Flipbook (Group 3- Plastic) VRT3013 Teknologi Bahan

The Difference Policy
of Plastic Waste
Treatment in

Germany And South
Korea

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENT PAGE

1. GROUP MEMBERS 1
2
2. INTRODUCTION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT 3-8
9 - 13
3. GERMANY PLASTIC WASTE TREATMENT 14 - 15
POLICY 16
17 - 18
4. SOUTH KOREA PLASTIC WASTE
TREATEMENT POLICY

5. SIDE EFFECT OF BOTH PLASTIC WASTE
MANAGEMENT POLICY

6. CONCLUSION

7. REFERENCES

GROUP MEMBERS

SITI AMNI FAKHRIYAH BT AB MAJID NOR ASLINA BT CHE HUSSIN
D20172080124 D20172080163

LILI SURIATI BINTI HASMAN
D20172080150

NOR NASIHAH BT MOHD ROBI
D20172080154

NUR AMIRAH DIYANA BT YAHYA LAILA SYAHIRAH BINTI LPAT MERANTI
D20172080143 D20172080130

1

INTRODUCTION OF
WASTE MANAGEMENT

Plastic waste, or plastic pollution, is the accumulation of plastic objects. for examples, plastic bottles,
food wrapper, straws and much more in the Earth’s environment that adversely affects wildlife,
wildlife habitat, and humans.
It also refers to the significant amount of plastic that isn’t recycled and ends up in landfill or, in the
developing world, thrown into unregulated dump sites, or enter rivers and the sea.
Plastic waste is a global problem because plastics and their ingredients are polluting the oceans and
waterways, causing damage to our ecosystem, invading the bodies of humans and wildlife, and filling
landfills as it had been dumped carelessly by peoples.
Peoples used plastics as it were cheap, readily available, and its use is widespread. However, it can
take up to 1,000 years for plastic to decompose in landfills due to chemical structure. The plastic
bags we use daily take 10 years to 1,000 years to decompose, while plastic bottles can take 450
years or more.
Being aware of this, people want to overcame the plastic waste pollution by reducing plastic
consumption and raising awareness about plastic recycling, change attitudes and behaviours
towards plastic to ensure a safe and healthy future for the earth.
But, the world’s population is growing, more plastic has been produced due to its demands, new
plastic items are manufactured every day, and the cycle repeats. So, its need plastic waste
management. For this, a few countries successfully build up policies to manage the waste and has
the best recycling rate in the world, such as Germany, Austria and followed by South Korea.

2

GERMAN PLASTIC
WASTE TREATMENT

POLICY

➢ Germany, which is well known for its rapid economic and technological developments
and is one of the best in the world, has successfully converted more than half of its
waste into new materials for reuse.

➢ Germany produces about 30 million tons of waste each year. 62 per cent of that
amount has been successfully channel for recycling and recycling purposes making it
the second highest recycling rate in the world after Austria.

➢ In 1991, the Germany government introduced the Packaging Law
(Verpackungsverordnung) which made the German waste management system
divided into two main systems:

1) Collection system as a result of the packaging law 1991 which is managed and operated
by the company "Duales System Deutshland" (DSD). This system is also known as the
"Green Dot System" (Der Grune Punkt).

2) Existing government collection system that collects garbage in their respective areas
or areas. As is the case in most countries. Management and finance are from the
Germany government itself. Colour system (black, green, blue and yellow).

Logo of Der Grune Punkt

3

DER GRUNE PUNKT
(Is the license symbol of a European network of industry-funded systems for recycling the
packaging materials of consumer goods).

➢ The green dot system works by placing a specific logo on the product packaging. Garbage
collectors in this system will only collect waste that has the logo. For that purpose, special
bins and waste containers are provided and only packaging materials marked with the logo
can be thrown into the container. To get the logo, the manufacturer has to pay for the
license issued by DSD. This system makes many manufacturers reduce the packaging of
materials that are difficult to recycle to save costs and product manufacturers become
more responsible with the waste of packaging materials.

➢ Germany also uses a highly structured disposal system known as the "Selective Waste
Disposal System". In general, this system is compiled and maintained by local authorities
making some small differences in terms of its implementation. But in generals the system
used is the same. This system divides waste into several colour codes namely black, green,
blue and yellow. Each colour code is for a different type of waste and has a different
collection frequency time.

