S H R I N K Volume 1. Issue 1 December 2023 P H I L I P P I N E S Reframing the Reality S H R I N ENTERTAINMENT K MAGAZINE Jaemin Na
CONTENTS T A B L E O F T H E P S Y C H O L O G Y B E H I N D J E W E L L E R Y T H E I M P A C T S T U D E N T B E H A V I O R H A S O N L E A R N I N G R E S I L I E N C E I S T H E N E W S U P E R P O W E R 9 B E N E F I T S O F Y O G A D E V E L O P I N G A R E S E A R C H A G E N D A F O R U N D E R S T A N D I N G T H E S T I G M A O F A D D I C T I O N S P A R T I : L E S S O N S F R O M T H E M E N T A L H E A L T H S T I G M A L I T E R A T U R E P A R E I D O L I A T H E E F F E C T I V E N E S S O F R E A L I T Y T H E R A P Y O N T H E I M P R O V E M E N T O F C O U P L E S ’ F A M I L Y F U N C T I O N I N G T H E E F F E C T I V E N E S S O F I N D I V I D U A L I Z E D R E A L I T Y T H E R A P Y O N M A J O R D E P R E S S I O N P A T I E N T S W I T H S U I C I D E A T T E M P T H I S T O R Y P S Y C H O L O G I C A L E X P E R I M E N T S C U R R E N T R E S E A R C H O N P A R E N T I N G S T Y L E S , D I M E N S I O N S , A N D B E L I E F S M E N T A L H E A L T H S T I G M A
T H E I N F L U E N C E O F T H E P R E S E N T A T I O N O F C A M E R A S U R V E I L L A N C E O N C H E A T I N G A N D P R O - S O C I A L B E H A V I O R A U T H O R ’ S L A S T N O T E D A I L Y H O R O S C O P E J O H N S U L E R ' S P H O T O G R A P H I C P S Y C H O L O G Y : I M A G E A N D P S Y C H E
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ating the with a touch gold
What's your go-to jewelry to add a touch of personality?
FASHION PSYCHOLOGY ThePsychology BehindJewellery As one of the oldest of the decorative arts, jewellery reinforces the power that an individual has (Evans, 1989); it is much more than just a financial investment, but an emotional one too. Jewellery is used as a means to show an individual’s wealth and social status to others (Jaggi & Bahl, 2019). By: Diba Jedo https://fashionispsychology.com As well as a statement of wealth, jewellery can also be a statement of personality and for many, a boost of self-esteem. Jewellery is made to make the wearer feel more elegant and attractive as it adds an element to the body for people to admire (Swigelaar, 2016), this is especially the case if the piece of jewellery you’re wearing is personal to you. Jewellery that holds personal value significantly boosts confidence, in comparison to jewellery that has no emotional value. People’s decision to wear this accessory is not just about portraying wealth, but also about expressing one’s self. We live in a society where we are obsessed with the brands around us and the need to belong to a certain social status can even lead to addictive relationships with particular luxury brands (Mrad, Majdalani & El Khansa, 2020). The jewellery we wear can speak volumes about our social status, only if we let it. Jewellery is used as much more than just a fashion accessory. Ogden (1992) emphasises its rare power to communicate the feelings and beliefs of the people who wear it, and even suggests that as an object surviving the ancient world, it is another piece in the “jigsaw puzzle of history”. Why is it that jewellery has been around for so long, and what does it say about the person wearing it? Women, in particular, are suggested to buy items that are concerned with appearance and emotional aspects of themselves. Dittmar, Beattle and Friese (1995) explain how products are impulsively bought to reflect selfidentity – if a piece of jewellery is symbolic and self-expressive, it is more likely to be bought by the consumer. Following this logic, brands should be creating a more personal experience when it comes to buying jewellery as customers look for items that are suited to them specifically. Nevertheless, it’s also important to consider the role that culture plays in our decision to wear jewellery. An obvious example of this would be that within Western culture, a band on the left ring finger is a clear sign of availability. However, in comparison to this, the Zulu people (the largest ethnic group in South Africa) use a much more colourful method of revealing a woman’s marital status. Beadwork is used as a means of communication between the sexes, but it can also refer to a woman’s home and family. Although both cultures have a similar purpose, they utilise jewellery in many different ways. In other cultures, jewellery can be worn as a means of cultural identity. Using the women of the Padaung tribe as an example, they are known for their particularly long necks, caused by wearing gold rings around their necks. Beginning at the age of five, the number of neck rings is increased as the child grows older. This is an important demonstration of the impact of culture as this would not be the norm in many of today’s societies. There are many different reasons why we choose to buy and wear the jewellery that we do, and it does not necessarily serve the same purpose for everyone. However, the more we can understand about the psychology behind it, the better the decisions we can make in the future.
