Producing organic fertilizer

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

WEB Organic Agriculture Production NC II
SCRIPT
Producing Organic Fertilizer
UNIT 3
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
Objectives 1. Select good composting site
2. Cary out lay outing
3. Select and prepare raw materials based on PNS
4. Select composting method
5. Perform composting
6. Perform harvesting management
7. Monitor the quality of organic fertilizer
8. Perform proper storage

Introductio
n

LESSON 1 Prepare Composting Area

In this lesson you will learn how to select site for composting, prepared site
lay-out and prepared bed for composting

Topic 1 Site selection

Factors in Incorrect compost site selection can cause major problem, both in the short and
Site long term
selection

Factors Description Image
Surrounding
Land Uses Avoid densely
populated areas and
Location where adjacent land
users may found like
Topography dwelling, hospitals,
religious buildings,
schools, commercial
building etc.).

Locate the facility in
accordance with the
urban plans and zoning
regulations.

It should not be on the
edge of wetlands cor
flood plains. The
composting area must
be slightly slope

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Module Title:
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QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

Size of the The size of the area is

area depend on the size of

production

Input Sources The site should near
enough where
sufficient and regular
deliverable of fresh
waste (like green waste
and animal waste) can
be made at low cost.

Drainage consider an area
whose drainage can be
controlled and should
not cause nuisance or
pollution

Water source Water source should be
regular and meet
quality standards (low
in toxic compounds and
heavy metals, not
extremely saline).

Vehicle traffic Routes for delivery of
garbage and pickup of
residual should be
well-maintained and
easily accessible
throughout the year.

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Accessibility the place should be

accessible to other

utilities, services,

manpower and roads.

Lanes must be built to

support all types of

vehicles and would

provide freedom of

movement

Prevailing The site should be
wind should be downwind
from residential areas.

Environment The site should not
information cause pollution, avoid
water shed area or any
bodies of water that can
be affected by water
run off.

Topic 2 Site lay outing
Common Parts of Composting Area

Parts Description Image

Raw material Area where raw

area material are place and

prepared

Windrow/co Refers to a long low
mposting bin triangular line of
material designed to
achieve the best
conditions

for composting

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Curing Area where harvesting
area/process processes are done
ing area like Air
drying,Sieving,Baggin
g and
Labeling

Storage area Area where finished
product are stored

Buffer zone is the distance and
1.Canal facility to used to
protect the water
sources and minimized
the potential
environmental impact

Facility use to control
run-off and run-on and
easy facilitation of
water flow

2. Sedim Facility used to control

ent trap the sediment run to

water stream

3. Bio-filt Used to treat water
er before running to the

stream

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4. Holdin Used to impound
g pond water from the
composting site for
proper treatment

Example no. 1 Compost site layout(Source: Dr. Munoo Prasad Bord na Mona)

Example no.2 Compost site layout.(Source: Appelhof and McNelly, 1988)

Topic 3 Bed preparation Image
Different bin design
Bed/bin
design Name

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Single bin system

Round wire/vine
Bin

Three bin system

Concrete compost
bin

LESSON 2 Prepare raw materials

Topic1 Selection of raw material

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List of
Raw
Materials
Allowed
by PNS

Topic 2 Preparation of raw materials

Different Did you know that all organic matter has a ratio of Carbon to Nitrogen (C:N) in
C/N of of their tissues? For microorganisms, carbon is the basic building block of life and
raw is a source of energy, but nitrogen is also necessary for such things as proteins,
materials genetic material, and cell structure.

Decomposition of organic materials in your compost pile is greatly increased
when you create the proper balance between the carbonaceous materials
(called BROWN because they are dry) and the nitrogen-rich materials
(called GREEN because they are more fresh and moist).

In compost language, this balance is referred to as the Carbon-Nitrogen ratio,
and shown as C:N.

Microorganisms that digest compost need about 30 parts of carbon for every
part of nitrogen they consume. That's a balanced diet for them. If there's too
much nitrogen, the microorganisms can't use it all and the excess is lost in the
form of smelly ammonia gas. Nitrogen loss due to excess nitrogen in the pile (a
low C:N ratio) can be over 60%. At a C:N ratio of 30 or 35 to 1, only one half of
one percent of the nitrogen will be lost. That's why you don't want too much
nitrogen (fresh manure, for example) in your compost: the nitrogen will be lost in
the air in the form of ammonia gas, and nitrogen is too valuable for plants to
allow it to escape into the atmosphere

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QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

When the nitrogen content is too low for the amount of carbon (for example,
80:1, C:N), organisms will have to recycle the nitrogen through many
generations in order to breakdown the carbon containing material. As organisms
die, their stored nitrogen is then used by other organisms to form new cell
material.

