ICoRAST2021 PROGRAM BOOK

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON 1

RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

20th October 2021

https://icorast.usim.edu.my

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

OrgOanrigz1ea9d/n1bi0zy/e2F0da2c1buyltyFoafcSucliteyncoef&STceiechnncoelo&gyT, UeScIhMnology, USIM

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Copyright © 2021 ICoRAST2021

This booklet contains the abstracts for the Scientific Session papers as submitted by the authors. Abstracts are in paper-code order. Author(s) in
this publication has mentioned and verified that the abstracts submitted has never been published or presented in other publications.

Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai,
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan,
MALAYSIA.

3rd International Conference On Recent Advancement In Science And Technology 2021 (ICoRAST2021)
Science & Technology: Moving Forward.
BUFaancnivudelatryrsioBtifaSrSuaciinNesnilacIise,laamndMTaelcahynsioal,ogy,
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan,

MALAYSIA.
 [email protected]

 https://icorast.usim.edu.my

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 3| 3

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Behold! in the creation of the heavens and the earth; in the alternation of the night and the day; in the sailing of the
ships through the ocean for the profit of mankind; in the rain which Allah Sends down from the skies, and the life
which He gives therewith to an earth that is dead; in the beasts of all kinds that He scatters through the earth; in the
change of the winds, and the clouds which they Trail like their slaves between the sky and the earth;- (Here) indeed
are Signs for a people that are wise.
Sesungguhnya pada kejadian langit dan bumi; dan (pada) pertukaran malam dan siang; dan (pada) kapal-kapal yang
belayar di laut dengan membawa benda-benda yang bermanfaat kepada manusia; demikian juga (pada) air hujan
yang Allah turunkan dari langit lalu Allah hidupkan dengannya tumbuh-tumbuhan di bumi sesudah matinya, serta Ia
biakkan padanya dari berbagai-bagai jenis binatang; demikian juga (pada) peredaran angin dan awan yang tunduk
(kepada kuasa Allah) terapung-apung di antara langit dengan bumi; sesungguhnya (pada semuanya itu) ada tanda-
tanda (yang membuktikan keesaan Allah kekuasaanNya, kebijaksanaanNya, dan keluasan rahmatNya) bagi kaum yang
(mahu) menggunakan akal fikiran.
(Al-Baqarah 2:164)

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 5| 5

Preface

ICoRAST2021 intends to bring together a range of new scientific and technological developments and
challenges. Its primary objective is to address the needs of the country via technology sharing and knowledge
dissemination through strong ties with industry experts, scientists and academicians. It seeks to bring
together leading experts, scientists, researchers, scholars and students to discuss and share expertise,
insight, and study on advancement aspects of the new and advanced science and technology disciplines in
various subjects. This conference will offer an impetus for new networks to be developed and will also
address the functional problems faced and the different solutions implemented in their fields worldwide to
date.

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 6| 6

ICoRAST2021 COMMITTEE

Y. Bhg. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ridza bin Wahiddin Patron
Y. Bhg. Prof. Dr. Rosalina Binti Abdul Salam Advisor

Prof. Ts. Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Hj. Mohamad Isa Chairman
Prof. Madya Dr. Nurfadhlina Binti Abdul Halim Vice Chairman
Dr. Syaza Binti Azhari Secretary

Dr. Siti Masitah Binti Elias Treasurer
Dr. Asmah Binti Mohd Jaapar Deputy Treasurer

COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Cik Siti Rozainah Roslan Treasury

Dr. Siti Radhiah Binti Omar Scientific, Journals & Publications

Dr. Mohd Fadzli Bin Marhusin Scientific, Journals & Publications

Dr. Shahrina Binti Ismail Scientific, Journals & Publications

Dr. Nur Amalina Binti Mohd Amin Scientific, Journals & Publications

Dr. Mohd Ifwat Bin Mohd Ghazali Scientific, Journals & Publications

Dr. Syahida Binti Suhaimi Invitation, Registration, Certificates & Souvenirs

Dr. Ismatul Nurul Asyikin Binti Ismail Invitation, Registration, Certificates & Souvenirs

Dr. Azrul Azim Bin Mohd Yunus Invitation, Registration, Certificates & Souvenirs

Dr. Azira Binti Khalil Logistic & Technical

Dr. Nur Atiqah Binti Nasir Logistic & Technical

En. Wan Shahrol Aznor Bin Wan Osman Logistic & Technical

Dr. Nur Hafiza Binti Zakaria Publicity & Multimedia

Dr. Syamila Binti Mansor Publicity & Multimedia

Dr. Affa Rozana Binti Abd Rashid Financial Generation & Sponsorship

Dr. Sofina Binti Tamam Financial Generation & Sponsorship

Dr. Noor 'Adilah Binti Ibrahim Financial Generation & Sponsorship

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 7| 7

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CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
ICoRAST2021 COMMITTEE PAGE
WELCOME ADDRESS 5
WELCOME MESSAGE 7
KEYNOTE ABSTRACT 10
11
• Academic
• Industry 12
PROGRAM SCHEDULE 13
ABSTRACT 15-17
• Biology
• Chemistry 18-22
• Physics 23-29
• Mathematics 30-41
• Computer science 42-47
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 48-54
SPONSORS
56
Organized by Faculty of Science & Technology, USIM 57

9|

WELCOME ADDRESS

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and greetings,

On behalf of the Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), we warmly
welcome you to the International Conference on Recent Advancement in Science and Technology (ICoRAST
2021). This is our third ICoRAST and we faced a tough decision for not able to organise a face-to-face
conference. Restrictions in travel conditions and social distancing due to the pandemic will only allow us to
organize a virtual conference. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all our
organizing committee members for their dedication and tireless support for this event.

The objective of this conference is to bring together a range of new scientific and technological developments
and challenges to the society. Its primary objective is to address the needs of the country via technology
sharing and knowledge dissemination through strong ties with industry experts, scientists, and academicians. It
is also seeking to bring together leading experts, scientists, researchers, scholars, and students to discuss and
share expertise, insight, and study on advancement aspects of the new and advanced science and technology
disciplines in various subjects. ICoRAST 2021 hopefully will be able to offer an impetus for new networks to be
developed and will also address the functional problems faced and the different solutions implemented in their
fields worldwide to date.

The conference plays a strategic function: it provides a scientific forum for interdisciplinary discussions, from
where we expect the emergence of novel ideas and effective collaborations to create solutions for sustainable
development. We firmly believe that ICoRAST 2021 will contribute to the advancement of science and
technology that plays important roles in the achievement of Strategic Focus of Higher Education 2021. We also
express our gratitude to sponsoring organizations, members of the organizing committee, and valued
participants who make this event successful. With your participation, we do believe that this conference can
serve as an instrumental starting point for more intensive actions and collaborations among its stakeholders in
the future.

Finally, let us not miss this opportunity to engage and share our experiences in this virtual conference. We wish
you a productive and memorable virtual conference and hope you will enjoy your time at ICoRAST 2021.

Prof. Dr. Rosalina Abdul Salam

Dean, Faculty of Science & Technology, USIM

ICoRAST2021 Advisor

Organized by Faculty of Science & Technology, USIM 10 |

WELCOME MESSAGE

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and greetings,
On behalf of the organizing committee and Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), we would
like to welcome all participants to the 3rd International Conference On Recent Advancement In
Science And Technology 2021 (ICoRAST2021).
This scientific meeting hosted by the Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM held once every
2 years and this third meeting is held on October 20th, 2021. And due to the COVID-19
pandemic, which effecting the whole world, ICoRAST2021 is held virtually for the first time.
Reflecting from the theme “Science & Technology: Moving Forward”, ICoRAST2021 assembled
subject matter experts to share their views, thoughts and latest findings of their research in the
field of chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and computer science, which shows that the
advancements of S&T are persistent and unrestrained.
It is my sincere and humble hope that ICoRAST2021 will provide an ultimate platform in sharing
advances in science and technology thus shall create many potential networking opportunities
for everyone to further expand their research advancement.
I wish to express my heartiest appreciation to each and every members of the organizing
committee, distinguished speakers, enthusiastic presenters and energetic participants for their
sincere contributions to this symposium.
Finally, my team and I are so grateful and would like to express our appreciation to our
sponsors for their continuous supports in making this event possible and successful.
Thank you.