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The Impact Student Behavior has on Learning Abstract This action research project was conducted to determine if a child’s behavior can affect their learning, especially in the area of early literacy. Information from FAST Bridge and the documentation from the “Check In/Check Out” process was used to determine if certain students using this process struggled in the area of literacy. After analyzing the data, it was determined that this certain student that was followed did struggle in the area of literacy and showed signs of emotional and social concerns alongside their behaviors. After the “Check In/Check Out process was implemented, the student showed academic growth according to the FAST literacy screener. Introduction The expectations of students in all grades have increased significantly, leading to a shift in teaching methods and standards. This has led to discussions about whether students are being overly pushed and potentially causing behaviors. A researcher is exploring how a child's behavior may impact their learning, as it can be influenced by their work load. Teachers can manage classroom behaviors differently, and students may react differently to these implementations. Schools and districts typically have positive behavior implementation systems in place, which ensure that all staff and students are aware of the expectations. This system helps students succeed when they rotate or travel between teachers. Teachers use various methods to manage classrooms, including the Positive Behavior Intervention System (PBIS). Assessments and screeners are used to analyze student achievement and identify areas of need and success. The Formative Assessment System for Teachers (FAST) Bridge is a screener that collects literacy, math, and social and emotional data on students. It is proven to save time for teachers, enable data-based decisions, improve student outcomes, and is easy to use. This information is analyzed by professionals and instruction decisions are made based on this data. In conclusion, the higher expectations of students in all grades have led to increased concerns about the impact of behavior on learning. Teachers must adapt their strategies and routines to address these issues effectively. Ashton J. Kirkpatrick (2019) SPECIAL REPORT
Methods Participants The action research project was conducted in an elementary school with a focus student in kindergarten and first grade. The student, who was the only participant in the Check In/Check Out process, showed concerns in both academic and behavior areas. Despite qualifying for special education support in reading, math, and behavior, the behavior remained a concern. The school, new to the process, decided to focus on the student, believing that his behavior was causing his academic struggles. Data This project aims to investigate the impact of a child's behavior on their academic learning, particularly in literacy. Data was collected from March 2019 to May 2019, using a student's behavior log and their academic success. The teacher had tried various behavior interventions, including penny charts, classroom goals, and peer motivation. The school district vowed to implement PBIS and the Check In/Check Out process in Fall 2018, and training for staff and teachers was conducted. The school uses FAST Bridge for academic data and behavior collection, and SAEBRS for behavior data. The Check In/Check Out process allows for extra conversation between teachers, students, and counselors, promoting personal connections and addressing concerns. The daily progress report is student-teacher friendly, with an 80% daily goal. Positive conversations are encouraged, and students understand their areas of concern. Lessons are provided to teachers and shared continuously throughout the school year, with most teachers using morning messages to review the PBIS lessons and promote respectful, responsible, and safe behavior. Results The Check In/Check Out process was recommended for a student to assess academic and behavior growth. The data was analyzed from March 2019 through the end of the school year, with the student's academic data analyzed. The student's literacy composite screener score was significantly below the benchmark in Fall 2018, but improved significantly for the Winter screener. The student was considered on watch with a 53 bubble score. After discussions with the school counselor, the Check In/Check Out process was implemented for the student. The student's composite screener score jumped from 53 to 65, indicating a year of growth. The student's daily progress report showed smiley faces, and their meetings with teachers and counselors changed significantly. The school's goal is to meet 80% of the student's goal, and the student quickly learned the process. The student's daily percentage increased to 80% or above within a week, and the student was concerned about their chart and reminded teachers to mark it. Conclusion This study suggests that classroom behaviors do not necessarily indicate academic struggles. Teachers can utilize resources like the check in/check out process to minimize classroom behaviors. Teachers should modify the study to their classroom needs, such as kindergarten teachers needing more movement and brain breaks, and elementary school teachers benefiting more from the Daily Progress Report. Teachers model behaviors and often reteach lessons to emphasize their importance. They are the main structure in classroom management and should monitor their mental health to excel. Teachers' mental health is prone to stress and depression, and their support can improve academic and social behaviors. The findings and literature review are crucial for educators to understand. SPECIAL REPORT
