Assigment CMA 483-EARTH WORK FINAL

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANING AND SURVEYING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH ALAM SELANGOR

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
(AP246)

CMA483 QUALITY, SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIROMENTAL
(EARTHWORK)

PREPARED BY:

NO NAME STUDENT NO
(1) AHMAD MUSYIRI BIN FAUZEE 2022568019
(2) MOHD AIZAM BIN MOHD KHARI 2022954373

PREPARED FOR:
MISS FAZEERA UJIN

SEMESTER 4
SESE 2021-2022

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah the Most Merciful, the Most Graceful. First and foremost, we
would want to express our gratitude to Allah for providing us with the opportunity to complete
the assignment assigned by our lecturer. Our group members completed this assignment
satisfactorily, despite some small issues that arose from time to time during completing this
report via the internet.

Fortunately, with tremendous effort and massive commitments from our group, we were able
to prepare this task, special thanks to our revered lecturer, Miss Fareeza, for her unwavering
commitment to our group, which she demonstrated by constantly guiding, supporting, and
monitoring us during the duration of our online lectures. She gave us a lot of helpful advice for
this report and experiment. We are extremely fortunate to have her as a lecturer.

Finally, we would want to express our gratitude to our group members who have always
provided their entire devotion in order to ensure that this assignment is completed effectively.
May all our sacrificed efforts yield positive results for our group. Not to mention our peers,
who are always willing to assist us with this work, whether directly or indirectly

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ABSTRACT

In the construction sector, the Quality Management System (QMS) relates to quality
planning, quality assurance, and quality control. The construction industry's major
purpose is to ensure that building projects are executed effectively within the limitations
of highest quality, specified time, and lowest possible cost.
Construction businesses should create a flexible and supportive organisational
environment that supports the development of quality management systems in all facets
of their work, according to research based on QMS. In this study, survey was conducted
by online research with company website and phone call interview.
The details data of quality about the company has explain by project management
consultant, contractor, numerous consultants, and suppliers. For the contractor,
consultants, and consumers of buildings, explanation have been produced based on
quality factors in construction projects. The data acquired phone call interview was
explain by contractor was analysed.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGES
1.0
2.0 INTRODUCTION OF EARTHWORK 1
3.0
BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY 2-3
4.0
4.1 WHAT ARE THE FACTORS IN THE EARTHWORK ACTIVITIES
4.2
4.3 MAY CAUSE INJURIES AND ACCIDENTS. 4

3.1 Definition of Hazard 4

3.1.1 Types of hazards during earthwork 5-10

3.2 Definition of HIRARC 11-15

3.2.1 Hirarc schedule for earthwork 16-22

WHAT ARE THE PREVENTIVE MAJOR TO PREVENT INJURIES

AND ACCIDENTS DURING EARTHWORK ACTIVITIES. 23

PLANING 23-24

HAZARD ANALYSIS 25 -26

CONTROL 27

4.3.1 Design and Safety Equipment 27

4.3.2 General 28

4.3.3 Control of Earthmoving Machinery/Equipment at Worksite 29

4.3.4 Excavators / Backhoes 29

4.3.5 Dozers / Graders 30

4.3.6 Land Clearing 30

4.3.7 Skid-Steer Loaders 31

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4.4 IMPLEMENTATION 31
4.4.1 Inspection and Maintenance 31
4.4.2 Logbooks and Register 32
4.4.3 Training and Competency of Operator 32
33
5.0 CONCLUSION 34
6.0 Reference

iv

1.0 INTRODUCTION OF EARTH WORK

Working in and around earthworks is always dangerous. Every year, far too many
construction workers are killed or injured when portions of the earthworks in which
they work collapse.Earthworks and earthwork works were responsible for five of the
33 fatalities on construction sites that we studied in 2015. The danger is obvious when
one cubic metre of soil can weigh up to one tonne, and it is common for a volume of
soil to collapse into an unsupported earthwork.

This study will discuss and propose solutions to various earthwork-related hazards.
The primary goal of this research is to assist all personnel involved in construction site
regulatory enforcement in identifying significant hazards in earthwork and taking
preventive measures (such as directive letters, notices of improvement, and so on) to
prevent them. It is also critical that the employee understands that some of the study's
requirements are mandatory.

