A Short History of Malaysia

A Short History of Malaysia

I-Ching, 48–50 25–7, 61, 63, 74–5, 89, 92, 98, 100;
Ibans (Sea Dayaks): in British period, in 19th century CE, 130, 147, 150,
152–5, 174–5
110–11, 116, 134, 143, 145–6, 211–16, politics, 32, 192, 201–3, 229–31, 234,
218; in modern Malaysia, 23, 216–18, 256, 260, 291
247 population, 280, 287
Ibrahim, Sultan of Johor (1895–1959), 166 religion, 61, 287
Ibrahim, Sultan of Selangor (1782–1826), soldiers, 122
125 indigenous peoples: as Bumiputera, 283,
Ibrahim, temenggung (Riau-Johor 1841–), 289; colonial period, 138; historical
108 sources, 306; modern policies, 210;
Ibrahim Yaakob, 177, 190 official history, 11–12; religions, 13,
ideology, 5, 10–12, 22, 97, 178, 189, 204, 20–1, 24–5, 287; sociocultural systems,
221, 233, 287 13, 19–25, 30–1, 247. See also Borneo:
Idris, Sultan of Perak (–1918), 136, 174 native peoples; Orang Asli; Orang Suku
al-Idrus family, 163 Laut (Sea Peoples)
Illanuns (Iranuns), 88, 99–100, 114, 116, Indochina, 56, 60, 187, 193. See also
303 Cambodia; Vietnam
al-Imam (The Leader) (journal), 167–9, 171, Indonesia. See also Bali; Java; Kalimantan;
174 Moluccas; Sulawesi; Sumatra; Timor
immigration. See migration changes of name, xi
Inas (Negeri Sembilan), 123–4 historical sources, 305
Independence of Malaya (Merdeka) (31 history: early period, 35, 46–7, 60–2, 74,
August 1957), xi, 2, 9, 233, 243, 275, 278–9; as Netherlands East Indies,
277, 281, 283, 285, 291 26, 78, 83–4, 116, 132, 142, 144–5,
historical sources, 306 168–9, 177, 180; nationalist
transition to, 9–11, 166, 170–2, 177, movement and Independence
(1945–62), 172, 187, 189–91, 214,
179–80, 192, 195, 203–8, 209–11, 216; Confrontation (1963–66), 9,
215–18; historical sources, 304–5 209, 214, 219–21, 224, 227, 281,
Independence of Malaya Party (IMP), 191, 284, 305; Republik, since 1967, 90,
204 105, 107, 233, 266
Inderagiri (Sumatra), 71 Islam, 3, 130, 168–9
India: relations with Malaysian territories: Orang Suku Laut, 141, 286
early period, 4–5, 26–7, 37, 40–1, Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 219,
43–4, 46–50, 53–5, 59, 61–2, 72–4, 221
79–80, 90–2, 278; British period, 97–9, Indonesian language, 54, 285
102, 105, 109, 117, 133, 145, 147, Indonesians in Malaysian territories, 26, 63,
152–3, 180–1, 201, 290; since 70, 89, 138, 250. See also Borneo;
Independence, 187, 201. See also Sumatran immigration
Indians in Malaysian territories industries. See economic development
Indians in Malaysian territories information technology (IT), 256, 271.
in early period, 49, 70 See also Internet
education, 172–3 Institute for Policy Research, 276
employment and unemployment, 180–1, Intellectual Left, 200–1
186 Internal Security Act (ISA), 201, 231,
historical sources, 304
immigration, 152–4, 157, 289; early, 4–6,

330

Index

238–40, 242, 250, 253, 255–6, 259, Islamic law, 62, 66, 119, 158, 164, 168, 191,
262, 266, 271, 275, 282 254, 256–7, 287, 289, 291
International Islamic University, 254
international relations: early trade, 39–41; Islamic state, 256
Melaka, 59–60; colonial period, 158; Islamic Youth Movement Malaysia. See
modern period, 105, 107, 219, 237–8,
252, 260–1, 265, 276. See also diplomacy ABIM
Internet, 269–70, 276, 299–300, 307 Ismail, Dato Wan, 267
Ipoh, 26 Ismail, Sultan of Kelantan (1920–44), 160
Iran, 252 Israel, 252
Ishak Haji Muhammad (‘Pak Sako’), 175, Isthmus of Kra, xvi, 41–2, 46, 48, 101
176–8, 190, 194
Iskandar Muda, Sultan of Aceh Jah Huts, xvii, 24
(1590–c. 1636), 80 Jahais, 25
Iskander, Sultan of Perak (1918–38), 174 Jainism, 37
Islam Jakarta (Jayakarta, Batavia), 82, 103, 120,
geography: in Borneo, 23, 145, 211,
279
216–17, 219, 248–9; in Kelantan, Jakuns, xvii, 25, 246
117, 158–9, 161, 228–30; in Jambi (Sumatra), xvi, 49, 81
Philippines, 100; in Terengganu, Japanese relations with Malaysian territories
163–4, 228; in Thailand, 188
historical sources, 302 early period, 6, 29, 80, 97, 166, 168, 173
history: early links with Malaysian Occupation (1942–45), 8, 149, 170,
territories, 44, 72; Malay adoption,
5–6, 46, 60–2, 79–81, 83, 89, 176–7, 182–5, 189–90, 192, 194,
110–11, 302; in 18th and 19th 196, 233; Borneo, 112, 183–5,
centuries CE, 7, 115–16, 129–30; 211–12, 218, 248; historical sources,
in 20th century CE, 8, 130, 167–9, 304–5; Malay Peninsula, 163, 180,
171, 174, 176 182–5, 197, 211, 257, 280–1
movements, 160, 191–2, 306; in late 20th century CE, 261
conservative, 167–8, 171, 252, 256, Java: early period, 15, 18, 28, 34, 48, 50,
271; moderate, 251–7, 265, 271, 52–7, 59–60, 64–5, 71, 75, 86; British
276; radical, 254–6, 269–71, 282; period, 97, 102–3; Dutch period, 78,
reform, modernist, 8, 130, 167–9, 82–3
171, 174, 176 Javanese in Malaysian territories, 26, 63,
society and politics, 3; education, 8, 115, 70, 89
161, 171, 291; historical sources, Jelai, xix, 114, 120
306; Indians, 27, 98, 130; Malay Jesselton (Kota Kinabalu), xix, 184, 218
sociocultural pattern, 21–2, 100, Jewish merchants, 112–13
115, 287, 291; Orang Asli, 124, 245; JHEOA (Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli,
political parties and movements, Department of Orang Asli Affairs),
170–1, 191–2, 205, 210, 216, 243–7, 252
228–30, 237–8, 242, 250, 258, 260, Johnson, Charles. See Brooke family
269, 271; social change, 251–7, 289 Johor
Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers, historical sources, 302, 304
237–8 kingdom: as successor to Srivijaya and
Melaka, 48, 59, 77, 80, 279;
alliances and administration
(16th–18th centuries CE), 78, 80–2,
84–8, 89–91, 93–4, 154–5 (See also