# H e a lt h y M i n d "The happiness of your life depends upon the quality of your thoughts." - A L B E R T E L L I S
BEYOND THE SURF
ACE There`s more to us than meets the eye
Spark Your Look Aine Beauty
ENTERTAINMENT The human brain is an amazing and complex organ, and there's still so much we don't know about it. But here are a few cool psychology facts that might surprise you: There's actually some truth to this saying! Laughter has been shown to have a number of health benefits, including reducing stress, boosting the immune system, and improving mood. So next time you're feeling down, try watching a funny movie or cracking a joke with a friend. Laughter is the best medicine
Channing Tatum struggled with both ADHD and dyslexia as a kid growing up. He was placed in the special education classroom with children who had Down Syndrome and autism because of his learning disabilities. Tatum explains his frustration to US magazine, saying he knew he didn’t belong in the special education classroom but also knew he was “obviously not like these kids either” when placed back in a regular classroom. Tatum referred to the school system as “broken” in an interview, and hopes to see a reformed system that can accommodate for those with language-learning disabilities who struggled like he did FEATURE REPORT Tatum’s mom gave him indispensable advice on how to Resilience is the new superpower learn outside of the classroom in order to learn and ultimately rise to the level of professional acting. His mom told him to “be a sponge” and learn from people and experiences because he couldn’t absorb material from textbooks easily. Tatum believes this advice has helped him in his acting career because he uses it to pick out good mentors. In an interview, he said he looks at what a person can do and the knowledge they can give and hopes to learn from them. Despite his struggles with ADHD and dyslexia, Tatum has been able to learn from mentors and trying circumstances and make a successful Hollywood acting and producing career. CHANNING TATUM
Prominent psychologist Marsha Linehan - the widelyrevered developer of the most effective existing therapy for borderline personality disorder - recently revealed that she has personal a history of the disorder. Linehan is certainly not the only psychologist, famous or otherwise, who has struggled with a serious mental illness. Yet I know of only a handful of psychologists who have talked openly about theirs. My guess is that many suspect - probably correctly - that if they came out of the closet as having a mental illness, it would diminish their professional credibility. This is probably why Linehan herself waited so long to disclose her own history FEATURE REPORT The whole field of psychology has been deemphasizing psychologists' and therapists' own demons for awhile now. When psychoanalysis was the dominant paradigm in the mental health field, therapists in training were required to undergo analysis themselves. Under the cognitive-behavioral model in which many therapists (including myself) are now trained, the therapist essentially coaches the client in a scientifically-based approach to managing his or her thoughts and behaviors. The therapist's own experiences with psychological pain are not relevant to the protocol. Yet part of the difficulty that clients face is feeling alone, inferior, and misunderstood in their suffering. Psychotherapists' judicious disclosures of their own struggles can help clients feel less alone and more hopeful. DR.Marsha Linehan Marsha Linehan shows psychologists to embrace their own struggles Perhaps the most important part of Linehan's message is that mental illness experiences can be more than a deficit - they can catalyze important personal transformation. As Linehan tells it, it was her psychiatric hospitalization that galzanized her to dedicate her life to treating others with borderline personality disorder. In other words, she suggests that she succeeded not just despite her illness, but because of it. By: Jenna Baddeley
SPECIAL REPORT P A R E I D O L I A a psychological phenomenon that involves seeing recognizable shapes or patterns in random or unrelated stimuli, such as seeing faces in clouds or animals in toast. It is a common human experience and is thought to be related to our tendency to seek meaning and order in the world around us.
