AG (Disease, agronomy, insect ,pest,eco) combined PDF

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qm=;= aLpsf] lr:ofg -%_

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ks| fzsf] lx;fan] afnLsf] juL{s/0f

-s_ 5f]6f] lbgsf] la?jf -Short day plant_

o;df lbgsf] nDafO * 306f jf ;f]eGbf sd ePsf an] f kmn" kmN' 5 . olb (–!) 306f lbgsf] nDafO 5 eg]
jfg:klts jl[ 4 xg' hfG5 . h:t} M e6df;, df;, ;t' L{ / wfgsf sx] L hftx¿ .

-v_ nfdf] lbgsf] la?jf -Long day plant_

o;df ki' k k:| km'6gsf] nflu nfdf] lbgsf] cfjZostf kb5{ . o;df Minimum critical day length eGbf
a9L ;dosf] cfjZostf kb5{ . * 306feGbf a9L rflxG5 . lbgdf k|sfzsf] cjlw * 306f eGbf sd ePdf
jfg:kflts jl[ 4 xG' 5 km'n km'Nb}g . o:tf]df ks| fz cjlw !) 306f jf ;fe] Gbf a9L ePdf dfq km'n km'Nb5 .
h:t} M ux',F hf}, h}, s/] fp, rgf, d;/' f]
cflb .

-u_ lbjfgL ke| fjL la?jf -Day natural plant_

o; ;d"xsf] afnL la?jfsf] kmn" km'NgnfO{ k|sfz cjlwsf] cfjZostf kb{g} . o;sf cNk jf bL3{ bj' } ;do
k'ik k|:km'6gsf nflu h?/L 5 . h:t} M ;o" d{ v' L, uf]ne]F8f, skf; cflb .

Cts' f] cfwf/df afnLx¿sf] juLs{ /0f

-s_ Khari crops : jiff{ ;?' xg' 'eGbf cln cufl8 nufpg] afnLnfO{ vl/t afnL (Kharit crops)
elgG5 .

-v_ Rabi crops : o;df aLp pd|gsf nflu lr;f] / kmn kfSgsf nflu a9L tfkqmdsf] cj:yf xg' ]
a]nfnfO{ Rabi crops elgG5 .

-u_ Zaid crops : a9L tfkqmd / a9L ks| fzsfndf x'g] t/a'hf, v/ah' f, d'ª cflb .

vghft] -Tillage_

 vt] nfO{ /fd/| L hft] L 8Nnf km'6fO{ emf/kftx¿ sn] fO{ la?jf /fK] g] cj:yf tof/ kfg]{ sfo{ xf] .
 of] cj:yfdf s[ifsn] la?jfnfO{ /f]Kg ldN5 .
 o;df tfkqmd ;f]:g] /]8 -b/_ a9L x'G5 .
 o;df /f]u sL/fsf] hLjf0f' ;"os{ f] k|sfzn] 89]/ gi6 xG' 5 .
 o;df kfgL ;f:] g] b/ a9L x'G5 .
 of] v]tsf] clGtd tof/L xf] .
vghft] sf k|sf/ -Types o tillage_

-s_ kf| ylds vghf]t -Primary tillage_

b];L xnf] -MB Plough_, Disk Plough, Cultivator, sfb] fnf] cflb a9L k|of]u ul/G5

b;] L xnf] M of] k/Dk/fb]lv rNb} cfO/xs] f] vt] nfO{ vghft] ug]{ pks/0f xf] . h'g uf]¿sf] ;xfotfn] vt] nfO{
vghf]t ub{5 . of] ;fwf/0ftof ;a}n] rnfpg ;Sb5g\ . o;df clwstd klF' hsf] cfjZostf kb}g{ . of]
ufpF3/sf] kl| ;4 v]tL ug]{ cf}hf/ xf] .

MB Plough M of] klg v]t hf]Tg] Ps k|sf/sf] cfw'lgs cf}hf/ xf] . of] 6\ofS6/sf] ;xfotfn] rnfpg
;lsG5 t/ ;fgf] ;fOhsf] df]N8 afN] 8sf] dhat' sf] uf]?n] klg tfGg ;lsG5 . of] b;] L xnfs] f] t'ngfdf a9L
vghft] ub{5 .

Disk Plough M of] klg kf| ylds vghft] df k|ofu] xg' ] cfw'lgs cf}hf/ xf] . o;n] df6f]nfO{ sf6g\ ] sfd
ub5{ . of] uf]? / 6\ofS6/ bj' }af6 k|of]u ug{] ;lsG5 .

sfb] fnf] M of] klg 7fpF7fpdF f Primery Tillage df sfd nfUg] cf}hf/ xf] . o;sf] ;xfotfn] df6fn] fO{ kN6fpF5
/ kl5 kf6fsf] ;xfotfn] df6f]nfO{ a'/a'/fpFbf] agfOl{ bG5 .

-v_ ;xfos vghf]t -Secendary tillage_

l8:s xnf], slN6e]6/, sfb] fnf], bfFt,] k6f vk' f{, km?jf, l;8 l8n« -Seed drill) cflb ;xfos vghf]t ubf{
ko| f]u ul/G5 .

(=!) afnLsf] jl[ 4 cj:yf (Critical Growth stage)

qm=;+= afnL Critical Growth qm=;+ afnL Critical Growth Stage
Stage =

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cj:yf

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cj:yf

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ufFh cfpg]_

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afnLsf] l;kmfl/; dnvfb b/ Dfnvfb NPK kg/ x]= k|fªu\ fl/s dn
qm= afnL d]=6g=÷x]=
;+=
!= Wffg -Rice_ !@) M $) M $) -l;l~rt_ ^

Jf0f;{ ª\s/ ^) M @) M @) -cl;l~rt_ ^
@= uxF' -Wheat_
!%) M %) M $) !)
#= ds} -Maize_
Jf0f{;ª\s/ ds} !@) M %) M %) -l;l~rt ^
t/fO_{
$= hf} -Barley_
%= Kfmfk/ -Buckwheat_ ^) M #) M #) -cl;l~rt ^
&= sf]bf] -Figer Millet_ t/fO_{
*= af]8L, /x/ -Cowpea_
!)) M $) M $) -l;l~rt ^
kxf8_

^) M #) M #) -cl;l~rt ^
kxf8_

!@) M ^)M $) ^

!%) M ^)M $) !)

^) M #) M #) ^

#) M #) M @) ^

%) M @)M @) ^

@) M $) M #) $–^

!)= e6df; -Soybean_ !) M $) M #) $–^

!!= pv' -dV' o afnL_ !%) M ^) M $) !)

!@= pv' -v'§L afnL_ - @)) M ^) M $) !)
Sugarcane_

!#= rgf -Chickpea_ @) M $) M @) $–^

!$= tf]/L -Rapeseed_ ^) M $) M @) ^

!%= /fof] -Mustard_ *) M $) M @) ^

!^= ;"o{dv' L -Sunflower_ ^) M$) M @) ^

!&= Afbfd -Peanut_ $) M ^) M @) ^

!*= skf; -Cotton_ ^) M $) M @) ^

!(= df; -Black Gram, dª' - @) M @) M @) $–^
Green Gram_, d;'/f] -
Lentil_

@)= t/sf/L afnL - &) M %) M $) #@
Vegetable_

@!= cb'jf -Ginger_ #) M#) M ^) @$

@@= ;t" L{ #% M@# M ^) !)

@#= cfn' -patota_ !)) M!)) M ^) @)

@$= h'6 -;fbf_ ^) M#) M ^) ^

h'6 -tf;] f_ $) M@) M $) ^

@%= lsDa' -Mulberry_ #)) M!$) M !*) -
t/fO{ l;l~rt_

!%) M&) M () -cl;l~rt_

Kfxf8 @)) M*) M !@) -l;l~rt_

!)) M$) M ^) -cl;l~rt_

ljleGg afnLsf] nflu cfjZos tfkqmd tyf kfgLsf] dfqf

qm=;+= afnL cf};t tfkqmd oc cfjZos kfgL ld=dL
!= wfg-Rice_ !*–#% !^*)
@= uxF' -Wheat_ !)–@% %))–*&%
#= ds} -Maize_ !%–#% %!)–!^$*
$= tf]/L -Rapeseed_ !%–@% #%)–$%)
%= skf; -Cotton_ !%–#) %))
^= dª' -Green Gram_ @)–#) ^))–&))
&= Afbfd -Peanut_ @)–#% %))–!)))
*= pv' -Sugarcane_ @%–#) !@))–@%))
(= /fof] -Mustard_ !%–@% #%)–$%)
!)= kmfk/-Buckwheat_ !&–@) !))
!!= hf} -Barley_ !)–@% $))–^))
!@= sf]bf] -Figer Millet_ !*–#) #%)–!)))
!#= d;'/f] -Lentil_ !*–#) !$)
!$= af]8L, /x/ -Cowpea_ !*–$) %))–!%))
!%= e6df; -Soybean_ !*–#) $%)–^*)
!^= ;"o{d'vL -Sunflower_ !%–#) –
!&= rgf -Chickpea_ !%–#) &))–!)))

