Callender, Alexander Capaldo, Frank capitated group practice systems. See also dental benefits/dental insurance Capps, Lois Cappuccio, Joseph P CareCredit CareFirst Blue Cross Blue Shield (Maryland) caries, dental; Alaska Natives; cariogenic bacteria and oral microbes; and children’s dental pain; Harris on; in racial minorities Carnegie, Dale Carver-Taylor, Belinda Casper, Jane Catalanotto, Frank Cecil, Russell L. Center for Medicaid and State Operations Center for Responsive Politics Centers for Medicaid and Medicaid Services (CMS) Chapelle, Edward H. Chase Brexton Health Services (Baltimore) Cheney, Richard Chester, Nickolas Chiarello, Gustav P. Children’s Dental Health Project Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). See also State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) Children’s National Medical Center (Washington, D.C.) Christensen, Gordon Civil Rights Act, Title VI (1964) Civil Rights Congress (CRC) Clapp, George Wood Clark, Fred Clift, Montgomery Clinton, Bill CMS. See Centers for Medicaid and Medicaid Services (CMS) Cobb-Hunter, Gilda Cole, J. Collins, Patti Willis Colmers, John Colorado, dental hygienists in Columbia University (New York) Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) Commission on the Survey of Dentistry in the United States Communist Party Community Catalyst community dental health coordinators community water fluoridation programs Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) Cooper, Sharon Cornely, Paul B.
cosmetic dentistry; achieving the perfect smile; ADA annual session; beauty pageant contestants; biological consequences; bonding; botox treatments; financing and medical credit cards; gum contouring; history of; history of photography and; and Hollywood film industry; industry trend of the 1980s; Invisalign braces; lawsuits; marketing and advertising to the public; post-World War II women’s magazines; psychological and mental health issues; Schoen’s denouncement of; statistics on cosmetic procedures; teeth whitening/bleaching; top front teeth and Golden Proportion aesthetics; veneers Cosmopolitan magazine costs of dental care: cost-effectiveness of preventive care; hospital emergency room visits; and medical credit cards; out-of-pocket; up-front payment requirements; wisdom teeth removal surgery. See also dental benefits/dental insurance Cotton, Henry Crawford, Joan Crawford, John Cuffie, Sean Cummings, Elijah Cuvier, Georges Dallas County Health Center (Selma, Alabama) Daniel, Silas Dart, Raymond Darwin, Charles Davis, Olivia Deal, Nathan Deamonte Driver Dental Project mobile clinic (Maryland) Dean, James Deficit Reduction Act (DRA) (2006) Delta Dental Foundation Dental Access Now Dental Action Committee (Maryland) The Dental Art: A Practical Treatise on Dental Surgery (Harris) Dental Benefit Providers (Maryland) dental benefits/dental insurance; the ACA and health care reform (2010); Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP); congressional battle over SCHIP reauthorization and guaranteed benefits for poor children; coverage rates and the uninsured; emergency room visits; minority children; organized dentistry’s opposition to national benefits/nationalized health care; and out-of-pocket costs of dental care; Schoen’s invention of capitated group practice system; variations (workplace plans and public programs); and wisdom tooth removal surgery. See also Medicaid dental benefits Dental Cosmos “dental deserts” dental emergencies. See hospital emergency room visits dental health aide therapists (DHATs) dental hygienists; average earnings; Byrd’s efforts to change South Carolina regulations restricting work; as dentists’ marketing tools; first dental hygiene school; FTC challenge in Georgia; FTC challenge in South Carolina; and Maryland’s Medicaid reforms; Medicaid billing and reimbursement; and medical home model; organized dentistry’s opposition to expanded services by; and postwar dental shortages; prevention emphasis; and Progressive Era oral hygiene movement; in school clinics; services in underserved and rural communities; and socialized medicine; state measures to provide additional training; state variations in allowed practice; women as; work in private dental offices; World War I-era dental hygiene model
