans towards conservative values and has historically been associated with authoritarianism. The National Assembly, which consists of 300 members elected through a proportional representation system, serves as the legislative branch of government. The judiciary is independent and has played a significant role in holding corrupt officials accountable. South Korea's economy is highly developed and technologically advanced, with a strong focus on exports and innovation. The country's geopolitical position as a key player in East Asia has led to close ties with major powers such as China, Japan, and the United States. However, tensions with North Korea continue to pose a significant challenge to regional stability. In recent years, South Korea has also emerged as a leader in addressing climate change and promoting sustainable development. The country's response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been widely praised for its effectiveness in controlling the spread of the virus while minimising economic disruption. 3
Overall, South Korea's political landscape is marked by a commitment to democracy, economic development, and regional stability, while also grappling with issues such as inequality, ageing population, and geopolitical tensions. 2.2 Key policies and initiatives during Park Geun-Hye Presidency During Park Geun-Hye's presidency, several key policies and initiatives were implemented in South Korea. One of the most significant was the "Creative Economy" policy, which aimed to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in various industries, such as IT, culture, and the arts. This policy led to the creation of a number of successful startups and helped to establish South Korea as a leader in the global tech industry. Another major initiative was the "Four Rivers Restoration" project, which involved the construction of four major dams and reservoirs to improve water management and prevent floods in rural areas. This project also aimed to promote tourism and economic development in these regions. Park's administration also prioritised the development of renewable energy sources, with a goal of increasing the share of renewables in the country's energy mix to 20% by 2030. This policy has helped to reduce South Korea's dependence on imported fossil fuels and has contributed to the country's efforts to combat climate change. In addition, Park's government implemented a number of social welfare programs, such as an expansion of healthcare coverage and an increase in the minimum wage. These policies aimed to address income inequality and improve social mobility for low-income families. Overall, Park Geun-Hye's presidency saw a focus on economic growth, innovation, and social welfare, with a particular emphasis on promoting South Korea's position as a leader in technology and renewable energy. 4
4.0 Corruption Allegations 4.1 Introduction to the corruption allegations The corruption case against Park Geun-Hye, the former President of South Korea, was marked by a number of serious accusations. Each one made people less trusting of the government's top levels (“Park Geun-Hye: South Korea’s Ex-Leader Jailed for 24 Years for Corruption,” 2018). The main four accusations were influence peddling, embezzlement, abuse of power and favouritism. The first accusation was influence peddling. It means using your power in government or links with people in power to get favours or special treatment for someone else, usually in exchange for money. People said that Park Geun-Hye gave her close friend Choi Soon-sil too much power over state business, even though Choi Soon-sil didn't have a job with the government. Choi is said to have manipulated government policies and taken part in important decision-making processes as part of this influence trading (Haas, 2018). This news seriously hurt the idea of open government and made people wonder about the honesty of the people making decisions in the administration. Other than that, Choi Soon-sil was charged with embezzlement because she used her relationship with President Park Geun-Hye to steal money. She was charged with forcing big South Korean companies like Samsung and Lotte to give her large amounts of money. It is said that these funds were sent to foundations and organisations managed by Choi, which is not what they were meant to do (“Park Geun-Hye: South Korea’s Ex-Leader Jailed for 24 Years for Corruption,” 2018). This made people worry about using company resources for personal gain, and it brought up the idea of corruption where government and business interests meet. The accusations of abuse of power were mostly about how President Park Geun-Hye was said to have abused her presidential power . People said she helped Choi Soon-sil get money from big businesses, which gave the impression that the government was forcing Choi to do things 5
and showing favouritism (Haas, 2018). The charges of abuse of power brought to light a breach of public trust and the high standards of ethics that people expect from the top office in the land. There were also claims of cronyism in the case, especially when it came to high-level government positions. Cronyism means favouring only friends and companions for every job, and patronage means that the party in power only puts their friends and family in high roles and not lower ones. It was said that Choi Soon-sil had a hand in choosing important government officials and advisors (Hahm & Heo, 2017). This made people worry about how fair and unbiased the administration's decision-making processes were. These accusations, which were made public by investigative journalism, were a major cause of widespread public outrage, large-scale protests, and eventually Park Geun-Hye's impeachment, removal from office, and subsequent legal proceedings (South Korea