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A Short History of Malaysia

Riau-Johor); in 19th century CE, Kedayans, 23
89, 94, 104–9, 114–15, 117, 120–1, Kelantan
123, 126–7, 279–80, 290; in 20th
century CE, 137, 162, 164–8, 188, historical sources, 303
220, 246, 284 (See also Unfederated history: early period, xv, 19, 36, 71, 98,
Malay States (UMS))
Johor Bahru, 201, 280 101, 127, 279–80; 19th century CE,
Johor Lama, xvi, 55 112, 116–19, 121, 133, 155; in
Johor-Riau. See Riau-Johor Unfederated Malay States
Johor River, xvi, 77, 82, 278 (1910–41), 137, 157–61, 164–5,
judiciary, 207, 211, 246, 259, 262–3, 268–9, 181, 288 (See also Unfederated
275 Malay States); Japanese Occupation
Jugah, Tun, 211, 212–17, 218–19, 221, 305 (1942–45), 182, 184; since 1945,
188, 198, 228–30, 239, 250–2,
Kadazans (Dusuns), 218–19, 243, 246–51, 282 255–6, 258, 269, 287
Kalabakan (Sabah), 220 Orang Asli, 139–40
Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo), xix, 88, Kempeitai (Japanese secret military police),
183
116, 144, 184, 219 Kensius, 25
Kampar (Sumatra), 71, 81 Kenyahs, 111, 216
Kampong Cina (Pekan Bahru, Pahang), Keppel, Henry, 111
Kesatuan Melayu Muda (Union of Malay
xix, 113–14 Youth), 177
Kampong Gelam, 107 Kessler, Clive, 229
kangchu system, 108–9, 155, 290 Khaw family, 151–2, 155
Kapit River (Sarawak), 212, 214 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 252
Kapuas Valley (Sarawak), xix, 110 Kinabalu, Mount, xv, xix, 18
Kayans, 111, 216 king (Yang Dipertuan Agong), 261–2, 287,
keADILan (National Justice Party), 268–71, 288
kingdoms. See Malay kingdoms
282 Kinta (Perak), xix, 127, 150
Keasberry, Benjamin, 166–7 Kintaqs, 25
Kecil, Raja, of Riau, 86–7, 123 Kitingan, Joseph Pairin, 249–50, 282
Kedah Klang (Selangor), xv, 36–8, 39, 86, 124, 126
Kodiang (Kedah), xv, 42
historical sources, 301–2, 304, 306 Koh, Temenggong, 213
history: early period, xvi, 4–5, 10, 19, Korea, 261, 267
Korinci people, 154
33–4, 41–7, 48, 50, 53, 61, 127; Kota Bahru (Kelantan), xix, 118, 160–1,
kingdom (before 1790), 59, 80, 83, 229
89–93, 98; Thai period Kota Kinabalu (Jesselton), xix, 184, 218
(1790–1842), 100–2, 118, 133, 279; Kota Tampan (Perak), 3
kingdom (1842–1910), 109, 126, Kra, Isthmus of, xvi, 41–2, 46, 48, 101
133, 147, 155, 280; in Unfederated Kuala Brang, 164
Malay States (1910–41), 137, Kuala Kedah, 91
164–5, 181, 204, 257, 288 (See also Kuala Lipis, xix, 150, 176
Unfederated Malay States); in Kuala Lumpur
modern Malaysia, 228, 232, 257, as federal territory, 284
267, 287
Orang Asli, 139
Kedah Peak (Gunung Jerai), xvi, 43–4

332

Index

historical sources, 304 Lee Kuan Yew, 209, 216, 222–6, 230, 292
history: British period, 126, 136, 150–3, Leftists, 194, 200–3, 222
Legislative Assembly (Straits Settlements),
175, 204, 280, 284; Japanese
Occupation (1942–45), 183, 185; 179
after Independence, 203, 217–18, Legislative Council: Federal, 192, 205;
221, 224, 234 (See also Emergency
(1969 race riots)); contemporary, North Borneo, 218, 248; Straits
1–2, 265, 267, 274, 286 (See also Settlements, 133
Museum of National History) Leonowens, Anna, 121
Kuala Terengganu, xix, 115–16, 162 Lewis, W. T., 122–3, 129
Kuching (Sarawak), 3, 109, 111–12, 116, Leyden, John, 96
134, 143–5, 147, 212, 221, 280 Li Hup, 149
Kudin, Tengku, 126 Liew Shan Pang, 146
Kuomintang (KMT), 181, 183 Light, Francis, 92, 100, 102, 147, 279
Lim Yew Hock, 202
labour, 13; colonial period, 26–7, 125–7, Lingga, 88, 94, 107, 119. See also
147–8, 150, 152–8, 280; Japanese Riau-Lingga archipelago
Occupation, 184; transition to Linggi, 86
Independence, 173, 175, 180–2, literature. See culture; Malay literature
192–3, 202, 208; modern period, 223, Loke Yew, 150–2, 155
230, 234–5, 236, 251. See also coolies; ‘Look East’ policy, 261
Great Depression; mining and Low, James, 107
minerals; strikes
Macapagal, Diosdado, 222
Labuan, xix, 112, 116, 137, 184–5, 284, 287 MacDonald, Malcolm, 213–14
laksamana (admiral of the fleet), 66, 75–6, MacMichael, Sir Harold, 187
Macmillan, Sir Harold, 216
290 Madagascar, 22
Lalang, Operation, 259, 262 Madrasah al-Mashhur, Penang, 168
land, 118, 140–1, 164, 228, 272–3; rights, Mah Meri (Btsisi), xvii, 24
Mahathir Mohamad, Dr
241, 244–8, 306
Land Dayaks (Bidayuhs), 111 career: early career, 232, 238–40, 257–9;
land routes, 41–6, 51, 77, 90, 127, 193 election as Prime Minister (1981),
Langat (Selangor), 124 240, 253, 258; policies and politics
Langu, 102 as Prime Minister, 1, 9, 58, 241–2,
languages, xii, 23, 25, 34, 38–9, 50, 77, 238, 249–50, 253–6, 258–65, 269–70,
272, 274–6; ‘Vision 2020’ policy, 32,
285, 289. See also Austroasiatic 247, 260, 266, 282
languages; Austronesian-speaking
peoples; Chinese language; English historical sources, 306
language; Indonesian language; Malay Mahdi, Raja (Selangor 1867–73), 126
language; Tamil language Mahmud, Haji Nik, 161
Lapita culture, 35 Mahmud, Sultan of Johor (d. 1699), 85
Latin America, 82–3, 156 Mahmud, Sultan of Melaka (d. 1529), 77
laws: customary (adat), 124, 139, 212, 273, Mahmud, Sultan of Riau-Lingga (1841–),
289; Melaka, 63, 66, 75, 302; colonial
period, 144, 148, 164; transition to 117, 119–21, 132–3
Independence, 200, 207. See also Majapahit, xvi, 54, 56
Internal Security Act Majlis Islam Sarawak (Islamic Council), 217

