WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS: AN INTRODUCTION

Welding Design Analysis

An Introduction

Mohd Zaidi Bin Hamzah
POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH

October, 2021

Welding Design Analysis: An
Introduction

Author
Mohd Zaidi Bin Hamzah
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Publisher
POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH
SEMAMBU, 25350 KUANTAN Pahang

Copyright© 2021, Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia
Mohd Zaidi Hamzah
WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS: AN INTRODUCTION
ISBN
1. Engineering Design 2. Welded Joint 3. Mechanical
I. Mohd Zaidi Hamzah II. Judul

All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the
solely private publisher as stated above.

Preface

This book aims to help readers understand the basics of basic welded joint analysis and explore
more knowledge in this subject. From my teaching experience, I found that the reference books on
basic welded joint analysis are difficult to understand by students, hence this book is written in
details with steps and guidelines to facilitate students to understand the basics of analysis in
welding design. I sincerely hope that you will gain a lot from this book. Hopefully you will get new
knowledge and experience from reading this. Thanks

Mohd Zaidi Bin Hamzah

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION 1
Advantages dan Disadvantages of Welded Joint 1
Weld symbols in annotated drawing 1
3
Fillet Weld 4
Butt – Groove Weld 6
Types of fillet weld 7
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR WELDED JOINT 7
Lap Joint Stress Analysis 7
Throat Thickness 8
Minimum Area Of The Weld 8
Tensile stress 9
Shear stress 11
Butt Joint Stress Analysis 11
Throat Thickness 11
Minimum area of the weld 12
Tensile and shear stress 13
Cantilever Lap Joint Stress Analysis 13
Tensile and Shear Load or Combination 14
Eccentric load – Torsion 17
SAFE LOAD AND STANDARD CODE 18
PROBLEM AND SOLUTION 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

Welding is one of important joint methods in mechanical engineering design, categorized
as permanent joint. Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials
usually metal or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the
work pieces and adding a filler materials to form a pool of molten materials (weld pool)
that cools to become a strong and permanent joint, with pressure sometimes used in
conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld bead. This is in contrast with
soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower melting point of filler materials
between the work pieces to form a bond between them, without melting the work pieces.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Welded Joint

Advantages: Produces permanent and strong joints, better in finishing and painting,
greater joint strength due to coalescence of the same materials, suitable for unlimited
joints than riveting and faster than riveting. The processes can be performed manually,
semi-automatically, or completely automatically. Continuous welds provide fluid tightness
therefore become a choice for fabricating pressure vessels.
Disadvantages: Due to permanent joints, disassemble without destroying detail parts is
impossible, parts that need to be in regular maintenance for example, should not be
welded. The welding is a hot work process leads to metallurgical changes in the parent
metal in the vicinity of the weld. Residual stresses may be introduced due to restrained
member of clamping or holding, while the cooling process may cause extra stress. It is
requires skilled welders, and welded joint inspection requires skilled and certified
inspector.

Weld Symbols in Annotated Drawing

The welds must be precisely specified on working drawings, and this is done by using the
welding symbol, shown in Figure 1, as standardized by the American Welding Society

1

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS
(AWS). The arrow of this symbol points to the joint that to be welded. The body of the
symbol contains as many of the following elements as are deemed necessary:

• Reference line
• Arrow
• Basic weld symbols
• Dimensions and other data
• Supplementary symbols
• Finish symbols
• Tail
• Specification or process

Figure 1 The AWS standard welding symbol showing the location of the symbol elements.
The arrow used in welding symbols is the first need to be understand. The welding part
indicated by the arrow is called the arrow side, while the side opposite of the arrow side is
called the other side. Referring to the Figure 2, if a welds need to be performed on the

2

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

arrow side the basic weld symbol or detail reference must be put below the reference line,
vice versa the basic weld symbol will be drawn above the reference line.
Fillet Welds

(a)

The work pieces is in preparation holds in
T-joint position to be fillet welded.

(b) The number indicates the leg size of the
welds. The arrow points to the arrow side
and the basic weld symbols below the
reference line show that the fillet weld
need to be executed on the arrow side
with the leg size of 5 mm.