Earthwork is the removal of earth, rock, or other material in the course of construction,
such as trenching, cofferdam and caisson work, or demolition work, using tools,
machinery, or explosives (FMA, 2014). Any earthwork, trench, well, shaft, tunnel, or
underground working is considered earthwork work, and cofferdam and caisson are
also considered earthwork (Joyce, 2015).

Trenchless technology, in addition to launch and reception pits, can eliminate the need
for earthwork. They also reduce the risks to the public from open earthwork and the
resulting traffic disruption. Many of these techniques are mentioned briefly in the
reference (HSE, 1999).The type of soil to be excavated is one of the most important
factors to consider when planning an earthwork. Except for the shallowest earthworks,
all earthworks require some form of support in the form of trench sheeting (Hughes et
al., 2008).

An earthwork supervisor must assess the possibility of changes in ground conditions
and revise the work method accordingly (Hughes et al., 2008). The general risk
management process is guided by the Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC).

1

2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE CASE STUDY

The earthwork supervisor's assessment must be preceded by a site investigation,
which must be completed (by the main contractor) during the planning process, and
points to consider are (Hughes et al., 2008) (SafeWork, 2012):

(a) essential underground services—gas, water, sewerage,
telecommunications, electricity, chemicals, and fuel or refrigerant in pipes or
lines.
(b) previous use of the site;
(c) location of existing buildings;
(d) location of new structures;
(e) results of soil investigations;
(f) ground contamination;
(g) water courses (including underground), level of water table, and type of soil;
(h) storage and disposal of excavated material;
(i) transportation methods, haul routes, and disposal, amount of working space
and storage required;
(j) the most suitable method of temporary earthwork support

By allocating adequate funds for site investigation, clients can significantly contribute
to improving earthwork safety and health management. They should be prepared to
allocate additional resources for site investigation during construction if the earthwork
reveals soil or rock conditions that differ from those predicted by the original site
investigation (Joyce, 2015).

Before work begins, the location of all underground installations, such as sewers,
mains (water or gas), and cables (electrical power or telecommunications), must be
verified (DOSH, 2000)

2

Assume earthwork is required to repair mains (water or gas), piped services, or cables
(electrical power or telecommunications) that serve occupied buildings. In that case,
effective communication between earthwork contractors and building occupants is
required at all stages of the project. Before any work can begin, the pipe or cable must
be disconnected. Alternative egress arrangements must be made if the work obstructs
the main or emergency exits from the buildings (Hughes et al., 2008).
Following the completion of the site survey, meetings must be scheduled with the
occupants of surrounding buildings and other properties to communicate any special
arrangements. Constant communication with neighbours is an important component
of the risk management strategy (Hughes et al., 2008).

3

3.0 WHAT ARE THE FACTORS IN THE EARTHWORK ACTIVITIES
MAY CAUSE INJURIES AND ACCIDENTS

3.1 HAZARDS
Hazards are anything that could cause harm (physical or mental). The term
"hazard" refers to a situation or activity that, if left unchecked, has the potential
to cause harm or illness. In order to prevent injuries and illnesses, it is important
to identify and eliminate or control hazards as soon as possible.
Collapsing trenches with workers inside are a common occurrence on
construction sites. Furthermore, a building that is being demolished or
constructed can collapse suddenly and unexpectedly, seriously injuring or even
killing those inside.
Before work begins, precautions for collapse must be taken. If a trench is
required for the project, site managers should:
1) Consider the type of support that is best suited for the trench.
2) Ascertain that the trench is completely secure.
3) Inspect the trench on a regular basis, both before and during the work
shift.

4

3.2 TYPE OF HAZARDS DURING EARTHWORKS
3.2.1 HAZARDS AND CONTROLS
For the purpose of this subtopic, it is simpler if we provide an illustration of the hazard
in the form of a figure that describes the hazard.

Figure 1: All practicable steps must be taken to prevent danger to any person in and
adjacent to the earthwork, to ensure that no earthwork or part of it collapses (Hughes,
et al., 2008).

5

Figure 2: Stability of structures adjoining or over areas to be excavated must be
protected (Hughes, et al., 2008). Where there is any question of stability of structures
adjoining or over areas to be excavated, such structures shall be supported where
necessary by underpinning, sheet piling, shoring, bracing or other means made or
erected according to the design of a Professional Engineer to prevent injury to any
person (FMA, 2014).

Figure 3: Operating the vehicle at the edge of the bank can cause the edge of bank to
collapse (JICOSH, 2015).

