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The Other Olmsteds: Planning for
Connecticut’s Future

September 23, 2022

44 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

In honor of the 200th
anniversary of the birth of
Frederick Law Olmsted,
founder of the field of land-
scape architecture, ASLA
Connecticut hosted a program on
September 23rd in Manchester,
CT, where participants enjoyed
presentations on Olmsted’s legacy
in Connecticut. The first part of
the event was held in the Emerald
Room at Wickham Park, while
the afternoon included a tour of
some of the many garden areas at
Wickham Park.
Designed by Olmsted
Associates, Wickham Park
originated from a gift of land
and resources bequeathed by
Clarence and Edith Wickham, later
expanded with adjacent property.
Opened in 1961, the park contains
250 acres of gardens, open fields,
woodlands, ponds, picnic areas,
and sports facilities, among other
attractions.
In a presentation titled “What
Do We Know About the Olmsted
Legacy in Connecticut?,” Lucy
Lawliss, FASLA and Liz Sargent,
FASLA, of the Red Bridge Group,

FALL 2022 | 45

The morning presentations were followed by Oliver Gaffney
tours of the park led by Jeff Maron, retired
executive director of Wickham Park.

Clarence Wickham had many school friends
from China and when visiting them he
acquired objects of art that are currently on
display in the Oriental Garden, the largest
and oldest of the gardens at Wickham Park.

46 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Wickham Park continues to evolve, adding both
travel-inspired gardens such as the Irish Garden,
and the Scottish Garden, and thematic gardens
such as the Wetlands Garden and the Sensory
Garden.

presented their work of the past year, in
which they researched and visited nearly
140 Olmsted-designed landscapes in
Connecticut. This project was commis-
sioned by the Connecticut State Historic
Preservation Office and Preservation
Connecticut in honor of Olmsted’s bicen-
tennial. Learn more about this work at
preservationct.org/olmsted.
Susan Fiedler, ASLA, landscape
designer at CT DOT, and Eliza Valk, land-
scape designer and artist, based in New
Haven, gave a presentation titled “After
the Olmsteds: Plans, Principles, and
Perseverance,” discussing the modern-day
challenges of preserving or expanding
upon historic landscapes.
After lunch, program participants went
on a tour of the grounds, led by Jeff Maron,
retired executive director of Wickham
Park. With 44 years of experience working
at Wickham Park (and in spite of officially
retiring, still hard at work on the gardens),
Jeff described the history of how this
landscape evolved from a private estate to
a non-profit foundation, and how it contin-
ues to evolve to meet the needs of mod-
ern-day park users.

FALL 2022 | 47

Wickham Park’s signature
curving roads and open fields
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are also a popular location for
high school cross country meets.

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At Wickham Park, Olmsted design
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personal stories of the original owners, Mr.
and Mrs. Wickham, in a 250-acre property
filled with individually themed-gardens,
open fields, picnic and hiking areas, sports
facilities, wedding venues, and more.

FALL 2022 | 49

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Exploring Olmsted

Seaside Park, Bridgeport

(Photo: Mike Rettenmeier)

FALL 2022 | 53

Frederick Law Walnut Hill Park, New Britain
Olmsted in
Connecticut Frederick Law Olmsted Sr.
has long been recognized
by W. Phillips Barlow and Elena Pascarella as one of America’s greatest
landscape architects, with a
54 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE legacy of beloved parks and
outdoor public spaces across
the nation. Recognized as the
father of landscape architecture in America, in
a prolific career he designed not only Central
Park but also the United States Capitol
Grounds, Boston Fens, Stanford University
Campus, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New
York, the suburb of Riverside, Illinois, and the
grounds of the 1893 Columbia Exposition.
What many do not know is that Olmsted
was a Connecticut native, that he was raised
in Hartford’s North End, and that he is interred
in Hartford’s Old North Cemetery. Olmsted
very definitely left his mark in Connecticut,
creating parks and private commissions in
New Britain, Hartford, and Bridgeport, as
well as residential commissions in 11 towns.

