PART C PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY–I (Inorganic ...

PART C

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY–I
(Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry)

(Pharm-113)



IUnit

INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICALS

KEY FACTS

A. Sources of impurities and their control, water (purified water, water for injection and
limit test for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy sterile water for injection), pharmaceutical
metals, chloride and sulphate acceptable glass, acids and bases (Sodium
hydroxide, phosphoric acid.
B. An outline of methods of preparation, uses,
sources of impurities, tests of purity and Topical Agents: Protectives (Calamine,
identification and special tests, if any, of titanium dioxide, talc, kaolin), astringents
the following classes of inorganic (Zinc oxide, Zinc Sulphate) and anti-infectives
pharmaceuticals included in Indian (Boric Acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodine,
Pharmacopoeia. (1996) Povidone Iodine, Potassium permanganate,
Silver nitrate).
Gases and Vapors: Inhalants (Oxygen),
Anesthetics (Nitrous oxide). Dental Products: Dentrifices-anti-caries
agents (Sodium fluoride).
Pharmaceutical aids and necessities:

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

I. Multiple Choice Questions 3. Nitrous oxide is

Each of the following questions have four (a) analgesic (b) anaesthetic
alternatives. Only one of them is correct.
Choose the correct answer. (c) both (a) and (b)

(d) none of these

1. Impurities in pharmaceutical 4. Temporary hardness of water may be
preparation may be due to following softened by
sources:
(a) boiling
(a) Raw material
(b) clarks lime process
(b) Manufacturing process
(c) Chemical instability (c) deionized water

(d) All of the above (d) all of the above

2. Oxygen requirement in the body can be 5. Permanent hard water may be softened
classified into four major divisions. by

(a) Anoxic (b) Stagnant (a) addition of soluble carbonate
(c) Anemic (d) All of these
(b) polyphosphate chelation

109

110 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

(c) zeoolite 14. ZnO is used as

(d) all of the above (a) protective (b) astringent

6. Sterile water for injection may be stored (c) both (a) & (b) (d) antidote
in
15. Inorganic antimicrobial agent can be
(a) Type 1 (b) Type 2 divided into

(c) Both (a) and (b) (a) oxidation

(d) Type 3 (b) halogenation

7. Water attack test can be applied for (c) protein precipitate

(a) berosilicate glass (d) all of the above

(b) treated sodalime glass 16. Compounds capable of function as
antimicrobial agent through oxidative
(c) soda lime glass mechanism are

(d) general purpose soda lime glass

8. In Bronsted-Lowry concept acid is (a) H2O2 (b) halogen

(a) proton donor (c) KMnO4 (d) all of these

(b) electron donor 17. Halogenation mechanism occurring with

(c) proton accepter antiseptic are

(d) electron accepter (a) hypohalite (b) sulphydryl

9. HSAB categorizes acids and bases (c) halogens (c) none
according to properties of
18. Hydrogen peroxide is used as

(a) size (b) charge (a) antiseptic

(c) polarizability (d) all of these (b) acidifying agent

10. Hard bases have (c) protective

(a) high electropositive (d) antioxidant

(b) low electronegative 19. KMnO4 solutions are used for
(a) antibacterial
(c) both the above

(d) none of the above (b) antifungal

11. Example of strong acid is (c) both the above

(a) Ca2+ (b) Hg+ (d) none of these

(c) I+ (d) Cu+ 20. AgNO3 is categorizes into
(a) oxidative antimicrobial agent
12. Pharmaceutical buffer system could be
categorizes into (b) halogented antimicrobial agent

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) protein ppt. antimicrobial agent

(c) 3 (d) none of these (d) all of the above

13. Topical agent depending upon their 21. Fluoride inhibits caries formation via
action or used divided into
(a) ↓ acid solubility of enamel
(a) protective (b) antimicroliol

(c) astringent (d) all of these (b) bacterial inhibition

(c) both the above

(d) ↑ acid solubility of enamel

Inorganic Pharmaceuticals ____________________________________________________________ 111

22. Hydroxyapatite is mixture Ca2+ salt of 36. Arsine gas is carried and comes into
contact with .................... in produces a
(a) CO3– (b) PO4– yellow or brown stain.

(c) OH (d) all of these 37. In limit test for Arsenic, temp. should
be maintained ………… .
II. Fill in the Blanks
38. The function of granulated Zn in limit
Fill in the blanks to make the following test for Arsenic is ………… .
statements complete and correct:
39. In limit test for heavy metals ..............
23. Limit test are qualitative …………….. A is used for clear colorless/turbid
test designed to identify and control colored solution.
small quantities of impurities.
40. The use of oxygen at increase pressure
24. Limit test for chloride has been based is know as ………………. .
open Rx b/w…………… and ……………..
to obtain silver chloride. 41. The laughing gas is known …………... .

25. Limit test for sulphate has been based 42. Which inorganic gas used as anesthetic
upon the ppt of sulphate with ……… in ………… .
the presence of ……………… .
43. A mix. of oxygen and nitrous oxide
26. In limit test for sulphate to prevent the 50 : 50 can safely be used for relief of
supersaturation of BaSO4 a small pain in ………..... .
amount of ………………has been added
in the reagent. 44. When sterility is necessary in ................
or deionized water is used.
27. In limit test for chloride …………………..
prevent production of opalescence due 45. Glass may be considered as ………… .
to presence of Ag2CO3, CO2.
46. According to HSAB hard acids are
28. Limit test for iron is based upon reaction …………………. .
of Fe with …………….. in of a solution
buffered with ammonium citrate. 47. When orthophosphoric acid is heated to
200 ºC to from …………….. .
29. Limit test for iron purple color is due to
formation of ..................... . 48. Phosphoric acid as a solvent in
preparation of …………………… .
30. In limit test for iron ……………………
prevent the precipitate of iron as 49. In borate buffer system Feldman’s pH
Fe(OH)3NH3 solution. ranges is …………….. .