pkoQ' m lk=Pr= pkoQ' m lk=Pr== qm=;=+ afnL pkoQ' m lk=Pr=
%=%–^=% *= ltn %=%–*=)
qm=;+= afnL %=%–&=% (= abfd ^=)–^=%
!= wfg %=%–&=% !)= d;'/f] ^=)–&=)
@= Dfs} %=%–^=% !!= Ef6df; ^=%–&=)
#= UfxF' %=%–&=) !@= Rfgf ^=)–^=%
$= sf]bf]
%= Kfmfk/

^= Tff]/L, /fof], ;/:o{' ^=)–&=% !#= /fhdf ^=%–&=)
&= ;"od{ v' L ^=%–*=% !$= skf; %=%–^=%

Chandra prakash Rokaya

Agriculture department, Hariharbhawan lalitpur
Permanent Loksewa Teacher – Himalayan Agriculture Institute,Bagbazzar Kathmandu . 9851212352 ,9860673789 Contact

number

@=@ ljleGg afnLdf nfUg] sL/fsf] gfd, j1} flgs gfd ;DaGwL hfgsf/L

-s_ wfg afnLdf nfUg] sL/fx¿

s=| ;= sL/fsf] gfd English name Scientific name jfnLsf] efu-Ifl] t ug{]_ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f
!= Kfx+n] f] ujf/f] Yellow borer Scirpophaga incertulas sf08 Adult
@= ;]tf] ujf/f] White borer Scirpophaga innotata sf08 Adult
sf08 Adult
#= u'nflj ujf/f] pink borer Sesamia inferens,Chilo partellus Kfm'n,kft,jfnf,sf08 Adult

$= Vf/} f] Kfm8\s] sL/f Brown Nilaparvata lugens stal Kfm'n,kft,jfnf,sf08 Adult

%= xl/of] km8s\ ] hoppers Kfmn' ,jfnf Adult
Green leaf Nephotettix malayanus and
jfnLsf] kft Adult
hoppers Nephotettix virescens.
Jffnf eGbf dl' gsf] sf08 Adult
^= Kft/] f] Rice bug Leptocorisa acuta kft Larva
jfnLsf] bfgf÷afnf Larva and Adult
&= Kfmfl} h sL/f Armyworm Mythimna separata
Hf/f,kft,sf08 Larva and Adult
*= sfF8fbf/ vk6] Rice hispa Dicladispa armigera
lx:;f ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f
Larva
(= ldlnju Mealy bug Brevennia rehi Larva

!)= Kfft j]?jf Leaf roller Choristoneura rosaceana Larva

!!= l/¶] sL/f Seed bed Heteronychus lioderens

!@= 6\Jff6F L sL/f bettle
Mole cricket Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa

-v_ ds} afnLdf nfUg] sL/fx¿

s=| ;= sL/fsf] gfd English name Scientific name jfnLsf] efu-If]lt ug{]_
jfnLsf],h/f,sf08f,kft
!= Kfmfl} h sL/f Armyworm Pseudolentia unipunctata afnLsf] ua' f] / sf08

@= Dfs}sf] ws]{ ujf/f] Maize stem Chillo partellus afnLsf] ua' f] / sf08

borer

#= ujf/f] Early shoot Chilo infuscatellus snellen

borer

Chandra prakash Rokaya

Agriculture department, Hariharbhawan lalitpur
Permanent Loksewa Teacher – Himalayan Agriculture Institute,Bagbazzar Kathmandu . 9851212352 ,9860673789 Contact

number

$= Kfm]b s6'jf Cutworm Agrotis segetum jfnLsf] sf08sf] tNnf] efu Larva
jfnLsf] h/f Larva
%= v'd]| White grup Phylophaga spp. Kfft,u'af],sf08 Larva

^= cd/] Lsg kmf}hL Fall army Spodoptera frugiperda
ls/f worm

-u_ uxF' afnLdf nfUg] sL/fx¿

s=| ;= sL/fsf] gfd English name Scientific name jfnLsf] efu-Ifl] t ug]_{ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f

!= Wfld/f Termites Odontotermes obesus

@= UfxsF' f] nflx Wheat aphid Aphis gossypi Kfft,sf08 Adult

#= u'nflj ujf/f] Pink borer Sesamia inferens Jffnf,u'jfs] f] kft,sf08 Larva

$= ls6ls6] vk6] Wire worm Conoderus rudis jfnLsf] sf08sf] tNnf] efu Larva

-3_ sfz] ] afnLdf nfUg] sL/fx¿

s|=;= sL/fsf] gfd English Scientific name jfnLsf] efu-If]lt ug]{_ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f
Ophimyia phaseoli
name

!= s]/fpsf] 8fF7sf] lemu+ f Pea stem fly 8f7F Larva

@= kft vGg] sL/f leaf miner Liriomyza sativa kft Larva

#= Rfgfsf] sfz] fsf] ujf/f] Pod borer Helicoverpa armigera sf]zf Larva
sf]zf Larva
$= s/] fpsf] sf;] f ufjf/f] Pea pod borer Lampides boeticus jfnLsf] kft Larva

%= eml' ;nsL/f Hairy Amscta albistriga kft Larva

caterpillar

^= Nfflx Aphid Aphis gossypi

-ª_ cfn' afnLdf nfUg] sL/fx¿

s=| ;= sL/fsf] gfd English Scientific name jfnLsf] efu-If]lt ug_]{ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f

!= Kfm]b s6j' f name Agrotis segetum cfn'sf] sf08sf] tNnf] efu Larva
Cutworm

Chandra prakash Rokaya

Agriculture department, Hariharbhawan lalitpur
Permanent Loksewa Teacher – Himalayan Agriculture Institute,Bagbazzar Kathmandu . 9851212352 ,9860673789 Contact

number

@= /ftf] sldnf Red ants Dorylus orientalis Tuber Adult
Leaf Larva
#= Nfflx Aphid Aphis gossypi Tuber,Leaf,Stem Larva

$= cfns' f] k'tln Potato tuber Phthorimaea operculella

moth–PTM

%= cfns' f] nflx Potato aphid Uroleucon pseudambrosiae

^= vd' |] White grup Phyllophaga spp. Root,Tuber Larva
Leaf Adult
&= YffK] n] vk6] Epilachna Epilachna Varivestis
Leaf Larva
beetle

*= ;'lts{ f] kft vfg] nfe]| Tobacco Spodoptera litura

catterpillar

-r_ sfpnL ;dx' afnLdf nfUg] sL/fx¿

s=| ;= sL/fsf] gfd English name Scientific name jfnLsf] efu -If]lt ug]_{ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f
lj?jfsf] kft Larva
!= jGbfsf] kt' nL Cabbage Pieris rapae
lj?jfsf] kmn' / kft Larva
butterfly
lj?jfsf] kft Adult
@= O§fj'§] kt' nL Diamond back Plutella xylostella
lj?jfsf] kft Larva
moth– DBM
Hf/f Larva
#= pkm|g] vk6] Flea beetle Epitrix hirrtipennis h/f Adult

$= jGbfsf] nflx Cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae

%= ;l' ts{ f] kft vfg] nfe]| Tobacco Spodoptera litura

catterpillar

^= Kfmb] s6j' f Cutworm Agrotis segetum

&= /ftf] sldnf Red ants Dorylus orientalis

-5_ 6df6/ afnLdf nfUg] sL/fx¿

s=| ;= sL/fsf] gfd English name Scientific name jfnLsf] efu -If]lt ug_]{ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f

!= ;l' ts{ f] kft vfg] nfe]| Tobacco Spodoptera litura lj?jfsf] kft Larva

Chandra prakash Rokaya

Agriculture department, Hariharbhawan lalitpur
Permanent Loksewa Teacher – Himalayan Agriculture Institute,Bagbazzar Kathmandu . 9851212352 ,9860673789 Contact

number

@= kmnsf] ujf/f] catterpillar Helicoverpa armigera 6df6/sf] kmn Larva
#= ;t] f] lemu+ f Fruit borer Bemisia tabaci 6df6/sf] km'n,kft,sf08 Adult
$= Nfflx White fly Aphis gossypi 6df6/sf] kmn' ,kft,sf08 Larva
Aphid

-h_ cGo t/sf/L afnLdf nfUg] sL/fx¿

s=| ;= sL/fsf] gfd English name Scientific name jfnLsf] efu -Ifl] t ug]{_ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f If]lt ug]{ afnL

!= /ftf] vk6] Red Pumkin Raphidopala kft Adult s/]nf,sfqmf e06f,km;L{

beetle Foveicollis÷Aurac

@= Tff/] Lsf] s/ft} ] lemu+ f Mustard phora Foveicollis Adult Tff/] L,dn' f
Athalia lugens Kfft,sf];f

sawfly kft Adult tf/] L,efG6f
#= kft vGg] sL/f Pea leaf miner Chromatomyia

horticola

$= t/sf/Lsf] kmn Fruit fly Bactoceta kmn Maggot Nfx/] t/sf/L afnLx¿
s'xfpg] leu+ f dg' f / kmn Larva efG6f
decipiens 8fF7 Larva hg' ]nf,] sf]bf],pv,'
%= efG6fsf] d'gf /
kmnsf] ujf/f] Brinjal shoot Leucinodes