Major parks and properties designed by of John Olmsted, a successful dry goods
Frederick Law Olmsted in our state (with var- merchant, and his wife, Charlotte Law Hull
ious partners) include Walnut Hill Park (New Olmsted. Both were from established families
Britain), Keney Park and the grounds of the in the area. His mother died in 1825, soon
Institute of Living (Hartford), and Seaside and after the birth of Frederick’s brother John.
Beardsley parks (Bridgeport). His father soon remarried (he married his
Olmsted had lofty goals and aspired to brother’s widow), and the family grew. In his
bring the rural countryside to urban dwell- autobiography, Olmsted fondly remembered
ers. He believed that the parks he created his youth:
were a place where people from all walks of
life could come together to enjoy fresh air, I can see that my pleasure began to be
panoramic views, and the inspirational beauty affected by conditions of scenery at an
of nature. He further believed in the transfor- early age, long before it could have been
mational power of nature and the ability of suspected by others from anything that I
public parks to enrich people’s lives. said and before I began to mentally con-
nect the cause and effect of enjoyment
Youth in it. It occurred, too, while I was but a
Olmsted was born, raised, and buried half-grown lad, that my parents thought
in Hartford, Connecticut. Born on April 26, well to let me wander as few parents are
1822 on Ann Street, he was the first child willing their children should.

Olmsted believed in the
transformational power of
nature and the ability of public
parks to enrich people’s lives.

Photos: Thomas Barlow Photography Walnut Hill Park, New Britain

FALL 2022 | 55

Mike Rettenmeier

Seaside Park, Bridgeport Institute of Living, Hartford

This was not a child with nature-deficit books and articles arguing that the practice
disorder. Later in life he recalled that “most of of slavery was economically inefficient and
this time was spent fishing and hunting in the not sustainable. He also operated a farm on
countryside.” Staten Island. For a brief time he was manag-
Olmsted attended schools in several ing editor of Putnam’s Monthly Magazine. In
Connecticut towns and studied surveying in fall 1857 he became superintendent of New
Collinsville. In the fall of 1845 he attended York City’s Central Park after which he and
lectures at Yale College in New Haven, and Calvert Vaux won the design competition for
for experience in farming he worked and the park, which was completed around 1865.
studied at a farm in Waterbury. Farm work
presented an opportunity to learn first-hand Walnut Hill Park, New Britain
the skills of grading and drainage, which City parks remain one of Olmsted’s most
would later help him immensely in his career well known types of work, and there are
as a landscape architect. many strong examples in Connecticut, from
In 1846 his father bought him a farm on Seaside Park in Bridgeport to Keney Park
Sachem’s Head in Guilford. The 70 acres in Hartford. Walnut Hill Park in New Britain
went down to the rocky edge of Long Island demonstrates how Olmsted was able to make
Sound, and Olmsted spent the spring prepar- the most of opportunities to design large
ing the land. The Reverend Horace Bushnell, parks in urban areas of Connecticut, as well
among others, visited Olmsted at the farm. as showing the skill of his designs that has
In the 1850s he traveled widely and endured in these well-loved public spaces.
toured the American South as a reporter for In April 1857 Frederick Stanley (founder
The New York Times. He published travel of the Stanley Works) wrote to the warden of

56 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Mike Rettenmeier Mike Rettenmeier

Beardsley Park, Bridgeport Walnut Hill Park, New Britain

the Borough of New Britain with a proposal In the years 1857 to 1862 The Walnut
to build a water works for the city. The plan Hill Park Company made drainage and road
included a reservoir at the summit of Walnut improvements to the property. Progress
Hill, where the altitude would provide was slow, and Stanley grew impatient with
sufficient pressure for hydrants. the town’s failure to initiate development of
Stanley had begun work on the water a park. He soon took matters into his own
works in 1856. In that year he acquired 36 hands and contacted Olmsted, asking him to
acres of land on Walnut Hill from the bank- visit the park and provide a plan. In his letter
rupt estate of O. Burnham for three thousand Stanley stated that “the city would entertain
dollars. The land was described at the time no other designer than Olmsted” to design
as “exceedingly rough and uncultivated the park.
barren, not fertile enough for pasture and Olmsted traveled to New Britain in
supporting nothing but the rankest growth of August 1867 and recommended the acqui-
weeds, used chiefly in the winter for coasting sition of additional property to the west and
purposes.” southwest of Walnut Hill. The additional 40
In 1857 The Walnut Hill Park Company acres of land would provide some flat land
(the entity that Stanley had formed to carry for the park, in addition to the hill. Olmsted
out the development) transferred the reser- subsequently agreed to provide a plan, com-
voir and access roads to the Town of New pleting it in 1870. The design called for three
Britain without cost to the town. The motiva- main areas: The Bergmonte Close (the top of
tion of the shareholders was to create a city the hill), the Commons (the western mead-
park with “the finest recreational and cultural ow), and the Fountain Close (the southwest
amenities.” portion of the site).