Pardons Jailed Former President Park Geun-Hye, 2021). In high-level politics, keeping openness, responsibility, and moral leadership are hard things to do. This case shows how hard it can be. 4.2 Key figures and entities involved In the corruption case involving Park Geun-Hye, the former President of South Korea, important people and groups were at the centre of the accusations, and their roles were very important in the story as it grew. In the middle of the trouble was Park Geun-Hye, who was President at the time of the claims (“Park Geun-Hye: South Korea’s Ex-Leader Jailed for 24 Years for Corruption,” 2018). She was accused of giving her close friend Choi Soon-sil too much power over state business, which led to charges of power abuse, influence selling, and theft. Thanks to her close ties to Choi Soon-sil, Park Geun-Hye found herself at the centre of probes, and what she did as president was closely watched. 6
Choi Soon-sil, who has been Park Geun-Hye's friend and confidante for a long time, was a key figure in the graft claims (Haas, 2018). She was accused of taking advantage of her personal relationship with the President to make money by working as an unpaid adviser and having too much power over government business. Choi Soon-sil was accused of stealing money and using his power to get other people to do what he wanted, especially when he tried to get money from big South Korean companies (Hahm & Heo, 2017). Samsung and Lotte, two of the biggest companies in South Korea, were linked to the corruption scam. Some people said that these companies gave large amounts of money to Choi Soon-sil-connected groups and foundations in exchange for business and political favours. Corporate leaders from these big companies were found guilty in the scandal and given jail terms (Hahm & Heo, 2017). The corruption claims were based on these important people and groups and how their relationships and claimed illegal activities were linked (South Korea Pardons Jailed Former President Park Geun-Hye, 2021). When the truth about what they did came out, it caused a lot of anger, protests, and judicial problems that changed the course of South Korean political history. 5.0 Impact On South Korea 5.1 Political Consequences The case involving Park Geun-hye,the first woman president in South Korea, has serious consequences for politics in the country. First and foremost, this case caused instability in politics in South Korea. His ouster as president created huge public protests, with millions heading to the streets, demonstrating the populace's aversion to political corruption and misuse of power. In this context, on 25 October 2016 Park Geun Hye apologised publicly due to her action of asking a help from her friend, Choi Soon Sil regarding public relation issue such as throughout her president campaign in 2012 and following her swearing-in in 2013 but it was seen as insincere and fake, resulting in the first candlelight demonstration. It can be seen that almost 20000 people protested outside the Blue House. Next, the public uproar had 7
increased to a thunderous roar of over 1 million protestors, As this led to the not overlooked by the South Korean National Assembly as well as a bill to impeach president Park was present. (Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, 2018). Moving on, Park Geun Hye's controversy resulted in an election and a change in power. South Koreans need to re-elect for their 19th president that was held on May 9, following Park Geun hye's impeachment.This is due to the fact that elections that can be considered as special cases needs to be held within 60 days of removal. Some of the candidates included Moon Jae-in from Democratic Party, Hong Jun-pyo from Liberty Korea Party, Ahn Cheol-soo from People's Party, and many more.As a result from the election, Moon Jae In won most of the votes that lead to his win for the election. This incident made him the 19th South Korea President. Moon's triumph was predicted as people started to reject Park Geun Hye’s administration. Despite that, there are still some of the provinces which are Daegu and Kyungsang that are still supporting President Park. As a result, Moon Jae-In didn't manage to conquer those provinces but somehow Moon Jae-In still won other provinces along with important cities. He managed to receive 41% of the vote. As Park Geun-hye was no longer in office and an interim president was in charge of the government, Moon straight away straight away took over as president. This incident happened on 10 of May and he was sworn in by the National Assembly the same day (Uk Heo & Seongyi Yun, 2018). Finally, in terms of political significance, this case had an impact on political parties. Park Geun-hye's impeachment has far-reaching consequences for her political party, the Saenuri Party which after that was renamed as Liberty Korea Party. The scandal shattered the party and ruined public support for it. It struggled to distance itself from Park's soiled reputation, resulting in internal conflicts and a loss of respect among voters.According to The Straits Times (2017), South Korea's troubled ruling party has chosen its new name which is Liberal Korea Party that officially announced on Thursday, 9 February, as it strives to distinguish itself from a major corruption scandal. "We've agreed to change the party name to the Liberal Korea Party with an appeal that it will be formed anew." (Auto H, 2017) 8