Prof. Ts. Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Hj. Mohamad Isa
Chairman, ICoRAST2021

Organized by Faculty of Science & Technology, USIM 11 |

KEYNOTE ABSTRACT
Academic

Professor of Informatics Engineering and Information System, Bina Nusantara University, Indonesia.
President of IEEE Indonesia Section Computer Society.

CONTINUOUS MONITORING USING PROCESS MINING IN DIGITAL PUBLIC SERVICES
ABSTRACT

Digital transformation, which affects both the private and governmental sectors,
requires continuous process audits. Process mining is one of the techniques for
auditing processes (PM). There has never been an audit or ongoing monitoring based
on PM or the level of technological adoption in the public sector. The purpose of this
study was to provide a framework for continuous auditing and monitoring using PM as
a method of assessing performance and process compliance. The study paradigm
utilized is Design Science Research Methodology, which combines various techniques
for acceptability testing on the digitalization of population administration services,
including a systematic literature review, the Delphi method, demonstration, and
Structural Equation Modeling. The PRO-CAM framework is the outcome of the study,
and it consists of six (six) workflow components and forty (forty) sub-components, or
continuous audit and monitoring tasks based on PM. This framework serves as the
foundation for building applications that include event-log automation as a means of
conducting continuous auditing and monitoring. The appropriateness and performance
of a process may be determined based on the kind of PM used. The following outcome
is the validation of the technology acceptance model, namely the PRO-CAM application
for continuous auditing and monitoring of business processes.
Keywords: Continuous Monitoring Using Process Mining in Digital Public Services

Organized by Faculty of Science & Technology, USIM 12 |

KEYNOTE ABSTRACT
Industry

Director of Damansara PMC Services Sdn. Bhd.
President of Society of Medical and Biological Engineering (MSMBE) Malaysia.

UNAVOIDABLE IMPACT OF COVID19 PANDEMIC TO MALAYSIAN HEALTHCARE
PLAYERS - GROWTH OR SURVIVAL?
ABSTRACT

The Covid-19 pandemic has created a vast effect affecting Malaysian healthcare
players both in the public and private sector. Including those, non-healthcare
companies rushed-venture into healthcare related business. The aim of this
presentation is to share the unavoidable impact of Covid-19 on existing
Malaysian healthcare business players for their survival and growth, surfacing all
their action taken in reducing business losses, keeping them technologically
afloat and stay digitally relevance through this Covid-19 pandemic and post
pandemic.
Keywords: Covid-19, impact, healthcare, survival, Malaysian

Organized by Faculty of Science & Technology, USIM 13 |

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ICoRAST2021 PROGRAM SCHEDULE

Overall program schedule

TIME PROGRAMME
08:30 – 08:30
08:30 – 09:00 Participants enter online platform (Main Platform)

09:00 – 10:15 Welcoming Speech Prof. Ts. Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Hj. Mohamad Isa
10:30 – 11:30 Chairman, ICoRAST2021

Participant enter online platform (Parallel Platform)
Parallel Session 1 (5 Breakout Rooms)

Keynote Speech 1 (Academic) Prof. Dr. Ford Lumban Gaol
Professor, Informatics Engineering and Information System
Bina Nusantara University, Indonesia.

11:30 – 12:30 Keynote Speech 2 (Industry) Ts. Elman bin Mustafa El-Bakri
Executive Director,
12.30 – 14.00 Damansara PMC Services Sdn. Bhd.
14:15 – 15:45
15:45 – 16:45 Lunch Break

Parallel Session 2 (5 Breakout Rooms)

Closing Ceremony Prof. Dr. Rosalina Abdul Salam

Dean, Faculty of Science and Technology, USIM

Announcement of Best Presenter Award
Photo Session via Virtual Platform

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 15 | 15

ICoRAST2021 ORAL SCHEDULE

Time ROOM 1 ROOM 2 ROOM 3 ROOM 4 ROOM 5
COMPUTER SCIENCE MATHEMATICS PHYSICS BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY

Chairperson: Chairperson: Chairperson: Chairperson: Chairperson:
Dr. Mohd Fadzli Dr. Asmah Dr. Mohd Ifwat Dr. Siti Radhiah Omar Dr. Nur Amalina
Mohd Jaapar Mohd Ghazali
Marhusin Mohd Amin

09:00 –09:15 Invited Speaker: Invited Speaker: Invited Speaker: Invited Speaker: Invited Speaker:
09:15 – 09:30 SK05 M01 F02 B02 K04
B01
SK04 Invited Speaker: F01 Invited Speaker:
M04 B03 K08
09:30 – 09:45 SK06 F04
Invited Speaker: B04 K02
09:45 – 10:00 SK08 M06 Invited Speaker: Invited Speaker:
SK09 F05 K03
10:00 – 10:15 M07 B05
10:30 – 11:30 Invited Speaker: K05
11:30 – 12:30 F06

Keynote Speech 1 (Academic)
Keynote Speech 2 (Industry)

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 16 | 16

ICoRAST2021 ORAL SCHEDULE

ROOM 1 ROOM 2 ROOM 3 ROOM 4 ROOM 5
PHYSICS BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY
COMPUTER SCIENCE MATHEMATICS
Chairperson: Chairperson: Chairperson:
Time Chairperson: Chairperson: Dr. Mohd Ifwat Dr. Siti Radhiah Omar Dr. Nur Amalina
Dr. Mohd Fadzli Dr. Shahrina Ismail Mohd Ghazali
Mohd Amin
Marhusin

12:30 – 14:00 SK10 Lunch Break K06
K07
14:00 – 14:15 SK12 Invited Speaker:
SK13 M08
14:15 – 14:30
14:30 – 14:45 F09
14.45 – 15:00 M03 F08
15:00 – 15:15
15:15 – 15:30 F07
15:30 – 15:45
15:45 – 16:45 F10
F11

F12

F13
Closing Ceremony
Announcement of Best Presenter

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 17 | 17

ABSTRACT
Biology

B01

EFFECT OF DRYING AS A PRESERVATION TECHNIQUE ON QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DURIAN SEED FLOUR

AHMAD NAIM ROHAIZAN1*, SITI RADHIAH OMAR1, NUR HUDA FAUJAN1, SYAMILA MANSOR1 AND LATIFFAH KARIM1

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Durian seed is an emerging potential source of hydrocolloid that can be utilized in food industry instead of being discarded as
food waste. However, it is important to explore the best way to preserve durian seed without causing significant changes in its
functional properties. Food preservation has enabled global trade and it has become even more important in enhancing food
security especially during this Covid-19 pandemic era. In this study, durian seed flour is subjected to oven-drying and freeze-
drying to investigate the effect of both drying processes toward durian seed flour’s functional properties. The first durian seed
flour sample is subjected to oven-drying at 105 °C for 3 hours while the second one is first pre-frozen at -20 °C for 24 hours
and then subjected to freeze-drying at 30 °C for 48 hours. The moisture content of freeze-dried durian seed flour (10.42 %) is
higher than the moisture content of oven-dried durian seed flour (6.89 %). The solubility, water holding capacity and oil
holding capacity of freeze-dried durian seed flour (61.7 %, 352.2 g/100 g and 392.2 g/100 g respectively) are also higher than
that of oven-dried durian seed flour (46.28 %, 155.5 g/100 g and 198.7 g/100 g). Freeze-dried durian seed flour is better than
oven-dried durian seed flour in terms of solubility, water holding capacity and oil holding capacity.

Keywords: Hydrocolloid, food security, oven-drying, freeze-drying, durian seed.

