Aim: To determine the value of gravitational acceleration, g using a ticker timer. Problem statement: What is the value of the gravitational acceleration, g? Hypothesis: The value of gravitational acceleration, g is 10 m s–2. Variables: (a) manipulated: Mass of weight (b) responding: Value of gravitational acceleration (c) constant: Height of object released Materials: Ticker tape, cellophane tape Apparatus: Ticker timer, weight, G-clamp, A.C. power supply 12 V, soft board, retort stand and clamp Procedure: Table Ticker tape Ticker tape Bench A.C. power supply G-clamp Weight Ticker timer Retort stand Figure 11.19 Setup of apparatus 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 11.19. 2. Clamp the ticker timer vertically on the retort stand which is placed on the bench. 3. Put a ticker tape strip of 1 m through the ticker timer. 4. Hang a weight of mass 50 g to the end of the ticker tape. 5. Switch on the ticker timer and release the weight. 6. Analyse the ticker tape to obtain the value of gravitational acceleration, g by the following method: Initial velocity, u = x1 cm 0.02 s Final velocity, v = x2 cm 0.02 s Time interval, t = 5 ticks × 0.02 s = 0.1 s Gravitational acceleration, g = v – u t = cm s–2 = m s–2 x2 5 4 3 2 1 x1 Direction of motion Experiment 11.1 11.3.1 Precautionary measures: Place the soft board on the spot where the weight will hit the floor. 240
Photograph 11.1 Parachutists 11.3.2 Free Fall An object is said to experience free fall if it falls due to the effects of gravitational force only. For example, a sheet of paper does not fall freely because its motion is affected by air resistance. Objects falling freely, fall with the same gravitational acceleration no matter what their mass and shape are. Actually, free fall only occurs in a vacuum, that is in a space with no air. In a vacuum chamber, a chicken feather and a tennis ball that are released from the same height will reach the bottom of the chamber simultaneously. The value of gravitational acceleration, g on the surface of Earth is 10 m s–2. Is the value of the gravitational acceleration obtained in Experiment 11.1 the same as the actual value of g? Explain your answer. 7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 using weights of mass 100 g, 150 g, 200 g and 250 g. Result: Mass of weight (g) 50 100 150 200 250 Gravitational acceleration, g (m s–2) Conclusion: Is the hypothesis of this experiment accepted? What is the conclusion of this experiment? Brain Teaser Tease Take a look at Photograph 11.1. Do the parachutists experience free fall? 241 Force and Motion Chapter 11
Displacement-time graph Figure 11.22 11.3.2 Motion Graphs of Objects Experiencing Free Fall Now, let us study the free fall in more detail by using linear motion graphs. Figure 11.21 Velocity-time graph • Before being released, the displacement of the object is zero. • The object is stationary. • Once the object is released, it falls with a low velocity. • This can be seen in the small value of the gradient. • During free fall, the object falls with a higher velocity than its initial velocity. • This can be seen in the greater value of the gradient of the graph. • Before being released, the velocity of the object is zero. • The object is stationary. • When the object is released, the velocity of the object increases uniformly. • Gradient of velocity-time graph = acceleration • This acceleration is known as gravitational acceleration. Stationary object (velocity = 0 m s–1) velocity increases Figure 11.20 Object released from a certain height Displacement (m) 0 Time (s) Velocity (m s–1) 0 Time (s) V 2 1 3 242
Figure 11.24 Displacement-time graph • Maximum displacement, zero velocity. • The object will momentarily stop before falling back downwards. • The velocity of the object decreases as the object moves upwards. • The gradient of the velocity-time graph is negative. • At maximum height, the velocity of the object is zero. Figure 11.25 Velocity-time graph Maximum displacement (velocity = 0 m s–1) velocity decreasing velocity = V m s–1 Figure 11.23 Object thrown vertically upwards 11.3.2 Motion Graph of Objects Moving Against Gravitational Force (Antigravity) What is the shape of the linear motion graph if the object moves against gravity? • Once thrown upwards, the object moves with a velocity, V m s-1. At the same time, the displacement of the object changes. • The object moves upwards with decreasing velocity. • When thrown upwards, the object starts to move with a velocity of V m s-1. Displacement (m) 0 Time (s) Velocity (m s–1) 0 Time (s) V 243 Force and Motion Chapter 11
Aim: To study the time taken for an object to fall during free fall and non-free fall motions. Problem statement: Is the time taken for a free falling object to reach the ground the same as that for a non-free falling object? Hypothesis: Time taken to reach the ground by a free falling object is shorter than a non-free falling object. Variables: (a) manipulated: Presence of air (b) responding: Time taken for the object to fall to the rubber stopper (c) constant: Height of object Material: Pieces of paper Apparatus: Transparent cylinder tube, rubber stopper, vacuum pump Procedure: 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 11.26. 2. Put the pieces of paper into the transparent cylinder tube. 3. Close the open end of the cylinder tube tightly with a rubber stopper. 4. Connect the transparent cylinder tube to the vacuum pump. 5. Quickly turn the cylinder tube upside down and let the pieces of paper fall. Record the time taken for the pieces of paper to fall to the rubber stopper. 6. Pump out the air in the cylinder tube and repeat step 5. Result: Presence of air Time taken for the object to fall to the rubber stopper (s) Yes No (vacuum) Conclusion: Is the hypothesis of this experiment accepted? What is the conclusion of this experiment? Question: Are there any forces other than gravitational force acting on the object during free fall? Explain. Experiment 11.2 Galileo Galilei carried out an experiment sometime in the years 1589 to 1592. He dropped two spheres of different mass simultaneously from the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. He found that objects of different masses take almost the same time to reach the ground. Cylinder tube Rubber stopper Vacuum pump Pieces Hose clip of paper 11.3.3 Figure 11.26 Setup of apparatus 244
Activity 11.5 Aim: To understand and solve issues regarding free fall motions in the context of daily life through projects based on the STEM approach. Instructions: 1. Carry out this activity in groups to study the following statement: In the event of a major flood, food and medical supplies sometimes need to be dropped from the air. Often these supplies will be damaged due to high velocity impact upon reaching the surface of the earth. Parachutes are used to reduce the velocity. 2. Design and build a parachute to solve the problem above. Among the characteristics of the parachute that should be considered are: • size of canopy • material of canopy • length of string • number of strings 3. Present your work to the class. STEM Project Formative Practice Formative Practice 11.3 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. (a) Free fall is the motion of an object due to force only. (b) The non-free fall motion of an object is affected by resistance. (c) is the acceleration due to gravitational force acting on an object towards the centre of Earth. 2. The graph below shows the free fall of an object. Explain the graph. Displacement (m) Time (s) 11.3.3 245 Force and Motion Chapter 11
11.4 Mass and Inertia Inertia follows Newton’s First Law of Motion by Sir Isaac Newton. Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object will remain in its original state, that is, being at rest or in motion with constant speed (in a straight line) if no external force acts on it. Mass You were introduced to the term mass in Form 1. Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. The S.I. unit for mass is kilogram (kg). The mass of an object is constant if the quantity of matter in an object does not change. Inertia Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to resist any change in its original state, whether at rest or in motion. Inertia is not a physical quantity, therefore it cannot be measured, has no value and no unit. Among the situations involving inertia: Original state of object at rest Original state of object in motion Coin drops into water Coin Cardboard pulled When the cardboard is pulled quickly, the coin will fall into the glass. The inertia of the coin will maintain the original state of the coin, that is, being at rest. The coin will not move together with the cardboard, instead it will fall into the glass due to gravitational force. When the train moves, the passenger will move forward together with the train. When the train stops suddenly, the body of the passenger maintains its forward motion. Inertia of the passenger maintains the original state of the passenger, that is, being in motion. Thus, the passenger continues his forward motion. 11.4.1 11.4.2 Figure 11.27 Figure 11.28 Photograph 11.2 Mass of an apple is measured using a digital scale 246