Figure 4: No employee shall be permitted to work where he may be struck by an
excavating machine. Put up a barricade to prevent entry and assign a supervisor to
the construction site (JICOSH, 2015).

6

Figure 5: Adequate and well-anchored stop blocks should be provided on the surface
to prevent vehicles being driven into the trench, cofferdam or caisson (a). Examples
of stop blocks for dumpers (b) (Hughes, et al., 2008).

Figure 6: Mechanical plant, vehicles, storage of materials (including excavated
material) or any other heavy loads should not be located in the ‘zone of influence’ of
an earthwork (SafeWork, 2012).

7

Figure 7: Vehicle protection at top of an earthwork to prevent hazards associated with
vehicle collision with its workers (Hughes, et al., 2008)

8

Figure 8: Mobile plant operator blind spots. Powered mobile plant operating near
ground personnel or other powered mobile plant should be equipped with warning
devices (for example, reversing alarm and a revolving light) (SafeWork, 2012)

Figure 9: All public walkways, sidewalks, and the thoroughfares bordering on or
running through any earthwork site shall be provided with substantial guard-rails or
board fences. Barriers around earthwork by footpath (Hughes & Ferret, 2008)

Figure 10: Excavated material impact on effective earthwork depth (SafeWork, 2012).
The following list of safe work procedures was developed based on the monthly safety
report that one of our team members, Mr. Aizam, provides to his employer.

9

The following list of safe work procedures was developed based
Aizam, provides to his employer. The employers have g

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et consult fro onsultant en ineer
nstall ed e rotection fence
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an s an fla an rovided

on the monthly safety report that one of our team members, Mr.
given their permission for this list to be published here.

10

3.3 DEFINATION OF HIRARC

Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC) have become
fundamental to the practise of planning, management, and business operation in
recent years as fundamental risk management.

Hazard identification and risk assessments are processes for identifying and
evaluating existing and potential hazards on a worksite, as well as methods for
controlling or eliminating the identified hazards. Organizations that have conducted
workplace risk assessments have noticed numerous changes in their working
practises.

Those who have already conducted a risk assessment report that their working
practises have improved. As they develop, they recognise the substandard act and
working conditions and take the necessary corrective action. Legislation requires that
this process be systematic and recorded in order for the results to be reliable and the
analysis to be complete. The risk assessment process should be ongoing rather than
a one-time event.

Hazard identification

In recent years, Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC)
have become essential risk management practises in the practise of planning,
management, and business operation. A hazard is defined as anything for examples
a condition, situation, practise, or behaviour that has the potential to cause harm, such
as injury, disease, death, environmental, property, or equipment damage. This is the
process of inspecting each work area and task to identify all "inherent in the job"
hazards.

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Risk Assessment

The hazard, according to Majid M. and R. McCaffer (1997), has a close relationship
with the risk. Risk is a metric used to analyse and evaluate hazards. The severity and
likelihood of the hazard are identified to determine the measurement. In other words,
risk assessment is a thorough examination of situations, processes, and other
potentially hazardous activities or hazards at the workplace. Risk is communicated in
a variety of ways to communicate the distribution of risk throughout a plant and
workplace area. The results of risk assessment, as presented in a risk matrix, are
critical in determining risk control.

Risk can be calculated using the following formula:
Risk (R) = Likelihood (L) x Severity (S)

The risk assessment matrix must be resolved in order to determine the risk level. The
following steps are used to compute the risk assessment matrix in order to determine
the risk level:

1. Calculation of weightage average index (WAI) for likelihood of hazards
2. Calculation of weightage average index (WAI) for severity of hazards
3. Calculation of risk (WAI likelihood x WAI severity) of hazard
4. Determination of risk assessment matrix refer to Table 2 and risk level as Table

3
The weightage average index is calculated based on the formula as below: Weightage

Average Index (WAI) =

where:
wi = assigned weight for a particular class under 5-point likert scale
fi = corresponding frequency of that particular class
i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 that illustrated 5-point likert scale according to specific context

12

The computation of WAI for each hazard was interpreted by the schedule of the risk
assessment matrix (Table 2) and the indication of risk level in Table 3. The result from
the risk assessment calculation was referred to as the risk level scale.