^= ws]{ ujf/f] and fruit borer orbonalis

Maize stem Chillo partellus

borer

&= sf]zfsf] ujf/f] Pod borer Helicoverpa sfz] f Larva ;l' t,{ skf;,

*= pvs' f] ujf/f] armigera Larva pv,' hg' n] f]
Early shoot Chilo infuscatellus 8f7F

borer snellen

Chandra prakash Rokaya

Agriculture department, Hariharbhawan lalitpur
Permanent Loksewa Teacher – Himalayan Agriculture Institute,Bagbazzar Kathmandu . 9851212352 ,9860673789 Contact

number

-em_ cfFkdf nfUg] sL/fx¿ English name Scientific name jfnLsf] efu -If]lt ug]_{ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f
s=| ;= sL/fsf] gfd Fruit fly Bactoceta dorsalis kmn cf;}+ f
!= cfkF sf] kmn s'xfpg]
Mango stone Sternochetus mangiferea kmn Larva
leu+ f weevil
@= cfkF sf] sfo] fsf] 3'g Bark eating Indarbela spp Aff]qmf Adult
caterpillar
#= Jffq] mf vfg] nfe]| Mango hoppers Indioscopus nitidulus÷ Kfft,dg' f,sfl] knf Adult
nitidulus Clypealis
$= cfFksf] km8s\ ] sL/f Mango shoot Apsylla cistellata d'gf,sf]lknf,kmn' Adult
psyllid
%= cfFksf] ;fO{nfO8{

-`_ :ofpdf nfUg] sL/fx¿ English name Scientific name jfnLsf] efu -If]lt ug{]_ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f
s=| ;= sL/fsf] gfd Tent catterpillar Malacosome indica
!= Kffn jgfpg] sL/f Wolly aphid Eriosoma lanigerum kft Larva
@= e'jfbf/ nflx Sanjose scale Diaspidiatus perniciosus
#= sTn] ls/f Short hole borer Scolytus rugulosus dg' f,sf08,kft,kmn' ,sfl] knf Adult
$= Ufjf/f] Flat headed Chrysobothris femorata
%= 3g6fps] ujf/f] borer dg' f,sf08,kft,kmn' ,sf]lknf Adult
Red spider mite Tetranychus urticae
^= /ftf] ;n' ;'n] Kfft,sf08,dg' f Adult and larva

:ofpsf] sf08 Adult and larva

sf08,kft Adult

-6_ ;G' tnfhftdf nfUg] sL/fx¿

s|=;= sL/fsf] gfd English name Scientific name jfnLsf] efu -If]lt ug]{_ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f
Papilio demolius
!= sfultsf] k'tln Lemon butterfly Liriomyza sativa ;'Gtnfsf] kft Larva
Bactoceta dorsalis
@= kft vGg] sL/f leaf miner ;G' tnfsf] kft Larva

#= kmn sx' fpg] cf;}+ f Fruit fly ;'Gtnfsf] kmn cf}+;f

Chandra prakash Rokaya

Agriculture department, Hariharbhawan lalitpur
Permanent Loksewa Teacher – Himalayan Agriculture Institute,Bagbazzar Kathmandu . 9851212352 ,9860673789 Contact

number

$= cgf/sf] k'tnL Pomograte Virachola Isocrates cgf/sf] kft Larva
butterfly
%= sTn] ls/f Scale insect Icerya purchase dg' f,sf08,kft,kmn' Adult
^= l;6«; l;Nnf Citrus psylia Diaphorina citrii d'gf,sf08,kft,km'n Adult
&= ldlnju Mealybug Brevenia rehi sf08 Adult

-7_ s/] f jfnLdf nfUg] sL/fx¿

s|=;= sL/fsf] gfd English name Scientific name jfnLsf] efu -Ifl] t ug]{_ ls/fsf] xflgsf/s r/0f
Cosmopolites sordidus
!= Uffg'sf] 3g' Rhizome weevil Odoiporous longicollis s]/fsf] ufgf] Larva

@= s/] fsf] yfd 3'g Banana stem ;'Gtnfsf] yfd Larva

weevil

Chandra prakash Rokaya

Agriculture department, Hariharbhawan lalitpur
Permanent Loksewa Teacher – Himalayan Agriculture Institute,Bagbazzar Kathmandu .

9851212352 ,9860673789 Contact number

*=& sL/f Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos kg{] kf;fx] ¿

qm=;=+ kf;fs] f] gfd ko| fu] xg' ]

!= nfO6 6«Øfk /ftLdf p8\g] sL/fx¿
@= Pnf] :6LsL 6« Øfk ;fgf p8g\ ] sL/fx¿ h:t}M nfO{, ;t] f] lemuF f, lnkmdfOg/
#= :6g] / 6« Øfk ldyfOn ol' hgn, So'lno/ km]/f]dg
$= kmg]n 6« Øfk xn] LNo'/, :kf]8f] No'/, No'l;gf]8;No'/, kl] S6gLNo/' , l;k|f]No'/
%= 8N] 6f 6« Øfk 8L=jL= Pd÷k|f]6n' f No'/
^= cf]6f 6L= 6« Øfk 8L=jL= Pd÷kf| 6] n' f No'/, kL=6L= Pd= !@ No'/
&= Dofskmn 6« Øfk ljleGg No'/sf nflu
*= lk6kmn 6« Øfk df6f]sf] ;txdf lxF8g\ ] sL/fx¿

*=* afnL ;/+ If0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ km/] f]kg] 6Ø« fk

qm=;+= kf;fs] f] gfd sL/f afnL
!= ldyfOn o'lhgn kmn s'xfpg] cf}F;f ;G' tnf hft,cfFk kmnkm"n
@= Sol' no/ kmn s'xfpg] cf;}F f sfqF mf]–km;L{ ;d"xsf afnL
#= JofS6f;] ]/f sDkfl] h6L kmn s'xfpg] cfF};f dflysf b'j} afnL
$= x]lnNo"/ uf]ne]F8fsf] kmnsf] uj/f] ufn] e8]F f, rgf, /x/
%= :kf]8fN] o'/ ;t' L{sf] kftvfg] nfef{ uf]neF]8f,cfn',uf]ne]+8f,;'tL{
^= 8L=jL= Pd÷kf| 6] n' f No'/ OF6f a'§] kt' nL sfpnL–aGbf ;d"xsf afNfL
&= No'l;gf]8;No'/ kmn / 8fF7df nfUg] uef/f] efG6f
*= lk=l6=Pd= !,@ No/' hf]tfxf k'tnL cfn'
kmnsf] uaf/f] wfg
(= l;kf| ]No'/
!)= k]lS6gf]No'/ bfgfdf nfUg] u'nfaL uef/f] skf;
!!= O/ld6 / O/ldg No'/
bfgfdf nfUg] l5s{] uef/f] skf;

*=( h}ljs tyf jfg:klts ljiffbL k|ofu]
ljleGg sL/fx¿sf] nflu
qm=;+= gfd kt' nLsf nfef{, ;fgf r:' g] sL/f
!= Phf8L/]lS6g -gLddf cfwfl/t_ vk6] / k'tnLsf nfef{x¿ -df6fd] f a:g] h:t} v'd_]|
@= Aoe' l] /of a]l;ofgf -9';LhGo_ ;]tf] lemuF f, nfO{, lnkmdfOg/
#= d]6f/fOlhod PgL;f]Kn]O{ -9;' LhGo_ ljleGg kt' nL ;d"xsf nfefx{ ¿
$= el6{;]lnod ns] fgL -9';LhGo_
%= j]l;n; y'/gh]g]l;; s:' 6fsL s_ ufn] e8F] fsf] kmn vfg] uef/f] -xn] Lsfe] kf{ cfdL{h]/f_
-JofS6]l/ofhGo_ v_ ;'tL{sf] kft vfg] nfef{ (Spodopterea litura)
^= Go'lSno/ kf]nLx]8«f]l;; efO/;
s_ xn] L df6fd] f a:g] ljleGg sL/fx¿ h:t} vd' |]
v_ :kf]8f] 9';LhGo /fu] x¿ ljz]if ul/ df6fd] f a:g]
&= OG6fd] f]Kofyf]hlgs lgdf6f]8 s/] fsf] kgfdf jLN6, 8o\ fDklª ckm, wfgsf] ;Ly NjfO6,
*= 6«fOsf]8df{ lel/8L / xhfl{ god pv'sfs] /8] /6, rgf / uf]neF]8fsf] cf]Onfpg] /f]u
(= :o8' f]df]gf; km\n/' ];G] ;

ljleGg ldq hLjx¿sf] klxrfg tyf zq' hLjx¿

qm=;=+ ldq lhjsf] gfd cfl>t zq' hLjx¿ Kfe| fjsfl/tf
Jfo:s / nfef{n] sTn] ls/f, ;t] f] lemªu\ f /
!= :qL :Jfefjsf] vk6] sTn] ls/f, ;]tf] lem+uf, km8s\ ]sf] c08f / aRrf km8\sn] fO vfOlbG5