333

A Short History of Malaysia

Majlis Ugama Islam dan Istiadat Melayu succession, 75, 85–6, 90–1, 93–4, 100,
(Kelantan Council of Islam and Malay 105, 116–17, 120, 126–7
Custom), 161
Malay language (Bahasa Malaysia):
Makassar, 84 education and publication in, 98, 103,
Malacca. See Melaka 167, 173–4, 176, 187, 233, 238, 276;
Malai Shinbun Sha (newspaper), 177 glossary, xi, 289–92; history, 21–2, 34,
Malay Administrative Service (MAS), 50, 54–5, 77, 153, 289; as national
language, 2, 202, 207, 232, 235, 285,
176–7 291; Straits Chinese, 179
Malay Annals (Sejarah Melayu), 49, 58–9,
Malay literature, 6, 32, 45, 80. See also
66, 71, 73, 79, 81, 89, 114, 116–17, culture
266, 301–2; English translation, 96; in
schools and official history, 6, 32, 58–9 Malay nationalism, 10, 32, 177, 187,
Malay College, Kuala Kangsar (earlier, 189–95, 203, 214, 257; conservative,
Malay Residential School), 171–2, 192, 204–5, 223–5, 230. See also
175–6, 233, 253 radical nationalism
Malay Congress (1st, 1946), 9
Malay culture. See Malays: sociocultural Malay Nationalist Party (MNP), 190–1,
pattern 192, 194
Malay elite. See also Malays: sociocultural
pattern Malay Peninsula
early period, 38, 46, 52–3 geography, xi, 14–19, 285
Melaka period, 61, 64, 68–9, 70–7, 278 historical sources, xii, 301
in Malay kingdoms, 80–1, 83–8, 90–1, 94 native peoples, 11 (See also Orang Asli;
colonial period, 100, 104, 107–8, 117–18, Orang Suku Laut (Sea Peoples))
sociocultural patterns, xvii, 21, 23–6, 289
151, 158–67, 190; Brunei, 134–5, 145 strategic position, 27–9
transition to Independence, 171–7, 189,
Malay Peninsula Orang Asli Association
204, 208 (POASM), 244–5
modern period, 3, 229–30, 257, 270
Malay kingdoms. See also state governments Malay Residential School. See Malay
administration, 289, 290 College
historical sources, 302–3
history Malay Special Constabulary, 196
Malaya: definition, 291; Federation of (See
early systems and connections, 26,
28–32, 44–8, 51–5, 59, 61–77, 81, Federation of Malaya)
87, 93–4, 264, 279 (See also Malayan Chinese Association. See Malaysian
Melaka)
Chinese Association (MCA)
early trade, 78–93 Malayan Civil Service (MCS), 194
colonial period, 7, 96–7, 100–2, Malayan Communist Party (MCP), 181–2,

111–23, 125–30, 133–8, 141, 185, 192, 193–4, 196–200, 204–6, 239,
158–67, 251, 280, 285 281, 283
transition to Independence, 174, Malayan General Labour Union, 181
186–90 Malayan Indian Congress. See Malaysian
modern states, 3, 9–10, 205, 234, 287, Indian Congress (MIC)
288 Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army
modern sultans’ power, 207, 257–8, (MPAJA), 182, 185, 197
261–2 Malayan Scouts (22nd Special Air Service
Regiment), 198
Malayan Students’ Party, 201
Malayan Union (1946–48), 9, 177, 186–8,

334

Index

189, 191, 213–14, 281, 285, 287; Malaysian International Shipping
historical sources, 305 Corporation, 274
Malayans (non-Malays), 189, 191, 200,
208, 291 Malaysian People’s Movement. See Gerakan
Malayic sociocultural pattern, xvii, 21, 23, Malaysian People’s Party (PRM), 268
25, 38, 77 Malaysian Solidarity Convention, 224–5,
Malays. See also Bumiputera
education, 171–3, 176, 211, 233, 238, 230
Malaysian territories: early history, 27, 33,
251–2
historical sources, 87, 306 39, 46, 278–9; geography, xi, 11,
non-Malays and (See foreigners) 14–19; languages (See languages);
pan-Malay state, 137, 177, 190, 220 non-Malays in (See British; Chinese;
political culture (statecraft), 11–12, Europeans; Indians; Japanese
Occupation); population, 147–55, 161.
29–32, 52, 61, 66, 79, 86 See also strategic position of Malaysian
political position, 6, 11, 281; in territories
Malayu (Sumatra), xvi, 49
transition to Independence, 173–5, Malik, Adam, 221
177–8, 180, 187–92, 207; in modern Mandailing people, 154
period, 224–5, 227–8, 234, 260–2, mandala/datu system, 50–2, 71, 79, 93
267, 291 Mansur, Sultan of Melaka (1459–77), 68
politics (modern period), 9, 214, 223, Mao Tse-tung, 181
231–6, 240, 242–7, 250–2, 257–62, maps, xi, xv–xix
265, 269–72, 288 Marcos, Ferdinand, 222
population, 155, 157, 280 Mariah, Datin, 267
religion, 130, 161, 167–8, 251–2, 254, marriage: inter-racial, 70, 74, 84, 114–15,
256, 287 (See also Islam) 124, 147, 151, 154–5, 172, 291; Malay
sociocultural pattern: class, 228–30, 242; social pattern, 22; political alliances,
colonial period, 7, 130, 154–5, 178; 28, 52, 68, 71–2, 75, 80–2, 86–7, 93,
non-elite, 68, 69, 74, 76, 161, 164, 105, 117, 119, 126–7
175, 202, 208, 229–30, 257 (See also Mas River (Sungai Mas) (Kedah), xvi, 42–3
peasantry); traditional, 3, 20, 21–3, Mat Hassan (Tok Janggut rebellion),
26, 46, 114, 286. See also Malay elite 159–61, 164
Malaysia: boundaries, xvii, 3, 11, 107, 118, Mecca, pilgrimage to (hajj), 129–30, 159,
132–7; changes of name, xi; Federation 176, 290
(See Federation of Malaysia); image, Mediterranean, 39–40, 59, 61–2
1–3, 58; official history, 2–10, 13, 32, megaliths, 4, 37–8, 278
66–7, 146, 215 Megat Iskandar Shah, 60–2
Malaysia Agreement (July 1963), 217–19 Melaka
Malaysia Plans, 227, 235 Chinese in, 6, 63, 70, 289
Malaysian Bar Council, 266 historical sources, xii, 32, 59, 67, 97, 301–2
Malaysian Business Council, 260 history: early period, 10, 278, 279;
Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA),
204, 206, 223, 230–2, 236–7, 258, 283, foundation of sultanate, 54, 60–2,
285, 287. See also Alliance Party 83; sultanate (15th and 16th
Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), 230–1, centuries CE), 5–6, 10, 32, 34, 38,
237, 283, 285, 287. See also Alliance 46, 48, 58–72, 78–9, 89, 129, 264;
Party Portuguese period (1511–1641), 6,
8, 10, 32, 59, 65, 69–70, 72–82,