Likelihood of Severity of hazards

hazards Insignificant (1) Minor (2) Moderate Major (4) Fatal (5)
(3)
Rare (1) 1 2 3 45
4 6 8 10
Unlikely (2) 2 6 9 12 15
8 12 15 20
Possible (3) 3 10 15 20 25

Likely (4) 4

Almost 5
Certain (5)

Table 2: Risk Assessment Matrix level

Risk Level Low
1 to 2 Medium
3 to 6 High
7 to 12 Extreme
More than 12
Table 3: Indication of risk level

The goal of hazard identification and risk assessment in this study is to highlight critical
operations of tasks that pose significant risks to employees' health and safety, as well
as hazards pertaining to specific equipment due to energy sources and working
conditions or activities performed. The risk level is then assigned to each hazard to
identify the corrective action needed to reduce or eliminate the risk. This study was
carried out in accordance with the basic safety procedure, hazard identification, and
risk survey in order to assess the risk associated with the earthworks process.

13

Risk Control

Risk control is the elimination or deactivation of a hazard in such a way that the hazard
does not endanger employees. Hazards should be controlled at the point where the
problem arises. Venturini (2011) ranks four risk characteristics that are commonly
identified (refer to Table 4) based on the measures taken to protect the plant from risk
exposure as follows:

i. Excellent: the facility has taken measures exceeding industry standards and
the best practices. Loss potential is considered significantly reduced.

ii. Good: the fatality has taken measures that are consistent with industry
standards and best practices. Loss potential is considered to be average.

iii. Fair: the fatality has taken some measures that approach industry standards
and best practices however deficiencies exist. Loss potential is considered
somewhat increased.

iv. Poor: the fatality has major deficiencies and does not approach industry
standards and best practices. Loss potential is considered to be significantly
increased.

Control Measure Level

Control measures exceeding industry standards and the Excellent 3.1 -4.0
2.1 -3.0
best practices. Loss potential is considered significantly 1.1- 2.0
0 – 1.0
reduced

Control measures that are consistent with industry Good

standards and best practices. Loss potential is

considered to be average

Control measures that approach industry standards and Fair

best practices, however deficiencies exist. Loss potential

is considered somewhat increased

A control measure has major deficiencies and does not Poof

approach industry standards and best practices. Loss

potential is considered to be significantly increased.

Table 4: Control Measure Matrix

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3.4 HIRARC schedule for earthworks. RIS
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

N JOB POTENTIAL POTENTIAL Pro
o HAZARD
RISK y*
SEQUENCE

Collision of
Machinery

Caught in between Major Injury 1

Collapse of
Mobilize machineries to
1 machinery
site

Flash over from

power line due to Major 1

bulldozed burn/fatality

SK ASSESSMENT RECOMMENDED CONTROL

obabilit Consequences Risk MEASURES
**

Ranking*
**

- Engage experienced and

licensed machine

20 20 operators.

- To use experienced signal

man

- Wear proper PPE

25 25 - To ensure competent
operator

16

debris/tress hit pylon
cable

Power cut off 1

- To barricade and provide

buffer 5m-10m from

lowest power line and

buffer 20 meter from

nearest power line

- To conduct special

toolbox on working near

power line

- To apply permit with TNB

25 25 - Full time supervision near
power line area

- To install warning signage

to show limit of safe

clearance and distance

from pylon and

transmission line. Safety

clearance shall be

minimum 5 meter form

nearest/lowest

transmission line

17

Struck by

Excavate earth and rock of 1
Collision Major injury

2 material and load on to
machinery

dump trucks

Caught in between

Flash over from Major 1
power line due to burn/fatality

- Engage experienced and

licensed machine

operators.

- To use experienced signal

man

- Wear proper PPE

- Ensure not to overload

20 20 dump trucks

25 25 - To ensure competent
operator

18

Excavate earth and rock bulldozed
material and load on to debris/tress hit pylon
dump trucks (continued) cable

Power cut off 1

- To barricade and provide

buffer 5m-10m from

lowest power line and

buffer 20 meter from

nearest power line

- To conduct special

toolbox on working near

power line

- To apply permit with TNB

25 25 - Full time supervision near
power line area

- To install warning signage

to show limit of safe

clearance and distance

from pylon and

transmission line. Safety

clearance shall be

minimum 5 meter form

nearest/lowest

transmission line

19

Brake failure

Dump truck to unload Collision of dump Major injury 1
earth and rock material trucks
3 Fatality

at designated filling Caught in between

area.

Flash over from Major 1
power line due to burn/fatality

- Dump trucks to be in good
condition

- Engage experienced and
licensed operators

25 25 - Daily maintenance check
is carried out

- To use experienced signal
man and wear proper
PPE.