Aim: To discuss the meaning of inertia by studying situations that show the existence of inertia in daily life. Instructions: 1. Carry out this activity in groups. 2. Discuss the following situations and relate them to inertia. • Our body leans to the right when the car we are in turns to the left. • Our body is hurled forward when the car we are in stops suddenly. 3. Present the results of your discussion. Activity 11.6 Relationship between Mass and Inertia The inertia of an object is affected by its mass. The larger the mass of an object, the larger the inertia of the object. 11.4.2 Round Table The mass of a trolley filled with things is larger, therefore its inertia is also larger. This causes the trolley to be more difficult to move from its original state. Photograph 11.3 Situations showing the relationship between mass and inertia INFORMATION The mass of an empty trolley is small, therefore the inertia of the trolley is also small. This enables the trolley to be easily moved from its original state. ... ... 21st Century Skills Examples of Inertia in Daily Life http://bukutekskssm.my/ Science/F4/Pg247 247 Force and Motion Chapter 11
Experiment 11.3 Aim: To study the relationship between mass and inertia. Problem statement: Does the mass of an object affect the inertia of the object? Hypothesis: The larger the mass of an object, the larger the inertia of the object. Variables: (a) manipulated: Mass of plasticine (b) responding: Period of oscillation (c) constant: Length of oscillating hacksaw blade, shape of plasticine Material: Plasticine Apparatus: G-clamp, hacksaw blade, stopwatch, electronic scale Procedure: 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 11.29. 2. Tightly clamp the hacksaw blade horizontally onto the leg of a table using the G-clamp. 3. Stick a bit of plasticine with a mass of 30 g onto the end of the hacksaw blade. 4. Slightly pull the end of the hacksaw blade with the plasticine and release it so that it oscillates horizontally (as shown in Figure 11.29). 5. Take the time for 10 complete oscillations using a stopwatch and record it in the table. 6. Determine the period, T for one complete oscillation. 7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 using plasticine with the mass of 40 g, 50 g, 60 g and 70 g. Result: Mass of plasticine (g) Time for 10 oscillations, t (s) Period, T = t 10 (s) 30 40 50 60 70 Data analysis: Plot the graph of T against the mass of plasticine on a graph paper. Conclusion: Is the hypothesis of this experiment accepted? What is the conclusion of this experiment? Questions: 1. State the relationship between the mass of plasticine and the period of oscillation. 2. State the relationship between the inertia of plasticine and its mass. 3. Is the period of oscillation of the hacksaw blade affected by gravitational force? G-clamp Hacksaw blade Plasticine The relationship between mass and inertia can be studied using an inertial balance. The inertial balance was invented by NASA to determine the mass of objects in outer space. Let us carry out Experiment 11.3 to study the effects of mass on inertia. 11.4.3 Experiment http://bukutekskssm. my/Science/F4/ Relationshipbetween MassandInertia.mp4 Figure 11.29 Setup of apparatus VIDEO Photograph 11.4 Inertial balance 248
Effects of Inertia in Daily Life You now know that inertia is affected by the mass of an object. Inertia can cause positive and negative effects in our daily life. Figure 11.30 shows the positive effects of inertia. Aim: To discuss and share situations that show the benefits and damaging effects of inertia to humans. Instructions: 1. Carry out this activity in groups. 2. Choose examples of the benefits and the damaging effects of inertia. 3. Present the results of the discussion in the form of ‘Hot Seat’ activity. Activity 11.7 Formative Practice Formative Practice 11.4 1. Give the meaning of inertia and provide two examples of inertia in our daily life. 2. State the relationship between mass and inertia. The loose head of a hammer can be tightened by banging its handle against a hard surface. A swift bang drives the hammer head downwards due to inertia. The effects of inertia can cause injury to car drivers. Therefore, a car is equipped with airbags, headrests and safety belts to reduce the effects of inertia. A wet umbrella can be dried by spinning the umbrella quickly and stopping it suddenly. Water droplets will continue to move even when the umbrella has stopped spinning due to inertia. So, the water droplets will fly off the umbrella. 11.4.4 Hot Seat Figure 11.30 Positive effects of inertia Figure 11.31 Negative effects of inertia and ways to overcome them ... ... 21st Century Skills Figure 11.31 shows the negative effects of inertia and ways to overcome it. During landing, an aeroplane of large mass cannot stop within a short distance due to inertia. Therefore, long runways are needed for the aeroplane to land safely. 249 Force and Motion Chapter 11
FORCE AND MOTION Newton’s First Law of Motion Acceleration a = v – u t Gravitational Acceleration and Free Fall Linear Motion Graphs Distance and displacement Displacement- time graph Gradient = velocity Gradient = acceleration Area under the graph Velocity-time = displacement graph Gravitational acceleration, g (10 m s-2) Free fall Speed = Distance Time Velocity = Displacement Time Linear Motion Mass Inertia Effects of inertia in daily life Mass and Inertia 250
Summative Practice Summative Practice 11 1. Azmeer rides his motorcycle to the north for 24 km, then to the west for 12 km and finally to the south for 12 km before he stops to rest (Figure 1). His journey takes 2 hours. (a) What is the distance travelled by Azmeer? (b) What is Azmeer’s displacement? (c) Determine Azmeer’s average speed. (d) Calculate the average velocity for Azmeer’s displacement. 2. Hilmi walks to the north for 8 m, then to the east for 8 m. Hilmi takes 5 minutes to complete his journey. (a) What is the distance of his motion? (b) What is the displacement of his motion? (c) Determine the velocity attained by Hilmi. After studying this chapter, you are able to: 11.1 Linear Motion Explain the difference between distance and displacement and their units in daily life. Explain with examples the meaning of speed, average speed, velocity and acceleration and their units in daily life. Solve problems that involve speed, average speed, velocity and acceleration in daily life. Distinguish between the various types of linear motion. 11.2 Linear Motion Graphs Interpret the different types of motion from linear motion graphs to determine distance, displacement, velocity, average velocity and acceleration. 11.3 Gravitational Acceleration and Free Fall Carry out an experiment to determine the acceleration due to Earth’s gravity, g. Interpret the motion graph for objects in free fall. Carry out an experiment to study free fall and non-free fall conditions. 11.4 Mass and Inertia Explain mass. Explain the meaning of inertia with examples. Carry out an experiment to study the relationship between mass and inertia. Communicate the effects of inertia in daily life. Self-reflection Self-reflection Objective Questions http://bukutekskssm. QUIZ my/Science/F4/Q11 Figure 1 12 km 12 km 24 km 251 Force and Motion Chapter 11
3. Figure 2 is a graph that shows the motion of a car. Velocity (m s–1) 0 20 Time (s) 5 20 30 Figure 2 Based on the graph above, (a) what represents acceleration? (b) what is the acceleration of the car from 0 to 5 seconds? (c) determine the total displacement of the car. 4. Figure 3 shows the motion of objects P and Q that are released simultaneously. Velocity (m s–1) 0 20 Time (s) 8 10 P Q 6 14 16 Figure 3 (a) Based on the gradient of graphs P and Q, which graph shows the higher value of acceleration at the 6th second? Explain your answer. (b) Determine the gradient of graph P from 0 to 8 seconds. 5. Figure 4 shows a ticker tape strip of 16 cm in length. 16 cm Direction of motion Figure 4 The time between two consecutive dots is 0.02 seconds. (a) Determine the velocity of the ticker tape strip. (b) Determine the acceleration of the ticker tape strip. Explain your answer. 6. Figure 5 shows two wooden blocks, P and Q which are of different sizes but have the same mass. Q P Figure 5 252