km8s\ ] o:n] km8s\ ] ls/fsf] lgDkmf -jRrf_ / jo:snfO{
vfO{ lbG5
@= Sof/fjL8 lj6n Kfm8s\ ] Wffgsf] ujf/f,] kft j?] jf, kmfl} h ls/f, xf]n{
Dofuf6] sf c08f tyf aRrfnfO{ vfOlbG5
#= lslys{ f] Ufjf/f,] kft j]?jf, kmfl} h
Wffgsf] kt]/f], ujf/f] c08f / km8\s] ls/fsf]
ls/f, xfn] { Dofuf6] jRrfnfO{ vfG5 .
Kfm8\s]sf] aRrf tyf ujf/f]sf] nfef{nfO{ vfG5
$= Nffdf] h'ªu\ ] km6\ofªu\ f| Kft]/f], km8s,] ujf/f]
Kfm8\ss] f] c08f / aRrfnfO{ vfG5 .
%= Jff6/ ju Kfm8s\ ] ljleGgf hftsf kt' ln tyf dy / ltgsf nfe{nfO{
^= KnfG6 ju vfOlbG5 .
&= /8] l' e8L ju Kfm8s\ ]
ljleGgf hftsf kt' ln Kfm8\ss] f aRrf / kfgLsf ls/fx¿ vfG5 .
*= s'df/L ls/f tyf dy / ltgsf nfe{ w/} lsl;dsf ls/fx¿ vfG5 .
(= Dffs/' f
!)= Aff?nfx¿ Kfm8\s] ls/f Kfft j?] nf, ujf/f,] xfn] { Dofuf6] , kmf}lh
kt' nL, k6\ofª\uf| , km8s] ls/fx¿nfO{ vfOlbG5 .
!!= ufOg] ls/f Kf8\s] ls/fsf ;fy} w/} } lsl;dsf kfgLsf ls/fx¿
Kfft j?] nf, ujf/f,] xf]n{ vfG5 .
!@= KfO|] ªu\ d}lG68 Dofuf6] , kmf}hL ls/f
!%= Aff3 vk6] KffgLsf ls/fx¿sf ;fy} ;a} ks| f/sf ls/fx¿ vfG5 .
km8\s] ls/f Wffgsf] kt]/f]nfO{ vfG5 .

k'tnL, k6\ofª\u|f
Kft/] f]

c;n sl[ if cEof; -Good Agricultural Practices_
:jf:Yo tyf cfly{s b'a} kIfaf6 vfB :jR5tfsf] dxTj lbgfg'lbg a9b\ } uO{/xs] f] 5 . vfBhGo /f]ux?sf]
ks| fk] af6 pkefQ] mfnfO{ arfpg vfB a:t'sf] ;'/lIft pTkfbg tyf Aoa:yfkg clt h?l/ xG' 5 . c;n sl[ if
cEof; (Good Agricultural Practices/GAP) Pp6f sl[ if pTkfbg k4lt xf] h;df :jR5 tyf
u'0f:t/Lo sl[ if pTkfbgsf] nflu lgoGq0f ljGbx' ?sf] klxrfg u/L lg/LIf0f hfrF sf] dfkb08x? jf kf| jwfg tof/
kfl/G5 / To;s} f] cgz' /0f u/L u0' f:t/Lo pkh pTkfbg / ahfl/s/0f ul/G5 .

cs{f] zAbdf eGbf, ;'/lIft / :jf:Yo vfB tyf cvfB s[lif a:t'x?sf] pTkfbg ug{ pTkfbg / pTkfbgf]k/fGt
kfngf ul/g] sl[ if sfo{ cy{ft ljljw k|lqmofx?sf] ;u+ fnfn] fO{ g} c;n sl[ if cEof; elgG5 . o; k4ltdf
dfgj :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efjx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ko| f; ul/G5 . ljleGg c;n
sl[ if cEof;sf ko{fj/0fLo ;/f]sf/x?df df6f], kfgL, /f]u/ls/f / df;} d kl/jtg{ Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs–cflys{
;/f]sf/x?df pTkfbg nfut, d"n\o, cfDbfgL / lbuf] Joj;fo / dfgj :jf:Yosf] ;/fs] f/df vfB ;'/Iff, dfgj
:jf:Yo / dfgjLo ljsf;sf kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6\b5 . c;n s[lif cEof;sf] nflu ;+;f/sf w/] } bz] x?n] o; cl3g}
yk' |} k|of;x? u/]sf] kfOG5 . cGt/f{ li6«o :t/df -Gobal GAP_ sfof{ Gjogdf /xs] f] 5 .

Plzofsf yk' |} b]zx? / g]kfnsf l5d]sL bz] rLg / ef/tn] klg cfjZostf / pTkfbgsf Jojwfgx?nfO{
cfwf/ agfO{ cf–cfkmg\ f /fli6o« c;n s[lif cEof;sf] dfkb08x? agfO{ sfof{ Gjog ul//x]sf 5Gf\ . oL dfkb08
ckgfO{ pTkfbg ePsf u'0f:t/Lo sl[ if pkhx?sf] cGt/f{ li6«o ahf/df 7"nf] dfu /xs] fn] ] To:tf pkhx?sf]
lgsf;Laf6 tL d'n'sx?n] 7n" f] wg/fzL cfDbfgL ug]{ u/s] f 5Gf\ . cs{ft] k{m oL pkhx? kof{ j/0fLo / dfgj
:jf:y d}qL ePsfn] ] 3/n] ' ahf/df ;dt] dfu a9\b} u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;y{ c;n s[lif cEof;n] sl[ if pTkfbgsf]
kl| t:kw{fTdstf j[l¢ ug's{ f ;fy} o;n] lbuf] s[lifnfO{ ;dt] ofu] bfg ub{5 . gk] fndf klg s[lif lasf;
dGqfno¢f/f FAO sf] ;xof]udf jgfO{Psf] SAARC GAP nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL Nepal GAP dfkb08
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

 g]kfn c;n sl[ if cEof;sf dfkb08
;fs{ /fi6«sf nflu agfOPsf] SAARC -GAP nfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfn c;n sl[ if Nepal Good
Agricultural Practices -Nepal GAP_ agfOPsf] 5 . o;df lgDg cg;' f/sf kfrF j6f ljleGg
kIfx?nfO{ ;d6] /] ljleGg dfkb08x? agfOPsf] 5 . vfB :jR5tf -Food Safety_, kof{ j/0f Joj:yfkg -
Environment Management_, pTkfbg u'0f:t/ -Product Quality_, sfdbf/sf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff tyf
lxt (Worker health, safety and welfare_, ;fdfGo cfjZostf -General Requirement_ sf]
df]8on' x? o;df ;dfjz] /x]sf 5g . o;sf] kfngf ugs{ f nflu / ;xh ?kdf sfo{fGjog ug{ tyf ;'lglZrt
sfof{ Gjog ePsf] olsg ugs{ f nflu rs] lni6x? tof/ ul/Psf x'G5Gf h;df cfjZos dfkb08x?, ?h' ug{]
k|lqmof, cgk' fngtfsf] cj:yf tyf ;e' mfjx? lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' 5 .

!= vfB :jR5tf df]8]n -Food Safety Module_
vfB :jR5tfsf] df8] on' df pTkfbg :yn v]taf/Lsf] Oltxf; tyf o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf kIfx?, lap tyf ag] {f
h:tf pTkfbgsf j:tx' ?sf] u0' f:t/sf sfuh tyf clen]vx?, dn tyf df6f]df k|ofu] ul/Psf /;fogx?,
l;FrfO Joj:yfkg tyf s[lif pkhx? ;kmf ug{] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/sf] cj:yf nufotsf kIfx?nfO{ ;d]65 .
o;sf ;fy} afnL ;+/If0fsf nflu k|ofu] ul/g] pkfox?, afnL pTkfbg lng] tyf To;kl5sf] ahf/sf nflu
tof/L ug]{ cj:yf sf ;fy} e08f/0f cflbsf] Joj:yf klg o;} df8] o'nn] ;d]65 . o; df8] o'ndf pTkfbgsf]

cg'/v] tf -traceability_ tyf cfjZostf k/d] f lkmtf{ ug{] -product recall_ ;Ddsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
o;sf] d'Vo hf]8 sfuhft tyf clenv] x?sf] ;/' lIft clenv] Ls/0f tyf cfjZos k/s] f] ;dodf tyf
kd| f0fLs/0f lgsfon] xg] { vfh] s] f] ;dodf kfpg ;lsg] clgjfo{ Joj:yf u/s] f] xG' 5 .

@= kof{ j/0f Joj:yfkg df]8]n -Environment Management Module_
kof{ j/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf] df]8o\ n' df vf;u/L pTkfbgsf] cfwf/x? hldg, jftfj/0f tyf kfgLsf] lbufk] gfsf]
kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbOG5 . o;n] ubf{ lbuf] sl[ if pTkfbgsf nflu ;l' glZrttf kb| fg ub5{ . o; kIfdf kmfx] f/] sf]
Joj:yfkg, phf{ sf] ldtJooLtf, hl} js ljljwtfsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f, tyf df6f] tyf kfgLdf k|ofu] ul/g] ljleGg
/;fogx?sf] af/]df klg lgodg u/s] f] x'G5 .