SPECIAL REPORT THE MILGRAM EXPERIMENT This controversial experiment explored obedience to authority. Participants were instructed to deliver increasingly strong electric shocks to a learner in another room, even though the learner's cries of pain were fake. Shockingly, a high percentage of participants continued following the experimenter's instructions, highlighting the power of situational factors in shaping our behavior. THE STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT This experiment examined the impact of social roles on behavior. College students were randomly assigned to be either "guards" or "prisoners" in a mock prison setting. Within days, the guards became increasingly authoritarian and abusive, while the prisoners became submissive and depressed. The experiment was abruptly ended after just six days, demonstrating the dangers of deindividuation and the power of roles in shaping our actions. THE LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT This early experiment aimed to study classical conditioning in infants. A baby named Albert was repeatedly exposed to a loud noise (the unconditioned stimulus) paired with the sight of a white rat (the conditioned stimulus). Albert eventually developed a fear of the rat (the conditioned response), demonstrating how learned associations can shape our emotional responses PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS
He ' s got the moves
we ' ve got the scent
Unwind your body, awaken your soulSweet Mind Y o g a C l a s s
9 BENEFITS OF YOGA If you’ve done your “downward dog” yoga pose today, you’re probably feeling more relaxed. Regardless of your level of yoga expertise, if you’re practicing regularly, you can feel better from head to toe. Yoga offers physical and mental health benefits for people of all ages. And, if you’re going through an illness, recovering from surgery or living with a chronic condition, yoga can become an integral part of your treatment and potentially hasten healing. A yoga therapist can work with patients and put together individualized plans that work together with their medical and surgical therapies. That way, yoga can support the healing process and help the person experience symptoms with more centeredness and less distress. 1. Yoga improves strength, balance and flexibility. Slow movements and deep breathing increase blood flow and warm up muscles, while holding a pose can build strength. 2. Yoga helps with back pain relief. Yoga is as good as basic stretching for easing pain and improving mobility in people with lower back pain. The American College of Physicians recommends yoga as a firstline treatment for chronic low back pain. 3. Yoga can ease arthritis symptoms. Gentle yoga has been shown to ease some of the discomfort of tender, swollen joints for people with arthritis,. 4. Yoga benefits heart health. Regular yoga practice may reduce levels of stress and bodywide inflammation, contributing to healthier hearts. Several of the factors contributing to heart disease, including high blood pressure and excess weight, can also be addressed through yoga. 5. Yoga relaxes you, to help you sleep better. Research shows that a consistent bedtime yoga routine can help you get in the right mindset and prepare your body to fall asleep and stay asleep. 6. Yoga can mean more energy and brighter moods. You may feel increased mental and physical energy, a boost in alertness and enthusiasm, and fewer negative feelings after getting into a routine of practicing yoga. 7. Yoga helps you manage stress. According to the National Institutes of Health, scientific evidence shows that yoga supports stress management, mental health, mindfulness, healthy eating, weight loss and quality sleep. 8. Yoga connects you with a supportive community. Participating in yoga classes can ease loneliness and provide an environment for group healing and support. Even during one-on-one sessions loneliness is reduced as one is acknowledged as a unique individual, being listened to and participating in the creation of a personalized yoga plan. 9. Yoga promotes better self-care. ENTERTAINMENT
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of reality therapy on cases with major depression and suicide attempts. MATERIALS AND METHODS The methodology of this research study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, and post -test. For the sake of this study, an available sample of 14 patients diagnosed with major depression who have had at least one suicidal attempt were selected from NAJA Imam Sajjad Hospital and divided randomly into two groups of test and control, with seven cases in each group. The research procedure was a clinical trial. Patients were assessed using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI - II). The test group underwent five sessions of reality therapy. The control group only received drug therapy. In the end, both groups filled up the Beck Depression Inventory once again. After data collection and control for pretest, data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistical index and compared using single variable ANCOVA. Results The results showed that, although both reality therapy and drug therapy had an impact on reducing depression, but reality therapy was more effective, so that the recovery index for depression variables had a lower average in reality therapy group compared with drug therapy group; and reality therapy in comparison with drug therapy had statistically larger effect on reducing depression of suicidal attempts at the significant level of (P < 0.05) . Conclusion Considering the results of this study, it is suggested that the intervention of reality therapy treatment be used to reduce depression of the individuals with suicide attempt. Key words: reality therapy, drug therapy, depression, suicide The Effectiveness of Individualized Reality Therapy on Major Depression Patients with Suicide Attempt History Mastureh Sedaghat , Ali Sahebi , Shohreh ShahabiMoghaddam (2017) SPECIAL REPORT
