AFA-Animal Production 7&8 LM

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This is to acknowledge the different practitioners, experts, and specialists who
made this learning materials and teaching guides for Grade 8 possible.

Writers ( Agriculture and Fishery Arts)

1. Aniceta Kong Master Teacher I Div. of Oriental Mindoro

2. Delia San Diego Master Teacher I FFHNAS, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

3. Julie Francisco Teacher I FFHNAS, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

4. Nenitadela Cruz Teacher III MMFSL, Malolos City

5. Emma Mendoza Master Teacher I TSF, Tanauan City

Language Editor

Dr. Ofelia C. Flojo Retired Regional CALABARZON

English Supervisor

Consultant

Alberto Dumo Retired BSE Sta. Maria Bulacan

Agriculture Specialist

Reviewers

1. Mila Dena Lomat Master Teacher I FNAS, Floridablanca,

Pampanga

2. Wilfred S. Murla Principal VHS – Annex, Victoria, Tarlac

3. Armado V. Illescas Master Teacher I MMFSL, Malolos City

4. Eliseo T. Caseres Instructor I MMFSL, Malolos City

5. Nenita P. Dela Cruz Teacher III MMFSL, Malolos City

Lay-Out Artist/Illustrator

1. Henry Allen M. Arcos

2. Brenn R. Bulado

3. Arlene A. Guiao

4. Francis C. Pili

5. Noel C. Pili

6. John S. Saladas

Management Team

1. Dr. Lolita M. Andrada Director IV

2. Joyce DR. Andaya Director III

2. Ms. Bella O. Marinas Chief,SDD

3. Dr. Jose D. Tuguinayo, Jr. SST. CHIEF, CDD, OIC

4. Mr. Emmanuel S. Valdez EPS II

5. Mr. Albert B. Erni EPS II

NOTE:
All pictures and graphic illustrations taken from the internet are properties of the

original owners and are used only as supplemental materials for educational purposes.

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INTRODUCTION

This Module on Animal Production is one of the eighteen mini-
courses under TLE subject designed mainly for you either in the
Regular High School or Open High School Program. In this module, you
are provided with various learning resources and experiences to enable
you to gain wisdom and understanding of the lesson. Each of these includes what to
know, what to process,what to reflectand understand and what to transfer.
Specifically, this module is proposed to boost the knowledge, skills, and necessary
attitudes of the learners in Animal Production. It includes lessons such as use of farm
tools, their maintenance, mensuration and calculation, interpretation of plans and layout,
application of safety measures in the workplace, selection of farm site, breeds of farm
animals, housing systems, fixtures and equipment, feeds and feeding, sanitation and
cleanliness in the farm and marketing animals and their by-products. It also integrates
common competencies necessary in raising farm animals.
The animal industry can supply the needs of the Filipino consumers if you know
how. Production efficiency depends on a better knowledge and understanding of the
fundamental principles and practices in animal production.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1) demonstrate skills and understanding in:
a. the use of farm tools
b. the selection of farm site
c. mensuration and calculation
d. the interpretation of plans and layout
e. application of safety measures in the workplace

2) identify the following:
a. breeds of farm animals
b. housing systems
c. fixtures and equipment for herd and flocks
d. feeds and feeding
f. anitation and cleanliness on the farm
g. arketing farm animals and animal by- products

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What to know

LESSON 1:USE OF FARM TOOLS AND THEIR MAINTENANCE

Farm tools are very important in every farm activity. Without them, very little is
accomplished. Therefore, you as learners should be able to identify and learn how to
use them to make your work easier and faster,

1. Digging fork – is a multipurpose tool, used for breaking up and turning soil in the
garden, harvesting, and for manual cleaning around the barn.

2. Spade – a tool designed for the purpose of digging or removing soil.
3. Shovel – a tool that is suited for moving loose materials.
4. Rake – a tool used to gather or loosen materials or to level a surface.
5. Bolo –a tool whose primary use is for cleaning the vegetation for agriculture.
6. Scythe –a tool that is used for cutting grass and fodder for the carabaos and

cattle.
7. Hoe – a tool used to cultivate silage plantation
8. Pinchers
9. Ear notchers
10. Castrating and butchering tools
11. Fencing ranches

Spade Shovel Bolo

Digging fork Rake

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LESSON 2 : SAFETY MEASURES IN USING FARM TOOLS

 Wear the proper protective clothing: safety footwear, gloves, long pants if
necessary.

 Allow for safe distance between people if you are working with other people.
 Check for faulty and defective farm tools and report them in accordance with

farm procedures.
 Use appropriate tools and equipment safely according to job requirements; and

manufacturers’ conditions.