31. In limit test for iron Ferrous 50. In borate buffer system Atkins and
thioglycolate has stable pink to reddish Pantin pH ………………… .
purple colour in ……………. medium.
51. Giffords pH range is ………… .
32. Limit test for Pb has been based upon
Rxn b/w …………. and ………………. to 52. Protective are substance which may be
form complex. applied to …………………. .

33. The structure of dithiazone ………… . 53. Protective are ………… and ………… .

34. The limit test for Arsenic is based upon 54. Protective and adsorbent substance are
………………. test. available for use internally for ……… .

35. In limit test for Arsenic ................ is 55. Talc is hydrated ............... .
converted into Arsenous acid/Arsinegas.
56. Talc has low adsorptive properties so it
is a useful is …………….. .

57. Due to non-adsorptive character of talc
it is used as ……………….. .

112 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

58. Calamine has Chemical formula …… . 78. The limit test for sulphates is performed
on the reaction between ............... and
59. Phenolated calamine lotion used as ............... in the presence of dilute HCl
…………………. . to form the ppt. of ............... .

60. Titanium dioxide also known as 79. ............... are a broad range of drugs in
.................... . the form of gases aerosols or solvents.

61. Kaolin is ……………………… . 80. CO poisoning gas gangerene and
decompression sickness are treated by
62. ZnSO4 is externally ………………… and using ............... .
opthalamic ……………… .
81. Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur
63. An astringent is a drug which melees at partial pressure more than ...............
all shrinle by ………………. from their the normal sea level.
surfaces.
82. ............... are the drug that brings about
64. Protein precipitate involve the a reversible loss of consciousness.
interaction of protein with metallic ion
have ………………. . 83. General anesthesia are either given as
............... and ............... .
65. KMnO4 can be used as an …………… .
66. KMnO4 is …………… Reducting agent. 84. Traditionally Nitrous Oxide is made by
67. Povidone-Iodine is a member of class of thermal decomposition of ...............
temperature between ............... .
compound referred to as ……………. .
85. WFI stands for ............... .
68. Povidone iodine is …………… .
86. ............... are bacterial andotoxins, they
69. 0.5% aq. solution of AgNO3 is used in causes elevation in temperature when
………………….. . reaches the blood circulation.

70. 1% solution of AgNO3 solution is used 87. Glass is mainly composed of ............. .
in ………………….. .
88. According Bronsted and Lowry an acid
71. Dentrifices are the compounds that are is a substance which ............... in
used for ………………. . solution while base ............... in solution.

72. The cleaning action of dentifrices 89. Phosphoric acid also known as ...............
depends on their ............... . acid, has the chemical formula .......... .

73. In limit test the change in ............... is 90. Protective agents are those, which are
compared with fixed standard in the applied to skin to protect certain areas
Pharmacopieas. from ............... .

74. If the test solution color, turbidity or 91. Calamine is a topical ............... and has
opalesence is less than the standard a mild ............... action on the skin.
solution it ............... the limit test.
92. Titanium dioxide is prepared
75. The main sources of ............... impurities commercially by treating the mineral
are sulphuric acid and lead apparatus. ............... .

76. The standard and test solution used for 93. Talc is a mineral composed of ...............
limit test are prepared in ............... . with the chemical formula ............... .

77. The principle of the limit test for 94. When Talc is heated to red heat (850 –
chlorides test involves the reaction of 1000°C, it loses water and the natural
............... from the ppt. of silver chloride, mineral ............... is formed.
i.e., insoluble in ............... .

Inorganic Pharmaceuticals ____________________________________________________________ 113

95. Commercially ............... is prepared by heating ............... in the presence of air
heating metallic Zinc to bright redness or an oxidizing agent, such as ............ .
in the presence of preheated air (French
Process). 101. The Silver protein solutions are
............... in properties due to the
96. ............... include antiseptic, germicide presence of low concentration of ionized
and disinfectant agent as well as silver.
sterilization process.
102. To prevent dental caries toothpaste
97. The chemical formula for Borax is containing ............... should be used.
............... .
103. In USP or I.P water for injection is
98. Diluted Hydrogen Peroxide (3% and stored at temperature below ……….. or
12%) is used to bleach human hair when ………….. above ……….. .
mixed with Ammonia, and is called as
............... . III. True/False Statements

99. ............... gives rise to Hypothyroidism, Write (T) for True and (F) for False statement.
symptoms of which are extreme fatigue,
goiter. 104. Purified water is used for parenterel.