335

A Short History of Malaysia

84–5, 89–90, 102, 127, 278, 279; mining and minerals. See also gold; oil and
move from (16th century) and gas; tin
dynastic links, 74–7, 80, 85–7, 93,
114, 117, 119–20, 126, 279; Dutch history: early trade, 26, 36–7, 45, 70;
period (1641–1795), 6, 82, 84–5, colonial period, 110, 113–14, 125–7,
87–8, 90, 93, 102, 127, 149, 167, 134, 138–9, 143–8, 150–1, 155–6,
279; early British period 162–3, 280; transition to
(1795–1826), 6, 98, 102–4, 106–7, Independence, 181, 190, 193;
115, 122–3, 130, 173; in Straits modern period, 235, 247
Settlements (1826–1941), 7, 133,
179 (See also Straits Settlements); in minorities. See indigenous peoples
late 20th century CE, 69, 284, 285 Miri (Sarawak), xix, 147
laws, 63, 69 missionaries. See Christianity
map, xvi The Modern Light (journal), 176
museums, 1, 69 modernisation: colonial period, 164–6, 167;
name, 291
Melaka Straits. See Straits of Melaka transition to Independence, 172, 174,
Melanaus, 23 176, 178; modern period, 2, 254–5
Melanesia, 35, 39 modernist Islam. See Islam: movements
Melayu Baru (‘New Malays’), 260, 267 Moluccas (Spice Islands), 48, 59, 62
Melewar, Raja, yamtuan of Inas (1773–95), Mon-Khmer language, 289
124 Mon people, 40–2, 46, 100
Merbok River (Sungai Merbok) (Kedah), Mongkut, King of Thailand, 120–1
xvi, 44 Mongols, 59
Merdeka. See Independence of Malaya monsoons, 16, 28, 45
Merong Mahawangsa, 45–6, 89 Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 214
mestizos. See marriage Movement for Social Justice (Pergerakan
Middle East: early period, 22, 27, 39, 42, Keadilan Sosial), 268
44–5, 53, 59, 61–2, 64, 79–80; colonial movements of people. See migration
period, 8, 97, 164, 166–8, 171; modern Muar, xix, 71, 165
period, 251–2, 254–5, 260. See also Muda River (Sungai Muda) (Kedah), xvi,
Arabs; Egypt; Turkey 42
migration. See also Chinese in Malaysian Muhammad, Prophet, 167, 290
territories; Indians in Malaysian Muhammad, Sultan of Kedah (1770s), 91
territories; resettlement programs; Muhammad, Sultan of Terengannu
Sumatran immigration (c. 1838–c. 1841), 116
forced, 89–90, 99, 127, 279 Muhammad II, Sultan of Kelantan
historical sources, 304 (d. 1886), 118–19, 280
history: early period, 21, 25–7, 83–90, 92; Muhammad Abduh, Shaykh, 167–8
colonial period, 25, 27, 99, 101–2, Mukah River (Sarawak), xix, 111
110, 123–4, 126–7, 148–55, 157, Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), 1
167, 174, 213, 279; modern period, Murut peoples, 135
249–50 Musa Hitam, Datuk, 232, 239–40, 258–9
Minangkabaus, 78, 84–7, 90, 122–4, 138, Museum of National History, Kuala
279 Lumpur, 2–12, 275, 299
Mindanao, xvi, 76, 99 Musi River (Sumatra), xvi, 48
Muslims. See Islam
Mustapha bin Harun, 219, 248–9
Mutahir Tun Ali, Tun, 120

336

Index

Muzaffar, Chandra, 259, 268 280, 284 (See also Federated Malay
Myanmar. See Burma (Myanmar) States (FMS) (1896–1941))
Orang Asli, 139
Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor), xvi, 41 Neolithic period, 4, 278
Nalanda, xvi, 49 Netherlands. See Dutch
Naning, xix, 122–3, 129 Netherlands East India Company. See VOC
National Consultative Committee (NCC), Netherlands East Indies. See Indonesia
New Development Policy (NDP), 282, 286
233–4 New Economic Policy (NEP), 234–6, 242–3,
National Day. See Independence of Malaya 249, 251, 256, 260, 264, 267, 274–5,
National Development Corporation 277, 281, 286; historical sources, 307
‘New Malays’ (Melayu Baru), 260, 267
(PERNAS), 235 New Order (Indonesia), 221
National Front (Barisan Nasional), 285–6; New UMNO (UMNO Baru) party, 262–5
New Villages, 181, 195–6, 205, 281
Borneo states and, 210, 249, 264; New Zealand, 220
economic and social policies, 242–3, Niah caves (Sarawak), xv, 3
264; electoral record, 258, 264, 268–70, Ningkan, Stephen Kalong, 217, 226
286–8; formation (1974), 236–7, 282, nobles. See Malay elite
285; Islamic movements and, 251, 253, North Borneo. See Sabah
255; reform and, 266, 268–70; royal North Borneo Chartered Company, 131,
authority and, 261–2 134–5, 141–3, 154, 217–18, 248, 280
National Front for People’s Democracy
(Gagasan Demokrasi Rakyat), 268 oaths, 51, 79
National Good Will Committee, 232–3 occupations. See labour
national history. See history oil and gas, 17, 147, 236, 238, 250–2, 273–4
National History Museum. See Museum of Onn, Hussein. See Hussein Onn, Tan
National History, Kuala Lumpur Onn Jaafar, Dato, 188–9, 191, 200, 204,
National Justice Party (keADILan), 268–71,
282 233, 239
National Language and Literature Council Operation Lalang, 259, 262
(Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka), 238 opium, 91–2, 99, 109, 114–15, 117, 125,
National Operations Council (NOC),
231–4, 281 144, 147–8, 150
national stability, 9, 236–7, 266 Orang Asli
nationalism, 1, 8–12, 169–70, 172, 190–4,
201–4, 215. See also Malay nationalism; administration, 227–8, 235, 243–7, 252,
politics; radical nationalism 281 (See also JHEOA)
native peoples. See indigenous peoples
natural resources, 210, 218, 227, 236, 247, assimilation, 244–5
249, 251 Bumiputera policies, 283
naval force. See warships historical sources, 300, 304
Negeri Sembilan history: prehistory, 36, 38, 41; early
geography, xix
historical sources, 303 period, 46, 69, 76–7, 83, 118, 123–4,
history: in 17th to early 19th century CE, 126, 150; colonial period, 138–41,
173, 178; during Emergency,
84–5, 123–4, 128, 279; in Protected 197–200, 221; modern period, 178,
Malay States (1874–95), 7, 135, 207, 227–8, 235, 241, 243–7, 252,
284; in early 20th century CE, 7, 260, 270, 272
land rights, 241, 244, 245–7, 248, 306