FALL 2022 | 57

Walnut Hill Park remains
remarkably true to the vision
that Olmsted laid out in 1870.
Now listed on the National
Register of Historic Places, the
park is beloved, with over 50
events held yearly and hundreds
of thousands of visitors.

58 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Thomas Barlow Photography Walnut Hill Park, New Britain At the top of the hill (it is not
clear where the name Bergmon-
Thomas Barlow Photography The Commons is a typical Olmstedian meadow of turf and trees te Close came from), Olmsted
surrounded by a meandering roadway. A grove of trees anchors each called for a scenic overlook with
end of the meadow. Today the Commons provides space for much- a meandering walkway following
used ball fields. the slope down to West Main
The Fountain Close, also typical of an Olmsted plan, provided a Street. Although the overlook
formal foil to the informal, naturalistic layout of the majority of the park. was never built, a 90-foot-tall
The plan depicts a large fountain surrounded by terraces and formal limestone obelisk was built at the
plantings. Olmsted’s endorsement of the Fountain Close seems to spot in 1928. Designed by the
have been halfhearted; in his final report he states, “If the feature is renowned memorial architect H.
not built, the park will not suffer.” The Fountain Close was in fact never Van Buren Magonigle, the obe-
built, and today a detention pond occupies the area originally intend- lisk honors New Britain sons who
ed for the feature. gave their lives in World War I.
The park was constructed over
several years, stopping and start-
ing as the economy rose and fell.
City leaders had the good sense
in 1908 and 1921 to engage what
had by then become the Olmst-
ed Brothers firm to inspect the
park construction. The historical
record shows that on both occa-
sions Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.
was generally pleased with the
way that his father’s vision was
being implemented. Minor com-
plaints included “the tendency
to place trees in rows” and the
difficulties of grading an access
drive so that the side banks were
harmonious with the rest of the
park.
Other than the addition of
a monumental band shell and
some formalistic plantings, Wal-
nut Hill Park remains remarkably
true to the vision that Olmsted
laid out in 1870. Now listed on
the National Register of Historic
Places, the park is beloved, with
over 50 events held yearly and
hundreds of thousands of visitors
using the park.

FALL 2022 | 59

Photos: Thomas Barlow Photography Olmsted’s Legacy
In 1903, after a long illness, Olmsted died in the Massachusetts
McLean Hospital. His family placed his ashes in the family vault at
Hartford’s Old North Cemetery. The firm that he had established
continued under the leadership of his son Frederick Olmsted, Jr.
and stepson John Olmsted. Operating as Olmsted Brothers Land-
scape Architects, the brothers proved to be ideal partners and
formidable landscape architects in their own right, expanding the

Olmsted legacy. In fact, the legacy of the
Olmsted Brothers in Connecticut is perhaps
stronger than that of their father, as they
completed many park and institutional proj-
ects across the state. The firm continued
operating until 1961 as Olmsted Brothers
and until 1980 as Olmsted Associates.

Beckoning visitors, the 90-foot-tall limestone
obelisk at the top of the long staircase at Walnut
Hill Park is the Harold van Buren Magonigle
World War I Monument, dedicated by the City
of New Britain in 1928.

— Phil Barlow, ASLA, is a landscape architect who has recently joined FHI Studio in Hartford after 35 years
running the firm he founded, To Design. He has worked on many Olmsted and other historic landscapes.
Elena Pascarella, ASLA, is a landscape architect, consultant, and writer who has served clients and commu-
nities  in southern New England for over 35 years. She established Landscape Elements, LLC to provide land-
scape architectural services with a focus on ecological conservation and cultural resource preservation. She
serves as the Historic American Landscape Survey (HALS) liaison for the Rhode Island Chapter of ASLA and
has earned merit awards from ASLA and the National Park Service for cultural landscape preservation work.

60 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

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IN DEFENSE OF THE UNION:

Mr. Olmsted’s War on
Disloyalty and Disease

by Oliver Gaffney T hanks to the Olmsted200 campaign, the general public
has rediscovered Frederick Law Olmsted as the father of
x American landscape architecture and a committed advocate
for public open space. However, this narrow understanding
Thomas Nast, “Our Heroines, of the Olmsted legacy omits his profound impacts as a social
United States Sanitary reformer and public administrator. No period in Olmsted’s
Commission,” in Harper’s life better exemplifies this commitment than his service with
Weekly, April 9, 1864. the United States Sanitary Commission during the Civil War.
In January of 1861, Frederick Law Olmsted found himself in the
nadir of his life. His legs remained crippled from a carriage accident
the previous summer, a wretched episode in which Olmsted landed