100. Potassium permanganate is 105. Water for injection purified by
manufactured on a large scale by distillation.

I. Multiple Choice Questions ANSWERS

1. (d) 20. protein ppt.
2. (d) 21. (c)
3. (c) 22. (d)
4. (d)
5. (d) II. Fill in the Blanks
6. (c)
7. treated sodalime glass 23. Quantitative
8. proton donor 24. AgNO3 soluble chloride
9. (d) 25. BaCl2 and HCl
10. high electropositive 26. Alcohol
11. Ca2+ 27. HNO3
12. 2 28. Thioglycolic
13. (d) 29. Ferrous mercaptoacetate
14. (c) 30. Citric acid
15. (d) 31. Alkaline
16. (d) 32. Pb and dithione
17. Hypohalite 33. structure
18. Antiseptic 34. Guizet test
19. (c) 35. Arsine
36. Mercuric chloride
37. 40 degree

114 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

38. slow and prolonged evolution of purple color in aqueous solution.
Nascent H2 gas Usually manganate(VII) compounds
are deep purple—colored and Mn+2
39. Clean and colourless compounds are pink colored.
Permanganates have the MnO4– anion
40. Hypertonic and used as strong oxidizing agents.
Sodium permanganate (MnNaO4) and
41. N2O potassium permanganate (MnKO4) are
42. N2O the sodium and potassium salt of
43. Child birth permanganic acid respectively.
Permanganate salts have bactericidal,
44. Distilled fungicidal, astringent, and oxidizing
properties. They are used as
45. Sodium silicate disinfectant in solution as a topical
anti-infective. It is also used as an
46. Electron acceptor antidote for certain poisons
(phosphorus). They are used as
47. Pyrophoric acid deodorizers and to treat some parasitic
diseases of fish, and used in treatment
48. Anileridine injection of drinking water.

49. pH 7–8.2 66. Strong oxidizing agent

50. 7.6 67. Iodophors

51. 6–7.8 68. poly vinyl pyrollidine

52. Skin 69. third degree burn

53. insoluble and inert 70. ophthalmic solutions

54. Git irritation 71. cleaning teeth and gums

55. Magnesium silicate 72. abrasive

56. Lubricating, protective dusting powder 73. colour, turbidity

57. Filter Aid 74. passes, fail

58. ZnO.xFe2O3 75. lead
59. Local anesthetic
76. nessler cylinder
60. Pigment white
77. silver nitrate with soluble chlorides,
61. Hydrated aluminium silicate dilute nitric acid

62. Antiseptic, astringent 78. barium chloride, soluble sulphate,
BaSO4
63. Precipitate proteins
79. inhalants, lungs
64. large charge/radius
80. oxygen
65. The common oxidation states of
manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6 and +7. 81. 50 kilopascal or 2.5 times more
Manganese compound such as
permanganic acid in oxidation state +7 82. anaesthetic
are powerful oxidizing agent when
reduced to +2 and to +4 (in alkaline 83. inhalational anaesthetics, injections
solution). Permanganic acid finds anaesthetics
application as a antiseptic and a
disinfectant. Permanganic acid 84. ammonium nitrate, 170–260 ºC
(HMnO4) is an unstable, existing only
in aqueous solution and its salts called
permanganates which has a deep

Inorganic Pharmaceuticals ____________________________________________________________ 115

85. water for injection 97. Na2B4O7
98. peroxide blonde
86. pyrogens 99. iodine deficiency
100. potassium hydroxide with manganese
87. silicates
dioxide, potassium nitrate
88. proton donor, proton acceptor 101. antibacterial
102. sodium fluoride
89. orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4 103. 4 degree celsius or above 37 degree
90. Irritation and itching
celcius
91. protectant, astringent
III. True/False
92. iliminite with hydrogen chloride
104. False
93. hydrated magnesium silicate, 105. True
H2Mg3(SiO3)4

94. enstatite

95. zinc oxide

96. antimicrobial

Unit II

GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS

CONTENTS

Acidifying agents (Dilute Hydrochloric acid), sulphate and other Magnesium compounds),
antacids (Bismuth subcarbonate, Aluminium protective and adsorbents (Activated
hydroxide, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium Charcoal, Light Kaolin, Aluminium sulphate).
hydroxide, Magnesium oxide {light and Miscellaneous Agents: Expectorants
heavy}, Magnesium carbonate {light and (Ammonium chloride, Potassium Iodide),
heavy}, Magnesium trisilicate, cathartics antioxidants (Sodium metabisulphite).
(disodium hydrogen phosphate, Magnesium

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

I. Multiple Choice Questions (c) Epigastric pain

Each of the following questions have four (d) All of the above
alternatives. Only one of them is correct. 4. Side effect of antacid therapy.
Choose the correct answer.
(a) Acid rebound
1. Inorganic agent used to treat GIT agent (b) Systemic allealopsis
(c) Na content of antacid
(a) products for altering gastric pH (d) All of the above
5. Al(OH)3 gel is used in
(b) productives for instinal inflamma- (a) dentrifices
tion (b) radioactivite agent
(c) raptic ulcan
(c) adsorbents for intestinal toxins. (d) all of the above
6. Calcium contaning antacid differ from
(d) all of the above aluminium containing antacid
2. The goal of antacid therapy. (a) depend upon their basic property
(b) do not have any amphoteric effect
(a) ↓ Concentration of acid in gastric (c) do not cause systemic alkalosis
juice (d) all of the above

(b) Gastic pH 3.5 and 7
(c) ↑ Concentration of acid
(d) Both (a) and (b)
3. Symptoms of achlohydria.
(a) Mild diarrhoea

(b) Frequent bowel movement

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Gastrointestinal Agents _______________________________________________________________ 117