(c) The arrow points to the arrow side and the
basic welds symbols above the reference
line show that the fillet weld need to be
executed on the other side with leg size of
5 mm.

(d) The arrow should point only to one weld
when both sides are the same. The arrow
points to the arrow side and the basic
welds symbols on the reference line show
that the fillet weld need to be executed on
both; arrow side and other side with leg
size of 5 mm.

Figure 2 Weld symbols on fillet welds

3

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

Figure 3 All around welds symbol
The arrow point on the arrow side with additional circle symbols shown in Figure 3
indicates that the welding is to go all around. The weld symbols below the reference line
indicate that the fillet welds must be performed on the arrow side which is at the outside
of the pipe with leg size of 5 mm.

Figure 4 Types of weld and groove symbols in arc and gas welding
Butt – Groove Weld
Figure 5 shows typical butt weld joints with common groove types used in arc and gas
welding. Of course this groove should be prepared by means of machining before the

4

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

welding takes place. Be caution to understand the welding drawing before to cut some
materials otherwise the company will suffer a loss.

(a) The welding symbol indicates that a V-
groove of 60° must be prepared with a gap
of 2 mm between the two parent
materials. The gap also called as root
opening. The arrow points to the arrow
side and the weld symbols below the
reference line indicates that the welds
must be executed on the arrow side. The
V symbol means V-groove and the
number 2 and 60° mean gap value and
angle of V-groove, respectively.

(b)
The weld symbols indicates that the butt
welds must be done on both sides with
square groove preparation.

(c)
The weld symbols indicates that the butt
welds must be done on both sides with
double 60° V-groove preparation.

(d)
The weld symbols indicates that the butt
welds must be done on the arrow side
with 45° bevel-groove preparation

Figure 5 Butt weld joint and groove types.

5

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

Types of Fillet Weld

The fillet welds are widely used in many types of welded joint such as lap joint, T-joint and
corner joint. The types of fillet weld can be summarize as:

• Single transverse fillet
• Double transverse fillets
• Single parallel fillet
• Double parallel fillets
These types of fillet weld give influences on strength of welded joints that will be discussed
further in analysis section.

(a) Single transverse fillet (b) Double transverse fillets

(c) Double parallel fillets (d) Double parallel and single
transverse fillets

Figure 6 Types of fillet weld

6

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR WELDED JOINT

There are three basic strength analyses of welded joint that will be discussed in this section
namely:

• Lap joint
• Butt joint
• Cantilever lap joint

Lap Joint Stress Analysis

Figure 7 Terminology of transverse fillet welded joint
Consider a single transverse fillet welded joint as shown in Figure 7. It is assumed that the
section of the fillet weld is a right-angled tringle ABC with 45°angle. Length of the fillet
weld, ℓ is length of CE or can be measured from the root of the weld BG where the parts
of parent metal are bound. The length of each side BA and BC is known as leg size or weld
size, . The perpendicular distance, BD of the hypotenuse from the intersection of the legs,
is the thickness of the fillet weld and is known as throat thickness, .
Throat Thickness
Referring to the right-triangle ABD as shown in Figure 7 on the right figure, the throat
thickness, which is the length of BD is calculated by using SOH CAH TOA trigonometry.
Knowing that angle of BAD is 45°, Hypotenuse is and Opposite is , therefore;

7

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS


sin 45 =
= sin 45 ×
= 0.707
Minimum Area of The Weld
The minimum area of the weld is also known as throat area. In Figure 7 the minimum area
of the weld is obtained by calculating the rectangular BDGH’s area, that is;
= ℎ ℎ × ℓ ℎ .
= × ℓ
ℎ = 0.707
∴ = 0.707 ℓ
Tensile stress

(a) (b)

Figure 8 (a) Single and (b) Double transverse fillet welded joints under tensile load

Considering the a single and a double transverse fillet welded joints are under tensile load,
as shown in Figure 8, if is the allowable tensile stress for the fillet welded joint, then
the tensile stress for the single transverse joint is;