(a) Give the meaning of inertia. (b) Which wooden block has a larger inertia? Explain your answer. (c) State Newton’s First Law of Motion. 7. Figure 6 shows a coin and a feather falling simultaneously inside two transparent cylinder tubes, R and S. Cylinder tube R contains air whereas cylinder tube S is a vacuum. Coin Air Cylinder tube R S Feather Coin Feather Vacuum Figure 6 (a) What is meant by a free fall? (b) Compare the time taken for the coin and the feather to fall inside cylinder tubes R and S. Explain your answer. (c) Create a suitable conclusion for the activity above. Mind Challenge Challenge 8. Figure 7 shows a ticker tape chart of a trolley moving down an inclined runway. The ticker timer being used vibrates at a frequency of 50 Hz. (a) Determine the time for 10 ticks. (b) What is the velocity for ticker tape 1 and ticker tape 5? (c) The runway is inclined further so that the trolley moves down faster. Predict the length of the ticker tape chart that will be obtained. 9. Figure 8 shows a student banging the handle of a hammer against a hard surface. (a) What is the actual purpose of the student doing so? (b) What is the concept used by the student? (c) Explain two of your daily activities that use the concept stated in question 9(b). Length (cm) Ticker tape 0 1 2 3 4 5 20 40 10 30 50 Figure 7 Figure 8 253 Force and Motion Chapter 11
12 Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear reactor Electricity generation Impact of nuclear test Keywords Chapter 254
Anda akan belajar tentang: Digest Science Why is the number of countries using nuclear energy increasing? How is nuclear energy produced? Is nuclear energy safe to use? Can nuclear power stations be built in Malaysia? Thorium to Replace Uranium Similar to uranium, thorium can also undergo nuclear reaction that can generate electricity. The Malaysian Nuclear Agency is responsible for conducting research projects on thorium in cooperation with several foreign agency. The project aims to study the availability of thorium as an alternative nuclear fuel to replace uranium in research reactors in the future. Source: www.nuclearmalaysia.gov.my (Access on 19 August 2019) the use of nuclear energy the production of nuclear energy impact of using nuclear energy nuclear energy in Malaysia You will learn about: Nuclear Energy Chapter 12 255
12.1 The Use of Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy brings a lot of benefits to mankind if it is generated and controlled properly. The number of countries using nuclear energy to generate energy in various fields has been increasing every year. Now, there are more than 30 countries in the world using nuclear energy as their energy source. Among them are the United States of America, Russia, France, Slovakia and Japan. Why do these countries use nuclear energy rather than other energy sources? 12.1.1 Countries in the World that Use Nuclear Energy http://bukutekskssm.my/ Science/F4/Pg256 Nuclear energy releases very little greenhouse gases compared to other energy sources. Figure 12.1 Uses of nuclear energy INFORMATION Nuclear energy produces ionising radiation that is used in various fields such as medicine, agriculture and industry. The use of nuclear energy can improve the standard of health and living of man. Nuclear energy is an alternative energy that can be used to generate electricity in order to replace or reduce the use of petroleum and coal. This energy is produced in greater quantity and is more efficient compared to other energy sources. 256
12.1.1 Formative Practice Formative Practice 12.1 1. State three major countries in the world that use nuclear energy sources. 2. What are the benefits of using nuclear energy sources compared to other energy sources? What are the adverse effects of nuclear energy sources compared to other energy sources? The huge amount of energy produced can cause severe harm to mankind if it is misused. Radioactive waste can affect the health and threaten lives of all living things. Figure 12.2 Adverse effects of nuclear energy sources Aim: To construct a mind map to show the benefits and adverse effects of nuclear energy sources compared to other energy sources. Instructions: 1. Do active reading and gather information regarding the benefits and the adverse effects of nuclear energy sources compared to other energy sources. 2. Construct the mind map as shown below and fill it with the information you have gathered. 3. Put up the mind map on the notice board at the back of the classroom. ... ... Activity 12.1 Benefits of nuclear energy sources Adverse effects of nuclear energy sources Mind Map 21st Century Skills Nuclear Energy Chapter 12 257
ANIS HAIKAL Teacher, how is nuclear energy produced? Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. 12.2 The Production of Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy means energy resulting from reactions in the nucleus of atoms. 12.2.1 Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a heavy radioactive nucleus into two or more nuclei, which are lighter and more stable together with the release of energy. • Nuclear fission occurs when a heavy radioactive nucleus such as uranium-235 is bombarded by a slow neutron. • Bombardment by the neutron causes the nucleus to split into two or more lighter and stable nuclei. • This process releases a lot of energy. • The nuclear fission will occur continuously when a neutron bombards and splits a new nucleus of large mass. This reaction is called a chain reaction. Figure 12.3 Nuclear fission of uranium-235 3D Model Energy Neutron Uranium-235 258
Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion is the process of fusing or combining two light radioactive nuclei to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy. • For example, two light and small nuclei such as deuterium and tritium (hydrogen isotope) combine to form a bigger and heavier nucleus. • This process occurs at a very high temperature. • This process releases more nuclear energy than nuclear fission. Figure 12.4 The fusion of two hydrogen isotopes Activity 12.2 Aim: To create a multimedia presentation to explain the production of nuclear energy. Instructions: 1. Carry out this activity in groups. 2. Gather information about the production of nuclear energy through nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. 3. Discuss the information gathered and prepare a multimedia presentation to explain nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. 4. Present the findings obtained by your group to the class. Science Science Gallery Nuclear fusion occurs continuously in the Sun. This is because the Sun has hydrogen isotopes and high temperature. The energy released from this process is the main source of energy for life on Earth. Brain Teaser Tease Why does nuclear fusion require a high temperature? 12.2.1 Fusion Energy Deuterium Tritium Neutron Helium Result Showcase 3D Model 21st Century Skills Nuclear Energy Chapter 12 259
12.2.2 Concrete shield Prevents radioactive radiation leakage from the reactor Generating Electricity from Nuclear Energy You learned about electricity generation in Form 3. The main use of nuclear energy is to generate electricity. The generation of electricity from nuclear energy is done in the nuclear power station. A nuclear power station consists of a nuclear reactor and a generator. The nuclear reactor produces a huge amount of energy. Let us take a look at the process of generating electricity that occurs in a nuclear power station. Figure 12.5 A nuclear power station Graphite moderator Slows down the neutrons Boron control rods Control the rate of nuclear fission reaction by absorbing surplus neutrons Uranium fuel rods Release heat energy through nuclear fission to heat up gas flowing through the reactor core Cooling agent Absorbs heat produced by the nuclear reaction Pump Cool gas Reactor Cool gas Hot gas 260