5.2 Social and Public Reactions Polarisation and societal divide were also brought up by the chaos following Park Geun-hye's impeachment. The splits resulted from different interpretations of the incident; one group criticised the misuse of power and corruption, while the other group continued to support Park Geun-hye, considering her positively due to personal ties or loyalty to her political beliefs.It is evident that the 20% of people who oppose the president's impeachment are mostly those in their 60s and older. Their point of view is that the investigation of the president, Park Geun Hye, is mostly based on gossip and unproven accusations.(Nilsson-Wright, 2017). Also according to Nilsson-Wright (2017), Park Geun Hye supporters said, the campaign against Ms. Park is an attack on the achievements of Park Chung-hee, a father of President Park and also a dictator who brought the miraculous turnaround of the Han River, which quickly boosted the economy of South Korea to become the fourth-largest in Asia. In South Korea, the Park Geun-hye scandal prompted an unexpected wave of civic action and public engagement. Lots of Korean people assembled in candlelight protest demanded not just impeachment, but also fundamental transformation of society in response to concerns like poor development, disparities, an ageing population, and the threat of the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution.(Kim, Ho-Ki, 2016) Furthermore,some of South Koreans protest in Seoul in order to demand President Park Geun-hye's removal, as a crisis arose amid suspicions that a friend had excessive authority over her and interfered in state matters.Prosecutors are investigating presidential aides and other officials to see if they violated the law by allowing Park's friend, Choi Soon-sil, to have excessive power and earn financially (Jack Kim, 2016). "It's become obvious the people made the wrong choice to vote for the wrong president," one protester stated (Jeong Hong-woo, 2016). 9
The South Korean Park Geun-hye controversy highlighted the critical role that the media plays in exposing wrongdoing and maintaining information transparency. Investigative journalism has become an effective force for exposing the intricate layers of corruption and power abuse at the highest levels of government. Moon (2018) has emphasised in great detail how media outlets actively followed up on leads, carried out in-depth investigations, and discovered crucial information that was essential to the case. The importance of journalistic integrity was emphasised, highlighting how vital a free press is to keeping public officials responsible and maintaining transparency in the political process. The media's commitment to thorough reporting highlighted its role not just in exposing wrongdoing, but also in establishing an atmosphere in which leaders confront scrutiny and citizens are empowered with necessary information, both of which are vital to their involvement in the democratic process. As a result, the Park Geun-hye case highlighted the need of independent journalism as a monitor pushing for transparency and ethical government in South Korea. 10
6.0 Lessons Learned 6.1 Implications for the Fight Against Corruption Park Geun-hye’s case significantly influenced the political landscape by highlighting how political leaders can exploit their positions for personal gain, compromising the principles of transparency and accountability. For example, Park was accused of allowing her close friend, Choi Soon-sil, to exert undue influence over state affairs, including decisions on policy and appointments (Doucette, 2017). This highlighted the susceptibility of political systems to corruption when leaders prioritise personal interests over public welfare. Furthermore, the case sparked a substantial public outcry, illustrating the vital role of an engaged civil society in holding leaders accountable. Massive protests erupted across South Korea, with millions taking to the streets to demand Park's resignation and express their dissatisfaction with corruption in the government (Euny, 2017, as cited in Doucette, 2017). This demonstrated that citizens, when mobilised, can play a pivotal role in ensuring accountability and transparency in governance. Additionally, the media played a crucial role in the case, with investigative journalism serving as a linchpin in uncovering and exposing the corruption scandal. According to Seo (2021), media outlets such as the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) and the Seoul-based Chosun Ilbo newspaper, conducted in-depth investigations that revealed the extent of Park's involvement in corruption. The media's role not only informed the public but also pressured authorities to take action against corruption. This highlighted the importance of a free and robust media in acting as a check on governmental power. 11
6.2 Reforms and Changes in South Korea's Political Landscape The case prompted discussions about the need for a more independent judiciary to ensure fair and impartial handling of corruption casesThe Constitutional Court of Korea played a crucial role in the impeachment of Park Geun-hye (Shin, 2020). However, concerns were raised about the potential influence of political pressure on the judiciary. This led to discussions about reforms to enhance the independence of the judiciary, ensuring that it remains free from undue political interference. Moreover, the scandal spurred calls for electoral reforms and increased political transparency. Citizens and activists advocated for changes in the electoral system to prevent future abuses of power (Shin, 2020). Reforms focused on enhancing the transparency of political campaign funding, strengthening mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting corruption cases involving politicians, and implementing measures to increase the accountability of elected officials to the public. 6.3 International Perspectives and Cooperation This case reverberated on a global scale, exerting far-reaching effects. To elaborate further, the scandal carried international repercussions, influencing diplomatic relations and disrupting economic stability. South Korea's image was tarnished on the global stage, leading to concerns among foreign investors and trading partners (Carothers, 2020). The case demonstrated that corruption within a country's leadership can have far-reaching consequences beyond its borders, influencing how it is perceived in the international community. Consequently, Park Geun-hye’s case emphasised the importance of international cooperation in addressing transnational corruption issues. The investigation into the scandal involved 12