7. Side effect of Ca containing antacid. (d) none of the above
(a) Renal failure 14. Cathartics are the drugs used to
(b) Mille allkali syndromes
(c) Hyperphosphatemia (a) relieve acidity
(d) All of the above (b) relieve constipation
(c) reduce gastrointestinal irritations
8. Stimulant laxative act by (d) all of the above
(a) local irritation of intestinal trad 15. Which of the following is an example of
(b) ↑ bulk stimulating peristalsis inorganic saline expectorant?
(c) ↓ omatic load (a) Ammonium chloride
(d) all of the above (b) Potassium iodide
(c) Antimony potassium tartarate
9. Expectorant are used in treatment of (d) All of the above
respiratory tract by 16. The antioxidants action of sodium
(a) ↑ viscosity of bronchial sec metabisulphite is due to
(b) ↓ viscosity of bronchial sec (a) release of sodium ions
(c) ↑ amount of refractory tract fluid a (b) release of SO2
demulcent action is extract (c) release of O2
(d) both (b) and (c) (d) all of the above
17. Antacid acts by
10. Ammonium chloride is used as (a) decreasing the volume of HCl in
(a) expectorant
(b) diuretic stomach
(c) systemic acidifier (b) neutralizing the gastric HCl
(d) all of the above
contents
11. The acid neutralizing capacity of an (c) through H/K ATPase pump
antacid plane at least (d) all of the above
(a) 5 meq. of HCl per dosage unit 18. What should be ideal property for an
(b) 7 meq. of HCl per dosage unit antacid prepration?
(c) 8 meq. of HCl per dosage unit (a) It should not be absorbable
(d) 10 meq. of HCl per dosage unit (b) Not causes systemic alkalosis
(c) Should buffer in the pH range 4–6
12. Simethicone is (d) All of the above
(a) antacid 19. Antiflatulents are generally included in
(b) defoaming agents antacid formulation. They act by
(c) astringents (a) reducing the surface tension of
(d) none of the above
bubbles in the stomach
13. Dried aluminium hydroxide gel contains (b) avoid absorption of antacid
(a) hydrated aluminium oxide (c) prevent the formation of HCl
(b) small quantities of basic aluminium (d) all of the above
n carbonate and bicarbonate
(c) both (a) and (b)

118 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

20. Saline cathartics should not be given to 26. Magnesium trisilicate has composition
(a) patients with cardiovascular ……………… .
disorders
(b) patients with history of convulsions 27. ……………… and …………… of GIT is
(c) patients with low sodium diet commonly used for treatment of mild
(d) patients with muscular disorders diarrhoea.

21. Excess use of magnesium sulphate leads 28. Heavy MgCO3 differ from light MgCO3,
to by …………………..
(a) hypermagnesaemia
(b) gastrointestinal irritations 29. The antacid properties of MgCO3 are
(c) watery diarrhoea due to …………. and ………….. anion
(d) all of the above reacting with gastic HCl.

22. Combination of antacid are prepared 30. Acute diarrhoea can be caused by
because …………………… .
(a) to attain synergestic effect
(b) to enhance antacid effect 31. The adsorbent proactive adsorb
(c) an attempt to balance the consti- ………….. along providing ………………..
pative effect of calcium and coating of internal mucosa.
aluminium with the laxative effect
of magnesium 32. Example of adsorbent and protective are
(d) all of the above ………………. .

23. The major side effect associated with 33. Bismuth subnitrate is used as ……… .
saline cathartics is
(a) excessive loss of body fluids in form 34. Cathartic are agents ………………… .
of watery stools
(b) convulsions 35. Laxative are mild ……………………… .
(c) cardiac disorder
(d) constipation 36. Kaolin is ………………………… .

24. Burnett syndrome is associated with the 37. The type of laxative are ……………… .
prolonged uses of
(a) calcium containing antacids 38. Example of stimulant laxative ……… .
(b) magnesium containing antacid
(c) aluminium containing antacid 39. Example of Bulk forming laxative
(d) all of the above ……….. .

II. Fill in the Blanks 40. Mineral oil is ………………… laxative.

Fill in the blanks to make the following 41. MgSO4 is used orally as ………………..
statements complete and correct: and ………… parent rally …………… .

25. Achlorhydria is the …………………. of 42. Disodium hydrogen phosphate act as
HCl. ……………. due to ……………… .

43. Kaolin is used as ……………………. .

44. Expectorant are drug used in treatment
of ……………… .

45. Gastric acid is produced by ............. in
the stomach. The pH of gastric acid is
............. in the human stomach.

46. The Gastric HCl promoted formation of
............., a protiolitic enzyme, soften
fibrous food and destroy the bacteria in
ingested food materials.

Gastrointestinal Agents _______________________________________________________________ 119

47. Magnesium hydroxide can be 56. The chief indication for administering
precipitated by the metathesis reaction an antacid is ………………. excess HCl.
between Magnesium salt and ............. .
57. Antacid are ………………. used to
48. ............. prepared by precipitation from neutralise gastric HCl.
solution of Magnesium Sulphate and
Sodium Silicate. III. True/False Statements

49. The molecular formula of Disodium Write (T) for True and (F) for False statement.
Hydrogen phosphate is .............. .
58. Systemic antacid is soluble, readily
50. Aluminium Sulphate may be made by absorbed.
dissolving ............. .
59. Non–systemic antacid do not exert any
51. The molecular formula for Kaolin is systemic effect.
............. .
60. NaHCO3 is systemic antacid.
52. An expectorant ............. bronchial 61. Aluminium containing antacid has
secretions and nucolytics help .............
thick bronchial secretion. consipating effect.

53. Aluminium Chloride is prepared 62. Ca containing antacid tend to be
commercially by reacting ............. with constipating and usually found in
............. . combination with Magnesium antacid.

54. The substances, which inhibit oxidation 63. Saline cathartic act by increasing the
of free radicals are called as ............. . osmotic load of GIT.

55. Sodium Meta-bisulphite is used as an 64. Saline cathartics are water soluble.
............. in oral, parenteral, and topical
pharmaceutical formulation ............. at 65. Al(OH)3 is systemic Aluminium
concentrations of ............. W/V. hydroxide or nonsystemic antacid.