dental pain; and dental fear; exploitation by charlatans with miracle cures; and prayer. See also tooth decay and dental disease Dental Society of the State of New York dental therapists; dental health aide therapists (DHATs) and Alaska Native communities; FTC and accreditation standards; organized dentistry’s opposition to; pilot programs and initiatives Dental Trade Alliance dentist shortages; Maryland; minority dentists; post-World War II dentistry, organized. See organized dentistry dentistry profession. See profession of American dentistry; profession of American dentistry (origins) Descartes, René DHATs. See dental health aide therapists (DHATs) diabetes diagnostic coding Dickenson County, Virginia Dodson, Tashara Tavia Morton Dodson, Trayvon Dorfman, Bill Douglass, Frederick Doyle, Clyde Driver, Alyce Driver, Charles Driver, Danny Driver, DaShawn Driver, Deamonte; commemoration of fifth anniversary of death (2012); and congressional battle over SCHIP reauthorization and Medicaid dental benefits for poor children; death from untreated dental infection; family and life in Prince George’s County Driver, Deonte Driver, Donnell Drummond, John dry mouth Dummett, Clifton O. Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment Program (EPSDT) Easter, Susan Ebony magazine Eck, Trisha Edelstein, Burton Edwards, Donna Ehrlich, Robert L., Jr. elderly Americans: black elders and untreated tooth decay; LBJ’s federal health care programs; Medicare beneficiaries without dental coverage; nursing homes and dental suffering emergency rooms. See hospital emergency room visits Essential Oral Health Care Act Essig, Laurie European dental practitioners and scientific principles (nineteenth century) European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Grenoble, France) extractions Extreme Makeover (television) Falls Church, Virginia
Fauchard, Pierre fear of dentists Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Feldman, Cecile A. financing dental care. See costs of dental care; dental benefits/dental insurance Flagstad, Carl fluoride: community water fluoridation programs; varnish treatments focal theory of oral disease Folse, Gregory Fones, Alfred C. Fones, Civilion Forsyth Dental Infirmary (Boston); “Project Rotunda” Forsyth Institute (Boston) fossil record and human dental development; abscesses and tooth decay; chemical traces and biomarkers; juvenile fossils of ancient children; Taung child Foundation School (Largo, Maryland) Fox, Joseph Freed, James Freeman, Robert Tanner Fridley, Arthur Fulton, Gregory Garland, Judy Gathers, Lakecia Genco, Robert Georgia: dental hygienists in; FTC and dental hygienists’ legislation Georgia Dental Association (GDA) germ theory. See also focal theory of oral disease Gies, William J. Gila River Indian Community (Arizona) Giles, Shatiyna Gillette, Jane Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Gist, Raymond Giusti, Lola Gogan, Timothy Golden Proportion Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar (1975) Goldstein, Martin Goodman, Harry Government Accountability Office (GAO): on out-of-pocket costs of dental care; reports on children’s access to Medicaid graverobbing and traffic in stolen teeth (nineteenth century) Great Depression Greenwood, John Griswold, Sam gum disease. See periodontal disease Guy’s Hospital (London)
Harper, Hazel Harris, Chapin; birth of American dentistry; death; on dental abscesses; The Dental Art; on dental fillings and amalgams; early itinerant dental practice; on extractions; first college of dentistry in Baltimore; humoral theory of disease and causes of toothaches; on hygiene and teeth-cleaning; life and career; and nineteenth-century Baltimore; partnership with Hayden; story of the “historic rebuff” by Baltimore physicians; on teeth and beauty; on tooth decay; on tooth transplantation Harris, John Harvard University; School of Dental Medicine Hay, Tabitha Hayden, Horace; partnership with Harris; practice of medicine and dentistry in nineteenth-century Baltimore Head Start Health Affairs Health Promotion Specialists Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Hendrick, Clarence Hendrix, Sue Herren, Chris Hill, David Hillenbrand, Harold Hippocrates Hispanic Americans: challenges in access to health care; Hispanic dental students. See also race and oral health disparities Hodges, Jim Holdway, Ernest Hollywood film industry Hoover, J. Edgar Hope, Bob Horack, John Hornbrook, David hospital emergency room visits; abscesses; after-hour care/when dentists’ offices are closed; recommendations for; and separation of dentistry and medicine; statistics