GS VOL 1

ESE 2018

U P S C   E N G I N E E R I N G   S E R V I C E S   E X A M I N AT I O N

Preliminary Examination

Paper General Studies and

I Engineering Aptitude

Vol. 1

General Principles of Design, Drawing and Importance of Safety
Standards and Quality Practices in Production, Construction,
Maintenance and Services
Basics of Energy and Environment

Comprehensive Theory with Practice Questions
and ESE Solved Questions

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ESE 2018 Prelims : General Studies and Engineering Aptitude : Vol.-1

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Preface

The compilation of this book General Studies and
Engineering Aptitude (Vol. 1) was motivated by the
desire to provide a concise book which can benefit
students to understand the concepts of General Studies
and Engineering Aptitude topics.

This textbook General Studies and Engineering
Aptitude (Vol. 1) provides all the requirements of
the students, i.e. comprehensive coverage of theory,
fundamental concepts and objective type questions articulated in a lucid language. The concise
presentation will help the readers grasp the theory of this subject with clarity and apply them with
ease to solve objective questions quickly. This book not only covers the syllabus of ESE in a holistic
manner but is also useful for many other competitive examinations. All the topics are given the
emphasis they deserve so that mere reading of the book clarifies all the concepts.

We have put in our sincere efforts to present detailed theory and MCQs without compromising the
accuracy of answers. For the interest of the readers, some notes, do you know and interesting facts
are given in the comprehensive manner. At the end of each chapter, sets of practice question are
given with their keys, that will allow the readers to evaluate their understanding of the topics and
sharpen their question solving skills.

Our team has made their best efforts to remove all possible errors of any kind. Nonetheless, we would
highly appreciate and acknowledge if you find and share with us any printing and conceptual errors.

It is impossible to thank all the individuals who helped us, but we would like to sincerely thank all
the authors, editors and reviewers for putting in their efforts to publish this book.

With Best Wishes
B. Singh

CMD, MADE EASY



General Studies and Vol. 1 Contents
Engineering Aptitude

General Principles of Design, Drawing and Importance of Safety

General Principles of Design 4.5 EVAD (Design EVAluation) Method....................33
4.6 Weighted Decision Matrix.....................................34
Chapter 1 4.7 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)........................34
Objective Brain Teasers............................................35
Engineering Design Process......................1
Chapter 5
1.1 Introduction.................................................................. 1
1.2 Engineering Design Process...................................... Embodiment Design & Detail Design .... 36
1.3 Design Method versus Scientific Method.......... 3
1.4 Steps in Engineering Design process.................. 3 5.1 Introduction................................................................36
1.5 Description of Design Process............................... 4 5.2 Product Architecture...............................................36
1.6 Sequential and Concurrent Engineering........... 7 5.3 Configuration Design..............................................37
Objective Brain Teasers.............................................. 8 5.4 Parametric Design....................................................38
5.5 Industrial Design.......................................................42
Chapter 2 5.6 Prototyping.................................................................45
5.7 Testing..........................................................................47
Problem Definition and Information 5.8 Detail Design..............................................................47
Gathering................................................. 10 Objective Brain Teasers............................................49

2.1 Introduction................................................................10 Chapter 6
2.2 Preliminary Research on Customer Needs......10
2.3 Customer Requirement..........................................11 Design of Machine Elements.................. 50
2.4 Establishing the Engineering Characteristics.13
2.5 Quality Function Deployment (QFD).................14 6.1 Chain Drive..................................................................50
2.6 Product Design Specification...............................16 6.2 Belt Drive......................................................................52
2.7 Gathering Information............................................16 6.3 Clutches........................................................................59
2.8 Information Gathering for a Particular PDS.....17 Objective Brain Teasers............................................66
Objective Brain Teasers............................................20
General Principles of Drawing
Chapter 3 Chapter 7
Basics of Engineering Drawing............... 69
Generate Multiple Solutions................... 21
7.1 What is Engineering Drawing?.............................69
3.1 Introduction................................................................21 7.2 Classification of Engineering Drawing..............69
3.2 Introduction to Creative Thinking......................21 7.3 Drawing Instruments...............................................69
3.3 Creativity and Problem Solving...........................23 7.4 Engineering Scales...................................................73
3.4 Concept Generation Methods.............................26 7.5 Drawing Standards...................................................77
Objective Brain Teasers............................................30 7.6 Layout of a Drawing Sheet....................................77
7.7 Lines...............................................................................78
Chapter 4 7.8 Lettering.......................................................................79
7.9 Dimensioning.............................................................81
Analyse and Select a Solution................ 31 7.10 Geometric Constructions and Curves...............87
Objective Brain Teasers............................................95
4.1 Introduction................................................................31
4.2 Decision Making........................................................31
4.3 Evaluation Process....................................................32
4.4 Pugh Chart (Datum Method)................................33