66. What do you mean by expectorants?

ANSWERS

I. Multiple Choice Questions 18. (d)
19. reducing the surface tension of bubbles
1. (d) 2. (d)
in the stomach
3. (d) 4. (d) 20. patients with low sodium diet
21. (d)
5. (d) 6. (d) 22. an attempt to balance the constipative

7. (d) effect of calcium and aluminium with
the Laxative effect of magnesium
8. Local irritation of intestinal tract 23. excessive loss of body fluid in the form
of watery stools
9. (d) 24. calcium containing antacids

10. (d) II. Fill in the Blanks

11. at least 5 meq of HCl per dosage unit 25. Absence

12. antacid 13. (c)

14. relieve constipation

15. (d) 16. release of SO2

17. neutralizing the gastric HCl content

120 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

26. MgO and SiO2 53. Ammonia, hydrogen chloride
27. Protective, adsorbants 54. Antioxidants
28. Dentrifices 55. Na2S2O5
29. CO3–2, OH 56. Neutralize
30. Bacterial toxin, chemical poison, drugs, 57. Alkaline bases

allergy diseases III. True/False

31. Toxins, protectives 58. T 59. T 60. T
32. Bisalts, Clays, charcoal
33. Adsorbants, X-ray shielding 61. T 62. T 63. T

34. That quickens and increases evacuation 64. T
of bowel
65. Nonsystemic
35. Cathartic
66. A mucolytic agent or expectorant is any
36. Native hydrated aluminium silicate agent which dissolves thick mucus and
37. (i) stimulant, (ii) bulk forming, is usually used to help relieve
respiratory difficulties. It does so by
(iii) emollient, (iv) saline hydrolyzing glycosaminoglycans,
tending to break down/lower the
38. Phenopthalein, bisacodyl, castoroil, viscosity of mucin—containing body
oxyphenisatin secretions/components. The viscosity of
mucous secretions in the lungs is
39. Methyl cellulose, isabgol, karageenen dependent upon the concentrations of
mucoprotein, the presence of disulfide
40. Lubricant or emollient bonds between these macromolecules
41. Cathartic, anticonvulsant and DNA. An expectorant (from the
42. Cathartic, poor absorption of HPO4 Latin expectorare, to expel from the
43. Adsorbants chest) is a medication that helps bring
44. Cough up mucus and other material from the
45. Parietal cell, 2-3 lungs, bronchi, and trachea. An example
of an expectorant is guaifenesin which
46. Pepsin promotes drainage of mucus from the
47. Sodium, potassium or ammonium lungs by thinning the mucus and
lubricating the irritated respiratory
hydroxide tract. Sometimes the term ‘expectorant’
is incorrectly extended to any cough
48. Magnesium trisilicate medicine.
49. Na2HPO4,12H2O
50. Aluminium hydroxide in sulphuric acid

51. Al2Si2O5(OH)4
52. Increase, loosen

Unit III

MAJOR INTRA- AND EXTRA-CELLULAR
ELECTROLYTES

KEY FACTS

Physiological ions, Electrolytes used for sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium
replacement therapy, acid-base balance and chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium
combination therapy (Calcium chloride, chloride). Cationic and anionic components
Calcium gluconate, Calcium lactate, Calcium of inorganic drugs useful for systemic effects.
levulinate, Sodium dihydrogen phosphate,

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

I. Multiple Choice Questions 4. Potassium therapy is contraindicated in
patient
Each of the following questions have four (a) impaired renal fxn
alternatives. Only one of them is correct. (b) acute dehychation
Choose the correct answer. (c) myotonia congenital
(d) all of the above
1. Hypochloremia can be caused by
(a) salt losing nephritis 5. In physiological acid-base imbalance K
(b) metabolic acidosis excretion will be decreased
(c) both (a) and (b) (a) the amount of Na reaching distal
(d) metabolic alkalosis tubule is low
(b) the proton secretion by kidney
2. Condition causing hyponatremia tubule is increased
(a) extreme unne loss (c) both (a) and (b)
(b) metabolic acidosis (d) none of the above
(c) addison disease
(d) all the above 6. When total K is high there is passage
of proton from cells into extracellular
3. KCl is indicated in treatment of fluid causing
(a) menieres syndrome (a) intracellular alkalosis
(b) antidote in digitals intoxication (b) intracellular acidosis
(c) myastheniagravis
(d) all of the above

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122 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

(c) extracellular acidosis 14. The advantage of sodium lactate over
sodium bicarbonate
(d) both (a) and (b)

7. When total body K is low the (a) rapidly metabolized
intracellular fluid is acidic due to
passage of protons into K depleted cell (b) it may be sterilized by boiling
resulting in
(c) both of the above

(d) none of the above

(a) intracellular acidosis 15. Replacement therapy is needed

(b) extracellular alkalosis (a) heavy loss of water

(c) both (a) and (b) (b) prolonged fever

(d) intracellular alkalosis (c) diarrhoea

8. In metabolic acidosis (d) all of the above

(a) HCO3 excess 16. ORS has composition
(b) CO2 decreased
(c) HCO3 deficit (a) NaCl (b) KCl
(d) all of the above
(c) sodium citrate

(d) sodium bicarbonate

9. Condition occur in metabolic acidosis is (e) glucose

(a) diabetic acidosis (i) a, b, c, d (ii) a, b, d, e

(b) renal failure (iii) a, b, c, e (iv) b, c, d, e

(c) diarrhoea 17. Calcium gluconate is prepared by

(d) all the above (a) lactic acid and CaCO3
(b) oxalic acid and CaCO3
10. When metabolic acidosis is acute, the (c) gluconic acid and CaCO3
treatment is (d) gluconic acid and Ca(OH)2
18. The category of calcium gluconate is
(a) NaHCO3 (b) NaCl