and costs Hospital for Sick Children (Washington, D.C.) House Committee on Energy and Commerce House Health and Human Services Committee House Oversight and Government Reform; Subcommittee on Domestic Policy House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Howard University College of Dentistry (Washington, D.C.) human dental development; fossil record and human evolution; teeth as record of physiological development “The Human Mouth as a Focus of Infection” (Miller) humoral theory of disease Hunter, John Hunter, William hygienists. See dental hygienists I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (Angelou) Indian Health and Welfare Act’s Community Health Aide Program Indian Health Service inflammation/inflammatory response
Ingle, John Institute of Medicine (Washington, D.C.); Advancing Oral Health in America (2011 report) Insure Kids Now database Interim Therapeutic Restoration (ITR) International Classification of Disease (ICD) International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union Invisalign braces Iritani, Katherine James, Brian James, Gina Johnson, Jack Johnson, Lyndon B. Johnson, Marcus Jordan, David Journal of Endodontics Journal of the American Dental Association Journal of the Southern California State Dental Association Kalenderian, Elsbeth Kasson, John F. Kells, C. Edmund Kennedy, David J. Kerr-Mills program. See also Medicaid dental benefits King, Martin Luther, Jr. King-Anderson Medicare bill Knight, Amanda Koch, Robert Kuc, Emrah Kucinich, Dennis J. labor union members, dental benefits for Lambert, Keith The Lancet Lee County, Virginia Leonard, Connie LeQuay, Mandy Levin, Roger Levin Group Lewis, C. S. Lobene, Ralph Los Angeles Times Majd, Behnam Malcmacher, Louis Mandel, Marvin marketing: cosmetic dentistry; dentists’ competition for affluent clients Marsee, Emma Marsh, P. D.
Maryland: Dental Action Committee; dental hygienists; Driver family’s navigation of Medicaid providers; expansion of Medicaid dental coverage; Head Start students; Medicaid dental system; Medicaid managed care plans and providers; mobile dental health clinics; poor children lacking dental coverage; Prince George’s County’s inequalities; shortage of Medicaid dentists; Trice Medicaid fraud scandal. See also Driver, Deamonte Maryland Board of Dental Examiners Maryland Dental Action Coalition (MDAC) Maryland State Dental Association Maryland State Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Maryland State Office of Oral Health Maxwell, Charles Mayo, Charles Mayo Foundation (Rochester, Minnesota) Medicaid billing and reimbursement rates; the ADA and; dental hygienists Medicaid dental benefits; ACA expansion; adult beneficiaries; congressional battle over SCHIP reauthorization and benefits for poor children; dental hygienists’ direct billing and reimbursements; dentists’ opposition to LBJ’s program; dentists’ participation; Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment Program (EPSDT); early experiments with capitated dental programs; and emergency room visits; federal funding for; GAO’s 2009 report on children’s access to services; Insure Kids Now database; Maryland program; “Medicaid mills”; as optional; reimbursement rates; Trice and Maryland’s fraud scandal medical credit cards; cosmetic dentistry medical home model of care medical profession: average earnings; diagnostic coding and terminology; and emergency room visits for dental emergencies; and focal theory of disease; nineteenth-century Baltimore; nineteenthcentury social medicine; nurse practitioners and physicians’ assistants; post-World War I campaign against “state medicine”; research on inflammation and disease diagnoses; restrictions on medical advertising; separation from dentistry profession; story of Baltimore physicians’ “historic rebuff” of Harris and Hayden Medical University of South Carolina Medicare: and dental care benefits (none); King-Anderson Medicare bill and dentists’ opposition to Meharry Medical College School of Dentistry (Nashville) Mercy Hospital (Batavia, Ohio) Merritt, Arthur Mertz, Elizabeth microbiome, human oral; biofilm; caries and oral microbes; periodontal disease Mikuls, Ted Mikulski, Barbara Miller, Willoughby D. Millwood, Charles Milton, William, III Miss Maryland USA pageant Miss USA pageant Mistral, Gabriela mobile dental clinics Mooppan, Hashim M. Morgan, Garner Motley, Wilma Mountain Empire College (Virginia) Murray, Gary S.