Background & Aims of the Study: Disorder or disturbance in family functioning is a serious threatens for family member’s mental health and community health. Current study intended to examine the reality therapy on the improvement of couple's family functioning. Materials and methods: The design of the study is as quasi-experiment research (pre-test and post-test with follow up and control group). Statistical population consists all couples referring to the psychological and counseling centers of Rasht city in 2012. Samples were selected at first by Convenience sampling method and after completing family assessment device, and obtaining score for enter to research, were placement using random sampling method in two experimental and control groups (N = 8 couples per group). The experimental group participated in 12 sessions of group counseling based on reality therapy and control group received no intervention. The gathered data was analyzed using covariance analysis. Results: The results show that there are significant differences between the pre-test and post test scores of the experimental group. This difference is significant at the level of 0.05. Therefore it seems that reality therapy improved the family functioning of couples. Conclusion: The results indicated that reality therapy group counseling can improve the family functioning, thus, using this approach in order to improve and strengthen the family functioning of couples is recommended. The Effectiveness of Reality Therapy on the Improvement of Couples ’ Family Functioning Yahyaee GA, Nooranipoor R, Shafiabadi A, Farzad V. (2015) SPECIAL REPORT
"Love grows here, laughter blooms” "Love grows here, laughter blooms”
Abstract For decades, parenting has been characterized in terms of broad global styles, with authoritative parenting seen as most beneficial for children’s development. Concerns with greater sensitivity to cultural and contextual variations have led to greater specificity in defining parenting in terms of different parenting dimensions and greater consideration of the role of parenting beliefs in moderating links between parenting and adjustment. New research includes ‘domainspecific’ models that describe parents as flexibly deploying different practices depending on their goals, children’s needs, and the types of behaviors towards which parenting is directed. These trends are described, and directions for future research are discussed. Introduction Despite significant progress in understanding parenting and its effects for children’s development, there are ongoing debates about how best to conceptualize and measure it. For decades, parenting was characterized in terms of global, consistent, and stable parenting styles. However, studies examining variations along different parenting dimensions now predominate, due to concerns about whether styles accurately capture contextual variations and have the same meaning in different groups. These concerns also have led to new, more granular and ‘domain-specific’ models that are more flexible and situational. These issues are discussed below, along with recommendations for future directions in studying parenting. Description Baumrind’s influential model of parenting styles describes parenting as a gestalt of integrated parenting practices, best studied using pattern-based approaches [1, 2]. Her original description of the authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles has been reconceptualized in terms of two orthogonal dimensions of demandingness and responsiveness, leading to the addition of a fourth, rejecting-neglecting style [3]. Proponents claim that authoritative parenting, where parents are Dimensional approaches In response to the cultural critiques of parenting styles, current research focuses on discrete dimensions of parenting, providing greater specificity in understanding parenting effects. For instance, behavioral control has been distinguished from psychological control and parental knowledge. Domain-specific parenting New ‘domain-specific’ models have begun to describe parenting as multifaceted and situationally determined. That is, parents are seen as flexibly deploying different practices or strategies in various situations. Importantly, children also interpret parenting behaviors, so similar practices may have different meanings depending on children’s developmental status and cultural context. Proponents of these approaches claim that systematic consideration of these factors will lead to better Conclusions Research on parenting is moving towards ever-greater specificity. This has led to a more refined understanding of parenting, particularly regarding different forms of control and their links with adjustment. Research has upended the common wisdom about the importance of parental monitoring for healthy adolescent development and has led to greater emphasis on child-driven processes such as adolescent disclosure. There has been increased emphasis on how the effects of parenting on children’s Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs Judith G. Smetana (2017) SPECIAL REPORT