(c) KCl (d) CaCl2

11. In metabolic alkalosis (a) antacid

(a) increase HCO3 (b) calcium replenished
(b) loss of H+
(c) antioxidant
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) radiopharmaceuticals
(d) decrease HCO3
12. Acute metabolic alkalosis may be 19. The category of sodium dihydrogen
phosphate dehydrate is
corrected by
(a) antacid
(a) KCl (b) NaHCO3
(b) calcium replenisher
(c) NaCl (d) CaCl2
(c) urinary acidifier
13. In metabolic acidosis, renal function has
(d) respiratory stimulant
(a) increase acid excretion by NaH
exchange 20. Sodium acetate is used as

(b) increase NH3 formation (a) urinary acidifier
(c) HCO3 reabsorption
(d) all of the above (b) calcium replenisher

(c) for peritoneal dialysis fluids

(d) antioxidant

Major Intra- and Extra-Cellular Electrolytes ______________________________________________ 123

21. Which one of the followings is used as (c) renal damage
systemic alkalizer? (d) both (a) and (b)
28. The principle function of chloride is
(a) Sodium chloride (a) maintenance of proper hydration
(b) maintenance of osmotic pressure
(b) Sodium bicarbonate (c) normal electrolytic balance
(d) all of the above
(c) Sodium sulphate 29. Calcium is essential for
(a) blood pontification to whaler bone
(d) Sodium acetate (b) blood clotting
(c) all of the above
22. If there is excessive excretion of CO2
which of the following condition develop II. Fill in the Blanks

(a) alkalosis (b) acidosis Fill in the blanks to make the following
statements complete and correct:
(c) both (d) none
30. …………. and ……………. are found in
23. Calcium levulinate is used as calcium plasma and interstitial fluid.
replenisher, chemically it is
31. …………… are found in intracellular
(a) calcium-2-oxo pentanoate dehydrate fluid.

(b) calcium-3-oxo pentanoate dehydrate 32. Hypopotassemia causes change in ...... .
33. Calcium absorbed from …………… .
(c) calcium-4-oxo pentanoate dehydrate 34. Calcium absorption and distribution are

(d) calcium-5-oxo pentanoate dehydrate under a complex hormonal central
…………… and …………… .
24. Sodium chloride is used for 35. Hypocalcaemia can be caused by
................ .
(a) pharmaceutical aid 36. Ioniar salt solution should be
……………………. .
(b) toxicity agents
37. Basic objective of replacement therapy
(c) fluid and electrolyte replenisher is .................. .

(d) all of the above 38. Calcium chloride is used as ............... .

25. The category of magnesium chloride is 39. Calcium gluconate is considered by
many to be treated of choice for ......... .
(a) urinary alkaliser
40. Major buffer systems in body ..............
(b) magnesium replenisher found in plasma and kidney.

(c) constituent of peritoneal dialysis 41. Sodium acetate is useful in patients
solution suffering from ............. and ............. .

(d) both (b) and (c) 42. The ICF constitute .............. % of body
weight, while ECF constitue .............. %
26. The maintenance of constant of body weight.
environment in various cells, tissue and
body fluids physically as well as
chemically is known as

(a) electrolyte balance

(b) homeostasis

(c) hemostasis

(d) none of the above

27. Clinical manifestation associated with
potassium is

(a) hypertension

(b) acidosis

124 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

43. Electrolytic solution can be given by 52. Match the Following:
.............. and .............. .
(a) Cu (1) Cation anion gap

44. .............. is the principle anion of ICF. (b) Iodine (2) Utilization of Iron

45. ORT stands for .............. . (c) Chlorine (3) Thyroid Gland

46. ORS stands for .............. . (d) Bicarbonate (4) ECF

47. Home made ORS constitutes of ............ . (e) KCl (5) Water

48. .............. NaCl while .............. dextrose (f) NaCl (6) Carnallite
solution are isotonic with blood plasma.
53. Which element is essential component
49. The concentration of electrolytes is of many of enzymes involving phosphate
expressed in .............. . metabolism and ATP.

50. Extracellular fluid includes ................ . 54. Hypotonic or Hypertonic solution are
adminis-tered for maintenance therapy
51. Match the Following: when patient are suffering from
dehydration.
(a) ICF (1) Due to concen-
tration difference

(b) Anion Gap (2) K Mg and PO4
(c) Sodium ions (3) Inside the cell

(d) K ion (4) Outside the cell

ANSWERS

I. Multiple Choice Questions 26. homeostasis 27. (d)
28. (d) 29. blood clotting
1. (c) 2. (d)

3. (d) 4. (d) II. Fill in the Blanks

5. (c) 6. (d) 30. Na, Cl
31. K, Mg, PO4.
7. (c) 9. (d) 32. Myocardial, flaccid muscle
11. (c) 33. upper part of small intestine
8. HCO3 – deficit 13. (d) 34. Paratharmone and calcitonin
10. NaHCO3 15. (d) 35. Hypothyroidism, cushing syndrome
12. NaCl 36. 0.9% w/v
37. to restore the volume and composition
14. both (a) and (b)
of body fluid
16. (a), (b), (c), (e) 38. Electrolyte replenisher
39. Hypocalcemia
17. glyconic acid and CaCO3 40. Bicarbonate/carbonic acid
18. calcium replenisher 41. Metabolic Acidosis and acute cholera
42. 40, 20
19. urinary acidifier
20. for peritoneal dialysis fluids
21. Sodium bicarbonate