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 18 | 18

B02 ABSTRACT
Biology

INVESTIGATION ON SUSTAINABLE SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS FROM FRESH AND PASTEURISED

SWEET POTATO HAULM JUICE POWDER

NURHANI FATIHAH MOHD HANIFAH1 AND SYAMILA MANSOR1*

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The push for modernization in agriculture involves food-based plants as a buffer for more profitable returns. In Malaysia, the
second widest cash-crop plantation is for sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), occupying 3, 623 hectares (Jabatan Pertanian
Malaysia, 2020). Nevertheless, its haulms are discarded as waste. This study studied the proximate nutritional composition of
fresh and pasteurised sweet potato haulm juice powder (SPHJP). The pasteurised sample has significantly reduced
carbohydrate content (39.33 %) and increased mineral content (13.24 %) compared with fresh SPHJP (p<0.05). The fresh and
pasteurised sweet potato haulm juice powder (SPHJP) had a minimum percentage of carbohydrate (39.33 %), protein (35.23
%), fibre (7.72 %), and fat (2.42 %), revealing that the haulm from sweet potato has the potential to be transformed into a
sustainable source of nutrients and an innovative plant-based protein.

Keywords: sweet potato haulm, nutrient composition, pasteurisation, sustainable.

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 19 | 19

B03 ABSTRACT
Biology

WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR FOOD SAFETY ATTRIBUTES OF CARROT

KHALID JOYA1, NURUL NADIA RAMLI1*, MAD NASIR SHAMSUDIN1 AND NITTY HIRAWATY KAMARULZAMAN1
1 Department of Agribusiness and Bioresource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

Due to the relationship between food and health, food safety is receiving greater attention from consumers. Increasing in
income and urbanization have changed the consumers’ demand and preferences towards food safety attributes. Meanwhile in
recent years, the vegetables’ farmers in Malaysia have been reported of using excessive quantity of pesticides. In 2018 there
was a recall of iceberg lettuce from Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore due to the excessive chemicals used.
These incidences have created a concern to improve the safety standards of vegetables production. Meanwhile, due to
changing in life style as well as urbanization and increasing in incomes, the greater attention is given to the safety attributes of
food by the consumer. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine consumer’s preferences and willingness to pay
(WTP) for safety attributes of carrot. The survey was conducted in Klang Valley, and 490 respondents had completed the
survey. Using the discrete choice experiment (DCE), the results revealed that the consumers were willing to pay more for
safety attributes of carrot. The findings indicated that the consumers were willing to pay RM4.57 more for carrots with
wholesome appearance relative to carrots with slightly damaged appearance. The consumers were also willing to pay RM4.21
more for the carrots certified with myGAP relative to non-certified carrots. The findings also showed that the consumers were
willing to pay RM2.99 more for organic carrots relative to the inorganic carrots. The consumers also were willing to pay
RM0.96 more for carrot sold at supermarkets relative to carrot sold at the wet market. Since the consumers were willing to
pay more for safety attributes of carrot, thus the continuous improvement for the safety standard of fresh produced should be
supported.

Keywords : Willingness to pay, discrete choice experiment, carrot, food safety attributes, conditional logit

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 20 | 20

ABSTRACT
Biology

B04 REVISED MALAYSIAN HEALTHY EATING INDEX

MARHAMAH JAILANI1, SITI MASITAH ELIAS1* AND ROSLEE RAJIKAN2

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia

2 Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
[email protected]

* Correspondence: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Healthy Eating Index (HEI) has been used as diet quality measure that scores a population’s adherence towards specific

dietary guidelines since 1995. In Malaysia, the application and relevance of the existing diet quality measure are limited thus
need to be revised. This study aims to revise and improve the existing Malaysian Healthy Eating Index (MHEI) so that it can be
applied by all Malaysians regardless their energy requirement level. For adequacy components, the least-restrictive method
was used in setting the standard for the scoring system. Meanwhile, the scoring system for moderation components was
build based on the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) 2017. In revising the index’s components, Malaysian Dietary
Guidelines (MDG) 2010 and MDG for Children and Adolescent (MDGCA) 2013 were used as main references, while Malaysian
Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2014 and Adolescent Nutrition Survey (ANS) 2017 were referred to ensure the relevance of
the index. The revised MHEI comprises of 11 components in total with maximum total score of 100. The application of least

restrictive method allowed the index to score diet quality across energy requirement level. The revised index is also more
sensitive towards the variety of food item consumed than the specific recommended amount of intake thus made it focuses
more on diet quality rather than diet quantity.

Keywords: healthy eating index, Malaysian population, least restrictive

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 21 | 21

B05 ABSTRACT
Biology

THE “LEAF OF LIFE” KALANCHOE PINNATA ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY: A REVIEW

NUR JANNAH TAJUDIN1 AND ISMATUL NURUL ASYIKIN ISMAIL 1*

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Kalanchoe pinnata (synonym to Byrophyllum pinnatum) or commonly known as “Setawar” is a medicinal plant that belongs to
the Crassulaceae family. It is also known as “life plant” and “resurrection plant” because of its multiple functions in traditional

medicine. Therapeutic values offered by this plant are mainly due to the presence of beneficial bioactive compounds which
have a high potential to be a source for the development of natural antimicrobial agents that are considered to be suitable and
safer than synthetic antimicrobial drugs. There is also demand for novel drugs from natural sources to prevent microbial
infections due to the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance to synthetic antibiotics among pathogenic microorganisms.

Generally, this study aims to explore this plant extract for its antimicrobial properties against pathogenic bacteria. In this
review, a collective analysis study of antimicrobial activities of plant extracts was collected includes the assessment of
antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity of the extracts followed by the efficacy of the bioactive compound metabolites
and their mode of mechanism against pathogenic microorganisms. The plant extract was found to be effective against the

tested microbial strains indicates that it has high potential as an antimicrobial agent which could be a good ingredient in
pharmaceutical drugs. Thus, the findings represent the potent bioactive compounds extracted from K. pinnata plant material
could be further explored meticulously as an alternative medicine to current synthetic drugs.

Keywords: Kalanchoe pinnata, antimicrobial activity, bioactive compounds, natural drugs

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 22 | 22

ABSTRACT
Chemistry

K02

FEASIBLE STUDY ON SCREEN-PRINTED CARBON ELECTRODE MODIFIED WITH SINGLE-WALLED CARBON
NANOTUBES-TYROSINASE ENZYME FOR DETECTION OF TYRAMINE

NURUL HANA MASÓD1 AND SYAZA AZHARI1*

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Tyramine (TYR) is one of the most abundant biogenic amines (BAs) that present in foods including chicken meat that is

suitable to be as a freshness indicator for evaluating microbial action which potentially related to slaughtering and non-
slaughtering chicken meat. Numerous electrochemical biosensors with enzymes and nanomaterials have been developed and
widely used in biosensor fabrication to increase their selectivity and sensitivity. In this research, two biosensors modified
screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) based on synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT-COOH), immobilized
enzymes tyrosinase (tyro) were fabricated for determination of TYR. The surface characteristics behavior of the modified
SPCEs were investigated by for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope
(FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The electrochemical performances of the biosensors were identified and
optimized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry. The biosensor

characteristics including the composition of SWCNT-COOH and enzymes, the influence of scan rate, pH, calibration curve, and
limit of detection also were investigated. Under optimum experimental conditions, Tyro-SWCNT-COOH/SPCE biosensor exhibit
good performance at scan rate 50 mVs-1 (range of 10 to 500 mVs-1), pH 8.0 (range of 7.0 – 10.0), 8 µl enzyme tyrosinase
(range of 2 to 10 µl), and 0.5 mg/ml SWCNTs (range of 0.2 – 3.0 mg/ml). The modified SPCEs was successfully applied for

tyramine (TYR) determination with detection limit (LOD) of 0.02 mM.