25 25 - To ensure competent
operator

20

bulldozed
debris/tress hit pylon
cable

Power cut off 1

- To barricade and provide

buffer 5m-10m from

lowest power line and

buffer 20 meter from

nearest power line

- To conduct special

toolbox on working near

power line

- To apply permit with TNB

25 25 - Full time supervision near
power line area

- To install warning signage

to show limit of safe

clearance and distance

from pylon and

transmission line. Safety

clearance shall be

minimum 5 meter form

nearest/lowest

transmission line

22

4.0 WHAT ARE THE PREVENTIVE MAJOR TO PREVENT INJURIES AND ACCIDENTS
DURING EARTHWORK ACTIVITIES.
Based on our research and study we found that there is 4 major factors to prevent
injuries and accidents during earthwork activities. The 4 major factors as per below:

4.1 PLANING
Planning When the area of earthwork has been clearly detailed and where necessary,
the design of the earth work has been approved then the area of the earthwork will
be cleared of surface materials and checked to locate any underground services or
utilities through scanning in the first instance.

Where existing utilities are identified they will be clearly marked on the surface to
indicate the position and type of underground service. At this stage no penetration of
the ground shall be made during the identification and location of underground
services. Following scan and identification, trial pits shall be dug to accurately locate
the services in question, where possible live underground services will be disabled
prior to any eearthwork work commencing. Where the earthwork design requires
movement monitoring of adjacent structures then such equipment must be installed,
tested and commissioned prior to any earthwork work being undertaken. Benchmark
readings will be recorded and retained prior to earthwork commencing.

Traffic routes and material stockpile areas will be clearly identified and established
prior to earthwork work commencing. All earthwork areas, traffic routes and stockpile
areas are to be surveyed for overhead services. Any overhead services identified are
to be removed or clearly marked with height restrictors and warning signs.

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During the planning stage all materials and equipment required for the safe earthwork
work must be clearly identified. Such equipment and materials may include the
following: • Shoring
• Solid Barriers
• Vehicle stop blocks
• Access ladders or scaffolding
• Ventilation
• Lighting
• Signage
• Pumps
• Generators
• Air Monitoring Devices
• Movement Monitoring Equipment
• Rescue Equipment

Competent Supervisor For all earthworks work a competent supervisor will be
appointed. The level of training and experience required to determine competence
will vary depending on the complexity of the earthwork. He will have previous
experience of the type of earthwork work to be undertaken and formal health and
safety training relating to the safety of earthwork work.
Known Design The earthwork supervisor will be in possession of any design
requirements for the earthwork work and will be briefed by the Construction
Manager/Section Head to ensure that the requirements are clear should any areas of
doubt exist the earthwork supervisor shall seek clarification from the Construction
Manager/Section Head.

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4.2 HAZARD ANALYSIS
For complex earthworks a job hazard analysis of the earthwork work will be
completed by the earthwork supervisor with the assistance of safety & health staff
and engineers as required. The job hazard analysis will clearly identify the job
specific risks and control measures for the earthwork work.
4.2.1 Preparation
Prior to commencement of any earthwork work all persons involved will be given
a pre-work briefing relating to the risks and required control measures for the
earthwork work. The appointed earthwork supervisor will be responsible for
presenting and recording the briefing.

Prior to commencement of work all materials, plant and equipment will be
checked to ensure that they are in good condition. In particular the condition of
all mechanical excavators will be checked to ensure that:
• All windows in the driver’s cab are clean, unbroken and unobstructed.
• Rear view mirrors are securely attached, unbroken and clean.
• All track plates and connectors are in good condition and secured with
proprietary locking pins.
• All dipper arm joints and attachments are secured with proprietary pins and
locking pins.
• All task and indicator lighting is in working order.

Vehicle roadways between earthwork areas, storage areas and stockpiles will be
clearly defined. Directional and warning signs will be displayed along with the
maximum permissible speed limits. Where vehicles move from site roads to
public roads arrangements will be put in place to control the access of site

25

vehicles to and from the public roads. In addition, vehicles will be checked to
ensure that loads are fully secured and that vehicle bodies free from loose
materials and debris that may fall onto the public road. Warning signs will be
erected to inform site vehicle users that they are entering the public road and to
warn public road users of the site entrance. Earthwork Work Prior to any
earthwork work taking place a permit to excavate is required. The permit to
excavate will be prepared by the Earthwork Supervisor, checked by the Safety
Section and authorized by the Construction Manager/Section Head. The permit
to excavate is required for hand digging as well as mechanical earthwork.