64 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Frederick Law Olmsted at work. (Courtesy associates took leaves of absence to join the army,
of the National Park Service, Frederick but Olmsted remained on crutches. Fortunately,
Law Olmsted National Historic Site) the Reverend Henry Whitney Bellows asked
Olmsted to serve as Executive Secretary for the
hard on a rock, shattering his left thigh bone in newly-formed United States Sanitary Commission.
three places and leaving the gruesome evidence He would be responsible for monitoring the health
protruding through his trousers. Bystanders and sanitary conditions of soldiers and offering
carried him away from the scene on a neighbor’s advice to the Army’s Medical Bureau. Olmsted
shutter; doctors sent him home on a bier to die. accepted his new position immediately and spent
Meanwhile, Mary Olmsted soon learned that their the better part of his first week getting acquainted
two-month old son, John Theodore, had fallen ill with his colleagues and their specialized medical
with cholera infantum, a gastrointestinal scourge of knowledge. Shortly thereafter, he departed for
young children. Feverish and unable to nurse, the Washington, D.C. and its growing encampments
infant died several days later. of enlisted men.
The first portents of war visited the Olmsteds When he arrived, Olmsted found a garrisoned
shortly thereafter. P.G.T. Beauregard, superinten- city in state of slovenly, unmilitary squalor. Among
dent at West Point, called on Mary Olmsted on his the dozens of regimental camps that he inspected,
way home to Charleston, South Carolina. He had he encountered poor drainage, filthy latrines,
little interest in the grounds of Central Park, but neglible bathing facilities, and inadequate cooking
an avid desire to hire the family’s governess, Miss conditions. Olmsted summarized his observations
Curtayne, to teach his daughter. Mary found him in a report to the Commission, decrying the lack
to be “a stiff, tall, thin, gray-haired youngish man — of Army oversight responsible for degrading the
precise and positive — took a fancy to me so I hope health, morale, and discipline of the volunteer
to be well treated when we are conquered.” Within regiments. In response, the Commission began
a few weeks, Beauregard would give the fateful recruiting sanitary inspectors to assist the War
order to fire upon Fort Sumter. Department and Medical Bureau with establishing
Olmsted organized a home guard of over one a military police force, providing fresh vegetables
hundred Central Park staff and hosted drills every with daily rations, improving regimental cooking
Sunday in the park (where he had been serving as operations, and compelling Army officers to follow
superintendent since 1857). Several of his closest camp sanitation rules.
The ragtag regiments mustered out to Manassas
Junction, Virginia for their first taste of combat on
July 21st, smashing part of the Confederate line
before retreating in a frenzied panic from the battle-
field. Olmsted, who had returned to Central Park
for a brief interlude, returned immediately to D.C.
to direct the Sanitary Commission’s response to the
disaster. He found disheartened troops bivouack-
ing in the streets and stoking campfires made from
fence palings, their officers lost to drink at the near-
est tavern. The Commission sent inspectors to each
of the 30 regiments engaged in the battle to ask a
series of 75 questions about their condition prior to
combat. Olmsted, writing to Mary, had a sneaking
suspicion as to the cause of the defeat. “There is but

FALL 2022 | 65

one sanitary measure to be thought of now, and that including Daniel Webster, Ocean Queen, and Elm

is discipline.” City, were used to evacuate casualties to northern

The Commission responded by recruiting port cities while the smaller draft vessels Elizabeth,

additional inspectors to staff all of the camps and Wissahickon, and Wilson Small navigated the

hospital throughout the army. It established a small tributaries and creeks to ferry patients and

statistical bureau to capture and analyze informa- supplies.

tion from its inspectors. With the support of the The first victims of the campaign fell not to

Government Printing Office, it inaugurated a burial combat but disease. The swampy forests and

register and prepared a series of monographs watercourses near Yorktown rapidly afflicted

for field surgeons depicting recent advances in soldiers with yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria.

anesthesia, hygiene, medicine, and surgery. Most Seriously ill patients soon overwhelmed the Ocean

importantly of all, it created the Special Relief Queen, which had barely started its conversion

Service to oversee a network of convalescence to a floating hospital. Olmsted demurred on

homes across Union-occupied territory. Olmsted bringing them aboard, yet his nurse companions

himself directed the creation of storage depots in countermanded his decision. They accepted each

large cities to collect and ship donated medical and every man, sitting them down on the dirty

supplies. In the company of Reverend Bellows, he cabin floors and feeding them gruel with the only

met with President Lincoln to explain the impor- two spoons that could be found on the vessel. A

tance of the Commission’s work and methods by chastened Olmsted called for the better-stocked

which it could better support the government. Elizabeth to anchor nearby withs its cargo of