#= sfdbf/sf] :jf:y, ;'/Iff / lxt df]8]n -Worker health, safety and welfare Module_
sfdbf/sf] :jf:Yo, ;/' Iff tyf lxt df8] o\ 'ndf gk] fnL sl[ if If]qdf sfdbf/ s[lif >ldsx?sf] kz] fut :jf:Yo,
efl} ts ;'/Iff tyf k]zfut lxtsf] af/]df lj/n} rr{f x'g] u/s] f] 5 . sl[ if /;fogx? vf;u/L xflgsf/s
/f;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|ofu] sf] af/d] f xf]; jf slt ;do;Dd sfddf nufPafkt slt /sd kfpg] eGg] af/]df
xf;] , sfdbf/sf] lxtdf lgs} g} sd sfd ePsf] 5 .

cem} sl[ if pkhx?sf] nf8] cgnf8] ug{] >ldsx?sf xsdf t emg Ps SljG6n;Ddsf] af]/fnfO{ 9f8df /fv/]
af]Sg] af]sfpg] cdfgjLo sfd klg eO/x]sf 5g h;n] ub{f >ldsx?sf] zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodf klg uDeL/ c;/
kl//xs] f] 5 . o; kIfdf g]kfnL sl[ ifdf sd rf;f] /flvG5 . To;}n] sfdbf/sf] :jf:Yo, ;/' Iff tyf lxt
df]8o'ndf eg] s[lif /;fogx?sf] ;/' lIft k|of]u, sfo:{ ynsf] hf]lvd /lxt cj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf, JolQmut
;/;kmfO{, sfdbf/kl| tsf] ;DdfgLt Jojxf/, eb] efj gug{,] Gog" td kj" f{ wf/x?, tyf bz] sf] lgod cg;' f/sf]
Hofnf tyf kfl/>dLssf] Joj:yf ug{] ;DaGwL kIfx? ;d]6]sf] 5 .

$= pTkfbg u0' f:t/ df]8]n -Product Quality Module_
pTkfbg u0' f:t/sf] df8] on' df eg] u0' f:t/sf] nflu of]hgf tof/ ug{], aLpa]g{fsf] u0' f:t/ lgZlrt ug{,]
/f;folgs dnsf ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf pknAw df6f]sf] u0' f:t/ tyf pj/{ fzlQm a9fpg] /;fogx?sf] u'0f:t/
;l' gZlrt ug],{ l;FrfO{ tyf sl[ if pkhsf] nflu w'g k|of]u ul/g] jf ;a} ks| f/sf kfgLx?sf] lkpg] kfgL ;/xsf]
u0' f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{], s[lif pkhsf] l6kfO,{ tyf leTof{ pg] qmddf kl/kSjtfsf] ;r' s, l6Kg] ;do, tyf
pTkfbg l6Kg tyf /fVgsf nflu ko| fu] ul/g] pks/0f tyf oGq Pj+ ef8F fs8F' fx?sf] ;/;kmfO{ cflbdf Wofg
lbOG5 . sl[ if pkhsf] cf;] f/k;f/, e08f/0f Joj:yfkg tyf 9j' fgLsf] qmddf klg cfjZos tfkqmdsf]
Joj:yfkgdf klg o; df8] on' n] ;d6] s] f] 5 .

%= ;fdfGo cfjZostf df8] o\ 'n -General Requirement Module_
;fdfGo cfjZostfsf] df8] o'ndf eg] sfg'gL kIfx?, cfuGt's tyf kfx'gfsf nflu ul/g] Joj:yfkg, ug' f;f
tyf ph/' Lsf] ;g' j' fO tyf Joj:yfkg, clenv] Ls/0f tyf cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf kIfx?, tyf ;d'xut ?kdf
cfjZos kg{] lnvLt ;Demf}tf, pTkfbssf] bt{f, ;+:yfsf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfsf] kIfx? ;d6] ]sf] xG' 5 . o;df
u'0f:t/sf] dfkb08 lgd{f0f tyf Dofgc' n k|sfzg, sfuhft lgoGq0f, tyf sdr{ f/L / ;b:ox?sf] tflnd tyf
Ifdtf clej[l4sf kIfx? ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

 c;n s[lif cEof; kd| fl0fs/0f -GAP Certification_
cfkm\gf] s[lif pTkfbg k0| fflnnfO{ c;n s[lif cEof; k|dfl0fs/0f ul/ pTkfbsn] pTkflbt s[lif pkh lglZrt
dfkb08x? k/' f ul/ pTkfbg ul/Psfn] :jR5 / ;/' lIft 5 eGg] s/' f pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ ;l' glZrt u/fpg ;S5 .
c;n sl[ if cEof; k|dfl0f/0f ul/Psf] s[lif pkh /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6o« ahf/df ;lhn} k|lt:kw{f ul/ plrt
d'gfkmf lbO{ si[ fssf] cfocfhg{ df ;d]t j[l¢ xg' ] ePsfn] o;sf] dxTj al9/x]sf] 5 . c;n sl[ if cEof;

k|dfl0fs/0f -GAP Certification_ :jl] R5s k|dfl0fs/0f dfkb08 ePsfn] sfg'lg ?kdf ;Dk'0f{ s[ifsju{
c;n s[lif cEof; k|dfl0fs/0f ug{ afWo gePklg OR5's s[ifs, si[ fs ;d'x, ;xsf/L jf sDklgn] cfkm\gf] s[lif
pTkfbg k|0fflnsf] c;n sl[ if cEof; k|dfl0fs/0f -GAP Certification_ ug{ ;Sg]5Gf .

 g]kfn c;n sl[ if cEof; kd| fl0fs/0f lgsfo -Nepal GAP Certifying Body_
g]kfn c;n sl[ if cEof; sfo{fGjog lgb]l{ zsf, @)&% cg';f/ a}wflgs cl:tTj /x]sf tyf pQm lgb]{lzsfsf]
cg';l" r & adf]lhd k"j{;t{x? kfngf ug]{ ;:+ yfx?nfO{ g]kfn c;n s[lif cEof; kd| fl0fs/0f lgsfosf ?kdf
sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbg ;lsg5] . tTsfnsf] nflu k:| tfljt lgb]l{ zsf cg';f/ gk] fn c;n s[lif cEof;
k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfosf] ?kdf vfB k|ljlw tyf u0' f lgoGq0f ljefunfO{ tfl] sPsf] 5 . OR5's si[ fs, s[ifs ;dx' ,
;xsfl/ jf sDklgn] cfkm\gf] s[lif pTkfbg k0| fflnsf] c;n sl[ if cEof; kd| fl0fs/0f -GAP Certification_
sf nflu vfB kl| jlw tyf u0' f lgoGq0f ljefudf /x]sf] c;n s[lif cEof; kd| fl0fs/0f lgsfodf k|lqmof
adf]lhd cfj]bg lbg ;Sg5] Gf .

g]kfn c;n sl[ if cEof; k|dffl0fs/0f lgsfosf] ;lrjfno -Secreteriate of Nepal GAP
Certifying Body_
c;n sl[ if cEof; sfof{ Gjog lgb{l] zsf, @)&% tyf pQm lgbl]{ zsf cGtut{ tof/ ul/Psf] gk] fn c;n sl[ if
cEof; kd| fl0fs/0f ofh] gf -Nepal GAP Scheme_ cg?" k k|lqmof k"/f ul/ g]kfn c;n sl[ if cEof;
k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfosf ?kdf sfo{ ug{ cgd' lt kf| Kt ;:+ yfx?sf] ;lrjfnosf] ?kdf vfB kl| jlw tyf u'0f
lgoGq0f ljefunfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 .

 Uofksf nflu uDeL/, kd| 'v / ;xfos tLg ks| [ltdf ljefhg u/L @ ;o !! j6f dfkb08x¿ agfPsf]
5 . uDeL/df !*, kd| v' df ! ;o $! / ;fdfGodf %@ j6f dfkb08x¿ /x]sf 5G. .

 k|df0f kq lng rfxg] lgjb] sn] uDeL/ ks| l[ tdf ;dfj]z ePsf ztx{ ¿ ;o kl| tzt, k|d'v () /
;fdfGo cGtut{ %) kl| tzt kfngf ug'k{ g{] .

 u0' f:t/Lo lapmsf] k|ofu] ug'{sf ;fy} cfkm"n] NofPsf] lapmsf] af/d] f ;Dk"0f{ -sxfFaf6 NofPsf], slxn]
NofPsf]_ ljj/0fsf] clen]v /fVg'k5{ .

 tf]lsP adfl] hdsf] /f;folgs tyf hl} js dnsf] ko| f]u u/L u'0f:t/Lo kfgLsf] ko| f]u ug{'k5{ . oL
nufot cGo dfkb08 cg¿' k sfd u/]kl5 ls;fgn] kd| fl0fs/0fsf nflu ljefudf lgjb] g lbgk' g]{ 5 .