*Rule of the thumb*

➢ Any organic matter that has a C:N ratio generally smaller than 30:1 is
considered a GREEN(nitrogen).

➢ Any organic matter that has a C:N ratio generally larger than 30:1 is
considered a BROWN (carbon).

Estimated Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratios

Green Brown

Material C:N Material C:N

Aged Chicken 7:1 Ashes, wood 25:1
Manure

Humus (soil) 10:1 Cardboard, 350:1
shredded

Coffee grounds 20:1 Corn stalks 75:1

Food waste 20:1 Fruit waste 35:1

Garden waste 30:1 Leaves 60:1
(Clippings from
plants, stalks,
dead flowers,
etc)

Grass clippings 20:1 Newspaper, 175:1
shredded

Hay 25:1 Peanut shells 35:1

Cow manure 20-23:1 Peat moss 58:1

Seaweed 19:1 Sawdust 325:1

Vegetable 25:1 rice Straw 60-65:1
scraps

Weeds 30:1 Woody chips and 700:1
twigs

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Fruits waste 25-40:1 Saw dust 500:1
Hog manure 10-14:1 Corncob 65-70:1
Peanut straw 19:1 Cane bagasse 105:1
Sesbania 18:1 Soybean stover 55:1

How to balance the C/N?

Generally speaking, you can get C:N ratios of 30:1 to 35:1 by adding two parts
of a GREEN material to one part of a BROWN material to your bin. A "part" can
be defined as a certain quantity of the material.

Play with the table above. For example, humus (soil), age chicken manure and
corn stalk come close to an average of 30:1. How? Add-up the Carbon side of
the ratio for all three materials, i.e. 10, 7, 75, and divide by the number of
materials, i.e. three. 92/3 = about 31:1.

Process of Process Description Image
preparatio
n Shredding/cutting
materials
of Shredding or grinding

the raw materials for

composting can

produce several

beneficial results,

particularly when using

leaves, woody plants,

corn stalks, and other

bulky materials.

Shredding or grinding

organic materials

makes it more

susceptible to beneficial

bacteria in the pile

because a greater

surface area is exposed

and the natural defense

resistance of vegetation

against microbial

invasion is disrupted.

The most desirable size

of particles for

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composting is less than
2 inches,

Weighing

LESSON 3 Carry out composting process

Topic 1 Selection of composting method

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Composti Common Composting Method

ng Method

Method Description Image

Open Air Composting Open Air

Composting is

generally considered

to be a Hot

Composting method.

This is the

traditionally pile of

green and brown

matter in the

backyard.

Direct/Pit or Trench is simply digging a
Composting
hole or trench in the

ground and burying

the scraps.t is also

probably the oldest

and most effective

method of

composting, but like

all other methods of

composting it too

has its

limitations. The

main one being that

it takes a long time

to decompose

unless you chop

everything up

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Tumbler Composting

Is an ingenious design
which makes aerating
compost as easy as
turning a handle. This
is one of the choice
composting methods
for folks who live in a
condo, or with very
little (or no) yard
space.

Worm Composting This is the used of

help from the

earthworm for

composting organic

material. One of the

common worm used

in the Philippines is

African Night

Crawler

Force aeration Static The method uses a

pile method blower to aerate the

compost pile.

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Pro and Method Pro Cons
Cons of
different
compostin
g method

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Open Air ➢ Inexpensive ➢ Requires regular
Composting ➢ manual turning (if
Zero prep work hot)
➢ required
➢ Might attract
➢ Hot or cold pests
composting ➢
➢ Emits methane
Easy to harvest

Requires ample
yard space

➢ Unattractive &
unappealing

Direct/Pit or Trench ➢ Inexpensive ➢ Requires digging
a hole/trench
Composting ➢ No turning

required ➢ Composting meat

➢ Invisible or dairy products
➢
might create

Feeds garden in pathogens &
situ (you can bury
scraps wherever attract pests
you plan to
garden) ➢ Takes a long time
➢ to break down

Hot composting
not possible

➢ Not portable

➢ You need to store
food waste until
you can bury it

➢ Requires
garden/yard
space

Tumbler Composting ➢ Easy to turn ➢ Hot composting is

➢ Can be kept in not easy due to
small (outdoor)
spaces due to turning regularity,
small size
which spreads

pathogens &

weed seeds

➢ Keeps out vermin ➢ Limited volume

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Worm Composting ➢ Small-space ➢ Requires regular

friendly (including moisture

indoors) ➢ Attracts pests,

➢ Low-maintenance including fruit flies

system ➢ Danger of

➢ Tidy materials poisoning or

➢ All year round overfeeding of
composting worms (ex: only a
possible small amount of
meat, or none at

➢ Creates compost all)

tea as well as ➢ Drainage & some
worm casings
maintenance/care

required

➢ Not ideal for
people or children
with tactile
sensitivities

Force aeration Static
pile method

Topic 2 Composting management

Factors In Factors Affecting composting rate
Composti
ng Rate

➢ Aearation

In aerobic composting, the organism acting on the material needs oxygen for
their aerobic metabolism and respiration.Oxygen is also needed to oxidized the
organic molecule or compounds in the material. One of the aims in turning the
pile is to allow oxygen to enter the mass and to expel the accumulated carbon
dioxide generated by the organism.