Activity no. 1

List down the safety measures to be observed specifically in cattle barns and
goat barns?

___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

What to process

Directions: Write the tool that is described in the following
statements .Write you answers on your test notebook.

1. a ground heavily covered with dried leaves
2. a plot to be planted with forage
3. the ranch being fenced with barbwire
4. animal manures to be transferred outside their quarters
5. clearing a canal
6. making marks on the ears of an animal
7. a plot to be cultivated by turning up the soil

LESSON 2: SELECTING THE SITE

Tell whether a site is ideal or not? Read the statements below and check all that
applies to a good site.

1. The soil is not easily flooded. ------------
2. It is not easily reached by vehicles. ----
3. Stealing is rampant in the area. ----------

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4. The soil is well drained. ---------------------
5. The neighbors are friendly. ---------------
6. Feeds and medicines are available in the area.
7. It is very far from the town. ---------------
8. All kinds of vehicles can pass by the farm. -------
9. It is hard to buy stocks in the place. ----------------
10.There are many jobless people near the farm site.

Selecting the farm site is an important decision to make because farm buildings
are not easy to relocate once they are constructed. It also determines whether the
business will prosper or not.

Factors to consider in selecting the site:

1. Accessibility of the farm to roads and population centers will reduce cost.
2. A hilly topographyprevent flood or stagnant water.
3. Availability of feeds and medicines in the area.
4. Distance from neighboring farms
5. Presence of trees as windbreaks during typhoons and as regulators of

temperature during summer season.
6. Available space for growing forage and other green feeds.
7. Available pasture area for the livestock.
8. Peace and order condition in the area.
9. An adequate source of water
10. Distance to neighboring residences

LESSON 3: BREEDS OF FARM ANIMALS

What to know

BREEDS OF POULTRY

The different breeds of poultry may be classified according to the purpose of their
production:

BREED ORIGIN TYPE Excellent in meat but poor
English Meat/broiler egg-layers
CORNISH
American Meat/broiler One of the most popular
RHODE ISLAND among heavy breeds, fairly
RED good egg layer, and excellent
in meat quality

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LEGHORN Mediterranian Egg layer High egg producer with white-
CANTONESE China shelled eggs.
Egg/layer
NEW HAMPSHIRE American Medium in size, good layer of
dual- medium size eggs and best
purpose/general suited to Phil. condition
purpose
Good egg-laying average and
good meat qualities

Cornish Rhode Island Red Leghorn

Cobb New Hampshire
BREEDS OF SWINE:

BREED COLOR EARS TYPE COUNTRY CHARATERISTICS
Meat OF ORIGIN
Landrace White Hanging Meat Denmark Long face, good and
Lard prolific mothers, weak
Large White Standing England legs
White Fertile, high quality
Black with Standing England meat, fast grower
Berkshire 6 white Short, black skinned,
points more resistant to
diseases compared to
white breeds

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Hampshire Black with Standing Meat USA Short, good quality
white band Meat USA meat, strong legs
Duroc
Jersey Red 2/3 Good constitution,
(golden) erect,1/3 strong legs, fast
hanging grower, resistant to
stress
Pietrain Black and Standing Very Belgium
white meaty Very meaty ham and
loin, very susceptible
to stress

Reference: Course on Pig Health and Management, DA, ATI, ITCPH

Largewhite Landrace

Berkshire Hampshire

Duroc Pietrain

Hypor

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BREEDS OF GOATS:

BREED CHARACTERISTICS

ALPINE At mature age, it weighs 70 kg and could produce 1.5 litres of milk
every day. It is from European breed that has upright ears, a

straight face and colours that vary from black, red and off white

A tropical breed known for its floppy pendulous pair of ears and a

ANGLO NUBIAN mix of brown and black – or sometimes just brown – hair. It weighs

70-90 kgs.at mature age and can produce 1-2 litres of milk daily.

They are known for their high-quality meat and excellent

productive qualities. Compared to other local goats, they are fairly

BOER larger in size and are double-muscled. They are easy to raise,
have mild temperaments, are affectionate, require no milking, no

special care, shearing or fancy fences. Not only that, they can also

graze in the coldest of weathers.

This breed’s colors range from red, white, black or a combination

NATIVE of the three. At mature age, it can weigh up to 30 kg. Its milk

production, however, can just be enough for its young.

Its weight that can go up to an average of 70 kg which helps in its

SAANEN being the highest milk producer among other breeds. It can tote up
to 1.8 liters daily. This breed originated from Switzerland and

boasts of its pure white to off-white color.