Black Containers: For non-recyclable waste with a certain size such as excess food, wet
materials, dust from vacuum cleaners and others. Usually collected every 2 weeks.
Green Containers: Special for "Green Ingredients" which are waste products from
vegetables, fruits such as fruit peel, tea and coffee powder, egg yolks, dried leaves and
grass. Usually collected every 2 weeks.
Blue container: Special for paper. Waste material such as newspapers, magazines, paper
bags and others. Collection frequency is once a month.
Yellow Container: Special for materials used for packaging such as aluminum cans, plastic
containers, plastic wrap and others. Frequency depends on the size of the container or
barrel. Large containers are collected once a month while smaller containers are collected
more frequently.

4

Germany government’s policy on waste
➢ To keep the country clean, the Germany government has introduced a recycling plastic
packaging waste policy. The objective of the German government’s policy on waste is to
achieve a recycling based economy that conserves resources and reduces adverse
impacts on the environment.

➢ Waste management legislation is based on European law, Germany federal law, the
regional laws of the federal states and the statutes of the local authority waste
management services.

➢ Glass, paper, old clothes, compost and biowaste, packaging, electrical and electronic
waste, batteries, metal, bulky waste and hazardous waste from private households are
collected separately before they are recycled by the producers of new products or by
private or public sector agencies.

➢ Germany supports the efforts being made by the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) and the European Union to harmonise regulations and standards concerning the
management of radioactive waste. For several years now, Germany has been a member
of the Western European Nuclear Regulators’ Association (WENRA).

➢ The core elements of the circular economy are set out in the Circular Economy Act
(KrWG), which entered into force on 1 June 2012. The Act transposes the Waste
Framework Directive into national law, and outlines the legal basis and fundamental
principles of the circular economy.

➢ Beginning with the legal definition of waste, in particular, these core principles include
the polluter-pays principle, the five-tier waste hierarchy, and the principle of shared
public and private responsibility for waste management.

➢ The topical EU framework directive on waste (2008/98/EC) establishes the so-called
'waste hierarchy': prevention, preparing for reuse, recycling, other recovery, and
disposal (Gandenberger, Carsten; Orzanna, Robert; Klingenfuß, Sara; Sartorius, 2014).

➢ The purpose of this Act is to promote the circular economy to conserve natural
resources, and protect human health and the environment from the impacts associated
with waste generation and management.

➢ In 2013, the Germany government and the Federal States (Länder) adopted a
programme of public-sector measures designed to reduce waste volumes.

5

➢ Each year in November, Germany stages its own series of events to mark the European
Week for Waste Reduction, highlighting what can be achieved through individual activities,
ideas and commitment.

➢ At around 72 bags per person, per year, the voluntary introduction by retailers of a plastic
bag charge has reduced this further to around 38 bags, proving that conscious behaviour
by individuals can have a big impact.

➢ The waste management sector contributes to sustainable production with high recycling
and recovery rates, which in turn help to save raw materials and primary energy.

➢ The circular economy in Germany therefore focuses consistently on waste prevention and
recycling, without jeopardising established, high-quality, environmentally sound waste
management processes.

➢ On 1 August 2017, The Ordinance introduced a strict cascade of obligations, spearheaded
by the mandatory separate collection of paper, board and cardboard, glass, plastics,
metals, wood, textiles, biowaste and other production-specific waste fractions.

➢ The separate collection of household packaging waste introduced by the Packaging
Ordinance enjoys a high level of support among the German public.

➢ Each German citizen already consigns almost 30 kilograms of waste per year to yellow
sacks and yellow bins for separate collection from the rest of their household waste.

➢ As of 1 January 2019, the Packaging Ordinance will be replaced by the Packaging Act.
➢ In general, households are provided with a kerbside collection for four waste streams:

paper and cardboard, lightweight packaging waste, biological waste and residual waste.

6

Yellow bin or bags (lightweight packaging)
- Aluminum foil, plastic wrap, inside packaging materials
- Tins, cans, liquids refill sachets/bags, yogurt cups, body lotion bottles
- Plastic bags, margarine tubs, milk sachets, plastic packaging trays for fruit and
vegetables, screw-top bottle tops, detergent bottles, carry bags, vacuum packaging,
dishwashing liquid bottles

Grey bin (household waste)
- Residual waste

Brown or green bin (biological waste)
- Kitchen waste: old bread, eggs shells, coffee powder and filters, food leftovers,
tealeaves and tea filters
- Fruit and vegetables: peels, apple cores, leaves, nutshells, fruit stones and pips,
lettuce leaves
- Garden waste: soil, hedge trimmings, leaves, grass clippings, weeds, dead flowers,
and twigs
- Other: feathers, hair, kitchen towels, tissues, sawdust, and straw