Prior to any mechanical earthwork work being undertaken all existing
underground services will be exposed by hand digging to clearly determine their
exact location and depth. Mechanical earthwork adjacent to such services can
only take place after exposure by hand digging and then only at a distance away
from the service that is deemed to be safe by the earthwork supervisor normally
500mm from the service.

One of the main hazards encountered during mechanical earthwork work is
moving plant and vehicles. To reduce the risk to edestrian’s vehicle movements
will be minimized and controlled, pedestrian access routes to areas of earthwork
work will be established.

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4.3 CONTROL
4.3.1 Design and Safety Equipment
Earthmoving equipment (i.e. front-end loaders, excavators, backhoes,
dozers, graders, skid-steer loaders and tractors etc.) shall be fitted with
Falling Object Protective Structures (FOPS) and Roll-Over Protective
Structures (ROPS) as per standard factory recommendation for
ensuring safety of the person operates the machine.

All earthmoving equipment shall be fitted with a suitable seat belt(s) /
restraint device as per standard factory recommendation for ensuring
safety of the person operates the machine.

ll o erators shall ear seat belts if it‟s been equipped with the
machinery. No passengers are allowed to travel on earthmoving
machinery unless a specific seat has been provided and is equipped
with seat belt.

All earthmoving equipment is to have the safe working load (SWL)
identified and permanently and legibly marked on the equipment where
applicable

.All earthmoving equipment is to also be fitted with the following where
risk assessment determines need: • reversing beepers / travel alarms;
or • flashing amber lights; and • two-way radio; and • Isolation switch.

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4.3.2 General
Prior to work commencing, the following checks are to be undertaken
and log book completed:
To ensure attachments are in good order, correctly fitted and ready for
use and safety devices (horn, mirrors & lights etc.) are functioning
correctly; and
Operator need to check machine for damage (e.g. fluid leaks, punctured
tire etc.). Note: Operators are not to enter or leave earthmoving
equipment whilst attachments are raised and ensure that all deck
plates, steps and handles are kept in good repair and are free from mud,
grease and oil
Operator also need wear appropriate PPE, which may include (where
relevant) – • reflective vests.
• sun protection.
• hearing protection.
• safety glasses; and
• safety footwear.
• obey all on site traffic management controls and speed limits;
• wearing of seat belts;
• barricading etc.
• yield right-of-way to any on-coming loaded machine;
• ensure no personnel are present on, under or in close proximity to the
equipment prior to starting;

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4.3.3 Control of Earthmoving Machinery/Equipment at Worksite
Control of Earthmoving Machinery/Equipment at Worksite prevents
unauthorized earthmoving machinery/equipment from being allowed to
work and start operating before implementing the following:
• All earthmoving machinery/equipment being inspected and confirmed
road worthy by the Plant & Machinery Supervisor.
• The operators already attended Safety Induction
. • Having competency certificate and having MGJV operating machine
card to operate the earthmoving machinery/equipment.

4.3.4 Excavators / Backhoes
During the earthwork of trenches, material is to be placed at a distance
as far as practicable (i.e. minimum 600mm) from the trench, where it is
not likely to subside back into trench or jeopardize the stability of the
trench wall.
During earthwork activities operators are to ensure that the ground
beneath the machine is not undercut.
Jerky slewing movements and sudden braking are to be avoided to keep
the machine stable and to minimize the probability of overloading
machine components
. When excavators are used in crane mode, competent operators are to
ensure the safe working capacity of the machine, and maximum side
gradient during lifting, is not exceeded and is within the rated lift capacity.
Only correct and certified lifting equipment inspected as fit for use with
the excavator and for the lifting.

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4.3.5 Dozers / Graders
Dozers / graders are not to be operated in unsafe locations adjacent to
edges of banks, ditches, cuts or fills or near overhanging material where
vibration and / or the weight of the dozer / grader may cause the edge to
give way or overhanging material to fall. Travelling across a slope is to
be avoided wherever possible. If not possible, extreme caution is to be
taken by operators to ensure roll over does not occur. If the machine
starts to slide sideways when working across a slope, the operator is to
turn the dozer / grader downhill and drop the blade carefully. Note: This
is only to be undertaken in extreme emergencies and the anufacturer’s
requirements for maximum slope access are to be always complied with.
Dozer / grader blades are to be kept close to the ground to maintain
balance when the machine is travelling around site, and when travelling
up a slope.