Also from Switzerland, Toggenburgs are easy to spot. They have

TOGGENBURG white markings on their face and erect ears like Saanens’. At
mature age, their milk production can amount up to 1.5

literseveryday.

Reference: MARID AGRIBUSINESS Technology Guide “Raising Goat”, 2006

Alpine Anglo Nubian Boer
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Native goat Saanen Toggenburg
BREEDS OF SHEEP

Portland Merino Cheviot
BREEDS OF CATTLE

BREEDS CHARACTERISTICS
PHILIPPINE CATTLE
NELLORE They are very hardy, prolific, and resistant to diseases.
SANTA GERTRUDES They belong to the dual-purpose type because local
farmers usually use them as work animals and later on, sell
them for beef. The most popular of this type is the Batangas
Strain.
The animals under this breed are active and strong so they
make good work animals. The animal has humps but, they
are not as prominent as those of the Brahman. They also
have a pendulous dewlap.
The cattle under this breed have almost non-recognizable
humps. Their colors range in shades of red. Like Brahman,
they have the ability to adapt to the hot climate of the
Philippines and they can also equal the calving efficiency of
the Philippine cattle. This breed is a good source of beef.

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AMERICAN BRAHMAN This breed is considered the best among the imported
breeds of commercial beef cattle in the country. It is
THARPARKAR recognized through its humps over the shoulder. It is
RED SHINDI greyish-white in color with very loose, pendulous skin along
the dewlap and under the throat extending between the
forelegs. It has large, drooping ears and horns that curve
upward and backward.

The animals under this breed are considered dairy cattle.
However, they can also be used as work animals. They are
greyish or white in color with horns that are rather small.
They have long bodies.

This breed originated from Pakistan and is known for its
hump. It is docile and considered to be a dual-purpose
breed- aside from being a good source of beef and milk, the
steers may be used as work animals.

Native cow Nellore Santa Gertrudis

Red Shindi American Brahman Tharparkar

Sahiwal

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BREEDS OF CARABAO

Native Carabao Tamaraw Murrah Buffalo

Identify the breed based on the characteristic described.

________ 1. A breed of poultry that is excellent in meat but poor egg-layer.
________ 2. Pig breed that possesses a white color and hanging ears.
________ 3. This breed is known for being a good layer and has a good quality meat.
________ 4. A breed of goat known for its high-quality meat and excellent

productive qualities.
________ 5. This breed of cattle is also known as Batangas Strain.

What to process

Activity

WORD HUNTING : Encircle the different breed of farm animals below.

CORN I SH I L N
SAANENAPEE
NDOROCM I G L
AUNE L L PEHL
TRYORK S TOO
I OBERKHRRR
VCAME L I ANE
EGGBOE R I NK
ALP I NEEN I H
GRANE L LOEG
BRAHMANA L P
T OGG E N B U RG
L A RG EWH I T E

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NATIVE CORNISH SAANEN BOER NELLORE
DUROC HAMPSHIRE PIETRAIN LEGHORN
ALPINE BRAHMAN TOGGENBURG LARGEWHITE

“What is the best breed of poultry?” This is the most commonly asked question by a
poultry raiser and as such, there is no best breed. Each breed has its own good and
poor characteristics. A farmer can choose the proper breed to use depending on the
type of production that he wants to attain.

What to understand

Activity

Collect pictures of different breeds of animals and show to your
classmates. Identify based on their color and other characteristics.

SCORE CRITERIA

5 With 9 to 10 pictures of different breeds
of animals properly identified.

4 With 7-8 pictures of different breeds of
animals properly identified.

3 With 5-6 pictures of different breeds of
animals properly identified

2 With 3-4 pictures of different breeds of
animals properly identified.

1 With 1-2 pictures of different breeds of
animals properly identified.

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What to transfer

Question and Answer.

1. What breeds of poultry and livestock are recommended in our country?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. What standards should be considered in selecting the kind of breed to raise?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

LESSON 4: HOUSING THE ANIMALS

Interpreting Plans and Layout

What to know

Animals also need housing to protect them from adverse weather conditions.
Good housing should be durable, easy to clean and gives accessibility to
feeding, loading and unloading activities. Furthermore, it should allow the entry of
sunlight, have enough space for every animal andshould have proper ventilation.
. For poultry and livestock raising the ideal house should have the following
characteristics:

1. It is far from residential areas that may be affected by the unpleasant odor
produced by a large number of animals.

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2.It is on an elevated area that has good drainage and will not keep water to
accumulate.

3.It is exposed to ample sunlight.
4.The area is close to a source of water for cleaning and feeding of animals.

THE POULTRY HOUSE
Type of Shelter for poultry:
1.RANGE-TYPE is located in
the middle of the pasture. It
needs a wide land area.