Keywords: Tyrosinase, tyramine, screen-printed electrode, single-walled carbon nanotube

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 23 | 23

K03 ABSTRACT
Chemistry

SYNTHESIS, SPECTROSCOPY AND CONDUCTIVITY OF
4-(DIPHENYLAMINO)BENZALDEHYDE-4-(4-FLUOROPHENYL) THIOSEMICARBAZONE

AND ITS COPPER(II) COMPLEX

UWAISULQARNI M. OSMAN 1*

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

4-(diphenylamino)benzaldehyde-4-(4-fluorophenyl) thiosemicarbazone ligand (LH) was derived from the reaction between 4-

diphenylaminobenzaldehyde and 4-fluorophenyl thiosemicarbazide. Then, the CuL2 complex containing LH ligand was further
synthesized using copper(II) acetate. Both compounds were characterized using elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy,
magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, UV-Vis spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. However, LH ligand was
characterized via 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra shows that the LH ligand behave as mononegative

bidentate, which coordinate through nitrogen and sulphur atoms to the Cu(II) metal ion. The CuL2 complex has been expected
to have square planar geometry based on the results of the electronic spectra and magnetic moments. The conductivity
studies LH and CuL2 polymer electrolyte (PE) films composed of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer, propylene
carbonate as a plasticizer were prepared by a solution casting technique. The conductivity of the prepared PE films was
studied using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The conductivity was observed for both LH ligand and CuL2
complex at 2.16 x 10-8 Scm−1 and 8.10 x 10-7Scm−1, respectively.

Keywords: Thiosemicarbazone, copper(II) complex, conductivity

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 24 | 24

ABSTRACT
Chemistry

K04

BIOGENIC AMINES DETECTION IN FOOD SAMPLES BY ENZYME-BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS

SYAZA AZHARI1* AND NURUL HANA MASÓD1

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Biogenic amines have been considered as a quality indicator of food freshness for evaluating microbial action which
potentially affects human health and became a major concern of consumers and health agencies around the world.
Electrochemical biosensor technology represents a massive field that significantly impacts food quality control with rapid tools
and incredible potential. Numerous electrochemical biosensors with a combination of enzymes and nanomaterials are widely
used in biosensor fabrication to increase their sensitivity. The components used in the construction of enzyme-based
electrochemical biosensor, enzyme immobilization, and performance-enhancing the biosensor has been comprehensively
reviews. In addition, the recent application in the fabrication of enzyme-based electrochemical biosensor as a modifier for the
determination of biogenic amines in spoiled food samples are discussed.

Keywords: Biogenic amines, enzyme-based electrochemical biosensor, food spoilage, food safety, nanomaterials

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 25 | 25

K05 ABSTRACT
Chemistry

A REVIEW OF LIPASE SELECTIVITY IN ESTERIFICATION REACTION

SITI NURUL ATIQAH JULIADANI1 AND NUR AMALINA MOHD AMIN 1*

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Lipase known as the most used enzyme due to its versatility and readily available in the market. It was reported to have high
stability and activity towards organic reactions. Throughout the years, the use of lipase has been applied in various reactions

such as esterification, transesterification and hydrolysis reaction. There are some improvements in the solvent used for
esterification reaction in order to improve the selectivity of lipase, namely ionic liquids. Ionic liquids are regarded as greener
solvent as compared to organic solvent. The tuneability feature of the cations and anions moiety of ionic liquids makes them
special in assisting the selectivity of lipase. Therefore, in this paper, we try to highlight on the factors influencing the

selectivity of lipase, comparing the selectivity of lipase in three different solvents and indicate the key properties of ionic
liquids that greatly help in improving the selectivity of lipase particularly in esterification reaction.

Keywords: Lipase, esterification reaction, ionic liquids, selectivity, solvents

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 26 | 26

ABSTRACT
Chemistry

K06

INCREASE THE LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM BASED ON THE PROFICIENCY TESTING DATA

LI HUI LING 1,2 AND MOHD SUKRI HASSAN 1*

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

2 Chemical Metrology Division, Department of Chemistry Malaysia, Jalan Sultan, 46661 Petaling Jaya, Selangor

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Accuracy, reliability, defensibility, and timeliness are all aspects of laboratory quality. Laboratories in Malaysia referred the ISO
17025 guidelines for the accreditation purpose. There are three essential elements defined as the backbone of the laboratory
quality system. Validate analytical methods, accreditation involving third party auditing and participation in proficiency testing
(PT). For this study, PT data is used as a tool to assess laboratory quality management systems' competency. One of the PT
schemes from MyKIMIA Proficiency Testing Provider (PTP) selected for the case study, the overall percentage of satisfactory
for the FODAS 1-20 Benzoic acid (BA) and Sorbic acid (SA) in cordial was in a range of 82% to 88%. Statistic performance
evaluation was based on calculation of Z score for the BA (item A and item B) and SA (item B). The laboratories shall
recalculate the Z score based on the PTP assigned value and fit for the purpose of standard deviation proficiency assessment
(SDPA). Zeta score is calculated using the participant result, assigned value and the combined standard uncertainties for the
result and the assigned value, it’s beneficial for the participant to assess on their ability to have the results be close to the
assigned value within their reported uncertainty. Thus, the data from the PT scheme can be calculated to check the plausibility
of the laboratory’s measurement uncertainty estimate.

Keywords: Quality assurance system, Proficiency Testing, ISO 17025, uncertainty, Z score

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 27 | 27

ABSTRACT
Chemistry

K07

CARBON AEROGEL (CA) DERIVED FROM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE (CMC) AS A HYDROGEN STORAGE

AHMAD SOLEHIN AB SABAR 1 AND SYAZA AZHARI 1*

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Carbon Aerogel (CA) is one of promising carbon materials that holds a significant characteristic such as very small particles
with high porosity and high attractive force between carbon atoms and gas molecules that make it as an ideal choice for
hydrogen storage. Absorption process is involved to store hydrogen via physical bonding of van der Waals forces between
high surface area materials and molecular hydrogen. In this research, CA was derived from Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
aerogel via pyrolysis as CMC through sol-gel and freeze-drying process to form CMC aerogel. In addition, CMC was
crosslinked with selected metal ions to enhance its property as the metal ions can improve the structure and increase the
porosity. The metal ions solution was prepared with different concentrations because different metal ions might give different
contribution towards CA. The prepared CA was characterised using instrumental analysis such as Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).
Among the selected metal ions, CA- MgCl2 samples showed the least loss in weight percentage and further characterised
using FESEM, FTIR and XRD. From the result, CA- MgCl2 samples were proven to have characteristic features of CA. The
ability of CA as an absorbent for hydrogen storage application was studied using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and
Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) technique.

Keywords: carbon aerogel, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydrogen storage, pyrolysis

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 28 | 28

ABSTRACT
Chemistry

K08 HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION REACTION OF AGRICULTURE MODEL BIOMASS: CELLULOSE AND LIGNIN

NUR ATIQAH NASIR1* , SALMIAH JAMAL MAT ROSID 2 AND SARINA MAT ROSID3

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

2 Unisza Science and Medicine Foundation Centre, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin,
Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

3 Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Agricultural biomass residues typically have high moisture contents, and because pre-drying is not required, hydrothermal
liquefaction (HTL) is an appealing method for converting those lignocellulosic biomasses. In this study, two major
components (cellulose and lignin) in agriculture biomass have been used to mimic the real biomasses to better understanding
of reaction pathway during HTL reaction. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) has been used to identify the
types of liquid product obtained after HTL reaction. From the GCMS chromatogram of cellulose, it showed a several water-
soluble products with furfural, levulinic acid (LA) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). HTL of cellulose has been conducted at
various reaction temperature (200 to 300 °C) with maximum product yield achieved at 250 °C. Higher concentration of
furfural, LA and HMF were achieved at 250 °C, 250 °C and 200 °C, respectively. On the other hand, from lignin chromatogram

there were few of products from the decomposition of HTL reaction, which were guaiacol, 4-methyl-guaiacol, 4-ethyl-guaiacol
and phenol. HTL of lignin was carried out at temperatures 200, 250 and 300 °C and at 300 °C and were degrade to product

namely guaiacol, 4-ethylguaicol and phenol.