337

A Short History of Malaysia

languages, 77, 285 Papua, 83
politics of survival, 247 Paramesvara, 60–2, 75, 82–3
religion, 245, 287 Parliament, 207–8, 223–4, 231, 233–4,
sociocultural patterns, xvii, 23–5, 286
Orang Suku Laut (Sea Peoples), 286 236–7, 253, 257, 261–2, 270, 281, 287
geographical areas, xvii; Sabah, 141–3 Parsees, 63
Parti Bersatu Sabah (United Sabah Party),
(See also Bajaus); Singapore, 106,
108, 200, 286; South China Sea, 249–50
286; southern Malay Peninsula, 25, Parti Islam Se Malaysia. See PAS
200; Straits of Melaka, 25, 286; Parti keADILan Nasional (National Justice
Sumatra, 25
historical sources, 300 Party), 268–71, 282
history: Melaka sultanate, 64–5, 68, Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM), 268
76–7; Johor sultanate, 106, 108 PAS, 205, 220, 228–30, 232, 237, 251–2,
Organisation of Islamic Conference, 260
Osborne, Milton, 132 255–8, 268–71, 282, 286–7; historical
Overbeck, Baron von, 8, 134 sources, 306
overland routes, 41–6, 51, 77, 90, 127, 193 Pasai (Sumatra), xvi, 62, 79–80
Oya River (Sarawak), 111 Patani, xvi, 41, 45, 81, 90, 115, 117, 137,
188
Pacific, 22, 34–5, 39 patronage, 243, 249–50, 261, 263–6, 270–1,
Pagar Ruyung, 85 274
Pahang PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah, United Sabah
Party), 249–50
historical sources, 303 peasantry, 2, 202, 208, 228–30, 238. See also
history: early period, 36, 71, 77, 78, 80–1, poverty
Pegu, xvi, 73
83, 86, 88, 127; in 19th century CE, Pekan (Kampong Cina, Pahang), xix, 113–14
7, 98, 107, 113–16, 118, 120–1, 126, Penang
135, 138–9, 150, 174; in Federated Chinese in, 92, 289
Malay States (1895–1941), 136, history: British lease (1786–1826), 92–3,
174, 176, 233, 280 (See also
Federated Malay States); in late 99–104, 107, 125; in Straits
20th century CE, 196, 204 Settlements (1826–1941), 7, 108,
maps, xv, xvi, xix 110, 112, 116, 126, 128, 133, 147–8,
‘Pak Sako’. See Ishak Haji Muhammad 151, 154, 168, 287 (See also Straits
Pakistanis, 249 Settlements): in late 20th century
Palaeolithic period, 3, 278 CE, 253, 263, 269, 284, 285
Palembang (Sumatra), xvi, 47, 49–50, 54, Penans (Punans), xvii, 18, 25, 248
60, 81, 85, 267 Pengkalan Bujang (Bujang Quay), 44–6
pan-Malay state, 137, 177, 190, 220 Peninsular Malaysia Orang Asli Association
Pan-Malayan Malay Congress, 188–9 (POASM), 244–5
Pan Malaysian Islamic Party. See PAS Penyengat Island, 88
Pancasila (Indonesia), 233 People’s Action Party (PAP), 202–3, 222–5,
Pangkor Treaty (1874), 7, 128, 130, 135, 230
150, 280 People’s Party (Partai Rakyat), 202
PAP (People’s Action Party), 202–3, 222–5, People’s Progressive Party, 237
230 pepper, 79–80, 83, 85, 88–9, 91–2, 108,
112, 115, 147, 150
Perak: prehistory, 3, 35–6; early history,

338

Index

45–6, 48, 71, 80; in 19th century CE, political culture
7, 125–30, 135, 150, 154, 280; in indigenous peoples, 139
Federated Malay States (1896–1941), Malay tradition, 13–14, 31, 32, 61;
136, 138–40, 172, 174, 176, 181, 284 Melaka, 59, 65–8, 76; Srivijaya
(See also Federated Malay States); in period, 48, 54, 56–7
late 20th century CE, 193, 206, 237, Sarawak, 146
241
Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial (Movement for political parties, xi
Social Justice), 268 historical sources, 305
Perlis, 102, 137, 228, 280, 288. See also history: transition to Independence, 170,
Unfederated Malay States (UMS) 189–92, 194, 204, 215, 283; in
PERNAS (Pertubuhan Nasional, National Federation of Malaysia, 210, 230–1,
Development Corporation), 235 236–9, 248–50, 262, 267–8, 270,
Persatuan Islam SeTanah Melayu. See PAS 274, 282, 285–6
Persatuan Tanah Melayu. See Federation of
Malaya politics
Persia, 5–6, 61–2, 70, 291 historical sources, 303–6
PESAKA (Party Pesaka Anak Sarawak), 215 history: early period (See Malay
Petaling Jaya, 267 kingdoms); colonial period, 7–8, 88,
Petronas Corporation, 1, 236, 251, 273–4 96, 100, 107, 112, 120; transition to
Philippines: Confrontation, 219–20, 221–2; Independence, 170, 172, 176–9,
historical sources, 302; Illanun raiders, 181, 190, 204, 215–16 (See also
99–100; Islam in, 23, 100; languages, nationalism); modern period, 3,
34, 55; links with Borneo, 8, 15, 23, 9–12, 141, 202–3, 219, 225–34, 245,
57, 83, 141–2, 221–2, 248–50, 283, 248–50, 253, 257–77, 287
289 (See also Bajaus); Orang Suku Sabah, 226, 247–51
Laut, 76; Spanish in, 82–3, 132; trade, Singapore, 200–3
116, 180
Pickering, William, 149, 304 Pontianak (Borneo), xix, 88, 116, 144
pilgrimage (hajj), 129–30, 159, 176, 290 population
Pillai, Thambooswamy, 150, 152–3
piracy, 17, 99, 106, 116, 126, 128, 141–2, 303 diversity (See diversity)
Pires, Tome, 59 history: prehistory and early times, 13,
plantations, 27, 90, 109, 113, 131, 139,
151–2, 154–7, 193, 247, 273. See also 25, 29, 31, 48–9, 83; Melaka, 65, 70;
rubber colonial period, 19, 98, 100, 106,
Pleistocene period, 15 110–11, 117, 147–55, 157–8, 161–2,
plural society. See diversity 280; transition to Independence,
PMIP. See PAS 175, 223; modern period, 228, 244,
POASM (Persatuan Orang Asli 247, 287
Semenanjung Malaysia, Malay ports: early period, 6, 47–9, 51, 56–7,
Peninsula Orang Asli Association), 59–60, 63–4, 79–82, 84, 88–90;
244–5 colonial period, 92, 96, 99, 104–6,
police, 196–7, 199, 221, 231 112, 116–17. See also entrepôt ports
political boundaries, xvii, 3, 11, 107, 118, Portuguese, in Melaka (1511–1641), 6, 8,
132–7 10, 32, 59, 65, 69–70, 72–82, 84–5,
89–90, 102, 127, 278, 279
poverty, 189, 203, 224–5, 227–8, 230, 235,
242, 255, 257, 286. See also peasantry
power: Malay concept, 13–14, 29–32;
Srivijaya, 49–54; Malay kingdoms, 59,