2.SEMI-CONFINEMENT TYPE has
provisions for a sun porch or runway for
additional space for movement of the
birds. The floor is the slat-type made of
litter.

3.COMPLETE
CONFINEMENT
SYSTEM – the birds are
confined to the house
entirely, with no access to
land.

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Broilers Requirements:

A. The following space requirements may serve as guide

1. Day-old to three weeks - 0.3sq.ft./chick

2. 3 weeks to 4 weeks - 0.5sq.ft/chick

3. 5 weeks to market age - 1.0sq.ft./bird

HOUSING THE PIG

Gestation unit is where pregnant Farrowing unit where nursing
pigsare confined. It is designed as sow and its young are confined
for 30 days
individual pen to restrict pregnant animal

from turning around.

. Nursery unit where the piglets Growing unit where weanlings
are kept for two months are raised until they are ready to
be marketed

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HOUSING THE SMALL RUMINANTS (goat and sheep)

Like other herds, goats

require a few provisions.

First and foremost,

remember that the goat

houses’ primary

objective is to provide

the animal’s shelter, so

make sure it prevents

rain and wetness from coming in. Goats, after all, are

very prone to pneumonia. They also like elevated

platforms that take the form of stairs.

HOUSING LARGE RUMINANTS

House stock must be provided with sufficient space for lying, grooming and normal
animal-to-animal interactions. Escapes must also be provided if young calves are
housed with adults; for example, calves and suckler cows. Providing indoor housing for
cattle also prevents damage to pasture during rainy season when the grass is scarce.

B. TYPES OF ROOFS FOR POULTRY

Types of roofs for animal production
There are several types of roof construction to choose from. The choice is determined
by the available materials, the amount of investment and the size of operations.

a. Shed or single span type – This is the most simple type of roof. It is usually used
in small construction.

b. Gable or bouble span – This is the conventional system of roof construction.

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c. Monitor – This type is appropriate for big establishments. It is actually a big
double span with an outlet for air at the top of the roof.

d. Semi- monitor - This is like the monitor type except that an outlet on top
of the roof is made on side.

e. Combination of shed and gable

What to process

Write True if the idea is correct and False if the idea is incorrect.
______ 1. Shelter is a basic need of the animals.
______ 2. Ideal houses for animals should be near the residential areas.
______ 3. The area should be closed to a source of water for cleaning and feeding

the animals.
______ 4. The animal house should allow provision for proper ventilation.
______ 5. One thing basic to all animal houses is cleanliness.
.

What to understand

Discuss the different houses and units for the animals.
POULTRY

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SWINE

GOAT

CATTLE

What to transfer

Activity
Illustrate a typical house of poultry and swine.
Materials needed:

 Bond paper
 Pencil
 Ruler
 Eraser
1. Using the information given, draw typical houses for poultry and livestock(pig).

Include and label the different parts/compartments of the housing.
2. Submit your output to your teacher. Be prepared to present your work.
3. If in case you have questions, ask your teacher.

Find out how you fared by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely.
Remember it is your learning at stake!

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DIMENSION 123
1. Plan / drawing
Highly acceptable; it Somewhat Not at all
2. Justification
is well thought out acceptable; thought acceptable;
3. Appropriate
material choices out not thought out

Every part of the Some parts of the No part makes
drawing makes drawing make sense
sense sense

All materials are Some materials are No material is
appropriate
appropriate appropriate

C. FIXTURES AND EQUIPMENT

What to know

Activity Let’s Shop!

Inside the box are the different farm tools and equipment used in animal raising.
Group them according to their purpose and write them on the table below the box.

spade fork brooder perch shovel

dropping board heat lamp bolo feeding trough drinking trough

nest water system farrowing crate shipping crate trailer

waterer feed cart self-feeder castration rack rake

Farm Tools Poultry Swine

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A. POULTRY

EQUIPMENT FUNCTION PICTURE

DROPPING These fixtures should be
BOARDS provided in the laying house
to facilitate collection of
manure.

PERCHES These are horizontal poles
where birds can sit and rest
especially during night time.
Sufficient perches should be
constructed to prevent the
birds from crowding at night.

NEST Hens or layers lay their eggs
in the nest. A nest could be
FEEDING either open or closed. The
TROUGHS nest should be built on a
partition or on end walls. It
should be high enough
above the floor so that the
hens can work under them.

These should be provided
so as to keep the hens from
scratching the feeds and
wasting them especially
when the birds are laying
eggs.

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DRINKING Drinking jars should be large
TROUGHS and sufficient enough to
supply the water needs of
the birds for the whole day.
It should be durable and
easy to clean.