 …si[ fsn] lgjb] g lbPkl5 ljefuaf6 cl86 v6fOG5 . cl86/n] dfkb08dWo] sg' –sg' kfngf eof] sg' –
s'g ePg eGg] l/k{f6] agfO ljefudf ae' mfp5F , l/kf]6{sf] cfwf/df ;l6{lkms;] g sld6Ln] k|df0fkq lbg]
/ glbg] lg0f{o u5{ .’

 kd| f0fkq kfPsfn] eg] Uofksf] nf]uf] k|of]u ug{ kfp5F G. ;l6l{ kms]6 # jifs{ f] nflu dfGo x'G5 . To;df
tLg k6s clgjfo{ / aLrdf cfjZostf cg';f/ lg/LIf0f cgu' dg ul/G5 .

Chandra prakash Rokaya

Agriculture department, Hariharbhawan lalitpur
Permanent Loksewa Teacher – Himalayan Agriculture Institute,Bagbazzar Kathmandu .

9851212352 ,9860673789 Contact number

cy{;f:q -Economics_

vfB ;Dke| 'tf / ;/' Iff
-Food Sovereignty and Food Security_
 jftfj/0fLo lbufk] gfnfO{ larf/ ub}{ vfBfGgsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f, dN" o lgwf{/0f / lgodgsf ;Gbed{ f
pTkfbgstf{ ls;fgsf] e"ldsf dxQj\ k"0f{ xg' ] cjwf/0ff vfB ;Dk|et' f xf] .
 ;g !((^ df La Via Compensia Movement sf] ef]sd/L ljgfsf] eljio eGg] gf/f /fVb}
;DkGg ljZj vfB ;Dd]ngsf ;dodf ljZjJofkL ls;fgx¿sf] cleofgn] ;j{ky| d vfB ;'/Iffsf]
cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf] xf] .
 ls;fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf j:tx' ¿ slt pkef]u ug{,] slt dN" odf a]Rg] / s[lif Ifq] df lbuf] ljsf; s;/L
ug{] eGg] ljifodf si[ fsx¿sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf /xgk' b5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff Food sovereignty xf] .
 ;dodf g} vfg kfpg'kb{5 -Timely feeding_ / kfi] f0fo'Qm vfg kfpg'kb5{ -Nutritious
feeding_ eGg] dfGotf klg Food sovereignty sf] xf] .
 ;g\ @))& df dfnLdf *) /fi6« ;lDdlnt Global Gathering sf] wf/0ff 3f]if0ff u/]sf] .
 ;a} dflg;sf] kof{Kt dfqfdf kf]if0foQ' m vfB kbfy{ dflysf] cflys{ , ;fdflhs / efl} ts kx'rF ,
pknAwtf / pkof]usf] ;'lglZrttfsf] cj:yf vfB ;'/Iff xf] .
 a}n] vfg kfpg' k5{, vfB cefjdf s;s} f] klg Hofg hfl] vddf kg'{ xFb' g} / pknAw vfBj:t'
:jf:Yosf b[li6n] :j:Yo clg kfl] ;nf] xg' ' k5{ eGg] dfGotf vfB ;/' Iffsf] cjwf/0ff xf] .
 vfB ;/' Iffsf] cjwf/0ff ;g !(&) sf] bzsdf ljsl;t ePsf] xf] .
 ;g !(&$ df ePsf] ljZj vfB ;Dd]ngn] vfB ;'/IffnfO{ pTkfbg dN" odf x'g] 36a9 / vfB
pkefu] df x'g] j[l4nfO{ wfGg ;Sg] cfwf/e"t vfB j:t'sf] ;a} ;dodf xg' ] ljZjJofkL cfk"lt{ egL
kl/eflift u/s] f] 5 .
 ;g !(*# df ljZj vfB tyf sl[ if ;Ë7gn] kT| o]s JolQmnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] x/]s ;dodf cfwf/et"
vfBfGgdf ef}lts cflys{ kxrF' x'g'kg{]df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
 vfB clwsf/ tyf vfB ;Dke| t' f ;DaGwL P]g, @)&% nfu' ePsf] .
 vfB ;'/Iff eGgfn] vfBfGgsf] k0" f{ pknAwtf / kT| os] JolQmsf] o;df kxrF' /xg' xf] . -Food
Security refers to the availability of food and one us access to it_
 vfB ;'/Iffsf :tDex¿ -Food Security pillers_ $ j6f – != kx'Fr -Access_ @= pknAwtf -
Availability_ #= pkef]u -Utilization_ $= :yfloTj -Stability_
 sl/a @^ lhNnfx¿df vfB Gog" tf /xs] f] bl] vG5
 lxdfnL / kxf8L efudf vfBfGg pTkfbgn] jife{ l/ vfg gkU' g] cj:yf 5
 vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] lx;jfn] ;a}eGbf c;'/lIft s0ffn{ L kb| z] / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z /xs] f] b]lvG5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^ df vfB ;DaGwL xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
 vfB P]g, @)@#, lgodfjnL @)@& / pkefQ] mf ;/+ If0f Pg] , @)&%
 /fli6o« vfB :jfR5tf lglt @)&^ hf/L ePsf] .
 vfB ;+s6 lhNnf @# j6f vfB ck'u lhNnf @^ j6f 5g\

s[lif pBdlzntf -Entrepreneurship_

sl[ if pBdlzntf -Entrepreneurship_
lgjfx{ d'vL sl[ if k0| ffnLaf6 ahf/dv' L sl[ if k|0ffnLdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu ckgfOg] /0fgLlt g} s[lif pBdlzntf
xf] h;df pTkfbgsf] pRrtd u'0f:t/ sfod ub{} cfˆgf] Joj;foaf6 sd nfut / vr{df a9L gfkmf sdfpg]
p2Z] o /xG5 . sl[ if Ifq] df pBdL aGgsf nflu ;j{ky| d / z'?jftstfd{ f cf6F , hfl] vd df]Ng ;Sg] Ifdtf / gofF
kl| jlw cFufNg ;Sg] ;fx;sf] cfjZostf kb5{ . Joj:yfksLo Pj+ pBdlzntfsf] Ifdtf ePsf dflg; jf
;dx" af6 g} ;kmn sl[ if pBdLsf] hGd xg' ] ub{5 . o;sf nflu pBdLn] pBdlzntfsf] ;4} flGts tyf
Jojxfl/s kIfsf af/d] f uxL/f] hfgsf/L /fVg' cTofjZos /xG5 . vf;u/L gofF gofF ;fr] Nofpg] gofF s[lif
k|ljlwsf] ko| f]usf] z'?jft ug,]{ ;femb] f/Lsf] z'?jft / rog ug{ ;Sg], nufgLsf nflu ;fem]bf/x?nfO{ ljZj:t
t'Nofpg] / To;nfO{ Jojxfl/s :j?k lbg' g} ;kmn pBdL x'gt] km{sf] v'l8\snf] xf] .

;kmn pBdL aGgsf nflu Joj;flos ;Lk, Joj:yfksLo ;Lk, cj;/ klxNofpg ;Sg] ;Lk, /0fgLlts ;Lk /
;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0fsf] ;Lk xg' ' clgjfo{ /xG5 . Joj;flos ;Lk / 1fgsf] xsdf eg] pTkfbg ;DaGwL
;Lk / 1fg / k|fljlws kIfsf] slDtdf ;fdfGo hfgsf/L cfjZos kb{5 . Joj:yfksLo ;Lk cGt/ut cfly{s
Joj:yfkg, u|fxs Joj:yfkg, >d tyf ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] Joj:yfkg / ;fdfGo bl} gs ofh] gfsf] lgdf{0f /
sfof{Gjog ub}{ o;af6 gofF s/' fx? l;Sg] sfd /xG5 . To:t}u/L cj;/sf] klxrfgsf] ;Lk cGt/ut s'g
Joj;fo gfkmfdf hfg ;S5 jf sg' Joj;fodf sd hf]lvd / a9L cj;/ /xG5 jf sg' Joj;fodf gofF
tf/} tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 eg/] x/bd rgfvf] /xg] / cj;/sf] vfh] ul//xg] :jefj klg cTofjZos /xG5 .
/0fgLlts ;Lk / Ifdtf cGtu/t eg] nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{, ;'kl/j]If0f tyf d"Nofs+g ug{] jf sg' } klg gofF
ljifosf] cjwf/0ff agfpg] h:tf kIfx? /xG5g\ . clxns] f] ;dodf ;a}eGbf dxTjk0" f{ ;Lk egs] f] ;xsfo{ ub}{
gofF gofF kIfx?;Fusf] ;Djfb / kx'rF lj:tf/ ug'/{ xs] f] 5 h;df ;dx" ut ;xsfo{sf] cjwf/0ff, ls;fgx?sf]
;dx" jf ;u+ 7g Pj+ s[lif pBf]uLx?;Fusf] ;xsfo{ kb5{ .

sl[ if pBdlzntfdf sl[ if Joj;fox?
sl[ ifsf] cfkl" t{ >Î[ nfdf jf dN" o clejl[ 4 >[Înfdf ljljw vfnsf pBf]ux? jf pBdx? l;hg{ f ug{ ;lsG5 .
o:tf Joj;fox? vf;u/L tLg leGg vfnsf xg' ;S5g\ .