4.3.6 Land Clearing
Where land clearing operations are undertaken, operators are to
consider / ensure the following prior to commencing clearing:
• machine(s) are fitted with suitable canopy cover and FOPS.

• ground slope is considered for the type of machine and methods
proposed.
• wind speed and direction.

• ground cover including hazards that may be encountered such as
dead / fallen trees; and
• capacity limits are not exceeded.
. Prior to work commencing, operators are to ensure that falling trees
will safely clear the machine and operator. 4.8.3. Operators are to use
two-way radios to ensure communication during clearing operations.

30

Operators are to clear and remain aware of other personnel within the
area whist undertaking land clearing operations.

4.3.7 Skid-Steer Loaders
Additional controls for the operation of skid-steer loaders include:
• operators are to ensure safety devices to lock bucket arms in the
raised position are available and used where necessary.
• are to be fitted with protective cabin screenings and FOPS

4.3 IMPLEMENTATION
4.3.1 Site Specific Management of Earthmoving Equipment
Inspection and Maintenance
Routine / preventative maintenance is to be carried out on all
SAFETY OFFICER earthmoving equipment, by the manufacturer,
su lier or other qualified erson as er anufacturers‟
instructions.
All safety features and warning devices on earthmoving equipment
are to be maintained and tested regularly by an operator.

4.3.1. Log books
Log books are to be kept with all earthmoving equipment (or other
designated area), and are to be maintained by the operator(s) or
another designated competent person. These log books are to
contain details of all maintenance and repairs undertaken on a
particular machine. All SAFETY OFFICER sites where earthmoving
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equipment is kept / operated are to establish and maintain a Mobile
Plant Register (Mobile Plant Register Form : Mobile Plant Register),
which is to contain (as a guide) the identification, inspection,
maintenance and repair details of all earthmoving equipment.

4.4.3 Training and Competency of Operator
Training and Competency of Operator where the relevant
state/territory S&H legislation requires the operator of certain
earthmoving equipment to be certified, the use of such equipment
is only to be undertaken either by a certified operator, or under the
conditions stipulated in the relevant legislation.
All persons involved with earthmoving equipment operations are to
be deemed competent to perform the various earthmoving
equipment planning roles and work activities (where relevant).
Operators of earthmoving equipment are deemed to have a
minimum level of competence if they hold the appropriate License
for the earthmoving equipment to be operated. Operator
familiarization is to be provided where relevant.
All persons involved in operating the earthmoving equipment
operations shall be registered with MGJV and been given MGJV
Operating Machine Card as per Attachment 3. No persons are
allowed to operate the earthmoving equipment in SAFETY
OFFICER project without this operating machine card.

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5.0 CONCLUSION:

In conclusion based on our study and research the earthwork activities at site have
content lot of hazards that required proper planning, control identify the hazard and
implementation and checking to avoid accident that will cause injuries and died to the
site workers, operator, or public person.

Refer to statistic and report that issued by the Dosh 584 accident happen in site from
year 2017 and from there at least 10 cases accident happen during earthwork activities.
Example:
1. Two workers buried alive in Mentakab construction site accident on 6 March 2020

refer the new strait news 6 March 2020.
2. Three dead, 12 workers feared buried after landslide hits construction site in Penang

on 21 October 2017 refer.

Finally, safety at site is important to everybody to know and implement to avoid any
incident. We hope in future Malaysia can record the minimum accident oer years and
world. For this assignment we would like to thanks to Our Lecture Ms FAZEERA UJIN
for guide us and share her knowledge.

Thank You.

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6.0 REFERENCE

1. Majid, M. and McCaffer, R. (1997).Assessment of Work Performance of
Maintenance Contractors in Saudi Arabia.J. Manage. Eng., 13(5), pp.91-91

2. ttps://www.equipmentworld.com/workforce/article/14972977/trench-collapses-
plagued-construction-workers-in-2020

3. ttps://www.firstpost.com/world/malaysia-three-dead-11-workers-feared-buried-
after-landslide-hits-construction-site-in-penang-4162021.html

4. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/572127/two-workers-buried-alive-
mentakab-construction-site-accident

5. https://methodstatementhq.com/method-statement-for-earthwork-related-to-track-
work.html/amp

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