INCUBATOR This is a device that
maintains the required
temperature needed to
hatch the egg.

BROODER A device with controlled
temperature for the rearing
of newly hatched chicks until
two weeks old or until the
birds are ready to be
transferred to growing
house.

2.Equipment for hogs and livestock

1. Breeding crate. Is theequipment used when natural breeding method is practiced.
The gilt or sow in heat is confined first inside the crate before the boar is allowed for

mating.

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2. Farrowing crate or stall. Due to its limited space, this equipment minimizes the
movement of the sow and reduces the possibility of death of piglets due to

crushing. This also prevents the sow from eating the feeds given to the piglets.

3. Heat lamps and brooders.
Baby pigs can be kept
comfortable by providing them
with brooders with a 50 to 100
watt bulb especially during
rainy or cold days.

Brooders and heat lamps must
be located on any side of the
farrowing stall. Be sure that the
sow will not get in contact with
the brooder which should not
be electrically grounded.

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4. Water system. A pressurized water
system with pipes extending to the
hog houses is the most desirable
type. A minimum pressure of five
(5) kg per sq cm and 500 gallons
an hour is necessary. This will
eliminate labor in fetching water.

5. Shipping crate. This handy piece of
equipment is ideal for transporting pigs.

6. Castration rack. This equipment is

used during castration. The piglets are

laid down with their backs on the

rack.

7. Feed cart. This equipment is used to
transport feeds during feeding time. It

can accommodate 100 kg of feed.

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8. Self-feeders. An automatic self-feeder
is designed so that feed wastage is
minimized and the rate of flow of the
feed can be controlled. It is durable
and can hold sufficient feed for a day.

9. Waterers. Pigs will consume 2.0 to 2.5
pounds of water per kg of dry feed.
Automatic waterers are advantageous. If
the nozzle type waterers are used, they
must be placed 24 to 30 inches above the
floor for sows and growing pigs. One
automatic cup or nozzle for each pig pen is
normally sufficient to supply the water
needs of the animals. Waterers should not
be placed beside the self-feeder or feeding
trough. This practice will keep the feeding
area dry and clean.

10. Livestock trailer. This is designed
for the comfort and safety of the
animals. They usually have
adjustable vents and windows as well
as suspension designed to provide a
smooth ride and less stress on the
animals.In addition, trailers have
internal partitions that assist the
animal in stayingupright during travel
and protect the animals from injuring
each other in transit.

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What to process

Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write your answer in your test notebook.

Column A Column B
a. drinking trough
1. This fixture should be provided in b. perches
laying house to facilitate collection of
manure. c. nest
d. dropping board
2. This fixture should be constructed so as to e. farrowing crate/stall
keep the hens from scratching the f. heat lamp & brooder
feeds and wasting them especially when g. incubator
the birds are laying eggs.
h. feeding trough
3. This is a device for maintaining the i. breeding crate
eggs of birds to allow them to hatch. j. feed cart

4. This equipment provides heat to the baby pigs
especially during rainy or cold days.

5. This equipment is used to transport
feeds during feeding time.

6. These are horizontal poles where
birds can sit and rest especially during

night time.

7. An equipment that minimizes the
movement of the sow and reduces
the possibility of death of piglets due to
crushing.

8. This equipment is used when breeding gilt to a
large boar or a large sow to a junior
boar.

9. This fixture is where a hen or a layer lays
their eggs

10. It contains the water that the birds
need for the whole day.

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What to understand

A. Assess your personal knowledge of poultry facilities and equipment by giving a
simple definition or function using the table below. Write your answer on the
spaceprovided.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT IN Defined as….
POULTRYPRODUCTION

1. Dropping board

2. Brooder

3. Feeding trough

4. Incubator

5. Nest

6. Castration rack

7. Farrowing crate

8. Breeding crate

9. Shipping crate

10. Self-feeders

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What to transfer

Activity

Making feeding and drinking trough

Directions: After learning about using farm tools, equipment and facilities being used in
animal production, you will be constructing a simple feeding and drinking trough using
indigenous materials.

1. Group yourselves into three. Inform your teacher that you are ready to construct the
simple feeding and drinking trough for poultry.

2. Your teacher will provide you with the following:

1. Bamboo
2. Cutting tools
3. Electric drill
4. Screw driver
5. Claw Hammer
6. Nails
7. Screws
8. Protective materials
9. Plastic sealant

3. Your teacher will also demonstrate the construction procedures. Take note of the
following while he/she performs this activity:

 Checking the tools
 Wearing appropriate personal protective equipment
 Observing safety precautionary measures practiced during the construction
 Using the tools correctly
 Cleaning and storing of farm tools
 Proper disposing of waste materials

4. After the demonstration, construct your own simple feeding and drinking trough.
Ensure that you follow the procedures done by your teacher. If you have queries or
questions, approach your teacher.