I n the spring of 1862, Olmsted left Washington provisions, bedsacks, and medicines. He came to
to serve as an attaché to the Medical Bureau admire the resourcefulness and dedication of the
during the Penninsular Campaign. The Army women working alongside him. “They beat the
doctors all to pieces.”

of the Potomac, under the command of General As the Army march approached the outskirts

George McClellan, planned to attack Richmond of Richmond on May 30th, Olmsted redeployed

from its southern flank by landing troops at his fleet of small draft vessels along the Pamunkey

Yorktown, Virginia and marching on the lightly River to coordinate with McClellan’s headquar-

defended Confederate capitol. The Commission ters at White House Plantation, once the home of

hastily outfitted civilian hospital ships to augment Martha Washington. An inconclusive Confederate

the Army’s own fleet. Over a dozen ocean liners counterattack at Fair Oaks Station the following

day incurred over 11,000 casual-

ties that soon started arriving at

White House by train. Orderlies

unloaded boxcars full of dead,

dying, and wounded men from

both armies while the nurses strug-

gled not to vomit from the stench.

Olmsted coordinated the transfer

of patients to the draft vessels and

made arrangements to ferry them

down river to the waiting ocean

liner.

Where subsequent skirmishes

at Oak Grove and Mechanicsville

failed to dislodge the Army of the

Potomac from its siege, a massed

USSC Hospital tender “Elizabeth” at anchor. (Courtesy of U.S. Army Heritage Confederate attack at Gaines Mill
on June 27th broke McClellan’s
and Education Center)

66 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Field relief corps of the U.S. Sanitary Commission. Supply wagon and tent of a corps relief agent. (Courtesy Manuscripts
and Archives Division, The New York Public Library)

resolve. He ordered a tactical withdrawal of the sanitary missions in the western theater of the
army across the peninsula to Harrison’s Landing on war. Olmsted’s first visit brought him to the Army
the James River. Upon hearing the news, Olmsted of the Cumberland at Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
ordered a “skeddadle of the Pamunkey” with the General James Garfield, a future President, greeted
small draft vessels evacuating sick soldiers and the Sanitarians and showed them around the
supplies that the Army could not take overland. headquarters. Olmsted appreciated the “healthy,
Olmsted regrouped with McClellan several days good natured, and decent businesslike aspect” of
later, finding a flotilla of gunboats protecting the the soldiers. Their commander, General William
evacuation. With no additional fighting, Olmsted’s Rosecrans, invited Olmsted to address his troops
hospital transport service soon concluded its with brief remarks, and he indulged them with a
mission. The final wounded soldiers returned north 16-word speech that drew three cheers.
in July following an exchange under flag of truce,
and Olmsted went with them. In all, some eight to olmsted arrived a week after the
ten thousand men had been conveyed on vessels Battle of Antietam to survey the
under his command. relief efforts, writing to Mary that
“It was very squalid, but everywhere
F ollowing the campaign, Olmsted took a leave I saw the great value of our work.”
of absence to recuperate from jaundice, visiting
his wife and children. He had hardly regained Olmsted next paid a visit to General Ulysses S.
his strength when the news of the Battle of Antietam Grant and the Army of the Tennessee at its siege
reached him. Working by telegraph, he ordered the of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Despite the rough camp
Commission to dispatch relief supplies by wagon. accommodations, Olmsted delighted in finding
Despite the slower travel speed, sanitary agents well-drained grounds, clean tents, laundry facil-
and their stores arrived on the battlefield a full day ities, abundant fresh food, and not a single sick
ahead of the overwhelmed railroad traffic. Olmsted man in the hospital. Grant’s soldiers “were as merry
arrived a week after the battle to survey the relief as crickets and as comfortable as possible” despite
efforts, writing to Mary that “It was very squalid, months of thwarted military operations by land and
but everywhere I saw the great value of our work.” sea. Grant invited the Sanitarians to join him for
To lighten his workload, the Commission
dispatched Olmsted on a goodwill tour of FALL 2022 | 67