339

A Short History of Malaysia

63, 66, 76, 119, 129, 290, 301; rainforest, 18–19
transition to Independence, 190, 217; Raja Haji (Bugis under king 1784), 88
modern state, 207–8, 257, 259, 261–3, Raub, Pahang, xix, 176
272; Sarawak, 149, 217 Rawas, 138, 154
The Precious Gift. See Ali Haji, Raja Razak, Tun. See Abdul Razak bin Hussein,
prehistoric times, x, 3–4, 10–11, 15, 18–19,
21, 34–41, 51, 127, 278, 284–5, 300; Tun
map, xv Razaleigh, Tengku, 239–40, 250, 258–9,
progress, 3, 9, 172
Protected Malay States (1874–95), 135–6 262–4
Proton automobile company, 258, 274 Reformasi (Reform) movement, 266–71,
Province Wellesley (Seberang Perai), 93,
101–2, 107, 287. See also Straits 275–6, 282, 291; historical sources,
Settlements 306
PTA (Pembela Tanah Air, Defenders of the Rehman Rashid, 13
Homeland), 177 Reid Commission, 207
public service. See administration Rejang River (Sarawak), xix, 111, 145, 213
Public Works Department, 154, 218 religions: indigenous, 13, 20–1, 24–5, 287;
publications, 8, 103, 130, 161, 167–9, prehistoric and early times, 4, 41,
171–2, 176–8, 184, 191, 197, 218, 269. 43–4, 61, 75, 89, 97, 100; colonial
See also culture (art, crafts and period, 155; modern period, 3, 248,
literature); English language, 95–6 269, 271, 287. See also Buddhism;
Punans (Penans), xvii, 18, 25, 248 Christianity; Hindus; Islam
Puthucheary, James (1923–2000), 202–3, Rentap, 145–6
222, 234, 240 resettlement programs, 181, 195–200, 205,
Putrajaya, 274 227–8, 281
residential system. See British residents
Qu’ran, 115, 130, 168, 254, 256 revenue sharing. See federation
Riau islands, xi, 60, 77, 91, 93, 105–8,
race relations: transition to Independence, 124–5, 167, 279
180, 185–8, 192, 200–5, 207–8; Riau-Johor, 48, 86–9, 91, 93–4, 104–8,
modern period, 209, 215, 217, 219, 114–15, 117, 279. See also Johor
223–5, 230–6, 234, 241, 248, 255, 266. Riau-Lingga archipelago and sultanate, xix,
See also diversity; equal rights; marriage 64–5, 68, 107, 114–15, 117, 119–21,
132, 162, 165. See also Lingga
race riots (1969). See Emergency (1969 race rice: barter, 154; cultivation, 16, 18–19, 42,
riots) 69, 89, 122, 124, 139, 147, 158, 163–4,
174; export, 92, 116–117; import,
races. See ethnic groups; indigenous peoples 64–5, 114, 116, 181
radical nationalism, 177–8, 190, 192–4, Ridley, H.N., 156
roads and railways, 2, 27, 36, 139, 150, 152,
203–4, 220, 222 154, 163, 184, 218, 220, 227, 246
Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, 96–7, 102–5, Roman empire, 40
Rosdom, Jan, 78
109, 117, 119, 279 Rosly bin Dhobie, 214–15
Raffles College, Singapore, 201 Royal Malay Regiment, 196, 220
Raffles Institution, Singapore, 179 rubber, 27, 108, 147, 150, 152, 154, 155–7,
raiding, 17, 22, 53, 65, 69, 77, 83, 91, 99, 173, 179–81, 208, 236, 246; historical
sources, 304
106, 111, 127, 140–1. See also piracy
railways. See roads and railways

340

Index

Rukunegara (Five Pillars of the Nation), 131, 134–5, 137–8, 143–7, 154–5,
233, 287 157, 208, 210–18, 280; Japanese
Occupation (1942–45), 183–5,
Rungus, 247–8 211–12; as British Crown Colony
rural poor. See peasantry (1946–63), 212–17, 281; in
Russia, 237 Federation of Malaysia (since 1963),
9, 11, 215–17, 219–21, 223–4, 277,
Sabah 281, 284; relations with federal
geography, xi, 3, 14–18, 285 government, 210–11, 217, 226–7,
historical sources, 305 231, 234, 236–8, 250–1
history: prehistory and early period, xv, Indians in, 27
3–5, 35, 39, 278; British lease native peoples, 23–5, 227, 234, 243,
(1877–88), 8, 280, 283; as British 246–8, 250–1, 283, 285, 287, 289;
Protectorate (British North Borneo historical sources, 303. See also
1888–1941), 131, 134–5, 137–8, Bumiputera)
141–3, 147, 154–5, 157, 283; Sarawak Communist Organisation (SCO),
Japanese Occupation (1942–45), 221
183–5, 218; as Crown Colony Sarawak Land Code, 273
(British North Borneo 1946–63), Sarawak River, xvi, xix, 55, 109–10, 144
208, 214–18, 281, 283; in Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP), 215
Federation of Malaysia (since 1963), Saribas River (Sarawak), 111–12, 143, 146
9, 11, 218–24, 275, 277, 281, 282, Saudara (Brother) (journal), 168–9
284; relations with federal schools. See education
government, 210, 218–19, 226–7, science, 96, 167
231, 234, 236–8, 243, 248–50, Sea Dayaks. See Ibans
272–3, 283 Sea Peoples. See Orang Suku Laut (Sea
Indians in, 27 Peoples)
native peoples, 23–4, 134, 143, 218–19, sea routes, 28, 41–7, 48–9, 60
227, 234, 243, 246, 247–51, 282–3, seamen. See shipping
285, 287, 289 (See also Bajaus; Seberang Perai. See Province Wellesley
Bumiputera) Sejarah Melayu. See Malay Annals (Sejarah
Melayu)
Sabah Times (newspaper), 218 Selangor
Sabah United People’s Party (Berjaya), historical sources, 303
history: prehistory, 36–8; early history,
248–9 45, 87–8, 91, 93, 124–8, 129, 279;
Sabokingking Inscription, 50 British period, 7, 126, 128, 135,
Sallehuddin, Sultan of Selangor (1766–82), 150–2, 154, 185, 280, 284 (See also
Federated Malay States)
125 self-government. See Independence of
Sambas (Borneo), xix, 144 Malaya
Sandakan (Sabah), xix, 184 Semais, xvii, 24, 138–41
Sanskrit, 37, 43, 49–50, 54 Semang sociocultural pattern, xvii, 21, 23,
Santubong (Sarawak), xv, xvi, 4–5, 278 24–5, 30
Sarawak SEMARAK campaign, 263–4
Semarak Tower, 263
development, 272–3, 275
geography, xi, 3, 14–16, 18–19, 285
historical sources, 303, 305
history: prehistory, 3–4, 278; early period,