=
ℎ

=


8

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

ℎ = 0.707 ℓ

=
0.707 ℓ

As the double transverse fillet welded joint has double throat areas that resist the tensile
load , then the tensile stress for the double transverse joints is;

= 2
× ℎ

=
2

ℎ 2 = 2 × 0.707 ℓ

=
1.414 ℓ

Shear stress

(a) (b)

Figure 9 (a) Single and (b) Double transverse fillet welded joints under shear load

Considering a single and a double transverse fillet welded joints are under shear load, as
shown in Figure 9, if is the allowable shear stress for the fillet welded joint, then the shear
stress for the single transverse joint is;

ℎ = ℎ
ℎ

=


9

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

ℎ = 0.707 ℓ

=
0.707 ℓ

As the double transverse fillet welded joint has double throat areas that resist the shear
load , then the tensile stress for the double transverse joints is;

ℎ = 2 ℎ
× ℎ

=
2

ℎ 2 = 2 × 0.707 ℓ

=
1.414 ℓ

Notice that the equation of shear stress is seems to be the same as tensile stress equation
but it is not. The load in shear stress is applied parallel to the transverse fillet weld as
oppose to the direction of tensile load. Therefore the letter is sometimes used to
represent the shear stress to avoid confusion.

10

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

Butt Joint Stress Analysis

Consider a single complete penetration V-groove butt joint as shown in Figure 10. Length
of the weld, ℓ is the length of CD. Throat thickness, is the length of AB measured from
root of the weld to face of the weld. Note that the measurement of throat thickness does
not include the reinforcement bead. The reinforcement can be beneficial however leads to
stress concentration at the weld toe, and it is good practice to grind off the reinforcement
in a presence of fatigue load condition.

Figure 10 V-groove butt joint
Throat Thickness
Throat thickness, of the butt welded joint is equal to the length of leg size or weld size,
which is equal to plate’s thickness of the parent materials.

ℎ ℎ =
=
Minimum Area of The Weld
Minimum area of the weld, is the throat area;
= ℎ ℎ × ℎ
= × ℓ
ℎ =
∴ =

11

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS
Tensile Stress and Shear Stress

(a) (b)

Figure 11 V-groove butt joint is (a) under tensile load, and (b) under shear load

Figure 11 (a) shows V-groove butt joint under tensile load, . If is the allowable tensile
stress for the welded joint, then the tensile stress is;

=
ℎ

=


ℎ = ℓ

∴ =
ℓ

While Figure 11 (b) shows the same weld joint but under shear load. If is the allowable
shear stress for the welded joint, then the shear stress is;

ℎ = ℎ
ℎ

=


ℎ = ℓ

∴ =
ℓ

12

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

Cantilever Lap Joint Stress Analysis

Terminology of the fillet welded lap joint have been discussed before. As shown in Figure
12 the cantilever plate can be connected to the support base plate either with transverse
fillet weld or parallel fillet or combination of both. For instant, the cantilever weld joints in
the figure is a combination of single transverse and double parallel fillet welds. Length of
the weld, ℓ is the length of parallel fillet, while length of weld, ℓ is the length of transverse
fillet as shown in the figure below.

Figure 12 Cantilever fillet welds under shear and tensile load

Tensile and Shear Loads or Combination.
Consider a load, acts on the cantilever as shown in Figure 12. Since the load is in parallel
with the parallel fillet joints, both of the double parallel fillet are then under shear load,
while the single transverse fillet is under tensile load. Therefore;

ℎ ,
= 2

ℎ = 0.707 ℓ

∴ =
1.414 ℓ

= 1.414 ℓ

13

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

, =


∴ =
0.707

= 0.707 ℓ

The total strength of the weld joints is the sum of the strength of the double parallel fillet
and the single transverse fillet, that is;

∑ = 1.414 ℓ + 0.707 ℓ

Eccentric Load – Torsion

Figure 13 Cantilever fillet welds under eccentric load

Consider a cantilever welded to a support base with a double parallel fillet welded joint as

shown in Figure 13. The eccentric load, causes two reactions at the support there are a

shear force, and a moment, . The shear force produces primary shear stress, denoted

as 1 in the figure.