12.2.2 Turbine The turbine is rotated by steam causing magnets in the generator to spin Electricity generator Generates electricity through the process of electromagnetic induction when magnets spin inside a coil Condenser Cools and condenses steam into water Cooling tower Pump Cool water Cool water Hot water Hot steam Arco, Idaho in the United States of America is the first town in the world to use electricity generated by a nuclear power station. This occurred on 17 July 1955 with power generated by the BORAX-III reactor built at the Argonne National Laboratory. History Corner Nuclear Energy Chapter 12 261
Malaysia has a nuclear reactor of 1 megawatt power belonging to the Malaysian Nuclear Agency. The TRIGA PUSPATI Reactor (RTP) started operation on 28 June 1982. RTP is a pool-type reactor permitting experiments to be conducted in the reactor core. However, this reactor is only for the purpose of training, doing researches and producing radioisotopes. Malaysia must build a nuclear reactor capable of generating 1000 megawatts of power if it wants to generate electricity using nuclear energy. My Nation The Use of Nuclear Energy in Some Countries Many countries in the world continue to choose nuclear energy as an alternative source of energy to generate electricity. There are several reasons why the countries choose nuclear energy as their energy source. Lack of other energy sources • Most of these countries using nuclear energy lack other energy sources such as coal and petroleum. Importing these energy sources from other countries will incur high cost. Therefore, they have to use alternative energy sources such as nuclear energy. Vast country and high population density • China for example is vast and has a high population density. The amount of power produced using nuclear energy is enough to generate electricity for the whole country. Source of national income • The nuclear reactor in Slovakia, for example, can produce electricity more than needed by the country. Therefore, they can supply electricity to neighbouring countries and earn lucrative income. Sophisticated technology • Countries using nuclear energy are always conducting research and development. As a result, they now have more sophisticated technologies and are able to reduce the risks associated with nuclear reactors. One such example is the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States of America. Science Science Gallery Argonne National Laboratory The Argonne National Laboratory is a laboratory specifically built for the development of nuclear physics. This laboratory is on the outskirts of Chicago, United States of America. This laboratory which started operation in the 1940s has made many contributions to the field of nuclear physics. Almost all nuclear reactors built nowadays are the result of indepth researches conducted at Argonne National Laboratory. 12.2.3 Triga Puspati Reactor http:// bukutekskssm/ Science/F4/ Pg262.mp4 VIDEO (Source: Official Website Agensi Nuklear Malaysia) 262
Formative Practice Formative Practice 12.2 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. (a) The process of occurs when a bombards a nucleus of large mass which then into two new nuclei of smaller mass that are nearly the same and more stable together with the release of energy. (b) The process of nuclear fusion only occurs at high . Aim: To search and share information on the use of nuclear energy in certain countries. Instructions: 1. Carry out this activity in pairs. 2. Take a card written with the name of a country which uses nuclear energy from your teacher. 3. Gather information on the use of nuclear energy in that country. 4. Present the findings obtained in front of the class. ... ... Activity 12.3 12.3.1 12.3 Impact of Using Nuclear Energy The use of nuclear energy should be regulated properly so as to bring benefits to mankind and the environment. Since nuclear energy is increasingly being used around the world, we should know the impact of using this energy on life and the environment. Impact of Using Nuclear Weapons Early research on nuclear energy was conducted in the 1940s to produce the atomic bomb. Plutonium, the byproduct from nuclear fission in the nuclear reactor was used to make the atomic bomb. The world saw the devastation when nuclear energy was used to make nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons were used by the United States of America on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. Think-Pair-Share J.Robert Oppenheimer is the first person in the world to invent the atomic bomb. He is called ‘Father of the Atomic Bomb’. The bomb he invented was used by the American military during World War II. He, however, expressed regret after personally seeing the devastation caused by the explosion of the atomic bomb. 21st Century Skills History Corner Nuclear Energy Chapter 12 263
12.3.1 The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with atomic bombs during World War II • The atomic bomb “Little Boy” was dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, followed by another atomic bomb “Fat Man” on Nagasaki on 9 August 1945. • The nuclear explosion caused a powerful shock wave that immediately killed about 70,000 civilians. • The blast caused the whole city to heat up to the extent that steel structures began to melt. • The blast also affected the environment due to shock wave and radioactive fallout. • At that moment, all communication systems in the city were cut off. Many countries have now started to invent and produce their own nuclear weapons. However, they are still bound by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) which controls and prohibits any country from using nuclear weapons arbitrarily. Photograph 12.1 Effect of bombing on Hiroshima Before After The Effects of Nuclear Weapons http://bukutekskssm.my/Science/ F4/Pg264 INFORMATION (Photo source: The City of Hiroshima) (Photo source: ICRC Archives) 264
Photograph 12.2 Nuclear test at sea 12.3.2 Impact of Nuclear Test Before nuclear weapons are used, nuclear tests have to be conducted to determine whether the weapons can function. Nuclear tests are conducted in the open atmosphere, on land or underwater. These nuclear tests have adverse impact on living things and the environment. Nuclear tests done underground, for example, will cause radiation effects to soil and water sources. Similarly at sea, destruction of living things and pollution will occur. For humans and living things on land, the spread of radiation from nuclear tests will cause somatic and genetic effects. Are there countries still doing nuclear tests? Somatic effects Genetic effects • Tiredness • Nausea • Cataract • Leukaemia • Hair loss • Deformation in babies • Cell mutation • Cancer Effects of radiation spread from nuclear tests Figure 12.6 Effects of radiation spread from nuclear tests Nuclear Energy Chapter 12 265
NAGESH Formative Practice Formative Practice 12.3 1. State three adverse effects that may occur if nuclear weapons continue to be used. 2. What is the purpose of conducting nuclear tests? Aim: To gather information regarding history of the atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and also nuclear tests. Instructions: 1. Carry out this activity in pairs. 2. Gather information regarding history of the atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and also nuclear tests by visiting the relevant websites. 3. Present the information gathered to the class. ... ... Activity 12.4 12.4 Nuclear Energy in Malaysia Justify the Construction of Nuclear Power Station in Malaysia In subtopic 12.1, we learned the benefits and adverse effects of using nuclear energy. In Malaysia, 70% of the energy used is generated by natural gas. Petroleum, natural gas and coal are fossil fuels that are non-renewable. Some students were asked about the justification for building a nuclear power station in Malaysia. The following are some of their opinions. 12.4.1 In my opinion, Malaysia needs to build a nuclear power station to meet the increasing consumer demand for electricity. I do not agree because nuclear reactors produce radioactive waste that is dangerous to humans and the environment if not handled carefully. NADIA Think-Pair-Share 21st Century Skills 266