Blue bin (paper & cardboard)
- Envelopes, books, catalogues, illustrations, cartons, writing pads, brochures,
writing paper, school books, washing detergent cartons without plastic,
newspapers, paper boxes

7

➢ In September 2011, the Federal Environment ➢ First, the German Packaging Ordinance and its
Agency recommended that the yellow bin amendments lay down quantitative targets for how
should be upgraded to a dry recycling bin much of a given type of packaging has to be
(UBA, 2011a). In addition to packaging, the recovered, that is, recycled (only in the case of
recycling bin should contain everyday items plastics up to 40% of the collected packaging waste
made of plastic and metal. can be incinerated instead of recycled).

➢ 3 million tons of plastic packaging waste is ➢ Beginning on July 2021, Germany will ban the sale
produced annually, according to official of single-use plastic straws, cutlery, cotton buds
statistics, 48.8% of this plastic waste is and food containers, aligning with an EU directive
recycled. intended to reduce plastic waste.

➢ Germany’s recycling system is revered ➢ Federal Environment Minister Svenja Schulze, says,
worldwide; its ‘green dot’ system earned the “They are taking an important national step in the
country the title of recycling world champion fight against the plastic flood.” The ban on these
by the World Economic Forum in 2017 and it single-use plastics in Germany will go into effect on
has the biggest collection system for July 3, 2021.
reusable PET and glass bottles worldwide.
➢ Various systems have been introduced to make the
Figure 1: Use Plastic Recycling waste management system more effective and cost
In Germany 2017 effective. Successful and well-organized
management will indirectly avoid the waste of raw
materials to produce new materials and at the same
time be able to save the country's expenses in the
manufacturing sector. But the main challenge of the
recycling process is also the cost. System failure to
move properly and systematically will increase the
country's risk of facing high recycling costs.

Figure 2:
Reported
Recycling Rate

8

SOUTH KOREA
PLASTIC WASTE
TREATMENT POLICY

A) POLICIES FOR REDUCTION OF WASTE

1) Volume-Based Waste Fee System (1995)

➢ Volume-Based Waste Fee System (Unit pricing system)
➢ to impose waste disposal cost on individual waste generators
➢ to reduce the amount of waste generated
➢ to promote separate discharge of waste.
➢ It created a compelling financial incentive for citizens to reduce the amount of waste that

they generate because they must now pay for what they throw away directly out of their
own pocket. Previously, the waste-related tax had been levied as a form of indirect tariff
based on property ownership.
➢ Residents are required to purchase and use designated volume-based fee bags, which are
available in different sizes and sold at retail outlets. Recently, shopping bags from
supermarkets were allowed to be reused as volume-based fee bags.

RFID-equipped waste disposal bins are used to Specifically, designated waste disposal bags are
automatically measure the weight of waste. used to measure waste volume in the volume-based
Photo credit: Seoul Urban Solutions Agency.
waste fee scheme.

9

2) Waste Charge System (1993)
➢ The 'Waste Charge System' is aimed at curbing waste generation by
imposing charges on products that are hard to recycle or that contain
hazardous chemicals.

➢ The food waste bin is electronic and only opens once you have verified
your identity so that it can charge you based on the weight of the food
waste you dispose of. I will say that from experience, being charged the
extra fee on non-recyclable trash and food waste definitely works as an
incentive to lower your output of both.

➢ The charge rate is decided based on each product's environmental
impact. The following seven product categories are subject to waste
charge: containers of pesticides, hazardous chemicals and cosmetics,
anti-freezing liquid, chewing gum, disposable diapers, cigarettes, and
plastic products. The charge is levied on package or product.

Six of the seven bins here are for recyclables; glass, plastic, 10
metals, clothing, paper, and food waste. The seventh is for bags

of unrecyclable waste.

3) Packaging Waste Reduction
➢ To control packaging waste, three policy measures (Regulations on Packaging Material,

Regulations on Packaging Method, Annual Reduction Target of Synthetic Resin Packaging
Material) are in force.
➢ In order to regulate packaging materials that are difficult to recycle, the use of EPS
(Expanded Polystyrene) has been completely banned in packaging toys, dolls, and other
synthetic products since September 1993. The use of PVC has been prohibited for
packaging eggs, quail eggs, fried food, kim-bap (laver-rolled boiled rice), hamburgers,
and sandwiches since January 2004.