ℎ =
ℎ ℎ

1 =


14

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

While the moment, at the support produces secondary shear stress or torsion, denoted

as 2 in the figure.

ℎ = ×


2 = ×


ℎ ℎ , = ×

∴ 2 = × ×


The radial distance, must be measured from location of centroid, and the moment M

computed about G. Note that is usually the farthest distance from the centroid, of the

weld group. is the eccentric load and is eccentricity distance that is measured from
eccentric load to the location of centroid, along X-axis. The location of centroid, is

calculated based on the weld group and has been simplified in Table 1 based on case. While
is the second polar moment of area of the weld group and is calculated as:

= ℎ ℎ ×
= ×
ℎ ℎ = 0.707
∴ = 0.707
The weld size is treating as a line so that the value of the is the same regardless of the
weld size. The equation of can be obtained from Table 1 based on the case of weld

group.

Finally the resultant of the shear stress is summed up from primary shear and secondary
shear stress mathematically as:

ℎ , = � 12 + 22 + 2 1 2

The angle, is the angle between primary and secondary shear stress, and it is equal to
the angle of from the horizontal line as indicated in the Figure 13 above.

15

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

Table 1 Torsional properties of fillet weld Location of Unit Second Polar Moment
Centroid, of Area
Case Weld Group Throat Area,

̅ = 0

1 = 0.707 � = = 3
2 12

̅ = (3 2 + 2)
2 6
2 = 1.414 =

� = 2

̅ = 2 ) ( + )4 − 6 2 2
2( + 12( + )
3 = 0.707 ( + ) =
2
� = 2( + )

̅ = 2 8 3 + 6 2 + 3 4
2 + 12 2 +
4 = 0.707 (2 + ) = −

� = 2

̅ = ( + )3
2 6
5 = 1.414 ( + ) =

� = 2

6 = 1.414 = 2 3

*G is the centroid of weld group; s is leg size or weld size; the weld group can be turn around to be fit with related analysis

16

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

SAFE LOAD AND STANDARD CODE

Ensuring the appropriate strength of the weld joints is an important part of design
consideration in providing a safe products for consumers. For the strength of the weld
connection, the type of steel and electrode used play a role. The use of standard steel and
electrode gives confidence in the safety of the connections made. It was suggested to use
steels that having a UNS specification as these steels have known standard tensile and yield
strength as shown for example in Table 2. This makes it easier for designer in consideration
of factor of safety or permissible stress, or to replicate the values of those used by others.
Table 3 shows The American Welding Society (AWS) specification code numbering system
used for electrodes and Table 4 indicates American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
code for permissible stress of weld-metal for tension and shear types of loading. These
tables are only parts of full tables which can be obtained from Reference (Budynas, R. G.
and Nisbett, J. K., 2015) and will be used further in problem and solution section.

Table 2 UNS no. SAE / AISI Processing Tensile Yield
ASTM Tensile no. Strength Strength
and Yield G10100 (MPa) (MPa)
Strengths for G10150 1010 HR
Some Hot- G10180 1015 CD 320 180
Rolled (HR) 1018 HR 370 300
and Cold- CD 340 190
Drawn (CD) HR 390 320
Steels CD 400 220
440 370

Table 3 AWS Electrode no. Yield Strength (MPa) Tensile
Electrode code Strength
and weld- E60xx 345 (MPa)
metal E70xx 393
properties E120xx 737 427
482

827

Table 4 Load Weld Permissible Stress Safety
Weld-metal factor, n
permissible Tension Butt 0.60
stress 1.67

Shear Butt/ Fillet 0.30 *
*Shear stress on base metal should not exceed 0.40 of base metal

17

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

PROBLEM AND SOLUTION

EXAMPLE – 1

A complete penetration V-groove butt welded joint in figure below is under tensile load of
5kN, find tensile stress.

Solution
;

, = 5 = 5000
, = 20 = 0.02
ℓ ℎ , ℓ = 100 = 0.1

;

=
ℓ

= 5000
(0.02)(0.1)

= .