As a Malaysian citizen, what is your opinion? Carry out Activity 12.5 with your classmates. Aim: To debate the justifications for a nuclear power station in Malaysia. Instructions: 1. Carry out this activity in groups. 2. The topic of the debate is “The justifications for a nuclear power station in Malaysia”. 3. Divide into two groups, the proposing team and the opposing team. 4. As the proposing and opposing teams, each team has to present their arguments. ... ... Activity 12.5 12.4.1 Formative Practice Formative Practice 12.4 1. State two main energy sources which are currently used in Malaysia. 2. State three factors that must be considered in operating nuclear power stations. Malaysian Nuclear Agency The Malaysian Nuclear Agency, formerly known as Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT), is located in Bangi, Selangor. This agency was formed to coordinate science and technological activities and other related technologies. Its main activity is international collaboration in the research and development of nuclear technology for national development. My Nation Several factors have to be considered in operating a nuclear power station: • fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and petroleum will deplete and its cost will increase • effects of pollution due to nuclear energy is less compared to fossil fuels • the location to build nuclear power station must be strategic. It must be near water sources to facilitate the cooling process • the rate of energy production by nuclear power is much greater than that of fossil fuels Debate 21st Century Skills Nuclear Energy Chapter 12 267
Generation of electricity Nuclear reactor Nuclear Energy in Malaysia NUCLEAR ENERGYImpact of Using Nuclear Energy The Production of Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Construction of a nuclear power station Effects of nuclear weapons Impact of nuclear tests Adverse effects of nuclear energy The Use of Nuclear Energy Use of nuclear energy in other countries Benefits of nuclear energy in Towards humans and environment 268
Summative Practice Summative Practice 12 1. Photograph 1 shows a nuclear power station in a certain country. Photograph 1 (a) Name two countries that are major users of nuclear energy. (b) Based on your answer in question 1(a), what is the use of nuclear energy in those countries? (c) State two advantages of nuclear energy sources. 2. Figure 1 shows a nuclear reaction. Figure 1 After studying this chapter, you are able to: 12.1 The Use of Nuclear Energy Justify the use of nuclear energy for a country that has been identified. 12.2 The Production of Nuclear Energy Describe the production of nuclear energy by nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Describe the generation of electricity from nuclear energy. Justify the use of nuclear energy in countries using it. 12.3 Impact of Using Nuclear Energy Tell a story about the impact of using nuclear weapons on life and the environment. Conclude the impact of nuclear tests on the environment. 12.4 Nuclear Energy in Malaysia Justify the construction of a nuclear power station in Malaysia. Self-reflection Self-reflection Objective Questions http://bukutekskssm. my/Science/F4/Q12 QUIZ Nuclear Energy Chapter 12 269
Mind Challenge Challenge 5. A nuclear reactor can produce nuclear energy on a large scale to generate electricity. Based on the statement above, explain the way nuclear energy is converted into electricity in a nuclear power station. (a) Name the nuclear reaction. (b) Based on Figure 1, explain the nuclear reaction. (c) What would happen if the reaction is not controlled properly? 3. Reaction X always occurs in the Sun. (a) What is the reaction? (b) Explain why the reaction can occur on the surface of the Sun. (c) What would happen on Earth if the reaction you mentioned in question 3(a) suddenly stops? 4. Figure 2 shows part of a nuclear power station. K Figure 2 (a) What is the process that occurs in K? (b) What is the purpose of the process you mentioned in question 4(a)? (c) K has various safety features. State two safety features in K. (d) Predict the impact if there is a leakage in the structure of K. 270
Chapter 1 Summative Practice 1 1. (a) Laminar flow cabinet/fume chamber/safety shower/eyewash station (any three) (b) There are dangerous substances in the laboratory that are flammable, corrosive, toxic and fragile. (c) His action is correct because lemon juice contains a pH value of more than 5 and less than 7. 2. (a) (i) Class B fire (ii) Foam/dry powder/carbon dioxide (b) • Ethanol is very close to the fire source and the conditions needed for combustion are present. • Ethanol is a flammable and volatile substance. (c) • Use the fire extinguisher 1. Pull the safety pin from the fire extinguisher. 2. Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire. He should be 2.0 – 2.5 metres away from the fire. 3. Squeeze the handle on top of the fire extinguisher. 4. Spray evenly on the entire fire source by sweeping the nozzle from side to side. • Use the fire blanket (d) (i) Types of fire extinguishers (ii) Expiry date of fire extinguishers (iii) Pressure reading on fire extinguishers (iv) Number of fire extinguishers based on types (v) Location of the fire extinguishers in the school’s emergency route plan Chapter 2 Summative Practice 2 1. (a) P: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR Q: Heimlich Manoeuvre (b) The victims will experience brain damage because they do not receive sufficient oxygen in their body and brain for a certain period. 2. (a) CPR (b) Position the victim's body on his side and wait for the ambulance to arrive. 3. (a) The victim will choke. (b) The Heimlich Manoeuvre will increase the pressure in the lungs causing the food to be ejected. (c) Yes. To help a pregnant woman using this method, place your hands right at the bottom of the breastbone, a little bit higher than on a nonpregnant woman. Then, proceed with the usual Heimlich Manoeuvre. 4. (a) The Heimlich Manoeuvre (b) Firstly, one of Jia Hui’s friends needs to stand behind Jia Hui and bend her body slightly forward. Then, place her hands around Jia Hui's waist and clench a fist her right hand. The right fist is put between Jia Hui's navel and ribs. Her left hand is placed on top of her right fist. Next, she needs to press and jerk upward with quick force until the food is ejected out of Jia Hui’s mouth. Chapter 3 Summative Practice 3 1. (a) Infection, exposure to extreme heat, vigorous exercise (b) 36.9°C (c) Infrared thermometer/rectal thermometer 2. (a) P : Infrared thermometer Q : Rectal thermometer (b) To measure body temperature (c) Infrared thermometer (d) Can cause death (accept any suitable answers) 3. (a) 100 – 150 (b) Manipulated variable: the age Responding variable: the pulse rate (c) When the age increases, the pulse rate decreases. (d) 60 – 65 beats per minute 4. (a) The wrist (b) 60 – 65 beats per minute (c) 120/80 mmHg (d) Fareeza must do health check-ups regularly at the clinic or hospital (accept any suitable answers) 5. (a) 120/80 mmHg (b) The reading of Siva’s blood pressure is higher than a normal person because he may have high blood pressure. (c) Siva needs to go to the hospital to get proper treatment. (accept any suitable answers) Answers ONLY SELECTED ANSWERS ARE PROVIDED HERE 271
6. (a) Organ damage (b) Sphygmomanometer (c) Systolic pressure is the blood pressure when the heart muscles contract. Diastolic pressure is the blood pressure when the heart muscles are resting. Chapter 4 Summative Practice 4 1. (a) The development and application of products, equipment and systems used to conserve the environment and nature, as well as minimising and reducing the negative effects of human activities. (b) Energy, environment, economy, social 2. (a) Saves energy, avoids wastage, strengthens the country’s economy (b) Switch off the electrical appliances when they are not in use. This can save energy consumption at home. 3. (a) Energy sector, transportation sector, waste and wastewater management sector (b) Energy sector – focuses on the use of a cleaner and carbon-free alternative energy that can replace the use of fossil fuels. Transportation sector – focuses on the improvement of a cleaner transportation infrastructure, vehicle fuel and public transportation. Waste and wastewater management sector – focuses on minimising waste disposal and wastewater into the environment by converting waste or wastewater into something new such as compost. 