!= s[lif pTkfbgd"ns Joj;fo
sl[ if cy{zf:qsf] lgod cg';f/ kT| os] kl/jf/n] ug]{ s[lif g} Pp6f Joj;fo xf] h;df pgLx?n] bLuf] pTkfbg /
gfkmfdn" s pTkfbgsf nflu >d, zlQm, kFh" L, ;Lk / Ifdtfx?sf] ;+ofh] g u/]sf xG' 5g\ . o:tf pTkfbgd"ns
Joj;fo Ps ls;fg jf ls;fg ;dx" jf ;xsf/L jf JolQmut kmfd{ pBfu] sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/G5 .

@= ;j] fkb| fos Joj;fox?
ufp3F / jf sl[ if Joj;fodf ls;fg cfkm}n+ ] ug{ g;Sg] sfd jf ls;fgsf] sfdnfO{ yk ;xh, sd si6s/
agfpg jf nufgL 36fpgsf nflu klg ljleGg /0fgLlt ckgfpgk' g{] x'G5 . o;qmddf ;j] f k|bfos Joj;fox?
l;h{gf x'G5g\ . ls;fgsf] dn–aLpm vl/bdf ;xh agfpg ufpuF fpdF f Pu|fe] ]6 k;nx? xg' \ jf vt] af/L

vghf]tsf nflu 6ofS6/ jf afnL sf6g jf afnL emf6F \g jf r'6\g l/k/, y]|;/ cflbsf] ko| fu] jf xfns} f
lbgx?df cfP/ Knfli6s 3/ jf ljleGg vfnsf o:t} pGgt k|ljlwsf] k|ofu] sf] cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ ub{}
Joj;fosf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ;du|df s[lif If]qdf /fh] uf/L l;hg{ f / nufgLsf] cj;/nfO{
a9fPsf] b]lvG5 .

#= pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] pTkfbgd"ns Joj;fo
ls;fg jf pTkfbs cfkmn+} ] ;a} pTkfbgsf ;fwgx? pTkfbg ug{ ;Dej /xbF }g . dn, aLpm, a]gf{ jf aL?jf
pTkfbg ug{] g;{/L, s[lif dl] zg/L jf cf}hf/x?, kzk' fngsf nflu bfgf rfs] /, / cGo cfh} f/ / oGqx? s[lif
pTkfbgsf ;fwgx? x'g\ / o:tf pTkfbgdn" s Joj;fox?df nufgLsf] 7n" f] cj;/ / /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf] klg
;Defjgf /xs] f] 5 . ls;fgn] ko| fu] ug]{ pTkfbgsf] kl| jlwsf] lj:tf/;uF } o:tf pTkfbgdn" s Joj;fosf] bfo/f
klg km/flsnf] xb'F } uO/xs] f] 5 .

$= kz| fw] g / ahf/Ls/0fsf Joj;fox?
s[lif pTkfbgx?df sltko cj:yfdf afnL pTkfbg lnO;sk] l5 klg yk kz| fw] gsf] cfjZostf k5{ eg] ;a}
sl[ if pkhx?nfO{ pkefQ] mf;Dd k¥' ofpgsfnflu ahf/Ls/0f clgjfo{ zt{ xf] . wfg uxF' ds} h:tf sl[ if
pkhx?sf] k|zf]wg u/fO{ rfdn, lk7f] jf cfF6f agfP/ xf;] \ jf kmnkm"n, t/sf/L cflbaf6 hfd, hn] L jf crf/
agfP/ xf];, Joj;flos ;fr] /fVg] ;d"xx?n] sl[ ifsf] k|zf]wg tyf ahf/Ls/0fdf 7"nf] ;Defjgf bv] ]sf xG' 5g\ .
;:tf] d"Nodf sl[ if pkhx? vl/b u/L o;sf] d"No clejl[ b ug{] h:t} n;g' cbj' f lsg]/ crf/ agfpg], wfg
lsg]/ rfdn agfpg] cflb ubf{ kz| fw] gsf] nflu 7n" f] nufgL / /fh] uf/L l;hg{ fsf] cj;/ l;hg{ f xG' 5 .

o:tf s'g} klg Joj;fox?df s[lif pBdlzntf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 eg] o;sf nflu Jofkfl/s 3/fgf jf ;fgf
ls;fg jf o;sf ;d"xx? jf ;xsf/Lx?dfkmt{ sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sfnflu ;/sf/L tj/af6 gLltut
Joj:yf / ;xhLs/0f cfjZos /xG5 eg] Joj;foLx?n] eg] cfˆgf] Joj;fo btf{ u/L lgod cg';f/ s/sf]
bfo/fdf cfP/ ;/sf/nfO{ ;xofu] ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .

ljb]zaf6 ;:tf] dN" odf sl[ if pkhx? g]kfn lelq/xs] f] / g]kfndf a/] fh] uf/Lb/ ›"t ultdf a9\b} uO/x]sf]
cj:yfdf oj" f hgzlQmx?nfO{ sl[ if k]zfdf cfslif{t u/L nufgL u/fpg] / o;sf nflu ;/sf/, lghL Ifq] jf
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] :jbz] L s[lifhGo pBfu] sf] :yfkgf, a9fjf / /f]huf/L l;hg{ fnfO{ yk Jojl:yt / bLuf]
agfpg cfjZos /xs] f] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s[lif pBdlzntf
k/Dk/fut ?kdf xb] f{ gk] fndf sl[ if If]q Gog" jfXo kl| jlw, jf Go"g afXo 1fgsf] cfwf/df kfl/jfl/s vfB tyf
kfi] f0f ;/' Iffsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu dfq sl] G›t /x]sf] lyof] h;df ahf/sf] ke| fj Go"g /xs] f] lyof] . kl/jf/sf]
v]taf/Ldf pTkfbg ul/Psf sl[ if pkhx? cfˆg} kl/jf/ jf glhssf l5ds] Lx? jf gftfuft] f;Fu afF8g\ ] vfnsf]
x'GYof] / Psfk;sf efG5fsf cfjZostfx? k"/f ul/GYof] .

;doqmddf kl/jf/df cflys{ cfjZostf a9b\ } hfFbf s[lifaf6 jf kz'kfngaf6 s]xL cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 ls
eg/] s[lifdf ahf/nfO{ x]/]/ jf ahf/df dfu ePsf pkhx? pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg yflnof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu
ufp3F /df £o" agfP/ cGo sx] L pkhx? h:t} rs' cldnf,] dx, sfb] f] cflb ;f6g\ ] rng lyof] . t/ cem} kl5
cfP/ o;sf] sf/f]af/ gubdf g} x'g yfNof] .

la:tf/} s[lif pkhx?df klg ahf/d'vL pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0fsf] ko| f; z?' eof] h;n] pTkfbsx?nfO{ cfDbfgL
xg' yfNof] eg] pkef]Qmfx? klg cfkm"n] vf]hs] f] pTkfbg kfP/ v'zL xg' yfn] . o;n] kl5 cfP/ Jojl:yt
ahf/sf] cjwf/0ff, ahf/dv' L pTkfbgsf] ofh] gf / sl[ ifdf 7"nf7"nf pBf]u g} :yflkt x'g yfn] h;df cfˆg}

hUuf–hdLg ePsf ls;fgn] pTkfbg ug{ yfn] eg] cGon] sl[ if kz| fw] g pBf]u rnfpg yfn] . To:t} sl[ ifnfO{
rflxg] pTkfbgsf ;fwg h:t} dn–aLpm, ljiffbL, cflbsf] Jofkf/ x'g yfn] / sl[ ifsf] cfk"lt{ >Î[ nfdf g}
pBdlzntfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

d"No >[+vnf ljsf; -Value chain development_
kl/ro
xfj8{ { lahg;] :s'nsf dfOsn O{= kf6] /{ n] ;g\ !(*% df ks| flzt pgsf] k':ts …slDkl6l6e P8e\ fG6h] Ú df
d"No >[+vnfsf af/d] f klxnf] k6s pNnv] u/k] l5 of] nfs] lko| xF'b} uPsf] xf], hxfF pgn] sg' } klg sDkgLn]
cfˆgf] ;+u7gleqsf ljleGg ultljlwdf d"No clej[l4 u/]/ k|lt:kwL{ nfe k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ pNnv] u/]sf
lyP . o;sf] pkof]lutfsf] sf/0fn] qmdzM of] s[lif If]qdf Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u xg' yfNof] . d"No >[v+ nf ljleGg
lqmofsnfksf] Pscfk;df uflF ;Psf] Pp6f 9fFrf xf] hxfF >[+vnfsf kT| o]s ;b:on] uf| xsn] kfpg] j:t' tyf
;j] fsf] d"No -pkfb]otf_ clejl[ 4sf nflu ldn]/ sfd u5{g\ . o:tf] >+v[ nfdf cfa4 ;a} ;b:o -cfk"lts{ tf,{
pTkfbs, ;u+ x| stf,{ k|zfw] gstf{, yf]s–v'›f ljqmt] f tyf pkef]Qmf_ / ltgsf] sfdn] j:t' tyf ;]jfdf yk
pkfb]otf tyf dN" o clejl[ 4 u/L sl[ if pTkfbsnfO{ clGtd pkef]Qmf;uF ;DaGw :yflkt u5{ . o;n] ;+ul7t
pTkfbs tyf ;d'bfonfO{ j:t'–;]jf, 1fg–;"rgf / ljQ tyf eQ' mfgL ;DaGwL ultljlw k|jflxt ug{ ;xof]u u5{
.