18

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE – 2

Figure below shows a cantilever connected to a support with double parallel fillet welds.
Unit is in mm. Determine;

(a) Total of throat area, 1 and 2
(b) Location of centroid,

1

2

Solution
(a) The throat area of the fillet weld is calculated with formula;

= ℓ = 0.707 ℓ
1 = 50 = 0.707(50)( ) = 35.35( )
2 = 50 = 0.707(50)( ) = 35.35( )
= 1 + 2 = 2(50) = = 2(35.35)( ) = .
Total throat area of the weld group also can be solved with throat area formula from Table
1 referring Case 2.
= 1.414
ℎ = 50
∴ = 1.414(50)( ) = .

19

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

(b) The centroid, of the weld group is located at the coordinate ̅ and � from reference
point.

ℎ ;

̅ = 1 1 + 2 2
1 + 2

1 = 2 = 35.35( )

1 = 1

1 = 25

2 = 2

2 = 25

∴ ̅ = (35.35)( )(25) + (35.35)( )(25)
(35.35)( ) + (35.35)( )

̅ =

� = 1 1 + 2 2
1 + 2

1 = 1

1 = 80

2 = 2

20

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

2 = 0

∴ � = (35.35)( )(80) + (35.35)( )(0)
(35.35)( ) + (35.35)( )

� =

∴ ℎ ( , ) ℎ , .

The location of centroid is recommended to be calculated with simplified formula
provided in Table 1 for Case 2;

̅ = = 80 = ⋯ ∗ ℎ ℎ
2 2

� = = 50 = ⋯ ∗ ℎ � ℎ .
2 2

Although the value of ̅ and � are a bit confusing due to the modification of weld group
from Table 2 Case 2 but more important is the exact same location of centroid obtained.

The centroid is the point where the eccentric load tries to twist or the centre of torsional.
It is necessary to find centroid point before the calculation proceed to find eccentricity
distance, , radial distance, and angle between primary and secondary shear stress, .

21

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE – 3

Figure below shows a cantilever connected to a support. If the cantilever with double
parallel fillet welded joints is under eccentric load of 15 , find size of the weld, . Given
allowable shear stress is 80 .

Solution
;

= 15
= 80
2

, ;

ℎ 2

= 80

= 50

̅ = = 80 =
2 2

� = = 50 =
2 2

, ,

22

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

= �252 + 402
= .

= 40
25

= °

ℎ

1 =


ℎ 1 2;

= 1.414

= 1.414( )(50)

= 70.7( )

∴ 1 = 15 × 103
70.7( )

1 = . / 2


ℎ

2 = × ×


ℎ , =

= 150 − 25

=

= 0.707( )( )

23

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

ℎ 1 2;

= (3 2 + 2)
6

= 50(3(80)2 + 502)
6

= . ×

∴ = 0.707( )(1.808 × 105)

= � . × �( )

∴ 2 = (15 × 103)(125)(47.17)
(1.278 × 105)( )

2 = . / 2


ℎ ;

= � 12 + 22 + 2 1 2
80 = ��212 .16�2 + �691 .78�2 + 2 �212 .16� �691 .78� 58

824.089
80 =
∴ = .

24

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE – 4

A welded connection of steel plates is shown in figure below. It is subjected to an eccentric
force of 50 . Determine the size of the weld if the permissible shear stress in the weld
is not to exceed 70 / 2.

Solution
;

= 50,000
= 70 / 2
ℎ 4 1 ℎ ;
= 100
= 200

,

̅ = 2
2 +

̅ = 1002 200
2(100) +

̅ =

25

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

� =
2

� = 200
2

� =

, ,
= �752 + 1002
=

= 100
75

= . °

ℎ

1 =


ℎ 1 4;

= 0.707 (2 + )

= 0.707 (2(100) + (200))

= 282.8

∴ 1 = 50000
282.8

1 = . / 2


26

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

ℎ

2 = × ×


ℎ =

= 300 − 25

=

= 0.707

ℎ 1 4;

= 8 3 + 6 2 + 3 − 4
12 2 +


= 8(100)3 + 6(100)(200)2 + (200)3 − (100)4
12 2(100) + (200)

= . ×
∴ = 0.707 (3.08 × 106)

= ( . × )

∴ 2 = (50 × 103)(275)(125)
(2.18 × 106)

2 = . / 2


ℎ ;

= � 12 + 22 + 2 1 2
70 = ��176 .80�2 + �788 .42�2 + 2 �176 .80� �788 .42� 53.13

905.61
70 =
∴ = .