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Find out how you have fared by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and
sincerely. Remember it is your learning at stake!

Dimension Excellent Very Satisfactory Needs No POINTS
Satisfactory Improvement Attempt
Use of tools 5pts.) (3pts)
and Uses tools (4pts) Uses tools (2pts) (1pt)
equipment and Uses tools and
equipment and equipment Uses tools No
Application correctly equipment correctly and attempt
of and correctly and equipment
procedures confidently and confidently incorrectly No
at all times. confidently most of the and less attempt
Safety Work at all times. time. confidently.
habits Manifests Manifests No
Completene very clear Manifests understand- Manifests attempt
ss of output understand- clear ing of the less
ing of the understand- step by step understand- No
step by step ing of the procedure ing of the attempt
procedure step by step with some step by step
procedure clarification procedure
Observe with so
safety Observe Observe much
precautions safety safety clarification
at all times precautions precautions Do not
most of the sometimes observe
time safety
precautions
most of the
time

CRITERIA 5 points 3 points 1 point
1. Accuracy The output is The output is almost The output has
accurately done. accurately done many errors.
2. Craftsmanship /
Quality The output is very It is good but still It is very crude and
good. needs improvement. needs much
improvement.

3. Originality Design is very Design is unique, Design is very
4. Functionality unique, innovative innovative and common and it is
and indigenous. indigenous. not
indigenous.
It is very functional. It is functional.
It is not functional.

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LESSON 5: FEEDS AND FEEDING

Mensuration and Calculation

What to know

Feed is anything given to animals for growth, maintenance and reproduction. Feeds
serve as fuel for the animals’ body. It is one of the most important factors that contribute
to the success of animal production.

Farm animals are raised for family consumption and for sale in the market. To achieve
high returns on investments, provide the flock with the necessary feeds and vitamins
that will facilitate their growth. It is important to observe the proper feeding
requirements. The raiser should know the frequency of feeding, amount of feeds, and
kinds of feeds appropriate to the age of the animal.

Kinds of feeds

1. Concentrates -- feeds which are relatively high in total digestible nutrients (TDN)
and low in fiber. Examples, cereal grains like corn, sorghum, and pollard

2. Roughage --- feeds which are high in fiber and low in digestible nutrients (TDN).
Examples, Grasses, legumes, silage,hay, rice straw, bean straw, etc.

Forms of feeds

1. Pellet
2. Crumble
3. Mash

CLASSIFICATION OF FEED RATION

 Starter. This is fed to young chickens one day to six weeks old. This is given
to chicks that cannot eat large particles of feeds for the first two weeks after
they are hatched. The mash contains 20 to 21% protein.

 Booster. This kind of feed is specially made for the delicate nutritional needs
of newly hatched chicks. It is given to chicks one day to two weeks old.

 Grower. This is fed to growing chicks six to twelve days old and to the swine
when they are two to six months old. It contains 17% protein.

 Fattener. Fattening rations are given to hogs or cattle until they reach
maturity and are ready for market.

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 Finisher. This feed is given after the chicken has consumed one kilogram of
starter till the point of disposal of the birds.

 Layer. This is for the layer of eggs for the market. It should contain 17 to 18%
protein.

 Breeder. This ration is given to well-selected and mature animals ready for
breeding.

 Pullet Developer. This is fed to pullet 12 to 18 weeks old. A 14% protein
should be sufficient.

Table 1. Average feed consumption of broilers at different stages of growth

Age of Chick Average Weight Weekly Feed Type of Feed
(g) Consumption(g)
1-7 74 Booster
8-14 154 85 Starter
15-21 269 125 Starter
22-28 423 225 Starter
29-35 628 348 Starter
36-42 868 429 Finisher
43-49 1123 837 Finisher
50-60 1384 723 Finisher
890

Activity

Direction: Compute the cost of broiler based on the given weights if the price per kilo is
120 pesos.

1. 0.5 kilo __________P
2. 0.9 kilo __________P
3. 1.2 kilos __________P
4. 1.5 kilos __________P
5. 2.0 kilos __________P

Farm animals are raised for family consumption and for sale in the market. To achieve
high return on investments, provide the herd with the necessary feeds and vitamins that
will facilitate their growth. It is important to observe the proper feeding requirements.
The raiser should know the frequency of feeding, amount of feeds, and kinds of feeds
appropriate to the age of the animal.