Abstract Background and Objectives Although advocates and providers identify stigma as a major factor in confounding the recovery of people with SUDs, research on addiction stigma is lacking, especially when compared to the substantive literature examining the stigma of mental illness. Methods A review of key studies from the stigma literature that yielded empirically supported concepts and methods from the mental health arena was contrasted with the much smaller and mostly descriptive findings from the addiction field. Developing a research agenda for understanding the stigma of addictions Part I: Lessons from the Mental Health Stigma Literature Corrigan, P., Schomerus, G., Shuman, V., Kraus, D., Perlick, D., Harnish, A., ... & Smelson, D. (2017) SPECIAL REPORT Results Integration of this information led to Part I of this two part paper, development of a research paradigm seeking to understand phenomena of addiction stigma (eg, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination) and its different types (public, self, and label avoidance). Conclusions and Scientific Significance In Part II paper (American Journal of Addictions, Vol 26, pages 67–74, this issue), we address how this literature informs a research program meant to develop and evaluate and stigma strategies (eg, education, contact, and protest). Both papers end with recommendations for next steps to jumpstart the addiction stigma portfolio. Here in Part I, we offer one possible list of key research issues for studies attempting to describe or explain addiction stigma. (Am J Addict 2017;26:59–66)
Abstract Comparing self-reports to administrative records, we find that survey respondents are significantly more likely to under-report mental illnesses compared to other health conditions. This behavior is consistent with the existence of stigma of mental illnesses. We show that stigma can play a role in determining health-seeking behavior. Introduction The fear of being stigmatized or socially sanctioned and disgraced governs many aspects of human behavior. In many cases, the fear of stigma does not result in actual behavior change but rather leads individuals to simply hide certain behaviors or actions (for example, smoking in secrecy). This is in line with the definition of stigma in the seminal work on the topic by Goffman (1963). We show the existence and consequences of stigma in an important area of public health concern: mental health.1 We compare survey self-reports on diagnoses and mental health drug use to administrative data on prescription drug use in a sample of more than 250,000 individuals. While there could be various drivers for the differences between survey self-reports and administrative data, our leading explanation is that if mental illnesses were not stigmatized, the difference between self-reported survey responses and objective administrative records should be statistically similar to other diseases. While a large literature in psychology and psychiatry has examined the existence of stigma in mental health (see examples in Corrigan (2000)) the approach of using relative misreporting of mental health in a heterogeneous sample of about a quarter of a million individuals, is novel.2 Our work also complements a recent set of papers that focus on stigma in the case of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Thornton (2008), Derksen et al. (2017), Hoffmann et al. (2014), Ngatia (2016) and papers that match self-reported health measures to administrative health records (see Harlow and Linet (1989), Baker et al. (2004), and Johnston et al. (2009)). These papers however, do not focus on mental health reporting. Hence, while it may be intuitive and taken for granted that there is stigma in mental health, empirically documenting its existence using a large administrative database is novel. Mental health stigma Bharadwaj, P., Pai, M. M., & Suziedelyte, A. (2017 SPECIAL REPORT
Methods and data For the empirical analysis, we use a unique data set from Australia. The 45 and Up Study is a survey of more than 250,000 individuals 45 years of age or older residing in New South Wales (NSW), the most populous state of Australia. The survey, with the consent of all the participants, is linked to the individuals’ administrative health records, including prescription drugs and doctor visits. We use the data covering the period of 2007–2010 (233,081 observations). Panel A of Appendix Table B.1 Results Table 1 presents the estimated under-reporting rates of mental disorders and other conditions. Panel A of Table 1 shows that 36.5% of people observed using depression drugs in the administrative data do not report that they have been diagnosed with either depression or anxiety. The average under-reporting rate of all other diagnoses is substantially lower at 17%. Diabetes has the lowest under-reporting rate (11%). Panel B of Table 1 reports the under-reporting rates of prescription drugs. The Concluding remarks Conditional on taking prescription medication, we find that individuals are significantly more likely to under-report mental health ailments, compared to other conditions. We interpret the additional misreporting in mental health conditions as evidence of the stigma of mental health. Our interpretation of misreporting as evidence of stigma is based on a broad definition of stigma. Since we only observe individual agents’ reporting choices, we are unable to separate misreporting directly due to SPECIAL REPORT