4. (a) • Global warming • Increase in greenhouse gases • Acid rain (b) • Use renewable energy • Practise energy efficiency (c) Prevents global warming/reduces carbon dioxide production in the air/prevents acid rain (d) I agree, because the practice of Green Technology can reduce the dependence on fossil fuel energy sources, thus can reduce air pollution due to the release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels. 5. (a) Transportation sector – focuses on the improvement of a cleaner transportation infrastructure, vehicle fuel and public transportation (b) Using solar-powered vehicles, carpooling, cycling Chapter 5 Summative Practice 5 1. (a) (i) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (ii) Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base (b) 46 (c) Autosomes carry genes that control the characteristics of organisms such as the colour of pupil, ability to roll the tongue and types of hair, while sex chromosomes carry genes that determine the gender of an organism whether male or female. 2. (a) Prophase I (b) Chromosomes shorten and thicken, and become clearly visible. Homologous chromosomes pair together. Crossing over occurs. (c) The process that occurs is crossing over. Crossing over produces a new genetic combination. If crossing over does not happen, no variation is formed. (d) Reproductive cells 3. (a) Prophase (b) Chromosomes are arranged in an equatorial plane. The spindle fibres are attached to the centromere. (c) Humans: skin, Plants: shoot/root Chapter 6 Summative Practice 6 1. (a) (i) Tendon (ii) Tendons connect muscles to bones. (iii) Tendons consist of a combination of tough and inelastic fibres. (b) The individual cannot move the bone because the force generated by muscle contraction cannot be transferred to the bone. (c) Tendon is a structure that connects muscles to the bone while ligament is a structure that connects bone to bone. 2. (a) Hydrostatic skeleton (b) Longitudinal muscle and circular muscle (c) Movement in the earthworm occurs when the longitudinal muscles contract and the circular muscles relax in opposition. This opposite movement creates movement from the front to the rear of the earthworm's body. The earthworm also has chaetae (bristle-like hairs) on its body to grip the ground during movement. 3. (a) (i) The giraffe will spread its legs. (ii) This will increase the base area of the giraffe and lower its centre of gravity (b) (i) X (ii) Animal X has a lower centre of gravity. (iii) When sitting down. 4. Woody plants have big and tall stems. To increase the stability of woody plants, the plants need to increase their base area. Therefore, woody plants have additional support such as buttress roots, prop roots and stilt roots to increase their base area. 272
Chapter 7 Summative Practice 7 1. (a) P – Pituitary gland (b) (i) Thyroxine (ii) • Low metabolic rate • Stunted mental and physical development in children (cretinism) • Lack of energy in adults (myxedema) • Tend to be obese • Have goitre (c) (i) Pancreas (ii) Insulin (iii) • Less insulin hormone is secreted • Blood glucose is not able to be converted to glycogen. • This causes the blood glucose level to rise. (d) Testosterone hormone 2. (a) (i) Oestrogen, progesterone (ii) 1. Promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics 2. Prepares the uterus for implantation of embrio (b) After puberty (c) (i) Testis (ii) Controls the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as enlargement of the voice box and hair growth on their face. Chapter 8 Summative Practice 8 1. (a) (i) Salt: ions (ii) Sugar: molecules (b) Ions: marbles/limewater/acid/alkali Molecules: carbon dioxide/oxygen/nitrogen/ naphthalene/alcohol (c) Molecules: oxygen gas/carbon dioxide gas/ sulphur dioxide gas Ions: zinc oxide/iron oxide 2. (a) The elements are arranged from left to right and top to bottom, in the order of their increasing proton numbers. (b) P and U (c) Element R. Element R has achieved a stable octet electron arrangement. (d) Group 16, Period 3 (e) (i) P: 2.1 (ii) Q: 2.7 (iii) T: 2.8.3 3. (a) X: 14 Y: 18 Z: 20 (b) Atom X Atom Y Atom Z (c) X: Group 13, Period 3 Y: Group 17, Period 3 Z: Group 2, Period 4 (d) (i) Atom X will donate three electrons to the atom of another element to form a positive ion. (ii) Atom Y will accept one electron from the atom of another element to form a negative ion. 4. (a) Q and R, because atom Q and R have the same proton number but different nucleon number. (b) Industry: is used to detect leakage in underground pipes Medical: detect clogged blood vessels (c) Phosphorus-32: is used to detect the rate of absorption of phosphorus fertiliser in plants (d) Carbon-14 Agriculture: to detect the rate of photosynthesis in plants Archaeology: to determine the age of fossils and artifacts Chapter 9 Summative Practice 9 1. (a) Object P: brass Object Q: bronze (b) Alloy P: to make door knobs/to make decorative items/to make food containers Alloy Q: to build sculptures/to build monuments/to make knives (c) A bronze block is stronger compared to a copper block due to the presence of foreign atoms in the bronze block. This will disrupt the orderly arrangement of the atom in the bronze block. When force is applied onto the bronze block, the layers of atoms have difficulty sliding over one another thus making it stronger. (d) Yes, it can. Because alloy P is hard and resistant to corrosion making it suitable to be used. Besides that, alloy P will also make the body of the ship look better because alloy P is gold in colour. 2. (a) Borosilicate glass (b) Borosilicate glass has high resistance to heat and chemical substances. 273
(c) Fused silica glass It has high resistance to heat and is inert to chemicals. (d) Yes, it is suitable It will not break easily when cold or hot water is placed in it. 3. (a) • Superconductor alloys are used in the construction of railway tracks for Maglev train service. • Magnets are placed at the bottom of the Maglev train. • Superconductor alloys are cooled to a very low temperature and electric current flows through it to produce antimagnetic property. • Maglev train will float a little and the bottom part of the train will not be in contact with the railway track. • This will prevent friction between the railway track and the Maglev train. • Thus, the Maglev train is able to move at high speed. (b) MRI machine/Electrical cable/Microchip (c) Yes, it can. • A track needs to be prepared • Place magnets at the bottom of the car • When electricity flows on the track, the antimagnetic force will be formed allowing the car to move without touching the track • The bottom structure of the car is specially created to make sure the car does not derail from the track No, it cannot • Cars move without track • Difficult to place superconductor alloy on the road to allow electricity to flow • The car can crash because there is no tool to allow the car to be attached to the runway Chapter 10 Summative Practice 10 1. (a) Method M: Complementary medicine Method N: Modern medicine (b) Follow-up treatment after the cancer treatment/ Weak muscle condition/Poor blood circulation/ Reduce pressure and stress (any one) (c) • Analgesic: used to reduce headaches, migraine and fever • Antibiotics: used to treat diseases due to pathogen infections such as tuberculosis (TB) and syphilis • Psychotherapeutic: used to treat mental illness such as depression and anxiety (d) Method M can reduce the side effects of medicine use in method N. Radiotherapy for example is a treatment for cancer. 2. (a) Free radicals are formed from oxidation process that happens in the body due to internal and external factors. (b) External factors such as sunlight, smoke from factories, cigarette smoke while internal factors are metabolism and inflammation (c) For most individuals, the free radicals formed naturally due to internal factors usually are stabilised by antioxidant substances from the food intake. For individuals who are exposed to external factors in excess such as cigarette smoke, factories smoke and radiation, many free radicals will be formed and cannot be stabilised by the antioxidant substances from food. This can cause health problems due to the presence of additional free radicals in the body. 3. (a) Antioxidants are chemical compounds that can be obtained from chemical synthesis or natural plants. When antioxidants react with free radicals, more stable compounds will be produced, stopping the oxidation process. (b) This substance protects body cells from free radical damage and is regarded as a defensive line against diseases. (c) • Beta carotene is an antioxidant substance which is commonly found in most red, yellow or orange coloured food such as apricots, carrots, pumpkins, mangoes, sweet potatoes and peaches. • Lutein is an antioxidant substance which is commonly found in large quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, cabbage and broccoli. • Lycopene is an antioxidant substance which is commonly found in papaya, guava, watermelon, tomato, apricots, grapefruit and oranges. • Vitamin C which is also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. Vitamin C is an antioxidant substance which is found in citrus fruits, spinach, broccoli, kiwi, strawberries, cranberry, cabbage and green pepper. 4. Massage is a method of manipulating soft tissues in the body using hands, fingers and fist. Massage soothes anxiety, pain, fatigue, muscle tension and nerve problems. Chapter 11 Summative Practice 11 1. (a) 24 km + 12 km + 12 km = 48 km (b) (12 km)2 + (12 km)2 = 16.97 km to the northwest 274