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GUIDELINES IN PREPARING HOME RATION FOR GROWING AND FATTENING
FARM ANIMALS:

 PALATABILITY. The ration must be palatable. It can be measured by the
amount of feed consumed by the animals for a given period of time.

 NUTRITIVE REQUIREMENT. In formulating a simplified ration, keep in
mind that it should always contain the needed nutrients, like protein,
vitamins, and minerals. Younger animals require more crude protein than
growing and fattening animals. Leftover foods, corn and corn by-products,
and root crops like sweet potatoes and cassava can be used as feeds
provided they are properly cooked. Feed premix (feed supplement can be
added to the simplified ration to cover deficiencies in vitamins and
minerals.

 ECONOMY. It should be reasonably economical aside from the ready- mix
ration, the animals must be fed with some green feeds, like grass, ipil-ipil,
and kangkong. They are also good sources of vitamins and minerals and
will lessen the cost of feeds for the livestock.

What to process

Draw a happy face ( ), if the statement is correct and a sad face ( ), if the
the statement is wrong.

________ 1. It is important to keep all feeding and watering equipment clean.
________ 2. The ration must be palatable.
________ 3. The feeds should be reasonably economical.
________ 4. Animal must be fed with some green feeds like ipil-ipil and kangkong.
________ 5. The feed should be made available to the animals at all times.

What to understand

Discuss the following classification of feeds:

1. Starter Mash
___________________________________________________________

2. Growing Mash
___________________________________________________________

3. Fattening Mash
___________________________________________________________

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4. Layer Mash
___________________________________________________________

5. Breeding Ration
___________________________________________________________

6 .Pullet Developer Mash
___________________________________________________________

What to transfer

Activity # 1

Direction: Using table 1 on feed consumption for broilers, compute how many
kilos of feeds ( broiler, starter and finishing feeds) a broiler will consume in 45
days.

Youroutput will be rated using the rubric below:

SCORE CRITERIA
5
4 Correct procedure and computation is presented
3 in logical order.
2 Complete and correct method of solution but has
1 not obtained the final answer.
Complete method of solution and with strong
computation.
Suggest good mathematical thinking but with
incomplete solution and no answer.
No attempt

Activity No. 2
Formulate a simple feed for swine using Pearson square method.

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LESSON 6: SANITATION AND CLEANLINESS ON THE FARM

Applying Safety Measures in the Workplace

What to know

Sanitation means providing clean and favourable surroundings to
maintain good health in the flocks and herds. The maintenance of good health of farm
animals spells the difference between failure and success of animal production.

Some guideposts for keeping the farm clean and sanitary are as follows:

 Select stocks that are young and disease-free.
 If the house to be used is an old poultry house or pigpen, clean it very well first

before housing the new set of animals. Floors, ceilings and walls should be
scrubbed thoroughly. Sanitize the waterers and feeding trough.
 Disinfect the animal houses to kill parasites and disease-causing organisms.
 Disinfect all tools and equipment.
 Animal should be confined. Confinement makes it possible to keep the place
clean and sanitary. It helps the farmer see changes in the behaviour or condition
of the flock or herd in times of epidemics. Loss due to stray animals is also
prevented by confinement.
 Preventive measures should be taken to protect the flock or herd from disease.
Vaccination or medicine may be administered to the flock or herd to prevent them
contracting from diseases.
 Add antibiotics to the drinking water of animals to avoid scours or diarrhea.

What to process

List down seven sanitary practices that must be observed in the farm:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

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What to understand

Activity # 1
Visit a farm and interview the owner or any responsible personnel regarding the

guidelines for keeping the farm clean and sanitary. Make an observation if the practices
we discussed are applied in that farm.
List down your observations and discuss them in the class.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Activity # 2

List down as many precautionary measures in the following:
1. Poultry farm
2. Piggery farm
3. Cattle ranch
4. Goat farm

What to transfer

Activity # 1

The latest bird flu that killed millions of chicken in Hongkong, China, and
Vietnam caused alarm to farmers not only in those places but also in other agricultural
countries such as the Philippines. As a student of Agriculture, conduct a research on the
causes ofthis epidemic and what can be done to prevent it.

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The foot and mouth disease that infected thousands of pigs in Metro Manila a
few years ago affected the swine industry. Make a study on how this disease can be
prevented.

Your output will be rated using the rubric below.

SCORE CRITERIA
5
Information gathered suggests excellent and critical
4 analysis of the diseases affecting both poultry and
3 swine.
2 Information gathered suggests good analysis of the
1 diseases affecting both poultry and swine.
Information gathered lacks depth in the analysis of
the diseases affecting both poultry and swine.
Information gathered is unclear and has no bearing
on the issue affecting both poultry and swine.
No research work presented.