by Anja Martine Jansen The Influence of the Presentation of Camera Surveillance on Cheating and Pro-Social Behavior Introduction: This study is aimed at gaining more insight into the effects of camera-surveillance on behavior. It investigates the effects of three different ways of “framing” camera presence on cheating behavior and pro-social behavior. First, we explore the effect of presenting the camera as the medium through which an intimidating authority watches the participant. Second, we test the effect of presenting the camera as being a neutral, non-intimidating viewer. Third, we investigate the effect of watching oneself via a camera. In contrast to most studies on camera surveillance, we will conduct our experiments in an indoor setting. We also explore possible interaction effects of personality traits; we measured Locus of Control, Need for Approval, Self-Monitoring and Social Value Orientation. Methods: In this experiment participated 86 students, randomly distributed over four conditions: three different ways of framing the camera presence, plus a control condition. Our main dependent variables were various kinds of cheating and pro-social behavior. We established the participant's relevant personality traits using a classification tree. Results: For cheating behavior, findings showed that in the “authorative” way of framing camera presence and in the situation in which participants viewed themselves, participants cheated significantly less compared to a situation without camera-surveillance. We did not find significant effects of camera surveillance on pro-social behavior. Looking at personality traits, we found an indication that people with an internal locus of control are more inclined to cheat when there is no camera present compared to people with an external locus of control. However, the effects of our manipulations were stronger. Conclusion: Our findings support the idea that the framing of a camera's presence does indeed influence cheating behavior, adding to the preventive effects of camera-surveillance. Additionally, this study provides some valuable insights into the influence of camera presence on behavior in general. SPECIAL REPORT
John Suler's Photographic Psychology: Image and Psyche Camera Angles “Camera angles” is one of those illusive terms in photography that means slightly different things to different people. Here I’ll define itin four basic ways. 1. Vertical orientations: What’s the up-or-down position that you’re taking relative to the subject? Are you above, below, or at the same level of the subject? In other words, are you taking the shot at a level, high, or low angle? Photographers usually refer to this vertical variable as “camera height.” 2. Horizontal orientations: On the plane of space circling around the subject, are you standing in front, behind, or to the side? Of course, this assumes that the subject or scene has a front and back, which would be the case with people, animals, buildings, rooms, cars, or other objects that seem to be in motion or that we tend to anthropomorphize. In other situations, like landscapes, the concepts of “front” and “back” might not apply. 3. Tilted orientations: We usually experience the world as lines and shapes organized in relationship to the ground or a surface that is horizontally level. Even if you tilt your head to one side or the other, the scene around you still tends to register in your mind as a level plane, which just goes to show you how robust human perception is. But if you tilt a camera to one side or another while taking a shot, the resulting photo portrays a scene that appears unnaturally slanted up or down. That’s a unique aspect of the photographic image. 4. Field of View: Sometimes called the angle of view or the angle of coverage, the field of view is simply the area of the scene and subject that you can see through the viewfinder and in the resulting shot. Is it a big or narrow area being portrayed? The difference in angle of view determines how far into a scene you are going, how much you are immersed into the details or individual subjects within the scene. They include the long or wide view,the medium view, and the narrow view or close-up. Psychological Impact: In the sections that follow, I’ll talk about these different camera angles, their impact on human perception, and the psychological meanings we associate with them. The emotional impact of any particular camera angle might change significantly by how you combine it with another – for example a front shot of a subjectfrom a low position versus a front shotfrom a high position. In this article, I’ll focus mostly on the psychological aspects of a particular type of camera angle without describing in detail the numerous ways camera angles could be combined for an almostlimitless variety of subtle effects. Subjective or Objective: One issue that will surface for many of these camera angles is whether it’s subjective or objective – a distinction that has often been made in traditional cinematography, as discussed, for example, by Joseph Mascelli in his classic book The Five C’s of Cinematography. A subjective camera angle immerses us into the sensations and feelings of the scene and subject, as if we are part of that experience, while an objective camera angle encourages us to remain more distant and neutral, like an observer ofthe situation. The subjective camera angle is more likely to elicit a particular psychological and emotional reaction from the viewer, while the objective angle is more impartial. FEATURE REPORT
daily HOROSCOPE 2023 Romance and marriage are always important to you, and today they're especially so. You should feel particularly warm, loving, and attractive, and matters of love and partnership should be especially romantic. Today bodes well for other forms of partnership, as an increased level of understanding passes between you and others. Casual acquaintances could become friends. ARIES (MAR. 21 - APR. 19) Today you feel especially imaginative, and you might want to try writing, painting, or composing. The past is especially appealing, so you may want to stroll through an art gallery or museum or attend a concert. Use your intuition, as it's operating at a high level. Messages might come through art that bring insight and perhaps revelation. Write down your impressions! TAURUS (APR. 20 - MAY 20) You're always intellectually curious, but today you might be especially so. Although