12 km 12 km 12 km 12 km 16.97 km 24 km (c) 48 km ÷ 2 hours = 24 km h–1 (d) 16.97 km ÷ 2 hours = 8.485 km h–1 2. (a) 8 m + 8 m = 16 m (b) (8 m)2 + (8 m)2 = 11.31 m to the northeast (c) 11.31 m ÷ (5 x 60 s) = 0.038 m s–1 3. (a) Gradient of graph (b) 20 m s–1 ÷ 5 s = 4 m s–2 (c) 1 2 × (30 s + 15 s) × 20 m s–1 = 450 m 4. (a) Graph P because its gradient is greater compared to Q. Value of gradient represents the value of acceleration. (b) 20 m s–1 ÷ 8 s = 2.5 m s–2 5. (a) 16 cm ÷ 0.2 s = 80 cm s–1 (b) 0 cm s–2/zero. This is because the velocity of the ticker tape strip is constant. 6. (a) Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to resist any change in its original state, whether being at rest or in motion. (b) Both wooden blocks have the same inertia because their masses are the same. (c) Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object tends to remain in its original state, either being at rest or in motion with uniform velocity if no external forces acts on it. 7. (a) The motion of an object that is affected only by gravitational force. (b) The time taken for the coin to fall is shorter than the feather in cylinder tube R, whereas for cylinder tube S, the time taken for both the coin and the feather to fall is the same. This is because cylinder tube R has air, whereas cylinder tube S is a vacuum. Cylinder tube R has air resistance. (c) An object will free fall if no air resistance acts on it. Chapter 12 Summative Practice 12 1. (a) France, Slovakia (b) • France uses nuclear energy to generate electricity to a large part of the country. • Slovakia generates income by supplying electricity generated from power stations to neighbouring countries. (c) • Can produce huge amounts of energy compared to other energy sources • Release very little greenhouse gases compared to other energy sources • Low maintenance cost indirectly strengthens national economy (any two) 2. (a) Nuclear fission (b) Nuclear fission occurs when a low-velocity neutron bombards a heavy radioactive nucleus and causes the nucleus to split into two lighter and more stable nuclei together with the release of a lot of energy. (c) The rate of nuclear reaction would be too high and can cause explosion. 3. (a) Nuclear fusion (b) The Sun has very high temperature/Rich in hydrogen (c) Earth would not receive sunlight and heat anymore. All living things cannot survive. 4. (a) Nuclear fission (b) To produce a lot of heat (c) • It has 2 m-thick walls that are made of concrete and lead • Has boron control rods that absorb excess neutrons so that reaction is under control (d) Leakage of radioactive radiation occurs. Full answers for teacher, please scan QR code. 275
In this Science KSSM Form 4 Textbook, there are some experiments that need to be carried out in the laboratory. Therefore, all students must comply with the rules and safety measures in the laboratory to avoid accidents. Before you enter the laboratory 1. Make sure that you enter the laboratory with the teacher’s permission. 2. Do not bring in bags or other items to the laboratory. In the laboratory 1. Do not run or play in the laboratory. 2. Do not eat or drink in the laboratory. 3. Do not taste or inhale any chemicals. 4. Read all instructions and warning symbols on the labels on chemical bottles before using them. 5. Do not point the mouth of the test tube at yourself or your friends when heating a chemical substance in a test tube. 6. Keep all flammable materials away from fire sources. Emergencies 1. Know the location of the fire extinguishers, fire blanket and first aid kit and the ways to use them. 2. If any chemical substance gets onto your skin, wash it off immediately with plenty of running tap water. 3. If any chemical substance gets into your eyes, wash it off immediately with plenty of running tap water. 4. If you accidentally swallow any chemical substance, spit it out immediately and rinse your mouth with plenty of water. Inform the incident to your teacher quickly for treatment. 5. Do not panic if your clothes are on fire, roll your body on the floor. Your teacher will put the fire blanket on your body to extinguish the fire. 6. Inform all accidents to your teacher immediately. Before you leave the laboratory 1. Turn off or switch off all water, gas and electricity supplies. 2. Clean and tidy all apparatus used. 3. Return all apparatus and chemical substances to their original place. 4. Dispose all experimental waste according to their category. 5. Wash your hands. Laboratory Rules and Safety Measures 276
Glossary Active ingredient – Specific components of a product that have an effect on the cure or prevention of disease. Alcohol – An organic compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen elements. This compound has a hydroxyl group (–OH). Allele – One of a pair of genes that occupies a certain place on the chromosome pairs. Alloy – A mixture of several types of metals or a mixture of metal and non-metal by a certain percentage. Atom – The smallest component of an element. Audit – To examine, evaluate and check. Autosome – Chromosomes that determine all the characteristics except gender. Biceps muscle – Muscles at the forearms that contract to bend the arms. Blood pressure – Pressure applied by blood to the wall of arteries during blood circulation. Chiropractic – A medical method that uses hand skills to adjust bone position. Continuous variation – Differences in traits that are not significant between individuals, such as height. Depolymerisation – A process that breaks down polymers to monomers through chemical reaction. Diastolic pressure – Blood pressure when heart muscles are resting. Discontinuous variation – Differences in traits that are significant between individuals, such as thumbprints. Distance – Total length of a path of a moving object. DNA – A molecule that consists of two twisted antiparallel polynucleotide chains that contains the genetic information of an organism. Elasticity – The ability of an object to return to its original shape after being stretched. Electron – A subatomic particle which is negatively charged. Energy efficiency – The use of less energy to carry out work at the same or higher rate without affecting the production and the quality of the desired outcome. Environment – Surroundings or conditions in which organisms live. Fibula – One of the leg bones that is smaller than tibia. Filial – A general term for children, usually used in genetic inheritance study. Free radical – Atoms or molecules that lack an electron on the outermost shell, resulting in unstable molecules that tend to attack other atoms or molecules. Gamete – Reproductive cell that has half of the number of chromosomes of its parent. Gene – A gene is a basic hereditary unit that determines an individual’s characteristics. Genealogy – Study of ancestry. Genetics – Study of genes and inheritance of features or properties in an organism. Genetic engineering – A technique to manipulate genes to produce an organism with a new genetic combination and is usually better in terms of quality. Group – Vertical columns in the Modern Periodic Table of Elements. Haemophilia – A genetic disease due to mutation of genes causing difficulty in blood clotting leading to severe bleeding if injured. Inert – Materials that do not react chemically with other materials. Inertia – A natural tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion, either stationary or moving. Ion – Charged particles that are formed when an atom loses or gains electrons. Ionising radiation – A radiation or wave consisting of energy and has the potential to ionise atoms or molecules. 277