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➢ Temperature

During the organic matter decomposition, the energy release which is not used
by the organism is liberated as heat. Heat builds up in the compost pile because
natural insulation is high and heat dispersion is low. High temperature is good
for speeding up composting and for killing the pathogens but excessively high
and prolong high temperature retards decomposition of organic materials. The
optimum temperature for rapid aerobic composting of organic materials is
between 55 to 65 degree Celsius (Parr et al 1994).

➢ Moisture Content

Aerobic decomposition proceeds best between 40% and 70% moisture with
good aeration. A high moisture content must be avoided because water
displaces air from between the particles and gives rise to anaerobic conditions
which limit composting organisms. However, too low a moisture content
deprives the organisms of the water needed for their metabolism, and
consequently, also inhibits their activity.

If the moisture content falls much below 40%, many of the organisms will cease
to function. Moisture content above 70% may cause the pile to go anaerobic,
thereby producing foul odors. Also, nutrients may be leached and
decomposition will be very slow at the higher moisture content. When the
composting materials are picked up in the hand and squeezed, just a few drop
of water should come out. If excess water comes out, the pile is too wet. The pile
should be turned to remove excess water, to loosen materials and to oxygenate
the pile. Also, the addition of dry materials will soak up the excess moisture.

In hotter climates, covering a compost pile will help retain moisture. Also,
covering compost piles in the summer may conserve moisture, while in very
rainy areas covering the pile may help to keep it from becoming too soggy.

➢ Carbon and Nitrogen Ratio

Decomposition of organic materials in your compost pile is greatly increased
when you create the proper balance between the carbonaceous materials
(called BROWN because they are dry) and the nitrogen-rich materials
(called GREEN because they are more fresh and moist).

In compost language, this balance is referred to as the Carbon-Nitrogen ratio,
and shown as C:N.

Microorganisms that digest compost need about 30 parts of carbon for every
part of nitrogen they consume. That's a balanced diet for them. If there's too
much nitrogen, the microorganisms can't use it all and the excess is lost in the
form of smelly ammonia gas. Nitrogen loss due to excess nitrogen in the pile (a

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low C:N ratio) can be over 60%. At a C:N ratio of 30 or 35 to 1, only one half of
one percent of the nitrogen will be lost. That's why you don't want too much
nitrogen (fresh manure, for example) in your compost: the nitrogen will be lost in
the air in the form of ammonia gas, and nitrogen is too valuable for plants to
allow it to escape into the atmosphere

When the nitrogen content is too low for the amount of carbon (for example,
80:1, C:N), organisms will have to recycle the nitrogen through many
generations in order to breakdown the carbon containing material. As organisms
die, their stored nitrogen is then used by other organisms to form new cell
material.

➢ pH

The optimum pH for composting various mixture of organic wastes range from
5.0 to 9.0 based on research findings. Bacteria prefer a pH close to neutral,
while fungi develop better in fairly acid environment. Some organic waste have
the following pH: corncobs-5.9, vegetable waste-6.8-8.0, green manure-5.5, hog
manure 8.4 and chicken manure 8.7.

When the composting process begins, the pH decreases due to the breakdown
of complex carbonaceous materials to organic acid intermediates by acid
forming bacteria.

➢ Particle Size

Shredding of organic materials into smaller pieces creates more surface area for
biochemical reaction for faster decomposition. However, excessive fineness of
the substrates may result in decreased porosity of the compost pile, compaction
and aerobic condition.

➢ Thickness and Bulk Density of Compost Pile

The thicker the pile the lower its porosity and the higher the bulk density. This
result in the inside of the pile becoming too anaerobic.