you're usually idealistic, today your imagination is in full swing. You might want to try writing or painting. It will be better to go with fiction or impressionism than history or realism. Study of spiritual or esoteric subjects is likely to clear a path between intellect and intuition. GEMINI (MAY 21 - JUN. 20) Your usually dependable judgment may seem clouded by emotion today. Perhaps you're unable to decide between different courses of action. Or perhaps you're feeling distracted and can't focus on what needs to be done. Don't be afraid to put things off and work on something less taxing. Things will seem clearer tomorrow. Spend your day relaxing. Forget about work for a while. CANCER (JUN. 21 - JUL. 22) Your usually dependable judgment may seem clouded by emotion today. Perhaps you're unable to decide between different courses of action. Or perhaps you're feeling distracted and can't focus on what needs to be done. Don't be afraid to put things off and work on something less taxing. Things will seem clearer tomorrow. Spend your day relaxing. Forget about work for a while. LEO (JUL. 23 - AUG. 22) New ideas and opportunities for advancing yourself financially may come your way today, yet this isn't the day to act indiscriminately or make any definite changes in your financial structure. Your judgment may be a bit clouded. You could have difficulty deciding among different options. Write down all the information, study it, and sleep on it for a few nights before committing to anything. VIRGO (AUG. 23 - SEPT. 23) Today, you may feel especially sociable. You might want to look up old friends you haven't seen for a while, perhaps to release past quarrels or hurt feelings. Take care to release them instead of bringing them up again. You could feel more sensitive than usual, and so any sort of explanation may lead to friction. Be aware of your friends' good qualities so you can enjoy their company. LIBRA (SEPT. 23 - OCT. 22) You're always intellectually curious, but today you might be especially so. Although you're usually idealistic, today your imagination is in full swing. You might want to try writing or painting. It will be better to go with fiction or impressionism than history or realism. Study of spiritual or esoteric subjects is likely to clear a path between intellect and intuition. SCORPIO (OCT. 23 - NOV. 21) Your usually dependable judgment may seem clouded by emotion today. Perhaps you're unable to decide between different courses of action. Or perhaps you're feeling distracted and can't focus on what needs to be done. Don't be afraid to put things off and work on something less taxing. Things will seem clearer tomorrow. Spend your day relaxing. Forget about work for a while. SAGITTARIUS (NOV. 22 - DEC. 21) Your usually dependable judgment may seem clouded by emotion today. Perhaps you're unable to decide between different courses of action. Or perhaps you're feeling distracted and can't focus on what needs to be done. Don't be afraid to put things off and work on something less taxing. Things will seem clearer tomorrow. Spend your day relaxing. Forget about work for a while. CAPRICORN (DEC 22 - JAN.19) An unexpected visit or call from a friend could bring exciting news. You might decide to get together with this person and celebrate. Good fortune comes your way from an unforeseen source, but don't waste time wondering about it. Make the most of it. Future successes may hinge upon it. By day's end you might be aiming for entirely different goals than you were this morning. AQUARIUS (JAN. 20 - FEB. 18) The morning could find you somewhat worried about finances. Past reckless spending may be on your mind. Go through your records and look at them objectively. You'll probably find that things aren't as bad as they seem. Write down a plan for handling whatever does need attention. You'll be able to take care of business without making yourself crazy. PISCES (FEB. 19 - MAR. 20) WHAT DOES THE COSMOS HOLD FOR YOU? ENTERTAINMENT
There were some rough spots on my Journey in Intro to Counselling, but it was a journey that changed me. Intro to counselling taught me about how complicated feelings are, how powerful therapeutic relationships can be, and how important it is to learn about myself. I learned about the dif erent ideas of counselling and how they deal with problems. I learned how conversation styles, active listening, and empathy can help create a safe space for people to talk about their feelings. I also learned some things I thought I knew about therapy that turned out to be false. It's not enough to just give advice; people need to be given the tools they need to find their own answers. I had to face my own biases and beliefs because of the subject itself. It taught me to be more careful about what I say and how important it is to make a space where people don't feel judged so that they can be vulnerable. The professor's enthusiasm for the subject was inspiring, and their wise advice helped me understand the counselling process better. It was powerful to see the professor react with gentle understanding and unwavering support. It made me realize how important this field is and how much of an ef ect it can have on people. This class taught me that therapy isn't just for big problems; it's also helpful for dealing with the little problems that come up in everyday life. It's about becoming more self-aware, getting stronger, and living a happier life in the end. I also learned a lot more about open communication, emotional intelligence, and how important it is to be kind to yourself through this process. I wanted to keep learning and understand more about what it means to be human after that. AUTHOR`S NOTE Love, Sarah
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