A PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE Source Recycle Decay Source Manufacturing Manufacturing Transportation Transportation Consumption Disposal Cradle-to cradle life cycle of product Cradle-to grave life cycle of product 48
UPCYCLE Used plastic bottles Plastic broom Vase Plastic basket Produce a new product that has a higher value than the original product. 49
Fish Microplastic Plankton Turtle MICROPLASTICS IN THE FOOD CHAIN Transfer of microplastics between various organisms in the food web until it end up in the human body and marine mammals. Microplastics: Plastic pieces less than 5mm in size. Bivalve organisms Human Marine mammals Larvae Nutritional issues that threaten human health Reduce plastic waste Reduce the use of plastic products. Solution: 50
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Environmental pollution is an unwanted change in physical, chemical or biological change in the components of the environment, namely air, water and soil. Harm and discomfort to all living things. Causes environmental issues such as flash floods. Effects of Environmental Pollution : 51
Exhaust gases from motorised vehicles SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION Decaying organic waste Source of Natural Air Pollution Volcanic eruptions Forest fires Dust storms Industries Source of Man-made Air Pollution Blast furnaces Garbage disposal sites Releases greenhouse gases and toxic gases into the air 52
Chemical fertilisers SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION Solid waste (rubbish) Waste Industrial waste such as grease Domestic waste (detergents) Wastewater Chemical substances in agriculture Pesticides Domestic waste (sewage) Oil spills Oil spills from ships Birds covered with oil spills 53
SOURCE OF LAND POLLUTION SOURCE OF THERMAL POLLUTION Excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides Inappropriate management of solid waste Deforestation Industrial activities Fuel combustion in vehicles or machines Nuclear waste Electronic waste 54
BAJA Haiwan & tumbuhan akuatik mati detergent, fertilizers and garbage produce phosphate ions and nitrate ions Excessive phosphate ions and nitrate ions algae grow rapidly oxygen content decreases EUTROPHICATION Ecosystem response to the addition of phosphate ions and nitrate ions (from detergents, fertilizers and garbage) into an aquatic ecosystem. Aquatic animals & plants die 55
Syringe 1 cm methylene blue solution 200cm water sample 3 3 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) The amount of dissolved oxygen required by microorganisms such as bacteria to decompose organic matter in a water source. The higher the level of pollution for a water sample, the faster the methylene blue solution decolourises. Pollution Level Amount of Microorganisms Amount of dissolved oxygen BOD Methylene blue solution decolourise fast 56
Mud ball Effective Microorganisms (Effective Microorganism, EM) Contaminated Water Purification Methods Using Green Technology EM mud balls are thrown into the river to treat polluted river water in Malaysia. 3 Types of Effective Microorganisms (EM) Lactic acid bacteria Treat sewage waste, remove foul odors, inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms & facilitate decay. Photosynthetic bacteria Synthesize amino acids and sugars from organic matter for feeding aquatic animals and plants Yeast Produce essential materials for the growth of green plants. Preparation method EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM MUD BALLS (EM) 57
2. What are the adverse effects of carbon dioxide content high in the atmosphere? 3. Why should each individual play a role in reducing the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere? What can be observed about the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere from 2006 to 2019? 1. The carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere INCREASED from 2006 to 2019 GLOBAL WARMING & THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT We have only one earth, each individual has a role to preserve and conserve our environment for environmental balance 58
NEGATIVE EMISSION TECHNOLOGY is a technology that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere Microalgae plant Absorb carbon dioxide Carry out photosynthesis Marine microalgae in the sea 59
THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) to Addressing Environmental Issues on a Global Level Climate change issues Ensure clean drinking water supply Protects the ozone layer from CFC that deplete the ozone layer Appliances that release CFC Banning toxic chemicals (DDT pesticides) The Rio Conference on 1992 addresses global environmental issues Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions The Paris Agreement in 2016 to reduce the content and release of greenhouse gases and limit the rise in global temperatures to 1.5°C CONFERENCES AND INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS WHICH ORGANIZED BY THE UN 60
CHAPTER 4 RATE OF REACTION Cikgu Marlina Azliza binti Rosli Cikgu Nurul Hizan binti Zakaria Cikgu Tuan Rohani binti Said Asim Writers : Translator: Cikgu Patriecia Audrey Fung