Keywords: hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), agricultural, biomass, biofuel

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 29 | 29

F01 ABSTRACT
Physics

2-HYDROXYEHTYL CELLULOSE-AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTES:
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRIC STUDIES

MUHAMAD AMIRULLAH RAMLLI1 , MOHD IKMAR NIZAM MOHAMAD ISA2 AND KHADIJAH HILMUN KAMARUDIN 1*

1 Advanced Nano Materials (AnoMa), Ionic State Analysis (ISA) Laboratory, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,
21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu.

2 Advanced Materials Team, Ionic & Kinetic Materials Research (IKMaR) Laboratory,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A new type of solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) based on 2HEC doped with NH4SCN has been successfully produced by
using facile solution casting technique. A few analyses based on EIS method such as ionic conductivity, temperature
dependence, and dielectric permittivity were applied to find the effects of NH4SCN on the polymer host. The highest ionic
conductivity at room temperatures was found to be 1.157×10-4 S cm-1 for SBE-36 and temperature dependence analysis

revealed the Arrhenius behaviour of the SBEs which categorized them as ionic conductors. The ionic conductivity of the SBEs
was found to be influenced by the value of activation energy where the highest conductive SBE has the lowest value of
activation energy. Dielectric permittivity analysis shows the value of εr and εi increased as the NH4SCN content increased.
The value of εr and εi also increased at higher temperatures which expressed the non-Debye dependence of the SBEs. this
further supports the SBEs is ionic conductors.

Keywords: Solid biopolymer electrolytes, carboxymethyl cellulose, plasticizer, ethylene glycol, Jonscher’s power law

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 30 | 30

F02 ABSTRACT
Physics

DIGITAL IMAGE SUBTRACTION TECHNIQUE : BRAIN TUMOUR TEMPORAL MONITORING
AZIRA KHALIL1*, AISYAH RAHIMI1 AND AIDA LUTHFI1

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Subtraction of previous and current images at two different follow-up time points (FU) is proposed using a technique involving
registration of two brain images Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The possibility of tumours in the brain, whether benign
or malignant. Treatment options for these conditions depend on the type and size of the brain tumour. Brain cancer is a
rapidly spreading tumour that needs to be treated as soon as possible. MRI is often used to detect early signs of brain
abnormalities because it provides clear details. Cysts, hematomas, and tumour cells are examples of abnormalities. The

progression of such abnormalities can be detected by a series of images. In early detection of abnormalities, especially brain
images, a previous study on conventional (CONV) visual reading showed low accuracy and speed. This may affect the correct
diagnosis and treatment of the patient. In this study, a digital subtraction method was proposed using two images taken at
two different time intervals and subtracting these images to detect the progression of abnormalities in the brain image. In this

study, the MRI datasets of five patients were retrospectively retrieved, which contained a series of brain images. The MATLAB
programming platform was used to perform all methods. ROI Volume and diameter were recorded for both regions to analyse
the details of progression, location, shape differences, and change in tumour size. This study promotes the use of digital
subtraction techniques for abnormality detection and early diagnosis and accuracy in MRIs of the brain while reducing reading
time. Therefore, improving diagnostic information for the physician may improve the treatment plan for the patient.

Keywords: Brain imaging, image subtraction, interval change, tumour progression, magnetic resonance imaging

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 31 | 31

F04 ABSTRACT
Physics

PLASTICIZED CMC-AMMONIUM ACETATE BASED SOLID BIOPOLYMER ELECTROLYTE:
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND TRANSPORT STUDY

MOHD IBNU HAIKAL BIN AHMAD SOHAIMY1 , NUR IZZATI ZAINUDDIN1 AND MOHD IKMAR NIZAM MOHAMAD ISA 1,2*

1 Advanced Materials Team, Ionic & Kinetic Materials Research (IKMaR) Laboratory,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

2 Advanced Nano Materials (AnoMa), Ionic State Analysis (ISA) Laboratory, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,
21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In this work, plasticized solid biopolymer electrolytes (PSBEs) system comprises of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as
polymer host, ammonium acetate (NH4CH3COO) as doping salt and ethylene glycol (EG) as plasticizer was prepared via
solution casting technique. Upon addition of 35 wt.% of EG (PSBE 4), the ionic conductivity obtained is 1.81 × 10-5 Scm-1

which represents the optimum value for the system. The PSBE also tested at elevated temperatures and fitted to Arrhenius
relation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis found no significant changes to the molecular structure of
CMC upon addition of EG. Jonscher’s power law indicates that quantum tunnelling is the a well-matched model to describe
ionic conduction for PSBE 4 and it appears that it is also highly ionic with good transference number obtain from dc
polarization analysis technique.

Keywords: Solid biopolymer electrolytes, carboxymethyl cellulose, plasticizer, ethylene glycol, Jonscher’s power law

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 32 | 32

ABSTRACT
Physics

F05

THE ANALYSIS REVIEW OF CONNECTIVITY MODEL ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN-LOVE-EMPATHY BRAIN RESPONSES

TAMAM SOFINA1*, SAZALI SITI NUR AISYAH1 AND AHMAD AHYAT NUR A’IZZAH1

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The brain is the main organ that functions to process a lot of information including emotion and cognitive behavior. This paper
aims to highlights the dynamic reorganization of the brain connectivity model associated with pain, love, and empathy
responses. There are various approaches in cognitive neuroscience using functional neuroimaging methods to determine the
brain activation areas via visual stimulus, emotion label inventories, face recognition, and physical pain stimulation. The brain
activation areas were recognized according to the types of tasks chosen for the participants such as emotional expression
task, face detection task, and physical pain induced task. These three emotional categories not only have their respective
neural correlation, but also shared some activation areas comprises the empathy-pain and the love-pain related. This area of
research has brought many benefits in the healthcare sector in which for physicians and psychologists as well as other people
to understand and explore more about their own body functions thus leading them to foster healthier relationships and
emotional awareness.

Keywords: emotion, neural connectivity, pain, love empathy, brain response

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 33 | 33

ABSTRACT
Physics

F06

THE INFLUENCE OF VARYING AR: O2 GAS FLOW RATE WITH CATALYST-FREE GROWTH
BY HOMEMADE THERMAL EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE

ABD. HAMID NURNAJIHA1, SUHAIMI SYAHIDA1* AND OTHMAN MUHAMMAD ZAMIR1

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) with different percentages of argon and oxygen gas flow rate was deposited on a silicon
wafer by a simple hot tube thermal evaporation technique. The effect of other portions of gas flow rate on the crystal
structure, surface morphology, and optical properties was characterised using XRD, FESEM, EDX, and RAMAN respectively.
The morphologies from FESEM were significant where the grown ZnO nanostructures show three different shapes:
nanotripod, nanoclusters, and nanorods at 5%, 10%, and 25% of oxygen gas, consecutively. EDX results revealed that Zn and
O element has a significant percentage in sample indicating a composition with high purity of ZnO. XRD patterns displayed the
most intense diffraction peak of ZnO at (101) exhibited a single crystalline hexagonal structure with preferred growth
orientation in the c-axis. RAMAN study found that synthesised ZnO shows the high intensity of E2 mode and low power of E1
method attributed to all the samples have good crystal quality containing less structural defects. In conclusion, the E15
example with a 25% oxygen gas flow rate was selected as an optimum result for synthesising ZnO’s homogenous surface and
high crystallinity by using the hot tube thermal evaporation process. This work can enhance the development of ZnO
production in various applications.