Murray, James Myrdal, Gunnar National Association of Dental Plans National Dental Association (NDA); anniversary celebration (2013); Prince George’s County chapter and response to death of Deamonte Driver National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Native Americans: Alaska; dental health aide therapists (DHATs) in tribal communities; Genco’s studies of periodontal disease, obesity, and diabetes; uninsured NDA. See National Dental Association (NDA) Nelson, Reggie New York State Dental Society New York State Society of Oral Surgeons New York Times Newark Star-Ledger Newman, Irene Newman, Wanda Norris, Laurie North Carolina: dentists’ battles against teeth-whitening retailers; Medicaid dental program North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners nurse practitioners and physicians’ assistants nursing homes Obama, Barack obesity and periodontal disease Ohio: Kyle Willis’s death due to dental abscess; uninsured population Ohio College of Dental Surgery Oliva, Stephanie O’Loughlin, Kathleen O’Malley, Martin “On Being Ill” (Woolf) On Photography (Sontag) O’Neill, Edward Onondaga County Dental Society oral disease and human health; contemporary research; focal theory and oral sepsis; Genco’s studies of periodontal disease, obesity, and diabetes; germ theory and oral bacteria; historical understandings; humoral theory of disease; inflammatory responses; mental illness; Miller’s study of oral bacteria as cause of dental infection and tooth decay; the mouth as ecosystem; nineteenthcentury European dental practitioners; nineteenth-century European social medicine; the oral microbiome; periodontal disease; racial disparities in; rheumatoid arthritis; Satcher’s warning of “silent epidemic”; and separation of dentistry and medicine. See also tooth decay and dental disease Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General (2000) oral hygiene movement (Progressive Era) organized dentistry; and the ACA; black dentists’ professional organization; efforts to preserve professional autonomy and private practice system; first professional organization; FTC regulations and investigations; history of segregation in; opposition to dental hygienists and midlevel providers; opposition to dental therapist model; opposition to LBJ’s federal health care expansion; opposition to national dental benefits and nationalized health care; opposition to
SCHIP reauthorization; opposition to teeth-whitening retailers; and preventive dental care. See also American Dental Association (ADA); profession of American dentistry Osborn, John O’Shea, Robert pain. See dental pain Pallone, Frank, Jr. parents and children’s oral health: mothers and tooth-brushing; parental responsibility issue Parker, Marsha Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) (ACA); and the American Dental Association; and dental benefits; Medicaid expansion patient-centered medical home model Pawlicki, Robert Payne, Jeffrey Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University Peltier, Bruce Pennsylvania State Dental Society Pepper, Claude periodontal disease; and diagnostic coding/diagnostic terminology; Genco’s studies of wider health conditions and; inflammatory responses; links with obesity, diabetes, and inflammation; and oral microbes; and poor adults; and rheumatoid arthritis; and separation of dentistry and medicine Peters, Randy Pew Center on the States Pew Charitable Trusts Philadelphia County Medical Society physicians. See medical profession Pignato, Michael Pima Indian community Pincus, Charles Pinellas Technical College (Florida) Poe, Edgar Allan Potter, Charles preventive dental care: community water fluoridation programs; cost-effectiveness; dental hygienists; and dental profession; dental sealants; fluoride varnish treatments; and mandated dental benefits under SCHIP; and medical profession; mobile dental clinics; Progressive Era’s oral hygiene movement; public health initiatives; tooth-brushing Prince George’s County (Maryland): Deamonte Driver Dental Project mobile clinic; inequalities; NDA chapter and response to death of Deamonte Driver Prince George’s