Isotope – Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Linear movement – Movement of an object in a straight path. Medicine – Drugs or substances used to prevent or treat diseases. Meiosis – Division process of reproductive cells that produces four non-identical daughter cells (gametes). Mercury – A grey metal, exists in liquid form at room temperature. Used in thermometers and other scientific equipment. Mitosis – Division process of somatic cells that produces two identical daughter cells. Monomer – A small molecule forming polymer. Nucleotide – Basic unit of nucleic acid that consists of pentose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base. Paramedic – A medical personnel that usually serves in the emergency medical service, but not a doctor or nurse. Patella – Kneecap. Period – Horizontal rows in the Modern Periodic Table of Elements. Phalanx – A general term that refers to finger bones or toes. Plutonium – A radioactive element. Polymer – A large molecule formed by chains of smaller molecular units. Polymerisation – A combination process of monomers through the formation of chemical bonds to produce polymers. Pulse rate – A measurement of heartbeat or the number of heartbeats per minute. Radiation – Transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles. Radioactive material – Material that has unstable nucleus and emit radioactive rays. Radioactive waste – Waste materials that release radioactive radiation. Radioisotope – Unstable isotope that emits radioactive rays. Reactor – A structure that is built to produce nuclear energy. Recycle – A process of recovering waste to produce new usable items. Socio-scientific – A study related to social issues and phenomena that occur around humans using scientific methods. Sphygmomanometer – A device used to measure blood pressure. Stationary – Not moving. Systolic pressure – Blood pressure when heart muscles contract. Tendon – An inelastic connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. Tendril – A fine and coiled structure found on a number of climbing plants, such as cucumber plants which hold or cling to other structures for support. Ticker tape – A paper strip that is attached on a ticker timer to study the movement of an object. Traditional medicine – Medicine obtained from natural resources such as plants and animals. Triceps muscle – Muscles at the forearms that contract to straighten the arms. Vacuum – Space that does not have matter. Vulcanisation – A process of heating natural rubber with sulphur. 278
References National Anti-Drugs Agency, Jenis-jenis dadah, inhalan. Retrieved from, https://www.adk.gov.my/ en/public/posters-banners/ Malaysian Nuclear Agency. (2019). Thorium flagship project. Retrieved from, http://www. nuclearmalaysia.gov.my/new/RnD/energy/fuel/thorium.php Breithaupt, J. (2000). New understanding physics for advanced level (4th ed.). Cheltenham, UK: Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd. Hewitt, P.G. (2002). Conceptual physics (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley. Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2012). Body mass index (BMI). Retrieved from, http://www. myhealth.gov.my/indeks-jisim-tubuh-ijt/ Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2017). Basic life support training manual. Retrieved from, http:// www.moh.gov.my/moh/resources/Arkib/Basic%20Life%20Support%20Training%20 Manualnew.pdf Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2018). Clinical practice guidelines on management of hypertension, 5th Edition. Retrieved from, http://www.moh.gov.my/moh/penerbitan/CPG/MSH%20 Hypertension%20CPG%202018%20V3.8%20FA.pdf Looking north-west from the Fukokukan rooftop [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from, Cultural Promotion Division, The City of Hiroshima database. Nakata, Satsuo. (Photographer). (1945, Ogos). World War II. Hiroshima, 0.8 km from the explosion centre. 24 hours after the explosion of the atom bomb [digital image]. Retrieved from, https:// avarchives.icrc.org/Picture/3488 Parker, S. (2007). Body talk: In your genes, genetics and reproduction. Oxford, England: Raintree. Laboratory Management, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UTM. (n.d.). Pengurusan sisa biologi. Retrieved from, https://pengurusanmakmaljabatankimiafsutm.wordpress.com/ pengurusan-sisa-bahan-terjadual/pengurusan-sisa-biologi/ National Library of Malaysia. (2002). Perubatan: Kitab Tib. Retrieved from, https://www.pnm.gov. my/manuskrip/melayu/03koleksi/306_perubatan.htm Roberts, M.B.V. (1986). Biology, a functional approach (4th ed.). Cheltenham, UK: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Satibi, Z. (2016, November 6). Terapi penggantian hormon. Harian Metro. Retrieved from, https:// www.hmetro.com.my/node/179472 The Star, Malaysia [Image]. 2014. Retrieved from, The Star Malaysia Image database. Watts, M. (2014). Junior biology: Study guide. Victoria, Australia: Learning Space Australia. Williams, G. (2006). New biology for you: Revised edition for all GSCE examinations. Cheltenham, UK: Nelson Thornes Ltd. Zaidan, F. (2018, Mei 2). Sekolah cemas raksa tumpah. Harian Metro. Retrieved from, https:// www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2018/05/336010/sekolah-cemas-raksa-tumpah 279
280 Index Acceleration 224, 230–234, 236, 238, 250–251 Acromegaly 149, 151, 162 Active ingredients 202–203, 210, 217–220 Acupuncture 208 Addition polymerisation 193, 199–200 Adrenal gland 147–149, 152 Agriculture and forestry sector 51, 54, 62, 64, 70, 71 Alloying 185 Aluminium silicate 190 Amniocentesis 96, 111 Analgesic 207 Antibiotic 207, 211 Antioxidant substances 203, 214–216, 219–222 Atomic substances 166, 168, 178–179 Autosome 78–79, 88, 92, 94, 111 Biceps 128–129 Body Mass Index 33, 43–46 Brass 184, 188 Bronze 184–186, 200 Buttress roots 134–136, 141 Carbon footprint 68, 71 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 19–24, 29–30 Chest compression 18, 23–24 Choking 18–19, 25–26, 28–29, 31 Chromosome 74, 76–81, 83–85, 88–94, 96–97, 107, 109–111, 265 Chromosome mutation 90–91, 93, 107, 109–110 Clinical thermometer 34–35, 37 Continuous variation 104, 110 Deoxyribonucleic acid 76–77, 110 Depolymerisation 193, 199 Diabetes insipidus 149, 151, 162 Diabetes mellitus 149, 151, 162, 164 Discontinuous variation 104–105, 110 Displacement 224–227, 229, 231–239, 250–251 Distance 224–228, 231, 234, 250–251 Dominant allele 74, 85, 89, 95 Duplet 173 Duralumin 184, 188 Ecdysis 112, 116-117, 128 Endoskeleton 112–115, 120–121, 124, 128, 138–139 Energy sector 51, 56–58, 60, 70–72 Exoskeleton 112–117, 128, 138–139 Free fall 224–225, 232, 239, 241–242, 244–245, 250–251, 253 Free radical 202–203, 212–215, 219, 220–221 Fume chamber 2, 5, 15 Gene 76–79, 83–85, 87, 90, 92–94, 107 Gene mutation 90, 92–93, 107, 109–110 Genotype 74, 86–87, 89, 94–95, 107 Goggles 4, 6, 15 Gravitational acceleration 224–225, 239–243, 250–251 Group 171, 174, 178 Heimlich Manoeuvre 18, 25–31 Hydrostatic skeleton 112, 114–115, 118–120, 128, 138–139 Inertia 224–225, 246–251, 253 Infrared thermometer 34, 36 Ionic substances 166, 168, 169, 178–179 Isotope 166–167, 175–179, 181 Karyotype 74, 78, 91, 96–97, 111 Laboratory thermometer 34–35 Laminar flow cabinet 5, 15 Latex 194–196, 198, 201 Meiosis 74, 79–83, 86–89, 94–95, 109–110 Mercury 2–3, 9, 35, 41 Mitosis 74, 79–83, 97, 109–111 Molecular substances 166, 168, 169, 178–179 Monomer 192–193, 198–199 Natural polymer 182–183, 192–194, 198, 200 Natural rubber 182, 193–199 Negative ions 166–167, 169, 173–174, 178–179 Newton’s First Law of Motion 246, 250, 253 Nuclear fission 254, 258–260, 263, 268–269 Nuclear fusion 254, 258–259, 263, 268–269 Nuclear reactor 260, 262–263, 266, 268, 270 Nuclear test 254, 265–266, 268–269 Nucleon number 175, 177, 179–181 Number of neutrons 175, 179–180 Number of protons 171–172, 175, 179 Octet 173–174 Ovary 146, 148–149, 152 Pancreas 147–149, 152 Period 171, 174, 178 Phenotype 74, 86–87, 89, 94–95,107 Pituitary gland 148–149, 155 Polymer 182–183, 192–194, 196, 198–200 Polymerisation 193, 199–200 Positive ions 166–167, 169, 173–174, 178–179 Prop roots 134 Psychotherapeutic 207 Pulse points 37, 45–46 Radioisotope 176 Recessive allele 74, 85, 89, 94–95 Rectal thermometer 34–35, 37, 48 Speed 224, 225, 228, 231, 250–253 Sphygmomanometer 41 Steel 184, 186–188 Stilt roots 134, 141 Superconductor alloy 183, 188, 201 Synthetic polymer 182–183, 192–193, 200 Tendrils 134 Testis 147–149, 152 Thyroid gland 147, 149–150, 152 Transportation sector 51, 54, 65–67, 70-71, 73 Triceps 128–129 Uranium 255, 258, 260 Velocity 224, 229–239, 242– 243, 254, 250–253 Vulcanisation 182, 196, 199–200 Vulcanised rubber 182, 196–199 Waste and wastewater management sector 51, 54, 60–61, 70–71