22. acidosis
23. calcium-2-oxopentanoate dehydrate

24. (d) 25. (d)

Major Intra- and Extra-Cellular Electrolytes ______________________________________________ 125

43. oral, iv 49. milliequivalents per litre
44. phosphate 50. Intestinal and vascular fluid
45. oral rehydration therapy Match the Following:
46. oral rehydration salt 51. (a) 2, (b) 1, (c) 4, (d) 3
47. one teaspoonful of salt, eight teaspoonful 52. (a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 1, (d) 4, (e) 6, (f) 5
53. Mg
of sugar in 1 litre of water 54. Hypotonic
48. 0.9, 5.4

Unit IV

ESSENTIAL AND TRACE ELEMENTS

KEY FACTS

Essential and Trace Elements: Transition (Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Sb, S, I).
elements and their compounds of
pharmaceutical importance. Iron and Coordination compounds and
haematinics (Ferrous fumarate, Ferrous complexation: Study of such compounds
gluconate, Ferrous sulphate, Ferric used in therapy including poison antidotes
ammonium citrate), mineral supplements (Calcium folinate, Sodium thiosulphate).

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

I. Multiple Choice Questions (c) formation of fibres elastic

Each of the following questions have four (d) all of the above
alternatives. Only one of them is correct.
Choose the correct answer. 4. Cu deficiency can lead to

1. Essential element called essential (a) Leucopenia
(a) It must occur in all healthy tissue
(b) Facilitate a great many essential life (b) Ganulocytopenia
process
(c) It must cause reproducible life (c) Anemia
processes
(d) All of the above (d) All of the above

2. Anaemia can be caused by 5. In Wilson disease a condition of excess
(a) excessive blood loss. storage of
(b) excessive blood formation.
(c) both (a) and (b) (a) Fe (b) Zn
(d) none of the above
(c) Cu (d) I
3. Copper has role in
(a) Hb formation 6. CuSO4 is essential component of
(b) ATP production by reformation (a) Fehling solution

(b) Benedict solution

(c) Tolland reagent

(d) Both (a) and (b)

7. Zinc deficiency is associated

(a) Impaired growth

(b) Parakeratosis

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Essential and Trace Elements _________________________________________________________ 127

(c) Retired sexual motivation 17. .………………… is also a component of
(d) All of the above tyrosines.
8. Iodine has been used therapeutically as
(a) ameliorating agent in hyper- 18. ……………. is only transition metal
blero the first series that is known to
thyroidism be essential in living system.
(b) fibrocystic agent in syphilis
(c) expectorant 19. Manganese containing protein called
(d) all of the above ……………………… .
9. Sulfur has been used therapeutically
(a) cathartic action 20. ………………. found in photosynthetic
(b) simulate in allopathic apparatus chloroplast.
(c) fumigation
(d) all of the above 21. ……………….. toxicity can lead to
10. The mechanism of antidotal action symptoms like parleinscns disease.
(a) by counteracting the effect of person
(b) by changing chemical nature of 22. Iodine is essential constituent of
………………… hormone.
poison
(c) by preventing absorption of poison 23. Antidote is an agent that counteract
……………………… .
into the body.
(d) all of the above 24. Sodium nitrate which concert H6 into
11. Sodium nitrite is classified as ………………..to bind cyanide.
(a) chemical antidote
(b) physiological antidote 25. ................ produced as a byproduct of
(c) mechanical antidote Solvey process.
(d) all the above
26. Chemical formulae of calcium gluconate
II. Fill in the Blanks: is ................ .

Fill in the blanks to make the following 27. ................ is a cardioprotective agent in
statements complete and correct: Hyperkalemia.

12. Anemic is general term for a condition 28. Chemical formulae of calcium levulinate
in which …………. are deficient in is ................ .
number.
29. Two official compounds of calcium is
13. Orally administered…………………… is ................ .
treatment of choice for iron deficiency.
30. ................ is the major source of
14. Ferrous gluconate which contains industrial chloride.
................... iron.
31. ................ is occasionaly known as
15. Parentaral administration of iron is ‘Muriate of Potash’.
indicated in ................... .
32. The transition elements are
16. Ferrous gluconate is used as .................. . characterized by ................ M.P and they
are ................ compounds.

33. Substances which increases the quantity
of Blood Corpuscles and Haemoglobin
in the body are called as ................ .

34. The molecular formulae of ferrous
fumerate is ................ .

35. ................ is prepared by double
decomposition of barium gluconate and
ferrous sulphate.

128 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

36. ................ is an Ore of FeSO4.7H2O and 52. An ................ is a substance which can
is ................ in colour. counteract a form of poisoning.

37. On Heating FeSO4 it decomposes to 53. Cyanide has a special affinity for the
................ , ................ and ................ . Ferric ions that occur in ................, the
terminal oxidative respiratoy enzyme
38. The Vital important micronutrient found in ................. .
needed by body are called as .............. .
54. The Major route of Detoxification of
39. Copper is required for the formation of cyanide in the body is conversion to
................ . ................ and this is achieved with the
help of ................ (divalent sulfur bonded
40. Both ................ and ................ are to another sulfur) and is catalyzed by
required for the normal and adequate ................. .
formation of RBC’s.
55. Injectable thiosulphate should be stored
41. ................is needed for the healthy in ampoules between ................. .
immune system.
56. Haemoproteins are iron containing
42. GTF stands for ................ . protein responsible for ………………. .