Quantity of reactant Time Quantity of reactant decreases with time Chemical Reaction Graphs of changes in quantities of reactant and product against time A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more reactants are converted to one or more products Reactants Product Chemical reaction Quantity of product Time Quantity of product increases with time 62
Similarities FAST REACTION Quantity of reactant decreases Quantity of product increases Rate of reaction is low because the reaction happens slowly Takes a longer time to complete Rate of reaction is high because the reaction happens quickly Takes a shorter time to complete SLOW REACTION Similarities and differences between fast reaction and slow reaction Example: Example: Rusting of iron Food digestion Photosynthesis Burning of candle Fermentation Burning of butane gas Bomb explosion Reaction of reactive metal with water Differences water potassium 63
Increase in the volume of hydrogen gas in a certain period Methods to determine the rate of reaction: Rate of Reaction Rate of reaction is the change in the quantity of reactant or product per unit time. Time taken for the change to occur Rate of reaction = Change in the quantity of reactant / product Unit for rate of reaction : 3 –1 cm s g s –1 Decrease in mass of magnesium tape in 30 seconds increase in the mass, volume or concentration of the product in a certain period. Example : Decrease in the mass, volume or concentration of the reactant in a certain period. Example : 64
65 When the size of solid reactants decreases, the rate of reaction increases When pressure increases, the rate of reaction involving gaseous reactants increases When the concentration of reactants increases, the rate of reaction increases When the temperature of reactant increases, the rate of reaction increases TEMPERATURE When catalyst is used in a reaction, the rate of reaction increases CATALYST CONCENTRATION SIZE PRESSURE Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
Quantity of reactant Quantity of product Use smaller size of solid reactants. Increase temperature of solution. Increase concentration of solution. Presence of catalyst. Increase pressure. Time Fast reaction. Rate of reaction is high. Slow reaction. Rate of reaction is low. Time Fast reaction. Rate of reaction is high. Slow reaction. Rate of reaction is low. Graphs of changes in quantities of reactant and product against time Ways to increase Rate of Reaction 66
Temperature = 450 - 550 Pressure = 200 atm Catalyst = Iron filings Factors that increases the rate of reaction: PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA HABER PROCESS 1 : 3 Nitrogen Hydrogen Ammonia 67 Applications of the Concept of Rate of Reaction
Temperature = 450 CONTACT PROCESS Pressure = 1 atm Catalyst = Vanadium (V) oxide PRODUCTION OF SULPHURIC ACID Factors that increases the rate of reaction: 68
Applications of the Concept of Rate of Reaction in Daily Life Refrigerator lowers the temperature of food or drinks kept in it. Lowering the temperature inhibit the growth of microorganisms and slows down food spoilage. A pressure cooker speeds up cooking time. High pressure in a pressure cooker increases the boiling point of water. Thus food can be cooked at temperatures above 100 Small cut meat cooks faster. The total surface area of meat exposed to heat is greater. 69
Writers & Translators: Cikgu Minah binti Selamat Cikgu Norashikin binti Mohamed @ Fadzil Cikgu Noor Afidah binti Abdul Jalil Chapter 5
Sources from living organisms CARBON COMPOUND Compound that contains element carbon, C ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUND INORGANIC CARBON COMPOUND Sources from non living organisms Petroleum, coal, silk Limestone, carbon dioxide 71
2 Respiration Decaying Fuel combustion 3 processes that release carbon dioxide : 1 2 3 Photosynthesis 1 process that absorb carbon dioxide: 1 Natural phenomena Volcanoes eruption Forest burning Release carbon dioxide 3 1 1 72
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Enable the green plant to carry out photosynthesis. Provide foods for animals. Remove excess carbon dioxide from air to balance the contain of carbon dioxide. Increase the volume of oxygen in the air. 73
Organic carbon compound that only contain hydrogen and carbon elements. Petroleum, Natural gas, Coal Dead marine life, buried in the seabed. Over millions of years, buried deeper and deeper into the seabed under thick layers of rock and mud. Fossils of animals & plants sea Natural Gas Petroleum The combined effects of pressure by the layers of sand and mud, heat and decomposition caused by bacteria changes the buried into petroleum and natural gas. The combined effects of pressure exerted by the layers of rock, heat and decomposition caused by bacteria changes the buried plant fossils into coal. Millions of years ago, dead plants were naturally buried underground. Coal Over millions of years, the remains become buried deeper and deeper into the ground under thick layers of rocks. 74