County Health Department Prince George’s County Hospital Center profession of American dentistry: average earnings/net income; average student debt; diagnostic coding and terminology; history of segregation in; marketing and competition for clients; midtwentieth century; patient selection and obligation not to refuse patients; principles of ethics; separation of medicine and dentistry. See also American Dental Association (ADA); organized dentistry profession of American dentistry (origins); the “Amalgam” War of nineteenth century; early x-ray technology; first professional journal and organization; Fones and challenges of early practice of; Gies’s 1926 report on poor quality of dental education; Harris; Harris and first college of dentistry; Harris-Hayden partnership; Harris’s The Dental Art; nineteenth-century Baltimore; and
nineteenth-century European dental practitioners and scientific principles; Progressive Era’s oral hygiene movement; warnings about hucksters and charlatan dentists. See also Harris, Chapin “Project Rotunda” Public Health Service Act (1944) Public Justice Center (Baltimore) race and oral health disparities; black dentists; history of racially-segregated health care; minority children and dental benefits; minority children and tooth decay; Satcher on; Schoen on; segregated dental colleges and professional associations; shortages of minority dentists Rand Corporation Rasmuson Foundation Raven, Maria Reagan, Ronald Remote Area Medical Volunteer Corps (RAM) Rethman, Jill Revere, Paul rheumatoid arthritis Richardson, Ryann Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Robinson, J. Ben Roosevelt, Franklin D. Rosas, Claudia Roth, Kathleen Rutgers Center for Health Care Policy Rutgers School of Dental Medicine Sarbanes, John Satcher, David; on midlevel dental providers; Oral Health in America (2000); on racial disparities, segregation, and oral health; warning of “silent epidemic” of oral health Schmidt, Jeffrey Schoen, Max; HUAC hearings; invention of dental insurance; on racial disparities in dental care school clinics and school dentistry Scientific American Scull, Andrew Sealander, Karen sealants, dental Senate Committee on Education and Labor Senate Finance Committee Senate Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies Subcommittee Shell, Donald Shenkin, Jonathan Smile-Vision (imaging company) Smith, D. D. Smith, Dennis Smith, Tanya Snow, John social medicine, nineteenth-century socialized medicine: and Bush’s 2007 veto of SCHIP reauthorization; organized dentistry’s opposition to dental hygienist model; organized dentistry’s opposition to LBJ’s social welfare programs
Solomon, David Sontag, Susan South Carolina, dental hygienists in South Carolina Board of Dentistry South Carolina Dental Association South Carolina Dental Association (SCDA) Bulletin South Carolina Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Southern Maryland Medical Center Southwest Virginia Graduate Medical Education Consortium Spencer, Walter A. St. Petersburg Free Clinic (Florida) The State (South Carolina newspaper) State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP); Bush’s 2007 veto of expansion/reauthorization; congressional hearings on reauthorization; Obama and mandated dental benefits “state medicine” State of Maryland Dental Society State University of New York at Stony Brook Steadman, F. St. John Steel, Chip Steel, Linda Stewart, L. Malcolm Stewart, Susan stigma and dental health Strader, Charlton Sugalski, Gregory Swinomish Indian Tribal Council (Skagit County, Washington) Talbot, William Henry Fox Taung child (Australopithecus) teeth-whitening treatments. See whitening and bleaching treatments Temple, Shirley Thee, John Thomas, Betty Thrasher, Aaron Tinanoff, Norman tooth decay and dental disease: Alaska Natives; caries; as chronic disease of American children; deaths; dental pain; and diet; Harris on; in human fossil record; minority children and racial disparities in; nineteenth-century European dental practitioners on; nursing homes; oral bacteria; sealants; World War II military recruits. See also abscesses, periapical; hospital emergency room visits; oral disease and human health Tooth Fairies Teeth Whitening tooth transplantation (late eighteenth century) tooth-brushing; Harris on hygiene and; mothers’ influence on children’s habits; Progressive Era’s oral hygiene movement Trice, Earlie Lee Trump, Donald Umoren, Mfon United Healthcare (Maryland) University Hospital (Cincinnati)