tea, and Olmsted formed a warm opinion of him, Sanitary
describing him as “par excellance, a gentleman, Commission
a modest, good hearted, self-sacrificing, resolute, headquarters
common-sense gentleman.” at Gettysburg,
As Olmsted returned to Washington, the PA. (Courtesy
Army of Northern Virginia began marching into Manuscripts and
Pennsylvania. The Commission began preparing Archives Division,
supplies and provisions for the impending bat- New York Public
tle. Olmsted traveled down to Philadelphia and Library)
directed the procurement himself. For the milk,
eggs, butter, fruit, and other fresh foods, he char- When Olmsted told his colleague Bellows that
tered a refrigerated boxcar and arranged to have it he intended to quit, Bellows urged him to stay on
sent on the first train to Gettysburg after the battle. through the end of the war. “The country cannot
Oliver Crosby Bullard, a pioneering landscape spare you at such a juncture. I think you must feel
architect and Sanitary agent, rode along with it this in your bones. I don’t think that you can make
to make sure that it arrived intact. Olmsted dis- up your mind to become the agent of a set of mon-
patched daily wagon trains carrying over 40 tons ey-makers on the Pacific Coast — let them offer you
of supplies to Bullard’s relief station. The two men a fortune or no, while Providence is holding out the
would reconnect again after the war and collabo- splendid opportunity of usefulness in the Nation and
rate on projects for the next 25 years. to Humanity — at the most critical and serious lustre
of its history!” Out of respect for Bellows, Olmsted
A fter Gettysburg, Olmsted took another leave postponed his decision for a week. Ultimately, he
of absence from his secretarial duties. The came to better terms with the Mariposa Company
constant traveling and hectic pace of work left and tendered his resignation on September 1,
him in an “unhappy, sick, sore mental state.” As 1863. Two weeks later, Olmsted left to find his
with many chapters in Olmsted’s life, he needed fortune in California.
a change of venue, and fortune provided it in the As Executive Secretary of the United States
form of an offer to manage the Mariposa Estate, a Sanitary Commission, Olmsted applied his ana-
collection of mining camps in the foothills of the lytical and managerial abilities in the cause of
Sierra Nevada mountains. The pay was almost too defending the Union. With his hospital trans-
good to be true, and it promised to relieve him ports, Olmsted delivered thousands of grievously
from his personal debts of $12,000. wounded and ill soldiers home safely. His reforms
to the Medical Bureau bolstered the health,
morale, and discipline of the Army and contrib-
uted significantly to its capabilities in vanquishing
the Confederacy at Appomattox. These tireless
labors in support of democratic ideals bequeath an
Olmstedian legacy to be heralded and celebrated
no less than any of his landscapes.

— Oliver Gaffney is a landscape architect at New
Haven-based TPA Design Group.

68 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

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OFF THE BEATEN PATH:

Vernacular explorations along
the Olmsted Legacy Trail

by Sue Fiedler

The Connecticut Historical Society I have always had an interest in Connecticut history,
as well as “vernacular landscapes” — those which
Picture the landscape of evolved by human intervention over time, rather than
Olmsted’s youth. Perhaps intentional design. So when it came to reading and
no place on earth had understanding the Library of Congress papers outlining
more stagecoach roads the life of Fredrick Law Olmsted, I immediately felt a connec-
than Connecticut. tion to the landscapes, communities, and activities of Fred’s
youth. There’s been a good deal of interest in articulating links
between Olmsted’s legacy and Connecticut, mostly focused
on socio-cultural themes. 
In recent years, more and more people have also become
interested in developing the Olmsted legacy “Trail.” So I
began to imagine what it would look like to align the idea of
an “Olmsted Trail” with a socio-economic backdrop, by look-
ing a bit closer at the landscapes themselves. Using a map of
Connecticut from 1811, I added relevant features up to 1846.
After highlighting nodes and paths, I dug a little deeper into
the context of each documented setting. The letters, some-
times emotional, paint strong pictures of a rich and adventur-
ous life for one so young. I’ll share a few threads of Olmsted’s
path in Connecticut in the following pages, which could
possibly be woven into a compelling story and, ultimately, an
on-the-ground Connecticut Olmsted history trail.

On the Road Again…
Picture the landscape of Olmsted’s youth. Perhaps no
place on earth had more stagecoach roads than Connecticut.
Many of them were abandoned before the turn of the 20th
century. There were also over 200 mines, and the sound of
exploding dynamite was normal. Near Brooksvale in Cheshire,

FALL 2022 | 71

Wikipedia Connecticut State Library

In the time of Olmsted’s youth, an Uber-like network of stagecoach roads harnessed horsepower in a way that enabled
transportation for multiple people.