1. Name the method of separation used in this activity. Fractional distillation 2.Is petroleum a compound or a mixture? Give your reasons. Mixture because the petroleum fractions have different boiling points. 3. Name the distillate obtained from the fractions labelled as follows: (a) Fraction 1: Petrol (b) Fraction 2: Naphtha (c) Fraction 3: Kerosene (d) Fraction 4: Diesel 4. What characteristic of the petroleum fractions is applied in the fractional distillation of petroleum? Different boiling points. 75
Differences Have single covalent bonds between carbon atoms (C-C) SATURATED HYDROCARBONS only contain hydrogen and carbon elements organic carbon compounds COMPARISON SATURATED HYDROCARBONS & UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS Have at least one double covalent bond (C=C) between carbon atoms Example : alkane Example : alkene COMPOUNDS THAT SATURATED WITH HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS THAT UNSATURATED WITH HYDROGEN Similarities 76
Homologous Series : a specific group of organic compounds which have similar chemical properties NUMBER OF CARBONS ALKANE General formula: ALKENE 1 METH...... 2 ETH....... 3 PROP....... 4 BUT........ 5 PENT...... 6 HEX....... METHANE ETHANE PROPANE BUTANE PENTANE HEXANE NONE ETHENE PROPENE BUTENE PENTENE HEXENE 77
Glucose ALCOHOL organic carbon compound contains CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN elements zymase (enzyme in YEAST) alcohol Preparation Process Observation : Limewater become cloudy Inference : Carbon dioxide gas produced ethanol formed here Fermentation process Distillation process Ethanol + Carbon dioxide Ethanol SUGAR YEAST sugar solution + yeast Conical flask test tube limewater 78
Ethanol + oxygen Ethanol + Ethanoic acid Ester + water Fragrant smell Insoluble in water Ester 79 ethanol burns with a blue flame without soot. releases carbon dioxide gas that turn limewater cloudy. colourless liquid at room temperature has a distinctive smell the boiling point increases when its number of carbon atoms increases the solubility in water decreases when its number of carbon atoms increases The Physical Properties of Alcohol Carbon dioxide + water Combustion of alcohol The Chemical Properties of Alcohol Esterification concentrated sulphuric acid (catalyst) Ethanol
a solvent in industry because it can dissolve organic substances food processing, cosmetics paint an antifreeze in industries Industry burns with a blue flame a complete and clean combustion without soot (Eco-friendly) used as a biofuel for motorised vehicles in Philippines Fuel an antiseptic and disinfectant to kill microorganisms a solvent for various types of medicine Medicine a solvent for various cosmetics such as perfume, lotion and lipstick Cosmetics Uses of Alcohol in Daily Life Alcohol 80
Damage to brain cells Compromised coordination and nervous system Disruptions to body balance Difficulty in estimating Effects of Excessive Alcohol Consumption Blurred vision Increased rate of breathing Increased rate of heartbeat High blood pressure Damage liver cells Liver cells die and harden Cirrhosis Liver cancer Kidney damage due to overactive elimination of waste substance Frequent urination 81
SATURATED FATS Solid at room temperature High melting point Number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule is maximum Addition of hydrogen atoms to molecule is not possible Liquid at room temperature Low melting point Number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule is not maximum Addition of hydrogen atoms to molecule is possible UNSATURATED FATS Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Do not dissolve in water Similarities FATS ANIMAL SOURCES PLANT SOURCES 82
cause jaundice Atherosclerosis Hypertension Cholesterol accumulates and deposits on the inner artery walls Disrupt or block flow of blood The artery lumen become narrow Stroke Normal lumen Cholesterol build-up Lumen Fatal heart attack block the bile duct increase cholesterol level in blood form gallstones Effects of Excessive intake of Fats on Health reduce saturated fat intake in diet healthy tips take unsaturated fat to reduce blood cholesterol level Importance of cholesterol building of cell membranes synthesising bile synthesising sex hormones producing vitamin D 83
SHELL (ENDOCARP) does not contain oil PULP (MESOCARP) contains the most palm oil Structure of Oil Palm Fruit KERNEL contains the best quality palm kernel oil 84
Palm Oil Extraction In Laboratory Kernel red in colour more quantity palm oil (PO) Boiling kills microorganisms & softens the pulp palm oil to be squeezed using press Pulp yellow in colour fewer quantity palm kernel oil (PKO) Crude palm oil Crude palm kernel oil 85
Pulp [Extraction of palm oil (PO)] The pulp is squeezed with a hydraulic or spindle press to extract PO. Filtration The pulp fibres are separated from the PO Filtration The kernel is separated from the PKO the Industrial Extraction Process of Palm Oil Bunch of oil palm fruits Sterilisation palm fruits is sterilised with steam to kills microorganisms & softens the pulp Threshing The oil palm fruits are detached from their bunches Digestion The oil palm fruits are reheated at a high temperature and pounded by rotating beater arms to separate the pulp from the shell. Purification Steam is flowed through the PO to remove odour and eliminate acid. PO flows through activated carbon to be decolourise. Pure Palm Oil (PO) Kernel [Extraction of palm kernel oil (PKO)] The kernel is separated from shell The kernel is dried PKO is extracted from it with a hydraulic or spindle press Pure Palm kernel oil (PKO) 86