Keywords: Zinc oxide, thermal evaporation, gas flow rate, purity

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 34 | 34

ABSTRACT
Physics

F07

PSO-BASED PID-PD CONTROLLER OF A GANTRY CRANE WITH PAYLOAD MASS AND CABLE LENGTH VARIATIONS

ZAKI HAKIMI AB RAHIM1, LIYANA RAMLI1* AND IZZUDDIN M LAZIM1

1 1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This thesis presents modelling and optimal control of a gantry crane system. The Lagrange method is used for modelling the
gantry crane which is derived from the Lagrange equation. An optimal controller is proposed in the system to obtain an
efficient swing reduction and accurate trolley position. The proposed controller consists of two feedback control systems
namely PID and PD controller which are utilized for tracking the accurate trolley position and reducing the payload swing
angle, respectively. An intelligent optimization method is implemented in this study where the Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) algorithm is used to find the optimal parameter gains for the controllers. For the robustness test, two cases are
considered involving payload mass and cable length variations. Based on simulation results, the proposed PID-PD using PSO
shown superior performance in terms of trolley position and swing reduction as compared to the comparative method.

Keywords: Sustainability, gantry crane, Payload Swing Suppression, PSO, PID-PD

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 35 | 35

ABSTRACT
Physics

F08

COSMIC INFLATION IN THE STANDARD MODEL

MOHAMMAD SHYFUR RAHMAN CHOWDHURY1*, AHMAD NAZRUL ROSLI1 AND MUHAMMAD MAHBUBUR RAHMAN1

1 1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

2 Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Inflation stands as a part in physics that both general relativity and Quantum field theory can be studied observationally.
Cosmic inflation is now an important part of standard cosmological model as it is an early stage of the universe. While
objective of the inflationary models was to solve the standard problems of the hot big bang model, it was realize that it grants
a physical theory for the origin of the large scale structure of the universe. Before inflationary models the standard model is
always adiabatic, except for minor deviations when particle and anti-particle pairs annihilate, whereas inflationary models
undergo a highly non-adiabatic event at a definite time, after which is adiabatic. This paper describes the quantitative and
qualitative characteristics of inflationary models and provides robust predictions that are independent of their specific
implementation.

Keywords: Inflationary models, scalar field, adiabatic, scale factor, potential

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 36 | 36

ABSTRACT
Physics

F09

EFFECT OF WAIST DIAMETERS OF ETCHED PLASTIC OPTICAL FIBER
TOWARDS ETHANOL SENSING PERFORMANCE

AFFA ROZANA ABDUL RASHID1*AND A.H. SURANI 1

1 Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The fabrication of unclad plastic optical fiber (POF) is reported and tested under ethanol solutions that concentration ranging
from 0.5% to 3.5%. The optimum parameters of the sensor will be investigated by varying the unclad length (1, cm, 3 cm and
5 cm) and waist diameter (0.5 mm and 0.8 mm). 0.8 mm waist diameter show an indistinct power output ratio response
compare to 0.5 mm which might due to V-number mismatch. Smaller waist diameter will increase the absorption coefficient
value and affecting the sensor’s sensitivity. The optimum parameter for POF sensor is 3 cm unclad length with 0.5 mm waist
diameter. The sensitivity obtained is the highest which is 0.0671a.u/% with linearity of 98% and limit of detection of 1.29%.

Keywords: Polymer optical fiber, ethanol concentration, absorption coefficient

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 37 | 37

F010 ABSTRACT
Physics

DEVELOPMENT OF ION CONDUCTING SOLID BIOPOLYMER ELECTROLYTE BASED ON
FISH SKIN GELATIN IMPREGNATED WITH AMMONIUM SALT

NADZRIN NORLIN1, ABDUL MANAN NINIE SUHANA2 AND ABDUL KADIR MOHD FAKHRUL ZAMANI1*

1 Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2 Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The continual growth in demand for environmentally friendly energy solutions necessitates the investigation of new energy

storage materials. Natural inspiration is unquestionably a potential strategy for complying with environmental regulations. In
this study, new sequences of fish gelatin (FG) as polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) impregnated with
ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) were prepared via a solvent-casting method. An investigation was conducted to explore the
electrical study by using electrochemical impedance study (EIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron
microscope (FESEM). From EIS analysis, the ionic conductivity of undoped pure FG film has been identified to be 1.17 × 10-
10 S cm-1 and increased to 1.52 × 10-5 S cm-1 with the inclusion of 25 wt.% NH4NO3. XRD analysis showed that 25 wt.%
LiClO4 provides the most amorphous electrolyte. As the percentage of salt increased from 0 wt.% to 25 wt.%, degree of
crystallinity decreases from 26.18 % to 15.77 % respectively. The variation in conductivity is accompanied by the change in
surface morphology as observed from FESEM study. The results presented here may facilitate improvements in the use of FG

as an alternative source of solid biopolymer electrolyte that holds a lot of promise as a replacement for toxic electrolytes in
electrochemical power sources.

Keywords: Fish skin gelatin, ammonium, natural polymer, solid electrolyte

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 38 | 38

ABSTRACT
Physics

F011

EDLC DEVICE THAT EMPLOYS NH4Br DOPED HEC-DEXTRAN BLEND POLYMER ELECTROLYTES AS SEPERATORS

AZHA MUHAMMAD AMIRUL SOLIHIN1 , SULAIMAN MAZDIDA2 AND ABDUL KADIR MOHD FAKHRUL ZAMANI 2*

1 Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2 Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The preparation of dextran-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) blend infused with ammonium bromide (NH4Br) is done via solution
cast method. The most suitable ratio for the polymer host is found to be of the blend of 40 wt% dextran-60 wt% HEC. It is
identified that the room temperature conductivity of undoped 40wt% dextran-60wt% HEC blend film is (2.04 ± 0.57) × 10-8 S
cm-1 and 20 wt.% of NH4Br has optimized the conductivity to (1.47 ± 0.12) × 10-4 S cm-1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
has shown result of the highest conducting electrolyte possesses the lowest degree of crystallinity. For further verification of
the conductivity trend, it is proven through dielectric results and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)
analysis. The effect of NH4Br on the thermal stability of dextran-HEC blend is explained via TGA analysis. The value of ion
(tion) and electron (telec) transference number for the highest conducting electrolyte are 0.944 and 0.056, respectively. The
electrolyte is discovered to be electrochemically stable up to 1.7 V. The crucial parameters of the electrical double layer
capacitor (EDLC) such as specific capacitance, internal resistance, energy density and power density are found to be 31.7 F g-
1, 80 Ω, 3.18 Wh kg-1 and 922.22 W kg-1. The EDLC is tested for 8000 cycles.

Keywords: Solid polymer electrolyte, dextran, ammonium bromide, supercapacitors, EDLC

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 39 | 39

ABSTRACT
Physics

F012

ELECTRICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE-AMMONIUM SULPHATE
SOLID BIOPOLYMER ELECTROLYTES (SBEs) WITH COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS

NUR HIDAYAH AHMAD1* , NUR TASNIM HUSNA YUSOFF1 AND NURHAFIZAH HASIM1

1 Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The preparation of dextran-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) blend infused with ammonium bromide (NH4Br) is done via solution
cast method. The most suitable ratio for the polymer host is found to be of the blend of 40 wt% dextran-60 wt% HEC. It is
identified that the room temperature conductivity of undoped 40wt% dextran-60wt% HEC blend film is (2.04 ± 0.57) × 10-8 S
cm-1 and 20 wt.% of NH4Br has optimized the conductivity to (1.47 ± 0.12) × 10-4 S cm-1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
has shown result of the highest conducting electrolyte possesses the lowest degree of crystallinity. For further verification of
the conductivity trend, it is proven through dielectric results and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)
analysis. The effect of NH4Br on the thermal stability of dextran-HEC blend is explained via TGA analysis. The value of ion
(tion) and electron (telec) transference number for the highest conducting electrolyte are 0.944 and 0.056, respectively. The
electrolyte is discovered to be electrochemically stable up to 1.7 V. The crucial parameters of the electrical double layer
capacitor (EDLC) such as specific capacitance, internal resistance, energy density and power density are found to be 31.7 F g-
1, 80 Ω, 3.18 Wh kg-1 and 922.22 W kg-1. The EDLC is tested for 8000 cycles.