copper was made into springs and hinges to …And On the Water
support the “Uber-like” travel network. Aban-
doned pits were the source of Fred’s rock- It is easy to forget that the Olmsteds
hounding, and he and his younger brother owned and used all kinds of boats. The
John even reached sites by boat. Visualizing a Connecticut River and Long Island Sound
kid hauling a box of rocks to the opening day were clogged with traffic in a time between
of the Wadsworth Atheneum is highly endear- sail and steam. Olmsted would have known of
ing. But also consider how natural succession men joining the Merchant Marines, donning
must have transformed many of these places red- and white-striped sweaters and cropped
into wild gardens by the 1830s. black pants. Hartford fought to prevent
Middletown from building its own bridge,
While traveling together in the pursuit and its businessmen schemed how to capture
of scenery, the work-hard, play-hard steamboat passengers on a private turnpike
Olmsted family was also overseeing from Guilford when the sandbar prevented
extensive and productive land holdings. passage up river. 
Which brings us to Sachem’s Head,
While traveling together in the pursuit of where Olmsted’s first farm was located. This
scenery, the work-hard, play-hard Olmsted dramatic landscape was not just a blip in
family was also overseeing extensive and Olmsted’s life — it meant vacation with family
productive land holdings. Olmsted’s letters on the shoreline. Every year they stayed at
tell us that he “brought in cherries” and an inn accommodating 400 guests, walking
determined that charcoal, made from wood elaborate gardens with friends from Litchfield
he cut each winter, was the best use of his 10 and the South. Sailing and swimming here
acres in Southington. His time in Waterbury, was on Olmsted’s mind while staying at the
learning from John Welton, included interact- farm in upstate New York, an experience
ing with workers and the management of a which is still part of Connecticut’s story. 
Norway Spruce nursery. Welton was a noted His letters say more about seeing the
artisan, carving beautiful gates and creating plank road in Syracuse and enjoying coffee
other aesthetic features on his property. every day than farming techniques. While
schmoozing with publishers, he noted the
planned purchase of North America’s first

72 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Wikimedia Commons

Transportation technology was rapidly evolving from sail to steam during Olmsted’s childhood. In 1838,
the “Sirius,” a wooden-hulled sidewheel steamship, opened transatlantic steam passenger service, carrying
45 passengers on an 18-day voyage from Ireland to New York. (Painting by Samuel Walters, 1842.)

machine to mass produce clay drainage tiles. regular basis. There is a good deal to explore
Fred purchased the nation’s second one by making this route part of an Olmsted Trail,
during his time on Staten Island. He writes so let’s picture some of the scenes:
about a farm in Branford, close to Yale. But Having unloaded factory goods at the
instead, his father, John Senior bought prop- harbor in New Haven, in exchange for other
erty directly opposite the ferry landing where commodities, the small barge enters the
the turnpike to Hartford would have begun.  canal and moves north. It passes the Mills
What Olmsted did not write about of Hamden towards the series of locks in
in New York may be the most telling: the Cheshire, where both business and social-
infrastructure of the Erie Canal. This would izing occur in the small constructed coves.
be a ubiquitous setting to a man who grew Below the Hanging Hills, the route is marshy
up on and around the Farmington Canal in its and filled with hemlock groves. Meriden is a
heyday. Fred navigated family skiffs between cross-road filled with overnight taverns and
New Haven and Hartford on what seemed a travelers. Mounted on horseback, Fred and

The Connecticut Historical Society

FALL 2022 | 73

Farmington Historical Society head inspired a different approach to man-
aging land. I like to imagine that while sitting
through a crowded religious revival, he was
distracted by the thought, “Where are all
these people…?” This is a different way of
looking at his life here, and how it may have
impacted his approach to problem-solving
later on. This story is more focused on the
“Invention of Landscape Architecture” and
not so much a body of design projects. 
If he were here, how would Mark Twain
(pen name Samuel Langhorne Clemens),
America’s storyteller, share Olmsted’s life in

Imagine developing a cultural trail called
“The FLO” along our waterways and
multi-use paths. This vision fits well into
existing tourism resources.