5, 55, 57; Brooke period, 8, 109–12,

341

A Short History of Malaysia

Semelais, xvii, 25 in Federation of Malaysia (1963–65),
Semporna (Sabah), xix, 142–3 209, 216, 220, 222–6, 230, 281,
Senoi Praak (‘Fighting Aborigines’), 199 284, 305
Senoi sociocultural pattern, xvii, 21, 23, 24,
since 1965, 48, 234, 246
25, 30 History Museum, 222
Sequeira, Diogo Lopes de, 72 in Malaysian territories, xi, 3
Seremban, 186, 267 Orang Suku Laut, 106, 108, 200, 286
Setul, 102 Singora, xvi, 41
shahbandars, 63, 73, 291 Skrang River (Sarawak), xix, 111–12, 134,
Shari’ah. See Islamic law
Sharikat al-Islam (secret movement), 164 143, 146
shipping: prehistoric and early period, 4, 34, slaves, 69, 83, 99, 106, 114, 138, 140

39–42, 45–9, 51, 54, 56–7, 64–5, historical sources, 302
69–71, 73, 80, 84; colonial period, 27, social change
99, 106, 108, 112–14, 116–17, 119–21,
130, 135, 141–2, 151, 179; pilgrimage, history, 2–3, 10–11, 14; colonial period,
176. See also warships 95, 146; Japanese Occupation, 186;
Siak (Sumatra), 78, 81, 85–7 transition to Independence, 172,
Siam. See Thailand 197, 222; modern period, 210, 225,
Sibu (Sarawak), xix, 147 238, 241, 243–5, 247, 272, 277
Sikhs, 27, 153, 287
Singapore Islam and, 251–7
Chinese in, 26, 106, 108, 112–14, 150, social contract, 66, 266
social justice, 255–6, 259, 268, 270–2
152, 179, 289 socialism, 177, 190–2, 202, 222
historical sources, 303–5 sociocultural patterns, 14, 44; indigenous,
history
13, 19–25, 30–1. See also political
early period (Temasek), 60, 75, 83, 88, culture
278, 279 sociology, 303–4, 306
Soeharto, President of Indonesia, 221
early British period (1819–26), 96, 99, soil fertility, 15–16, 18, 48, 89, 100
104–8, 117, 279 Solidarity Convention, 224–5, 230
South China Sea, x, 15, 17, 48, 64, 81,
in Straits Settlements (1826–1941) 193, 286
(See also Straits Settlements); Southeast Asia
administration, 7, 107–8, 133, geography, 13–18
154, 156, 158–9, 164–6, 279, historical sources, 301
284; Borneo and, 109–11, 134; history: early period, 4–5, 13, 34, 37,
education and culture, 98,
166–8; Islamic connections, 130, 39–41, 49, 56–7, 59, 61–2, 70, 285;
167–8; trade and diplomacy, Europeans in, 28, 59, 79–80, 82–3,
113–15, 118–22, 126, 128, 162, 93, 99, 102–3, 131–2, 187, 193, 214;
280 Japan in, 8, 183–4, 189; post-
colonial, 1, 219, 237, 260–1, 271,
Japanese Occupation (1942–45), 274
182–3, 185–6, 218, 304 languages, 289
Malaysian territories and, 1–2, 27, 44–5,
transition to independence, 173, 179, 59, 88, 241
181, 188, 196, 202–4, 214, 222, social and religious systems, 20–2
257, 267, 284 trade, 55–7, 116

independent (1958–63), 207–8, 222

342

Index

Spain, 72, 82–3, 142. See also Latin Wellesley; Singapore
America administration, 133–4, 179, 284, 287 (See

spices, 72–4, 84, 88, 92 also Governors and High
squatters, 194–5 Commissioners)
Sri Maha Mariamman temple, Kuala Chinese in, 147–50, 179
culture, education and religion, 165–8
Lumpur, 152 history: creation (1826), 7, 108, 133–4,
Srivijaya kingdom (7th–12th centuries CE), 279; relations with Malaysian
territories, 128, 133–4, 136–7, 145,
5, 33–4, 38, 46, 47–57, 60–1, 64–5, 79, 162, 165–6, 280; transition to
82, 278; historical sources, 301; links Independence, 187–8, 208
with Melaka and later states, 33–4, 48, Indians in, 152–4
63, 71, 76, 81, 85–6, 93, 104, 264, 278; strategic position of Malaysian territories:
location, xvi, 49 early and colonial period, 13, 15, 27–9,
The Star (newspaper), 239 45, 48, 53, 70, 88, 95–7; modern
State Councils (Council Negeri), 135, 162, period, 193, 207, 214
165, 166, 211, 214 strikes, 181–2, 193
state governments: in Borneo, 216–17, students and youth groups, 172, 184, 201,
226–7, 243, 248, 250–1, 273, 275; 238–9, 242, 252–3
economic development, 235, 273–5; succession. See Malay kingdoms
elections, 231–2, 236, 256, 269; federal Suharto, President of Indonesia, 221
policies and funding, 210, 223, 228–9, Sukarno, President of Indonesia, 187, 219,
238, 250–1, 263, 274; in federal 221, 284
system, x, xi, 207, 284, 290; hereditary Sukhothai, xvi, 56
rulers, 261–2, 287, 288; land, 246, 273; suku (clan groupings), 124
Orang Asli, 199, 246, 281. See also Sulaiman, Raja, Sultan of Johor, 86–7
Malay kingdoms Sulawesi (Celebes), 15, 34, 83–4, 86, 279
State of Confrontation. See Confrontation Suleiman (Sultan of Terengganu 1920–42),
(1963–66) 163
State of Emergency. See Emergency Sultan Hamid College, Kedah, 257
statecraft. See diplomacy Sultan Idris Training College, Perak, 172
status. See foreigners; Malays: sociocultural sultans. See Malay kingdoms
pattern; slaves Sulu, 8, 83, 88, 99–100, 116, 134, 141–2,
Stephens, Donald, 218–19, 221, 226, 219, 221–2, 248; map, xvi
248–50 Sumatra. See also Aceh; Sumatran
Stewart, Duncan, 214 immigration
Straits Chinese (Babas and Nyonyas), 148, historical sources, 301
179, 289 history: early trade, 59, 62, 74, 87, 279;
Straits of Melaka Srivijaya period, 5, 33–4, 46, 47–57,
history: prehistory, 4, 40–1; early period, 64, 71, 79, 81, 278 (See also
Srivijaya); Dutch period, 97, 102,
33, 46, 48, 50, 54, 62, 65, 71, 84, 86, 106–7, 126; Japanese Occupation
278, 279; early European trade and (1942–45), 183; in Malaysian
conquests, 10, 28, 59–60, 76, 80–1; territories, 26, 28, 75, 77, 86, 99
Dutch and British period, 84, 88, native peoples, 15, 25 (See also
90, 93, 98–9, 103–4, 106–7, 193 Minangkabaus)
Orang Suku Laut, 25, 286
Straits Settlements (1826–1941), 287. See
also Labuan; Melaka; Penang; Province