LESSON 7: MARKETING ANIMALS AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS

What to know

In any production aspect, marketing is very important to keep the enterprise
profitable and meaningful to the producer. Marketing farm animals includes all the
activities from the time animals are taken out of their pens or cages until the products
reach the consumers. Efficient marketing inspires and speeds up production.

Factors to consider in marketing:

1. Know the factors affecting the cost of production.
2. Know the cost of production of your product.
3. Study the different ways of selling .
4. Select the most practical and economical way of marketing your animals.
5. Market them at the best time of the year.
6. Load and transport your animals properly.
7. Market animals at the best weight.
8. Prevent losses at marketing time.

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9. Plan your marketing methods or ways.
10. Feed animals properly and fit them for market.
11. Consider the suggestions of the buyers.
12. Study the prices in relation to making the best use of the animal products.

.
Marketing Systems that can be adopted by a Producer:

1. Wholesale or “ pakyawan”
2. Direct selling to consumers
3. Marketing through cooperatives

What to process

. Discuss the different factors to consider in marketing.

What to understand

Visit animal raisers in your locality. Gather information about the way they
market their products and why. Report it to the class for group interaction.

What to transfer

As a future poultry and livestock producer, what marketing system will you
adopt and why? Share it in class.

SUMMARY

This Mini-Course in Animal Production is designed to fit your interest and needs. It
provides you withimportant information on how to plan a small business. Above all,
since human resources are major factors in any business enterprise, it shows you
qualities of a good entrepreneur. It also covers the basic information you need in raising

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animals such as the different breeds of farm animals that thrive in the country; housing
for their confinement; and other needed equipment. Finally, this module ends with the
discussion of the principles of feeding farm animals; maintaining cleanliness and
sanitation of the farm; and marketing farm animals and their by- products.

GLOSSARY

Animal Production – a science that deals with production and management of livestock or

domestic animal.

Breed - a group of animals that have specific traits or characteristics in

common.

Broiler - a meat type chicken commonly grown up to 35-42 days and

weighing 1.5-2.0 kg liveweight

Confinement - the state of being confined, with restricted movement

Entrepreneur - someone who enters any business to introduce a product or service

to substantially form or change the nerve center of that business

Farrowing - the act of giving birth to swine

Feed -edible materials which are consumed by animals and contribute

energy or nutrients to the animal diet

Feeding -the process of giving feeds to the animal

Gestation - the time from breeding of a female until she gives birth to her young

Layer - egg-type or dual-type 6- month female fowl that lays eggs.

Market - a place where goods are sold

Mortality Rate - number of animals that died based on the total number of animals

raised.

Nutrients – substances that nourish animals for specific purposes such as for

health maintenance, growth, repair of body tissues, reproduction, and

other productive activities

Parasite - a living organism which is dependent on another living organism for

food in order to survive

Poultry - a collective term for all domestic birds rendering economic service to

man.

Pullet - female fowl 5-6 months of age intended for egg production

Ration - amount of feed an animal receives in a 24 hour period

Ruminant -name given to grazing animal that chew its cud and has split hoofs

Steer - a male cattle that has been castrated before the secondary sex

character develops

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Swine - a term collectively used for any of the stout-bodied, short-legged
omnivorous mammals with a long mobile snout.
Tool - device that makes the work of man easier and faster
Type -refers to a group of animals raised to serve a certain purpose.
Vaccination - an injection of vaccine, bacterin, antiserum or anti-toxin to produce
immunity or tolerance to disease.

REFERENCES:

Books

1. Andales, Mildred S.M. et. Al.Worktext in Technology and Livelihood
Education.

2. Bernardino, Josephine C. Technology and Livelihood Education I. Phoenix
Publishing House,Inc. 2005.

3. SDEP Series. Technology and Home economics I. 1990.
4. Tabinga and Gagni, Swine Production in the Philippines, 1984.

Pamphlets

1. Competency-Based Learning Material – Animal Production NCII
2. Effective Technology and Livelihood Education
3. Intervet. Course on Pig Health and Management. ITCPH
4. Introduction To Entrepreneurship, Revised Edition 2007.SERDEF
5. MARID Agribusiness Technology Guide. Raising Cattle For Meat and Milk

Production. 2011

6. MARID Agribusiness Technology Guide. RAISING GOATS. 2006
7. Tips on broiler production Retrieved Aug 19,2011
Others

1. http://www,da.gov.ph/dawebsite/poutry1.pdf
2. https://www.google.com.ph/search?
3. www.ext.colostate.edu.

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