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Chapter 8 10.14 Determining True Length and True inclinations
of a Line..................................................................... 122
Orthographic Projections....................... 97
10.15 Different Positions of a Line for its Traces wrt
8.1 Introduction................................................................97 the HP and the VP.................................................. 123
8.2 Methods of Projection............................................97
8.3 Planes of Projection.................................................98 Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 125
8.4 Types of Orthographics..........................................99
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 103 Chapter 11

Chapter 9 Projections of Planes............................. 127

Projection of Points............................... 108 11.1 Introduction............................................................. 127
11.2 Traces of Planes...................................................... 127
9.1 Introduction............................................................. 108 11.3 Types of Planes....................................................... 127
9.2 Projections of a Point in the First Quadrant. 108 11.4 Projection of Planes.............................................. 127
9.3 Projections of a Point in Second Quadrant.. 109 Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 129
9.4 Projections of a Point in Third Quadrant....... 109
9.5 Projections of a Point in Fourth Quadrant.... 110 Chapter 12
9.6 Projections of Points Lying on Horizontal ............
Projections of Solids.............................. 131
Projection Plane..................................................... 111
9.7 Projections of Points Lying on Vertical .................. 12.1 Introduction............................................................. 131
12.2 Types of Solids........................................................ 131
Projection Plane..................................................... 111 12.3 Projection of Solids............................................... 134
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 112 Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 140

Chapter 10 Chapter 13

Projection of Lines................................. 114 Sections, Development and Intersection
of Solids................................................. 141
10.1 Introduction............................................................. 114
10.2 Positions of a Line with Respect to HP andVP.......114 13.1 Section of Solids..................................................... 141
10.3 Projection of a Line Parallel to Both HP and VP 13.2 Intersection of Solids............................................ 154
13.3 Development of Surfaces................................... 157
but Contained in Neither................................... 114 Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 159
10.4 Projection of a Line Contained in HP and
Importance of Safety
Parallel to VP............................................................ 115
10.5 Projection of a Line Contained in VP and Chapter 14

Parallel to HP........................................................... 116 Safety and its Importance..................... 161
10.6 Projection of a Line Perpendicular to the HP
14.1 Introduction............................................................. 161
and Parallel to VP................................................... 116 14.2 Need for Safety....................................................... 161
10.7 Projection of a Straight Line Perpendicular to 14.3 OSHA Safety and Health Program

the VP and Parallel to the HP............................. 117 Management Guidelines..................................... 165
10.8 Projection of a Line Contained in the HP and 14.4 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS).......... 167
14.5 Fire Safety Engineering........................................ 169
Inclined to the VP................................................... 117 14.6 Safety in Construction.......................................... 174
10.9 Projection of a Line Contained in the VP and 14.7 Safety in Demolition
(Construction in Reverse).................................... 184
Inclined to the HP.................................................. 118 14.8 Hazardous Waste Management....................... 185
10.10 Projection of a Line Contained in both the HP 14.9 Electrical Safety...................................................... 189
14.10 Safety in Engineering Industry......................... 191
and the VP................................................................ 119 14.11 Safety in Agriculture............................................. 195
10.11 Projection of a Line Inclined to the HP and 14.12 Occupational Health and Safety in India....... 196
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 203
Parallel to the VP.................................................... 119
10.12 Projection of a Line Inclined to the VP and

Parallel to the HP.................................................... 120
10.13 Projection of a Line inclined to both the VP and

the HP......................................................................... 121

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Standards and Quality Practices in Production,
Construction,Maintenance and Services