University Hospital (Newark) University of California-Los Angeles; Institute of Industrial Relations University of California-San Francisco (UCSF); School of Dentistry University of Kentucky College of Dentistry University of Maryland College of Medicine University of Maryland School of Dentistry. See also Baltimore College of Dental Surgery University of North Carolina School of Public Health University of Southern California (USC) School of Dentistry University of the Pacific’s Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Children’s Bureau U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) U.S. Public Health Service U.S. Supreme Court; federal antitrust laws and medical advertising; federal antitrust laws and teethwhitening retailers in North Carolina van Leeuwenhoek, Anton Vargas, Clemencia veneers Vidor, King Virchow, Rudolf Vujicic, Marko Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill (S1606) Walter, Francis E. Ward, Dan Washington Post; story of Deamonte Driver’s death Waters, Jasmine Waxman, Henry Webb, Harvey, Jr. Wells, Horace West, Mae West, Robert West Virginia, reduction of children’s Medicaid dental benefits in Western Maryland Health Education Center White, Joel whitening and bleaching treatments: cosmetic dentistry; organized dentistry’s opposition to retailers Wilkie, Charles A. Williams, Dana Williard, Mary Willis, Kyle Wisconsin’s SCHIP program and reimbursement schedule wisdom teeth: abscesses; and orbital cellulitis; removal surgery and costs W.K. Kellogg Foundation Wolcott, Alexander S. Wolfe Academy (Baltimore) Wolman, Abel
Wood, John S. Woodkotch, Dave Woodward, Brooks Woolf, Virginia World Health Organization (WHO) World War II: dental defects in military recruits; postwar calls for national dental benefits; postwar segregated dentists’ offices; postwar women’s magazines and cosmetic dentistry; separation of military Dental Corps and Medical Corps Wright, C. M. Zorn, Hal
About the Author Mary Otto is the oral health topic leader for the Association of Health Care Journalists. She began writing about oral health at the Washington Post, where she worked for eight years covering social issues including health care and poverty. She lives in Washington, D.C.
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The Studs and Ida Terkel Award ON THE OCCASION OF HIS NINETIETH BIRTHDAY, STUDS TERKEL AND his son, Dan, announced the creation of the Studs and Ida Terkel Author Fund. The Fund is devoted to supporting the work of promising authors in a range of fields who share Studs’s fascination with the many dimensions of everyday life in America and who, like Studs, are committed to exploring aspects of America that are not adequately represented by the mainstream media. The Terkel Fund furnishes authors with the vital support they need to conduct their research and writing, providing a new generation of writers the freedom to experiment and innovate in the spirit of Studs’s own work. Studs and Ida Terkel Award Winners Mary Otto, Teeth: The Story of Beauty, Inequality, and the Struggle for Oral Health in America David Dayen, Chain of Title: How Three Ordinary Americans Uncovered Wall Street’s Great Foreclosure Fraud Aaron Swartz, The Boy Who Could Change the World: The Writings of Aaron Swartz (awarded posthumously) Beth Zasloff and Joshua Steckel, Hold Fast to Dreams: A College Guidance Counselor, His Students, and the Vision of a Life Beyond Poverty Barbara J. Miner, Lessons from the Heartland: A Turbulent HalfCentury of Public Education in an Iconic American City Lynn Powell, Framing Innocence: A Mother’s Photographs, a Prosecutor’s Zeal, and a Small Town’s Response
Lauri Lebo, The Devil in Dover: An Insider’s Story of Dogma v. Darwin in Small-Town America