Composti Composting Procedure

ng

Procedure

➢ OPEN AIR COMPOSTING

RESOURCES
✓ Yard space

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✓ Shovel
✓ Green material
✓ brown materials

HOW-TO

✓ Designate area in your yard or garden (minimum 2 ft x 2 ft)
✓ Collect browns & lay them down as base layer
✓ Collect “greens” & add them to brown layer
✓ Add browns & greens regularly
✓ Ensure heap remains moist
✓ *Optional (for hot compost): Mix once a week, or when internal temperature

reaches 150 - 160℉

➢ DIRECT/PIT OR TRENCH COMPOSTING

RESOURCES

✓ Yard space
✓ Shovel
✓ Green materials
✓ brown materials

HOW-TO

✓ Designate area in your yard or garden (minimum 2 ft x 2 ft)
✓ Dig a hole
✓ Collect “greens” & add them to the hole
✓ Cover the “greens” with soil and pack down with shovel
✓ *Optional (to protect soil layer): add “brown” material over “greens” prior to

covering the hole with soil

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➢ TUMBLER COMPOSTING

RESOURCES

✓ 55 gallon drum with turning mechanism/compost tumbler
✓ Shovel
✓ soil
✓ Green materials
✓ brown materials

HOW-TO

✓ Install tumbler - preferably an outdoor space with good ventilation
✓ Collect “greens” & add them to the tumbler
✓ Collect “browns” and add them to the tumbler
✓ add rich soil once or twice per load to increase microbes
✓ Turn handle 1-3 times a week

➢ WORM COMPOSTING

RESOURCES

✓ Worm bin
✓ Green materials
✓ Brown materials
✓ Worm (ANC)

HOW-TO

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✓ Dig a series of pit 3m x 4 m x 1 m deep, with sloping side
✓ Line the pit with materials , e.g. sack to keep the worms from going to

surrounding area
✓ Fill the pit with green and brown material. Cover lightly with soil and keep

moist for about a week
✓ Water the spot in the pile then transfer the soil (0.5 kg to 1 kg of worm per

meter squared
✓ Leave the pit for two months

➢ FORCE AERATION STATIC PILE METHOD

RESOURCES

✓ bin
✓ Perforated pipe
✓ Blower
✓ Green materials
✓ Brown materials

HOW-TO

✓ Collect browns & lay them down as base layer
✓ Pile organic materials over a based of brown materials (e.g. chopped rice

straw, wood chips corncobs)
✓ Lay a perforated pipe of the based of porous material along the length of

the compost heap. Force aeration is done through the pipe
✓ Pile the materials to a height of 1.5 - 2.4 meter. Spread a layer of finished

compost on the top to reduce drying, insulate the heap from heat loss, keep
off flies, reduced amonia volatilization and suppress odor

LESSON 4 Harvest compost

Topic 1 Harvesting management

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Good characteristic of compost

➢ Compost should be dark brown in colour with profuse fire fangs.
➢ Compost should have moisture percentage of about 68-70 percent.
➢ pH of the compost should be in the range of 7.2-7.8.
➢ There should not be any smell of ammonia.
➢ It should not be sticky or greasy.
➢ It should be free from insects and nematodes.

Compost Processing

➢ Collection
➢ Air drying
➢ Sieving

➢ Bagging

➢ Labeling

Topic 2 Monitoring Of Quality

Process of Sampling for laboratory analysis
Sampling

All finished products should be subjected to lot sampling for laboratory analysis
using the following procedure:

For composite sampling of solid products:

1. Present to the inspector the production documents containing the number of
bags per batch number and bag number.

2. The inspector will randomly select the Bag number.

3. The selected bags will be emptied into a clean area. All contents of the
selected bags (maximum of 5 bags) will be thoroughly mixed.

4. Submit five kilograms (5 kg) of the composite sample to the laboratory.

5. Information relative to the sample taken must be accurate and complete to
allow traceability of the sample back to the lot from which it was sampled.

Required Number of Samples for Solid Products (Table 6.1, PNS/BAFS

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40:2014)

Number of bags*/ per batch Bags to be sampled
<50 2
51 to 100 3
101 to 300 8
301 to 500 15
501 to 1000 20
More than 1000 Multiples of 20
NOTE:
* 1 bag = 50 kg

NOTE: If the samples analyzed do not conform to the standards, the inspecting

Certifying Body (CB) should review the production process which may include
bulk sampling. (PNS/BAFS 40:2014)

Labeling The label for sample should have a:
for sample

➢ Production date

➢ Substrate used

➢ Volume of production

Accredited
Laborator
y

Topic 3 Storing of compost

Packaging Packaging

➢ About 5 kg or less should be packed in polyethylene bags with 0.025
thickness

➢ More than 5 kg shall be packed in the woven polypropylene sack lned with
polyethylene

➢ For bulk purpose, the materials may be delivered in any manner agreed
upon by the by the seller and the buyer

➢ Organic fertilizer shall be packed in the following sizes according to weight

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or mass Tolerance (g)
Mass (kg) +200
50 +150
25 +100
10 +50
5 +10
1

Parts of Panel Layout for Labeling Bags and sachets (PNS/BAFS 40:2014)
Label

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