Chapter 1 Chapter 6

Quality...................................................................206 ISO Standards.......................................................257
1.1 What is Quality?...................................................... 206 6.1 Introduction............................................................. 257
1.2 Cost of Quality......................................................... 208 6.2 ISO 9000..................................................................... 257
1.3 Methods for Generating Solution to 6.3 ISO 14000.................................................................. 260
Improve Quality...................................................... 210 6.4 OHSAS 18000........................................................... 262
1.4 Quality Process ....................................................... 210 6.5 Emission Norms...................................................... 263
1.5 Contribution of Quality Gurus........................... 211 Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 266
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 213
Chapter 7
Chapter 2
Inventory Control.................................................268
Quality Control Tools............................................214 7.1 Inventory................................................................... 268
2.1 Introduction............................................................. 214 7.2 Types of Models...................................................... 270
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 225 7.3 Selective Inventory Management.................... 279
7.5 Line Balancing......................................................... 280
Chapter 3 Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 284

Sampling...............................................................226 Chapter 8
3.1 Sampling................................................................... 226
3.2 Acceptance Sampling........................................... 226 Quality in Construction and Services..................290
3.3 Sampling Plan.......................................................... 227 8.1 Introduction............................................................. 290
3.4 Sampling Terms...................................................... 230 8.2 Methodology to Improve Quality in
3.5 Operating Characteristic Curve (OC Curve).. 231
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 234 Construction............................................................ 292
8.3 Service Quality........................................................ 292
Chapter 4 Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 294

Total Quality Management..................................236 Chapter 9
4.1 Introduction............................................................. 236
4.2 Principles of TQM.................................................... 238 Maintenance.........................................................296
4.3 Taguchi Approaches in TQM............................. 241 9.1 Reliability................................................................... 296
4.4 Quality Function Deployment (QFD).............. 243 9.2 Maintainability........................................................ 298
4.5 Other Methods Utilizes along TQM to Increase 9.3 Different Types of Maintenance........................ 300
9.4 Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)....... 305
Efficiency................................................................... 245 Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 307
4.6 Benefits of TQM....................................................... 247
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 247 Chapter 10

Chapter 5 Non-Destructive Examination.............................310
10.1 Non-Destructive Testing...................................... 310
Six Sigma...............................................................249 10.2 Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) .............. 312
5.1 Historical View......................................................... 249 10.3 PT Techniques.......................................................... 316
5.2 Six Sigma Methodology....................................... 251 10.4 RT Techniques.......................................................... 318
5.3 Different Levels in Six Sigma.............................. 253 10.5 UT Techniques......................................................... 319
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 255 10.6 ET Techniques.......................................................... 321
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 322

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Basics of Energy and Environment

Chapter 1 Chapter 4

Energy & its Conservation....................................325 Climate Change.....................................................411
1.1 Introduction............................................................ 325 4.1 Introduction............................................................ 411
1.2 Renewable Energy Resources........................... 326 4.2 Greenhouse Gases................................................ 412
1.3 Non-renewable Energy Resources.................. 337 4.3 Global Warming..................................................... 414
1.4 Chemical Sources of Energy.............................. 339 4.4 Causes of Climate Change................................. 417
1.5 Energy Conservation............................................ 340 4.5 Evidences of Climate Change........................... 419
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 343 4.6 Conventions on Climate Change..................... 420
4.7 National Action Plan on Climate Change..... 424
Chapter 2 Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 425

Environment & its Conservation.........................346 Chapter 5
2.1 Introduction............................................................ 346
2.2 Ecology...................................................................... 349 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)............428
2.3 Ecosystem................................................................ 350 5.1 Introduction............................................................ 428
2.4 Biome......................................................................... 359 5.2 EIA Regulations...................................................... 429
2.5 Biodiversity.............................................................. 360 5.3 Steps in Environmental Impact Assessment
2.6 Environmental Degradation.............................. 371 Process...................................................................... 430
2.7 Conservation of Environment........................... 372 5.4 Roles of Parties in EIA Process .......................... 432
2.8 Environmental Events.......................................... 376 5.5 Forms of Impact Assessment............................ 433
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 377 5.6 Benefits of EIA......................................................... 433
5.7 Limitations of EIA.................................................. 434
Chapter 3 5.8 Environmental Considerations......................... 434
5.9 Ecological Considerations.................................. 434
Environmental Pollution and Degradation.......386 5.10 Green Public Procurement (GPP)..................... 434
3.1 Introduction............................................................ 386 Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 435
3.2 Classifications of Pollution................................. 386
3.3 Environmental Laws for Controlling
Pollution................................................................... 403
Objective Brain Teasers......................................... 405

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ASection

General Principles of Design,
Drawing and Importance of

Safety