Skating and transport on the Farmington Canal. Connecticut with the world? Consider this:
both men left the Civil War from opposing
another person pull the boat through the sides, one hunting silver in Nevada and the
lowlands of Plainville, to the bustling and other gold in California. Being a wise-cracker,
sophisticated Farmington basin.  Sam got into trouble and escaped over the
My favorite story involves a Christmas- Sierras right past Mariposa in 1864. So it’s
time run from a New Haven party with lady quite possible that the two characters, both
friends. After the passengers were safely hustling to make their mark, passed each
home, and the boatmen filled with dinner other in the “Streets of San Francisco”! 
and holiday “cheer,” they set off again. But Humor and humility make characters
instead of embarking on the Canal, Fred compelling, and aspects of slavery and war,
would have navigated to the Farmington including our own, easier to share. Imagine
River, past Simsbury and around Talcott developing a cultural trail called “The FLO”
Mountain. Transitioning onto the Connecticut along our waterways and multi-use paths.
River was probably a challenge at the best of This vision fits well into existing tourism
times, but this adventure ended with our hero resources; even Amistad prisoners traveled
laying in bed, pondering the location of his the canal. What better way to re-frame the
father’s boat. principles and benefits of the profession than
I’ve always wondered why Olmsted’s along a world-class day trip of Connecticut’s
stint in surveying didn’t lead to a career in landscapes?
engineering. Perhaps seeing unsustainable
infrastructure creaking and swaying over his — Susan Fiedler is a landscape architect at the
Connecticut Department of Transportation
with a long-standing interest in the vernacular
landscapes of our state.

74 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

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Advocacy

Statue of Colonel Thomas Knowlton,
Connecticut State Capitol, Hartford
(Photo: Jeff Mills)

FALL 2022 | 79

Advocacy News

by Aris Stalis, ASLA, LEED AP

T his is sort of a State of the Union letter to our members
regarding advocacy efforts by the chapter. The State of
the Chapter from an advocacy perspective is strong.
The profession is recognized as valuable in the state,
and we continue to strive to strengthen relationships
with allied professions. Our chapter’s representatives in Hartford
are well respected, known, and continually promote our profession.
TCORS Capital Group, led by Alan Deckman, with Senior Lobbyist
John Bailey as our main contact, continue to provide valuable insight
and advise the Connecticut Chapter as it relates to our relationships
in Hartford.
COVID threw a curveball to members regarding continuing
education units (CEUs), and the need to maintain the required num-
ber of credits for licensure. A minor modification led to a change
of reporting times, which in reality extended some of the times
required to report a licensee’s CEUs. Along with that, the chapter
remains informed of work by the Licensing Board, as we strive to
help fill vacant seats and maintain communication regarding the
work of the Board. As you may have realized, advocacy is a slow
process, and we may not find answers immediately, but TCORS and
our volunteer members keep after the issues.
I have been championing the advocacy efforts for a number of
years and will begin to slowly step back. Ellen Fallon-Senechal will
be our new president and will begin to slowly take the lead in our
advocacy efforts. Joe Aveni is also stepping in to take a larger lead-
ership role in these efforts. The changes will occur slowly over time
since presidential duties are also quite time-consuming. It cannot be
stressed enough the importance of engagement by our members.
We have a great group working together and encourage others to
join the efforts.
Some of these efforts include reaching out to your legislators
after November 8. These personal connections help in commu-
nicating to the state government about the work that we do.

80 | CONNECTICUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

We are a valuable resource as constituents, in helping
our leaders govern. No one person can know everything,
which is why helping educate our state’s leadership can
help improve the lives of our citizens.

Additionally, as is often the case, we are a valuable resource as con-
stituents, in helping our leaders govern. No one person can know
everything, which is why helping educate our state’s leadership can
help improve the lives of our citizens.
Stepping further back from the State of Connecticut, I believe it
is important to lend a personal touch to our advocacy news. Follow-
ing the Russian attack on Ukraine, AIA Connecticut’s Professional
Practice Knowledge Community Group asked me to participate in a
meeting to discuss what was happening in Europe. While this may
seem far away from our homes, it does have relevance, in my opin-
ion, since it involves the protection of cultures and landscapes. I am
the child of refugees that fled the occupation of my parents’ home in
Latvia by the Soviets. What I stressed in the meeting with AIA-CT was
the need to protect and promote a community’s culture. This is what
kept the spirit of freedom in Latvia alive, and why they live under a
freely elected government today. As we design landscapes and con-
sider our design approach, respect of culture and traditions is one
of the sustainable tenets we should keep our focus on, since this is
an important part of protecting any community. We cannot stop the
horrors, but we can advocate for cultures wherever our work brings us.
As we are about to enter a new legislative year, I simply ask for
people individually to consider what we can do to stop the anger
and aggression in the world. From Yemen to Syria and throughout,
let’s see if we can talk to our leaders in Washington about promoting
freedom in the world. That is advocacy.
I hope chapter members do not mind that I am infusing my per-
sonal opinions in this column, but I believe that through advocacy
and communicating with our elected leaders and the public, we are
making a better world for all.

— Aris Stalis, chair of ASLA Connecticut’s Advocacy Committee, is
principal of Bridgeport-based Aris Land Studio. He can be reached at
[email protected].

FALL 2022 | 81

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