d"No >[+vnf / cfkl" t{ >[v+ nf
cfk"lt{ >[+vnfn] s'g} klg j:t' tyf ;j] fnfO{ o;sf] kf| /lDes pTkfbsbl] v clGtd pkef]Qmf;Dd k¥' ofpg
cfjZos kg]{ nlhl:6sx¿ h:t} oftfoft, e08f/0f / k|lqmofut cGo v'l8s\ nfx¿nfO{ hgfpF5 . t/, d"No
>+[vnf oxL cjwf/0ffdf ljsl;t ePsf] eP klg o;n] >v+[ nfsf kT| os] v'l8s\ nfdf cltl/Qm pkfbo] tf -dN" o_
clejl[ 4 ug]{ ko| Tg u5{ .

d"No >[+vnfn] dN" o clej[l4 k|lqmofdf ;n+ Ug ;a} ;j] fuf| xLnfO{ ;dfg dxTj lbg] ePsfn] of] lbuf] xG' 5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu o;n] ls;fgnfO{ pGgt aLplahg, /f;folgs tyf cUof{lgs dn tyf s[lifsf] pGgt
kl| jlwdf kxFr' k¥' ofP/ pTkflbt j:ts' f] u'0f:t/ clejl[ 4 ug{ ;xof]u u/L j:t'sf] ;xL dN" o k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u
u5{ eg] e08f/0f ug]n{ fO{ zLte08f/sf] ;l' jwf pknAw u/fP/ j:t'sf] gfS] ;fgL x'gaf6 hf]ufO{ plrt dN" o
clejl[ 4 u/fpg ;xof]u u5{, h;n] ubf{ clGtd pkef]Qmfn] u'0f:t/Lo j:t' ;k' y d"Nodf k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd
xG' 5g\ .

s[lif Ifq] df d"No >v+[ nfsf] dxTj
ls;fgn] cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] oyf]lrt dN" o kfpg, pkefQ] mfn] ;'ky d"Nodf s[lif pTkfbg kfpg / /fli6«o vfB
;/' IffnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg' 5 eg] sl[ if k4ltsf] >+v[ nfnfO{ dha't, k|efjsf/L, :j:y tyf rnfodfg
agfpg}k5{ .

k|To]s sl[ if pTkfbg ls;fg b]lv pkefQ] mf ;Dd k'Ubf ljleGg k|lqmofaf6 cufl8 a9\5, h;nfO{ xfdL kmfd{–u]6
b]lv Kn6] eg/] eG5f}+ . pTkfbg bl] v pkefu] ;Ddsf] of] kl| qmofsf] kT| o]s vl' 8\snfdf dN" o -pkfb]otf_ clejl[ 4
xFb' } hfG5, h;n] ubf{ kT| os] vl' 8s\ nfsf ;b:on] cfˆgf] >dsf] oyf]lrt d"No kfPsf xG' 5g\ eg] clGtd
pkefQ] mfn] u0' f:t/Lo j:t' ;k' y dN" odf k|fKt u5{ . oxL g} o;sf] ;'Gb/ kIf xf] . s[lifIf]qsf] of] d"No >v+[ nf

cjwf/0ffn] k|Tos] v'l8s\ nfsf] sdhf/] kIfsf] kQf nufpgs' f ;fy} d"No clej[l4sf nflu rfNgk' g{] sbd kQf
nufpg ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ .

d"No >v[+ nfdf cfa4 kT| o]s ;b:o dxTjk"0f{ v]nf8L xg' \ . sl[ ifpkhsf] ;du| sfo;{ DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpgsf nflu >+[vnfdf cfa4 kT| o]s ;b:on] JolQmut ¿kdf Ps–csfs{ f] cfjZostfsf] cg'el" t ug's{ f
;fy} cfk;L ;dembf/L sfod ug{'k5{ . To;}u/L ;+nUg ;a} v]nf8LaLrsf] ;dGjonfO{ j:ts' f] k|efjsfl/tf,
u|fxs ;Gt'li6 tyf nfebfostf -k|fl] km6\oflaln6L_ sf] kj" ;{ t{sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . dN" o >[v+ nfsf] ;kmntf
tyf nfebfostf d"No >v[+ nf slt alnof] 5 / o;sf ;b:o slt alnof 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf lge{/ /xG5 .

d"No >+v[ nf M xfdL sxfF 5f+}
g]kfndf yk' }| dN" o >v+[ nfx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . xfdLn] 3/sf] 5]pd} hlt klg s[lifhGo j:t' h:tf] kmnkmn" ,
t/sf/L tyf cGo j:t' vl/b u5f}{+ tL ;a} dN" o >v+[ nfsf] ljBdfgtfn] ubf{ g} ;Dej ePsf] xf] . t/, tL ;a}
j:tljs ¿kn] d"No >[+vnf geO{ cfk"lt{ >v[+ nf x'g\ . lsgls tL ;a} j:t'sf] cf;] f/k;f/df sl] G›t 5g\ . ltgn]
s[lif pTkfbsb]lv pkefQ] mf;Ddsf ljleGg v'l8s\ nfdf j:t'sf] pkfb]otfdf clej[l4 ubg{} g\ . o;} sf/0fn] klg
sl[ if pTkfbgsf] kf| /lDes r/0fsf s[ifsn] cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] Gofofl] rt d"No kfPsf 5}gg\ . sltko cj:yfdf
t logn] cfˆgf] pTkfbg laqmL xg' g;sL cyjf dN" o gkfpFbf ;8sdf kmfn/] lj/fw] k|bz{g;dt] u/s] f 5g\ .

ljut w/] } jif{bl] v ;/sf/ tyf ljbz] L bft[ lgsfoaf6 xg' ] ;xofu] dn" tM s[lif pTkfbg a9fpgdf s]lG›t 5 .
;/sf/sf] cfˆg} s[lif ljsf; sfoq{ mdx¿df klg ls;fgnfO{ dV' o nlIft kmnflwsf/Lsf ¿kdf lnO{ ltgsf]
pTkfbg Ifdtf a9fpgd} sl] G›t /x]sf] 5 . To;n} ] Jofks ;|f]t tyf k|of;sf afjhb' ;/sf/ tyf ljsf;
;fem]bf/ dn' 'ssf] s[lifIf]qsf] kl| t:kwL{ Ifdtf a9fpg ;kmn xg' ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

ahf/;Fu ;DalGwt cj/f]wx¿ h:tf] ahf/Ls/0fsf] ckof{Kt ;l' jwf, ls;fgsf] sdhf/] ahf/ kx'rF , pTkfbg
kZrfTsf] sdhf/] k"jf{wf/ tyf ljt/0f k0| ffnLsf] ;w' f/nfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5g} . o:tf ;d:ofx¿ gfzjfg tyf
pRr dN" osf j:t,' h:tf]— t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"nsf] ;Gbe{df emg\ a9L dxTjk0" f{ tyf kd| 'v bl] vPsf 5g\ .

;l+ IfKt hfgsf/L
 xfj{8{ lahg;] :sn' sf dfOsn O{= kf6] {/n] ;g\ !(*% df ks| flzt pgsf] k:' ts …slDkl6l6e
P8e\ fG6h] Ú df d"No >[v+ nfsf af/]df klxnf] k6s pNnv] u/s] f .
 sl[ if ljsf; /0flglt ADS n] !% j6f jfnL j:t'df d'No >v+[ nf ljsf; sfos{ f] ;'?jft u/s] f] 5 .
 ;g\ @)#) ;Dd gk] fnn] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6j« f6 ljsf;l;n /fi6d« f :t/fG] glt xg' ] nIo /fvs] f] 5 .
 cf=j= @)&^÷&& df sl[ if If]qsf] ofu] bfg @&=)* k|ltzt / u}/ s[lif If]qsf of]ubfg &@=@ k|ltzt
/x]sf] .
 sl[ if tyf kzk' G5L ljsf; dGqfnon] ;oQ' m /fi6« ;l+ 3o ljsf; sfos{ |d / sfl] /og cGt/fli6«o ;xof]u
lgof]usf] sf] ;xsfo{df t/sf/L tyf kmnkmn' d'No >+v[ nf ljsf; cfof]hgf -Value chain
development of fruits and vegetables Project_ ;g\ @)!* bv] L ;g\ @)@@ ;Dd afUdlt
/ u08sL k|bz] sf $) j6f :yflgo txdf sfo{Gogdf /x]sf] .