27

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE – 5

Given the allowable shear stress is 140 , determine the eccentrically load, shown in
figure below that can cause the shearing of fillet weld connection.

Solution
;

ℎ = 140
, = 6 ⋯ ∗ ℎ

3

Step 1: Find Primary shear stress 1 =
Step 2: Find Secondary shear stress

= 0.707( )( + )

= 50

= 60

∴ = 0.707(6)(50 + 60)

= .

∴ 1 =
466.62

1 = . × − ( ) /

2 = × ×


Find

,

̅ = 2 )
2( +

28

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

̅ = 502 60)
2(50 +

̅ = .

� = 2 )
2( +

� = 602 60)
2(50 +

� = .

∴ = 160 − 16.36

= .

Find and

= �11.362 + 43.642
= .

= 11.36
43.64

= . °

Find

= 0.707( )

= ( + )4 − 6 2 2
12( + )

= (110)4 − 6(50)2(60)2
12(110)

= ×
∴ = 0.707(6)(70 × 103)

=

∴ 2 = (143.64)(45.094)
296940

2 = . ( ) /

Step 3: Find resultant shear stress

= � 12 + 22 + 2 1 2

= �( . × − ( ))2 + ( . ( ))2 + 2( . × − ( ))( . ( )) . °

140 = 0.02388( )
∴ = .

29

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE – 6

A steel bar UNS G10150 HR with rectangular cross section of 12.7 by 50.8 carries
a static load of 70 as shown in figure below. It is welded to a gusset plate with fillet
weld size of 9.525 and length of weld of 50.8 on both sides with an E70XX
electrode. Given allowable force per unit length for a weld size of 9.525 E70 electrode
weld-metal is 5.57 / ℎ of weldment. By using the welding code methods determine
whether;

(a) The weld-metal strength is satisfactory?
(b) The attachment strength is satisfactory?

Solution
(a) The weld-metal strength is satisfactory?

Given;
= 5.57 / ℎ = 975.46 /
ℎ , ℓ = 50.8 = 50.8 × 10−3
ℓ ( ) = 50.8 × 10−3(2) = 0.1016
= 975.46(ℓ)
= 975.46(0.1016)
= .
= . >
∴ Weld metal strength is satisfactory.

30

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

(b) The attachment strength is satisfactory?

Checking shear in attachment adjacent to the welds, from Table 4 the allowable
attachment shear stress is;

= 0.4

where taken from Table 2 for G10150 HR, the yield strength, = 190

∴ = 0.4(190) =

while the shear stress on the base metal adjacent to the weld is;

=


= 2 ℓ ( )

= 2(9.525 × 70 × 10−3)
10−3)(50.8

= .

= > .
∴ The attachment is satisfactory near the weld beads.

Checking tensile stress of the shank, the allowable tensile stress of the shank is;

= 0.6 = 0.6(190)

=

while the tensile stress in the shank of the attachment is;

= = (12.7 × 70 × 103 × 10−3)
10−3)(50.8

= .

= ≥ .
∴ The shank tensile stress is satisfactory.

31

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

Bibliography

Richard G. Budynas, J. Keith Nisbett. (2015). Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design. 10th
ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Saleh, H. H. (2017). Fundamentals of Mechanical Components in Engineering Design.
Selangor: Pelangi Professional Publishing Sdn. Bhd.

32

WELDING DESIGN ANALYSIS

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH
SEMAMBU
25350 KUANTAN Pahang
TEL 095655300 FAX 095663104
http://www.polisas.edu.my
ISBN

33