Keywords: Solid polymer electrolyte, dextran, ammonium bromide, supercapacitors, EDLC

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 40 | 40

ABSTRACT
Physics

F013

APPLICATION OF ZINC TANNATE (TZn) AS ANTIFOULING AGENT FOR MILD STEEL IN TROPICAL SEAWATER

ZULKIFLI MOHAMMAD FAKHRATUL RIDWAN1* AND WAN NIK WAN MOHD NORSANI1

1 1Marine Materials Research Group, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Marine fouling occurs when organisms attach themselves to underwater objects like boats, rope, pipes and building
structures. Paints and coatings are currently used to prevent marine fouling but are frequently toxin-based and not very
effective, with adverse environmental and economic impact. This study investigates the potential of tannin as antifouling agent
extracted from mangrove bark (Rhizophora Apiculata sp.) on a mild steel surface in tropical seawater. To investigate the ability
of the tannin extracts as an antifouling agent, a screening test was performed utilising the anti-biofilm assay method. The IC50
of zinc tannate extract against Bacillus Cereus and Salmonella sp was 2.6 mg/ml and 28.75 mg/ml, respectively, according to
the results. The specimens were immersed in seawater for 60 days in Chendering Port and Marang Jetty, and it was
discovered that fouling attachment is more noticeable in Chendering Port due to the physical parameters of the surrounding
waters. Furthermore, the percentage of weight acquired at Chendering port is higher than at Marang jetty. Surface inspection
using digital photography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals denser tubeworm and mollusc attachment to the
substrate in the absence of TZn. It can be assumed that the higher the tannin concentration, the greater the tannin extracts'
antifouling potential. The findings suggest that TZn could be used as an antifouling agent in commercial marine paint.

Keywords: Antifouling, mangrove bark, mild steel, seawater, zinc tannate

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 41 | 41

ABSTRACT
Mathematics

M01 ACCEPTANCE, CONCERNS, AND KNOWLEDGE OF COVID-19 VACCINE: A BATTLE AGAINST THE PANDEMIC

SHAHRINA ISMAIL 1 *, SHARIFAH FAIRUZ SYED MOHAMAD 1, SHARIFAH NAJWA SYED MOHAMAD 2, FATIN AHZA ROSLI 3

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

2 Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

3 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Sri Kembangan, Selangor

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study is conducted to determine the acceptance rate, main concerns, and knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination among the
Malaysian population based on different socio-demographics during the early stage of vaccine arrival in Malaysia. A cross-
sectional online survey was conducted between January 25th and February 1st, 2021, using descriptive statistics, Likert scale
analysis, hypothesis testing, correlation and regression to assess the associations between sociodemographic characteristics,
exposure to COVID-19 vaccine information, or perceived risk of infection with acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. It was found
that there are significant differences across sociodemographic variables. More than half of the respondents (58.85%) voted
safety as their main concerns, specifically their side effects. Using Pearson’s correlation, it was found that medium correlation
existed between knowledge and acceptance, r=0.444, N=2051, p<0.01. The linear regression equation of acceptance predicted
by knowledge was Acceptance =2.873 + 0.981 (Knowledge). The findings of this study may be helpful for the government to
design the best way to execute mass vaccination campaigns for COVID-19 in Malaysia and other countries in the Southeast
Asia area. Even though this research was conducted before the vaccines arrived in Malaysia and none were vaccinated yet, it
might still represent the participants’ actual concerns about something uncertain.

Keywords: Covid-19, vaccine, vaccination, acceptance, knowledge

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 42 | 42

M03 ABSTRACT
Mathematics

ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING E-LEARNING DURING COVID-19: A CASE STUDY IN MALAYSIA
SHAHRINA ISMAIL1 , SHARIFAH FAIRUZ SYED MOHAMAD 1, NOOR ‘ADILAH IBRAHIM 1 AND FATIN AHZA ROSLI 2

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

E-Learning is the only way to ensure the Teaching and Learning can proceed amid the COVID-19 period. However, this rarely
used platform may induce several significant challenges to both university's management and students. In this study, we
investigate the acceptance and readiness for e-Learning among students in USIM during COVID-19 using a survey procedure.
The questionnaire was distributed randomly among 1029 undergraduate students from Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. The
completed questionnaires were retrieved and analysed using SPSS to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics. The

association, correlations, and determinants of socio-demographic factors were analysed using scores of five essential
variables: convenience, effectiveness, obstacle, readiness, and behaviour, using a 5-Likert scale. The results have shown that
convenience, effectiveness, obstacle, and readiness play a role in shaping students' behaviour towards the implementation of
e-Learning. Most students have a greater level of e-learning readiness and obstacle scores for e-Learning among the

students. As for effectiveness, convenience, and behaviour, it was found that most students score moderately. There are
significant differences in the e-Learning components, depending on different socio-demographic variables. This study
revealed a strong positive correlation between convenience and effectiveness, convenience and behaviour, effectiveness and
behaviour, while a moderate negative correlation is seen among obstacles and behaviour. The findings obtained can be a

benchmark for higher administration in tackling the factors in e-Learning. The result is useful during this pandemic and during
other emergencies, such as universities' closure following the worsening of haze in September 2019.

Keywords: COVID-19, e-Learning, high education, convenience, effectiveness, obstacle, readiness

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 43 | 43

ABSTRACT
Mathematics

M04ANALYZING ECONOMIC DOWNTURN WITH THE GLOBAL PANDEMIC TIMELINE IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE

SUSTAINABILY OF B40 AND M40 GROUPS

NURFADHLINA ABDUL HALIM1* AND NURHARYANTI BORHAN 1*

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Rational speculative bubble is one factor that led to the collapse of the economy. In this study, the economic performance of
the countries that pioneered the world economy will be analysed along with stock prices and the timeline of the global
pandemic. This study also discussed the effect on the burst of the rational speculative bubble also known as the financial
bubble and also the presence of pandemics on the sustainability of the living standard for the B40 and M40 household
groups.

Keywords: Rational speculative bubble, stock market price, B40, M40, COVID-19

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 44 | 44

M06 ABSTRACT
Mathematics

ESTIMATING THE COST OF RECOMMENDED DIET FOR MALAYSIANS: A SIMULATION STUDY
SITI MASITAH ELIAS 1*,MARHAMAH JAILANI 1, ROSLEE RAJIKAN 2 AND KARMILA HANIM KAMIL1

1 Financial Mathematics Program, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

2 Dietetics Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study proposes an alternative model to estimate the costs of recommended diet (CoRD) via simulation study that will
produce maximum mark for the adequacy components following the newly developed Standardized Malaysian Healthy Eating
Index (S-MHEI). There are eight adequacy components included in the study. Average daily price for 117 commonly consumed
foods in 2019 in three locations (Johor, Selangor and Kelantan) have been collected as inputs for the simulation model. Monte
Carlo simulations were utilised to estimate 20000 CoRDs for each location. The results show that the average CoRD/1000 kcal
for Johor, Selangor and Kelantan is RM5.18 ± 1.18, RM4.90 ± 1.04 and RM4.83 ± 0.99 respectively. The estimated minimum

and maximum price is RM2.08/1000 kcal in Selangor and RM10.96/1000 kcal in Johor. The price of fish contributes towards
the largest variation in CoRD estimation for both Johor and Kelantan. Selangor on the other hand, ranks milk price as the main
contributor towards CoRD estimation. The advantage of this model is two folds. Firstly, the usage of CoRD/1000 kcal allows
the cost estimation to be carried out easily to each individual, regardless of their total energy requirement. Secondly, the
simulation study provides a bird-eye view on CoRD and could be extended for population study. This will give a more
meaningful information for policy makers to identify food items that contributes the most towards household expenditure to
achieve healthy eating status. This proposed model could provide a robust alternative towards CoRD estimation due to its
flexibility and simplicity.

Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation; diet cost; recommended diet; healthy eating

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 45 | 45

M07 ABSTRACT
Mathematics

MODELLING ZAKAT COLLECTION IN MALAYSIA USING TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

MOHD FADLIHISYAM ISHAK1* AND ASMAH MOHD JAAPAR1

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In this study, Holt-Winters and Seasonal Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models are used to predict
monthly zakat collection in Lembaga Zakat Selangor (LZS), Pusat Zakat Negeri Sembilan (PZNS) and Pusat Pungutan Zakat
(PPZ). The analysis is done using zakat collection data from January 2010 to December 2019 with 120 observations. The

model for each zakat institution is identified and estimated using 108 observations for the in-sample data, while the remaining
12 observations used for forecast validation. In this research we compare the forecasted values of both models and select the
best model based on the least Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and
Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The objective of this study is to find the best model for forecasting zakat collection

for a zakat institution. According to the results obtained using MSE, RMSE, MAE and MAPE, the Multiplicative Holt-Winters
(MHW) model with smoothing parameters of α = 0.2, β = 0.1, γ = 1.0 were found to be a better model for LZS than the
SARIMA Model, while the ARIMA(1,1,1) (1,1,1)12 and ARIMA(0,1,1) (0,1,1)12 models were found to be a better model for
PZNS and PPZ, respectively. The study show that these models can accurately predict future zakat collection in order to

prepare the appropriate strategies and plan for zakat distribution without leaving any surplus. These models can also be used
to create a strategy to handle zakat funds based on the amount of asnaf registered.

Keywords: Holt-Winters, SARIMA, forecasting, zakat trend, zakat

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 46 | 46

ABSTRACT
Mathematics

M08 MODELLING OF INTERDAY PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PRODUCTION

NUR AISYAH AFIQAH BT ARSAT1 AND NOOR ‘ADILAH BT IBRAHIM1*

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Photovoltaic (PV) power is unlimited, eco- friendly and can be produced directly by converting sunlight into electricity using
technology. In this paper, we intend to use a stochastic model for the maximal production of photovoltaic power. We use an
empirical example based on a daily data from three transmission system operators (TSO) in Germany, i.e 50Hertz, Amprion

and TransnetBW starting from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2020. We propose a model of PV production by combining
a deterministic and stochastic function. We apply sun intensity function to explain the seasonality behaviour in the PV
production. All the estimated parameters are highly significant. We model the deseasonalized data by an autoregressive
process where we found that AR(1) process is enough to describe the autoregressive structure for 50Hertz and Amprion, but

we need one lag higher for TransnetBW. For consistency, we choose AR(2) process to explain the behaviour for the PV
production for all three TSO’s. Next, we proceed with the residual analyzation. Clearly, the plot of residuals given us a sign of
seasonal heteroskedasticity and left skewed density. We also observe a clear seasonal pattern in the ACF plot of the squared
residuals. To clarify the cyclical dynamics of the residual variance, we use a deterministic truncated Fourier series. It

demonstrates that during winter the variations is higher compared to summer. Meanwhile, based on the ACF plot, we can see
that the variation is around zero indicating zero correlated data. Since the density of standardized residuals are clearly
nonnormal and p-value are very significant, we decide to use the skewed normal distribution to fit the standardized residuals.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, photovoltaic production, sun intensity, skewed normal distribution, Autoregressive Time Series
Model.

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 47 | 47

ABSTRACT
Computer Science

SK04 A NEW EFFICIENT CREDIT SCORING MODEL FOR PERSONAL LOAN USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUE

TOWARD FOR SUSTAINABILITY MANAGEMENT

RABIHAH MD. SUM 1, WAIDAH ISMAIL 1*,3, NURUL FATHIHIN MOHD NOOR SHAH 1, ZULHILMI ABDULLAH 1,2, RIMULJO
HENDRADI 3

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

2 Faculty of Information Technology, INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

3 Information System Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia Kampus C,
Surabaya, Indonesia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Credit scoring model are used in decision-making and produce an accurate prediction of applicants' creditworthiness. This
study developed a five-step credit-scoring model for a personal loan using the seven-step credit scoring model by Siddiqi. It

is used real data provided by a bank. This study's aim is to remove the unnecessary complexity of a credit-scoring process.
The five steps credit-scoring model consists of; data massaging, factor analysis, data mining modeling, credit scoring, and
post-modeling. To ensure accuracy, factors that were significant in determining the creditworthiness of applicants were used
in the credit scoring model. The factors were the type of installment, age, monthly expenses, job sector, payment method,

and income to finance ratio. Furthermore, by presenting a systematic and structured step for developing a credit-scoring
model, this study contributed to credit scoring research. Based on the findings of this study, banks may use this model to
create their own credit-scoring model to assess the creditworthiness of personal loan applicants. By managing risks with this
model, banks can create a long-term solution for credit system management and aid in decision making.

Keywords: Sustainability solution, credit scoring, risk assessment, consumer credit, data mining

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 48 | 48

SK05 ABSTRACT
Computer Science

A NEGATIVE SELECTION-BASED EMBEDDED SQL INJECTION DETECTOR ON WEB APPLICATION

KHAIRUL IKHWAN BIN BADRUDDIN1 AND MOHD FADZLI MARHUSIN1*

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Lack of secure codes implemented in the web application system is a vulnerability that will lead to cyber-attack. Statistic
shows highest record of the cyber-attacks are carried out by using SQL injection technique. Hence, an effective SQL injection

detector in a web system is essential to counter this threat and to provide a safer and sustainable cyber web environment.
This research focuses on the detection by comparing the submitted parameters in webform request against its Knowledge
Base. The negative selection technique is used to establish the KB. In the training phase, we capture all web requests of
legitimate and malicious ones. The parameters of those web requests either via GET or POST method were captured end up

having two KBs each correspond to the benign and the malicious web requests. The KBs are established based on the
parameters split into variable length of n-gram signatures. These SQL injection KB and benign KB are compared to each
other. Then, we remove the duplicated n-gram signatures between these two KBs and just utilize the uniquely exist in the SQL
injection KB. The intersected region of the n-gram signatures fall under benign KB and SQL injection KB is also removed. The

research relies on a signature-based detection, observing the presence of any SQL injection related codes. The experiment
involves evaluating malicious as well as benign parameters in webform and the use of the web system with and without the
detector. The results of the experiment indicated that the proposed technique could detect and prevent SQL injection attack
with high accuracy.

Keywords: SQL injection, SQLmap, embedded detector, N-gram sequences, negative selection technique

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 49 | 49

SK08 ABSTRACT
Computer Science

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW FOR LIGHTWEIGHT AUTHENTICATION ALGORITHM IN IOT

SAKIINAH ALTAF HUSSAIN1*, AZNI HAZLIZAN AB HALIM1 AND NAJWA HAYAATI MOHD ALWI1

1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IoT) being a promising technology of the future is expected to generate tremendous amount of data
which can threaten the security of data. In order to secure the IoT applications from intruders, lightweight cryptography is

one of the suitable mechanism to be implemented since it is design to address the security demands in resource-constrained
hardware and software environments. The aim of this paper is to analyse the current security requirements specifically for
integrity and authentication algorithm to design lightweight cryptography for IoT. The paper focus on three objectives which
are to analyse the current state of the integrity and authentication research, to investigate the integrity and authentication

requirements and to analyse the lightweight authentication algorithm currently used in IoT application. This paper adopts
Kitchenhem systematic literature review (SLR) method using four steps review process. The articles used in this study are
retrieved from four (4) reputable databases, and the results showed there are fifty-seven (57) articles suitable to be analysed.
From this SLR, we found three (3) research focus in IoT which currently active. The research mostly focuses on attacks in IoT

application, security requirements and algorithms for lightweight authentication in IoT. Furthermore, the analysis also reveals
the convergence of lightweight algorithm in authentication is for future sustainable IoT application. The implication of this
study is to provide future researchers as a reference in designing lightweight authentications algorithm to achieve desired
security requirements to achieve sustainable security management in IoT.

Keywords: Lightweight cryptography, authentication, integrity, IoT application

Organiz1e9d/1b0y/2F0a2c1ulty of Science & Technology, USIM 50 | 50