Palm oil molecule + oxygen free radicals (harmful to human health) Unsaturated fatty acid Components of Palm Oil Palmitic acid Stearic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid Components of Palm Oil Glycerol Fatty acid Saturated fatty acid The Chemical Properties of Palm Oil Oxidation Palm oil molecule + water glycerol + fatty acid Fatty acid molecules of palm oil + alcohol ester (palm oil biodiesel) Esterification Hydrolysis 87
Nutritional Content of Palm Oil The content of saturated fats and unsaturated fats is balanced Rich in vitamin A & E constitute less than 1% sterol, phosphatides, triterpene and aliphatic alcohols Antioxidants (carotene and vitamin E) slow down or stop the oxidation process. palm oil-based products Chocolate Soap Cooking oil Margarine Shampoo Ice cream Cosmetic Medicinal capsules 88
Oil + Concentrated alkali Fatty acid salt + Glycerol (concentrated alkali) (Normal salt ) Salt is added to lower the solubility of soap The remaining filtration produces foam/ smooth taste when shaken with water soap Soap Production (concentrated sodium hydroxide or (soap) concentrated potassium hydroxide) + alkali 89
Cleansing Action of Soap `hydrophobic’ dissolve in oil or grease. TAIL 90 Molecular Components of Soap ‘hydrophilic’ dissolve in water HEAD Head/hydrophilic part of soap molecules will dissolve in water Tail/ hydrophobic part of the soap molecules will dissolve and attach to the greasy dirt on the cloth Brushing will dislodge the greasy dirt from the cloth surface. Soap bubbles produced by soapy water trap greasy droplets. Rinsing will removes greasy dirt. hydroph
QUALITY OF AIR IMPROVES Carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is released during photosynthesis process OPTIMISE LAND USE Replanting oil palm tree ZERO WASTE Oil palm waste is converted into multi-purpose products 1 2 3 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT and its Importance in the Palm Oil Industry Fronds are made into fertiliser Tree trunks as a replacement material for wood Pulp fibre is made into carpets and textile Shells are burnt to boil water Empty bunch made into compost Sewage water of palm oil mills (POME) turned into biogas and fertilisers fertilise r Kompos 91
CHAPTER 6 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Cikgu Wan Rizalmi bin Wan Hanafi Cikgu Syahida binti Omar Cikgu Norbaizura binti Mohd Rashid Writers : Translator : Cikgu Thian Ping Ping
Electrolytic cell Electrochemistry is a study in chemistry that relate between electrical and chemical phenomena. chemical cell Electrolysis process Electrical energy is converted to chemical energy Also known as voltaic cell or galvanic cell Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy 2 types of electrochemical cells 93
Decomposition of a compound (molten or aqueous) into its constituent elements by electric current. ELECTROLYSIS Positive ion moves to cathode Liquid containing cation (+) and anion (-) Negative ion moves to anode Electrode connected to the negative terminal of battery Electrical source Electron movement Control electric current flow in the circuit Electrode connected to the positive terminal of battery ELECTROLYTIC CELL 94
ELECTROLYTE NON-ELECTROLYTE VS Substances that allow electric current to flow through in the molten or aqueous state Substances that do not allow electric current to flow through in the molten or aqueous state Molten lead(II) bromide Molten sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide solution Copper(II) sulphate solution Electrolyte cannot conduct electricity in solid state because ions cannot move freely to conduct electricity. 95
electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide ANODe cAThODe Positively charged plumbum (II) ion (CATION) moves to the cathode (negative electrode) Discharged to form solid plumbum Negatively charged bromide ion (ANION) moves to the anode (positive electrode) Discharged to form bromine gas. Carbon electrode Lead (II) bromide Pb2+ Pb2+ Pb2+ Br - Br - Br - anode cathode anion kation Heat 96
Hydroxide ion dan sulphate ion (anion) move to the anode Hydroxide ion is selected to be discharged to form oxygen gas Carbon electrode Hydroxide ion Copper (II) ion S0 2- 4 H + ELECTROLYSIS Copper (II) ion dan hydrogen ion (cation) move to the cathode. Copper ion is selected to be discharged to form solid copper (brown deposited) Carbon electrode Copper(II) sulphate solution Copper(II) sulphate solution Sulphate ion Hydrogen ion ANODe cAThODe ANION CATION Copper (II) ions are selected to be discharged because Copper (II) ions is less electropositive than hydrogen ions Hydroxide ions are selected to be discharged because the hydroxide ion is less electronegative than sulphate ion OH97