collaboration with foreign governments and international organisations (Van Marrewijk & Viesti, 2020). The case underscored the need for coordinated efforts to combat corruption, as corrupt practices often involve multiple jurisdictions. This highlighted the importance of sharing information and resources to hold individuals accountable for corrupt practices that extend beyond national boundaries. All in all, these illustrate the multifaceted impact of the Park Geun-hye case on the fight against corruption, political landscape reforms, and international perspectives on tackling corruption. 7.0 Conclusion Park Geun-Hye is the first female president who was involved in a massive corruption scandal during her term of ruling South Korea. There were many cases that related to her close relationship with Choi Soon-Sil. Choi Soon-Sil is a businesswoman mainly recognized for her role in the 2016 South Korean political scandal, which resulted from her influence over Park Geun-hye. Park Geun-Hye was charged with several serious accusations. The four primary accusations were favouritism, power abuse, embezzlement, and influence peddling. Park Geun-Hye faced allegations of influence peddling by giving her friend Choi Soo Sil undue power over state affairs in Exchange for money. This undermines the concept of open government, causing lack of conviction about the integrity of decision-makers in the administration (Haas,2018). Other than that, Choi Soon-Sil was charged with embezzlement for using her ties to President Park Geun-Hye to obtain money from large South Korean Companies like Samsung and Lotte. The funds were redirected to personal gain, sparking concerns about corruption at the nexus of government and business interest ("Park Geun-Hye: South Korea’s Ex-Leader Jailed for 24 Years for Corruption," 2018). President Park Geun-Hye was faced with accusations of abusing her presidential power by allegedly helping Choi Soon-sil obtain money from big businesses. This raised concerns about government coercion, favouritism, and a breach of public trust ("Haas, 2018"). The last of the main four accusations is favouritism. Concerns regarding the fairness and impartiality of the administration's decision-making processes 13
were raised by the cronyism allegations in the case, which claimed that Choi Soon-sil had a say in who was chosen to be a high-ranking official and advisor (Hahm & Heo, 2017). In this case review, The Park Geun-Hye cases affected two parts of South Korea which are political consequences and social and public relations. The former president of South Korea, Park Geun-hye, was involved in a case that caused political unrest and large-scale public demonstrations. Over a million people participated in the massive protest, which led to her impeachment and Moon Jae-in winning the special election. Park's political party, the Saenuri Party which subsequently changed its name to the Liberty Korea Party was severely damaged by the controversy, suffering from splits within the party and a decline in public support ("Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, 2018"; "Uk Heo & Seongyi Yun, 2018"). Disparities in society were brought about by Park Geun-hye's impeachment in Korea. Older people who supported it perceived it as an attack on her legacy with political motivations. Millions of people expressed their dissatisfaction beyond the scandal by taking part in civic action and demanding not only the impeachment of the current administration but also a more comprehensive social transformation to address a range of issues ("Nilsson-Wright, 2017"; "Kim, Ho-Ki, 2016"; "Jack Kim, 2016"). The cases about Park Geun-Hye give many lessons to the people. One of the lessons is the implications for the fight against corruption. After the abuse of power for personal gain made by Park Geun-Hye, there were a large amount of public protest and investigative journalism emphasised the crucial role of an engaged civil society and free media in demanding accountability and checking governmental power. Next, the reforms and changes in South Korea’s political landscape. The Park Geun-hye case prompted discussions on the need for a more independent judiciary, particularly in handling corruption cases, with the Constitutional Court of Korea playing a vital role in her impeachment (Shin, 2020). Concerns about political pressure on the judiciary led to calls for reforms, while the scandal also fueled demands for electoral reforms and increased political transparency to prevent future abuses of power (Shin, 2020). Lastly, the international perspectives and cooperation The Park Geun-hye case had global repercussions, affecting diplomatic relations and economic stability, tarnishing South Korea's international image (Carothers, 2020). The incident emphasised the significance of international cooperation in addressing transnational corruption, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts and information sharing across borders (Van Marrewijk & Viesti, 2020). 14
In conclusion, the Park Geun-Hye cases have had a significant impact on the political landscape and public social life in South Korea. Other countries and all of the organisations need to learn the lesson about this case to create a good governance and policy. 15
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