Expanded polystyrene (EPS)

South Korea has enforced regulations banning the usage
of plastic materials that are difficult to recycle such as PVC

and coloured PET bottles for the packaging of food and
beverage items.

11

4) Regulation of the Use of Disposable Goods (1994)

➢ The use of disposable products has been regulated since March 1994, leading
to the significant reduction of the use of plastic and paper bags in retail and
wholesale stores.

➢
The use of disposable cups, plates and containers is prohibited in the hospitality
industry, forcing the use of environmentally friendly materials such as paper or
pulp in place of plastic, for lunch box containers for example.

➢ And, in an effort to encourage voluntary abstinence of the citizens from using
disposable products, 43 department stores and large discount retailers have
raised the price of their plastic bags from 20 to 50 won per bag in May 2002,
and have been promoting the use of cloth shopping bags by giving incentives
such as discount mileage or coupons to those customers who bring their own
shopping bags.

South Korea prohibits the
use of single-use cups in
stores. As a result, the
number of single-use cups
has decreased even though
the number of coffee and
fast-food shops continues to

increase.

Supermarkets will
only be able to

provide plastic bags
to carry wet

products such as
meat or fish

12

B) POLICIES FOR REUSE OF WASTE
1) Packaging Container Reuse System (1993)

➢ Under the Packaging Container Reuse system, companies should
voluntarily keep the proportion of refillable containers. The items and
standard proportion are set by the Ministry of Environment.

A reusable parcel delivery box. Environment Ministry
Spearheads Reusable Packaging Initiative

13

SIDE EFFECT OF
BOTH PLASTIC
WASTE MANAGEMENT

POLICY

SOUTH KOREA WASTE MANAGEMENT
South Korea has a highly organised waste management system known as
jongnyangje. Waste disposal and recycling policy is set by the Ministry of
Environment, and garbage collection is organised at a municipal level. Household
food waste, recyclables, non-recyclables and large objects are disposed of
separately.

Enviroment at South Korea
effect of plastic waste
management policies

14

GERMANY WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste management in Germany has evolved into a large and powerful
economic sector. Germany's high recycling rates of 67 per cent for household
waste, around 70 per cent for production and commercial waste, and almost 90
per cent for construction and demolition waste speak for themselves.

Enviroment at Germany
effect of first class of plastic
waste management policies.

15

CONCLUSION

Plastic waste is a global problem because plastics and their ingredients are polluting
the oceans and waterways, causing damage to our ecosystem, invading the bodies
of humans and wildlife, and filling landfills as it had been dumped carelessly by
peoples. Germany and South Korea had showed us that waste treatment policy
especially plastic waste is important to be applied in ensuring the sustainability of
the environment. Malaysia should take Germany and South Korea as a role model
to treat waste properly. This is to ensure that our beloved country became a cosy
place to live for us and our future generation.

16

REFERENCES

Federal Ministry for the Enviornment Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. (2018). Waste
Management in Germany: Facts, data, diagrams. Waste Management in Germany, 44.
https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Pools/Broschueren/abfallwirtschaft_201
8_en_bf.pdf

Gandenberger, Carsten; Orzanna, Robert; Klingenfuß, Sara; Sartorius, C. (2014). The impact
of policy interactions on the recycling of plastic packaging waste in Germany. Working
Paper Sustainability and Innovation, No. S8/2014 Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and
Innovation Research ISI.

OECD. (2018). Improving plastics management : trends , policy responses, and the role of
international co-operation and trade. Environmental Policy Paper No. 12, 12, 20.

Wilts, C., & Bakas, I. (2019). Preventing plastic waste in Europe. In EEA report: Vol. 2019,2
(Issue 02). https://doi.org/10.2800/812531

iNTERNET
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/dsd/dsd_aofw_ni/ni_pdfs/Nati
onalReports/germany/waste.pdf
https://www.nspackaging.com/analysis/best-recycling-countries/
http://koreabizwire.com/environment-ministry-spearheads-reusable-packaging-
initiative/148030
file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/Policies_for_Sustainable_Resources_Management_in_the
_Republic_of_Korea%20(2).pdf
https://development.asia/explainer/using-fee-based-system-reduce-waste

17

https://keepfloridabeautiful.org/adventures-abroad-recycling-in-south-korea/
https://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Article/2020/01/31/No-colour-no-PVC-South-Korea-
bans-hard-to-recycle-plastic-materials-for-F-B-packaging
http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=i&id=Ec&Seq_Code=54780
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/plastic-pollution-south-korea-shopping-
bag-ban-a8707101.html

18