343

A Short History of Malaysia

Sumatran immigration to Malaysian territories, 5, 14, 29, 41–2, 45–6,
territories, 83–5, 123–4, 147, 154, 175, 56–7, 60, 64–5, 70–2, 81, 89–91;
279 east coast (18th and 19th centuries
CE), 101, 116–21, 133, 279; Kedah
Sunda shelf, 15, 17 (1790–1842), 100–2, 127, 133, 151,
Sungai Ujong (Negeri Sembilan), xix, 128 279; early 20th century CE, 132,
Sungkai, xv, 35 137–8, 158, 162–5, 168–9, 182–3,
SUPP (Sarawak United People’s Party), 215 188, 193, 196–7, 280, 283; since
sustainability, 19, 272–7 Malaysian independence, 90, 206,
Swettenham, Sir Frank, 136, 302–3 220, 283
swidden, 20, 24, 29, 292 Thais (Siamese), 292; arrival in Thailand,
Syaria(h). See Islamic law 41; in Malaysian territories, 6, 46, 57,
63, 70, 100, 140
Taiwan, 34 Thatcher, Margaret, 58
Tamil language, 207, 238, 285 Third World, 261
Tamils, 27, 63, 98, 173 Timor, 63
Tan Cheng Lock, Dato Sir, 178, 179–80, tin
deposits, 15–16, 42
191, 200–1, 205–6, 285, 305 history: early trade, 26, 36–7, 46, 80,
Taoism, 27, 287 85–92; colonial period, 82, 112,
Tarakan (Borneo), xix, 184 114–15, 124–7, 148, 150–1, 155–7,
Tausug, 83 280; transition to Independence,
Tawau (Borneo), 184 180–1
taxation, 109, 119, 128–9, 144, 150–1, Tingkayu (Sabah), xv, 3
Tok Janggut rebellion, 159–61, 164
158–60, 162–4, 170, 183 Too, C.C., 196, 305
technology, 1–2, 99, 103, 255, 258, 260, 286 tourism, 2, 274–5, 278–9, 299–300
Teluk Belanga, 107 trade. See also foreign investment
Temasek. See Singapore: history: early period early period, 4–6, 10, 16–18, 22, 24–9,
temenggung, 292; Kelantan, 118; Melaka, 31, 33–57; historical sources, 301;
international, 10, 39–41, 42, 44–9;
66, 75; Riau-Johor, 104–7, 108–9, Malay kingdoms, 78–93; map, xvi;
114–15, 290; Riau-Lingga, 165–6; Melaka period, 59–66, 69–70, 72–6;
Sarawak, 213 Southeast Asian region, 55–7
Temiars, xvii, 24–5 colonial period, 95–7, 99, 101–6, 112–20,
Templer, General Sir Gerald, 195, 203, 205 125, 133–5, 138, 140–2, 144, 151,
Temuans, xvii 156–7, 175, 179
Terengganu modern period, 2, 90, 227, 237
historical sources, 304 trade unions, 157, 193, 202, 222. See also
history: in 18th and 19th centuries CE, strikes
treaties. See diplomacy
86, 88, 98, 105, 115–21, 133, 280; Trengganu. See Terengganu
in 20th century CE, 137, 159–65, Tuhfat al-Nafis. See Ali Haji, Raja
167, 170, 228, 236, 251–2, 255–6, Turkey, 29, 138, 164, 166–8, 171
269, 280, 287, 288 (See also
Unfederated Malay States (UMS)) Ulu Selangor, 125
Terengganu Stone, 5
terrorism (early 21st century CE), 256, 282
Thailand (Siam)
historical sources, 304
history: early contacts with Malaysian

344

Index

Ulu Terengganu, 163–4 Compagnie, United Netherlands
UMNO. See also Alliance Party; National Chartered East India Company), 82,
84, 90, 93, 103–4
Front
historical sources, 306 Wang Gungwu, 202
leadership and factions, 239–40, 243 wars and conflicts: early times, 52–4, 56,
in Malaysian politics: formation (1946),
60, 80–1, 84–5, 87–91; Melaka, 6, 10,
9, 188, 190, 191, 281, 287; 65, 70–1, 72–4, 77; Kelantan civil war
transition to Independence, 196, (1838), 112, 117–19, 279; colonial
200, 204, 206, 283, 285, 286, 287; period, 100–3, 109, 111–12, 119–23,
formation of Federation of Malaysia 126–7, 142–8, 150, 159–60, 160,
(1963–65), 223–5, 228–34, 237; 163–4, 164, 179; transition to
since 1965, 242, 250, 252–3, 256–9, Independence, 173 (See also
262–6, 269–70, 274–5, 282, 287–8 Emergency (1948–60); World War II);
UMNO Baru (New UMNO) party, 262–5 since Independence, 224, 226–7
UMNO crisis (1987–88), 262–5 (See also Confrontation; Emergency
under kings (Yang Dipertuan Muda), 87–8, (1969 race riots))
91, 94, 104, 114 warships, 91, 111–12, 120–1, 133, 142, 144–5
unemployment. See labour wealth, 52–3, 75–6, 108, 203, 249
Unfederated Malay States (UMS) Wellesley. See Province Wellesley
(1909–14), 7, 137, 162, 165, 181, 188, Western attitudes. See Europeans
208, 211, 285, 288. See also Johor; Wolters, Oliver, 194
Kedah; Kelantan; Perlis; Terengganu women: Chinese immigration, 147; early
Union. See Malayan Union (1946–48) times, 63–4; education, 168, 173, 267;
Union of Malay Youth (KMM), 177 employment, 125, 152, 236, 267;
United Malays National Organisation. See historical sources, 306; Malay courts,
UMNO 67–8; Malay sociocultural pattern, 22,
United National Kadazan Organisation, 218 30; Minangkabau matrilineal
United Netherlands Chartered East India inheritance, 84, 124; organisations,
Company. See VOC 184. See also marriage
United Sabah National Organisation workers. See labour
(USNO), 248 World War I, 159, 163, 179
United Sabah Party (PBS), 249–50 World War II, 112, 137, 149, 181, 182–5,
United States, 180, 184, 193, 251, 256, 282 186, 189, 192, 212, 218, 233, 248, 257,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 238 280–1, 285; post-war reconstruction,
University of Malaya, 201–2, 252–3, 267 185–6, 218. See also Japanese relations
urbanisation, 1, 11, 155, 181, 186, 230–1, with Malaysian territories
241, 251, 274
Usman Awang: Tulang-Tulang Berserakan Yang Dipertuan Agong (king), 261–2, 287,
(Scattered Bones), 197 288

Victoria Institution, Kuala Lumpur, 175 Yang Dipertuan Muda. See under kings
Vietnam, 4, 15, 37–40, 48, 63, 70, 106, 187, ‘Young Turks’ (PAS), 255
youth groups. See students and youth groups
278, 284, 285 Yusof Rawa, Haji, 258
violence. See wars and conflicts
‘Vision 2020’ policy, 32, 247, 260, 266, 282 zero, 54–5, 301
VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische

345