43. Goitre is caused by the deficiency of III. True/False Statements:
................ .
Write (T) for True and (F) for False statement.
44. ................ is an essential nutrient
required for the normal sugar and Fat 57. Iron found in body is associated with
metabolism and works primarly by two types of orotein.
potentiating the action of Insulin.
58. Ferritin and Hemosiderin are iron
45. ................helps the body to utilize storage protein found in liver, spleen
Vitamin C, B1, Biotin as well as Choline. and bone marrow.

46. ................ is used to detoxify the body, 59. Ferritin is water insoluble crystelline
boost the ................ which help fighy the iron protein.
effects of Ageing.
60. Ferritin is made from apoferritin and
47. ................ is used in the production of micelles of colloidal ferric hydroxide
hormones (such as thyroxin). produced phosphate complex.
by the ................. .
61. Hemosiderin is water insoluble and
48. A ................ is the product of a Lewis considered as dehydrated ferritin.
acid-base reaction in which neutral
molecules or Anions (Called Ligands) 62. Iron dextran injection is a complex of
bonds to a central metal atom (or ion) ferricoxy hydrochloride with partially
by coordinate covalent bonds. hydrolyzed dextral.

49. Initial management of all poisoning 63. Ferrous fume rate has useful attitudes
includes ensuring adequate cardiopul- is its resistance to oxidation on expose
monary function and providing to air.
treatment of any system such as
................ 64. Ferrous gluconate has more
bioavailability then ferrous fumerate.
50. ................ is the treatment of choice to
prevent absorption of Poison. 65. Cupric sulphate is an antidote for
phosphorus poisoning.
51. ................also known as stomach pump,
is the insertion of tube into the stomach, 66. ZnSO4 is used for wound heal.
followed by administration of water or 67. ZnSO4 is official as a topical astringent.
saline down the tube.

Essential and Trace Elements _________________________________________________________ 129

68. Molybdenum and FeSO4 both are used (1) Paracetamol (a) N-acetyl cysteine
as hematinic preparation.
(2) Cyanide (b) Sodium Nitrite
and sodium thio-
69. Lack of iodine in diet results in an sulphate
enlargement of thyroid gland.

70. The size of thyroid gland is inversely (3) Beta (c) Calcium gluconate
proportional to iodine content of gland
blockers and Glucagon

71. Which element is biochemically (4) Opiods (d) Nalaxone
associated with certain metalloenzymes.

72. Match the Following

Poison/Drug Antidote

ANSWERS

I. Multiple Choice Questions U.S.P, B.P.
30. Sodium Chloride
1. (d) 2. both 3. (d) 31. KCl
4. (d) 5. Cu 6. (d) 32. Increase
33. Haematinics
7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 34. C2H4FeO4
35. Ferrous Gluconate
10. (d) 11. Physiological antidote 36. Malenterite, Blue
37. Ferric Oxide, SO2, SO3
II. Fill in the Blanks 38. Trace
39. Haemoglobin
12. RBC 40. Cu, Fe
13. FeSO4 41. Zn
14. 12% 42. Glucose tolerance factor
15. Emergency surgery 43. Iodine
16. Haematinic 44. Cromium
17. Copper 45. Manganese
18. Molybednum 46. Sulphur, Immune system
19. Lectins 47. Iodine, Thyroid gland
20. Manganese 48. coordination complex
21. Mn 49. seizures and shock and pain
22. Thyroid 50. activated charcoal
23. Poison 51. gastric lavage
24. Methmoglobin 52. antidote
25. Calcium chloride 53. cytochrome oxidase, mithocondria
26. CaC12H22O14, H2O
27. Calcium gluconate
28. (CH2COCH2COO.)2 Ca2+ 2H2O
29. Calcium Carbonate tablet. I.P, U.S.P,

B.P. and Calcium chloride Injection I.P,

130 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

54. thiocynate, sulphane sulphur, sulphur 63. T 64. T 65. T
transferase 66. T 67. T
68. T
55. 15 and 30 degree centigrade 69. Iodine
56. Respiration 70. True
71. Zn
III. True/False

57. T 58. T 59. F
62. T
60. T 61. T 72. 1. (a), 2. (b), 3. (c), 4. (d)

VUnit

INORGANIC RADIO PHARMACEUTICAL

KEY FACTS

Nuclear radio pharmaceuticals, nomen- clinical application and dosage, hazards and
clature, methods of obtaining, standards and precautions.
units of activity, measurement of activity,

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

I. Multiple Choice Questions 4. The radiation is measured in terms of

Each of the following questions have four (a) curie (b) microcurie
alternatives. Only one of them is correct.
Choose the correct answer. (c) millicurie (d) all of these

1. Measurement of radioactivity by 5. In a radiation change a nucleus usually
(a) those depend on collection of ions. losses just one particle of α and β, it is
(b) those depend on collection of photon. frequently accompanied by
(c) both of the above
(d) none of the above (a) X-ray (b) gamma ray

2. Measurement of radioactivity is termed (c) both of the above
as
(a) radiation (d) none of the above
(b) radiation dosimetry
(c) both (a) and (b) 6. Which of the following is not a type of
(d) none of the above gas filled detector?

3. The use of sodium rose Bengal (I-131) (a) Proportional counter
in
(a) study of K ion exchange (b) G.M counter
(b) liver scan
(c) plasma volume determination (c) Semiconductor detector
(d) brain scanning
(d) Ionization chamber

7. 1 Roentgen is equivalent to
(a) 2.58 × 10–5 CKg–1
(b) 2.58 × 10–3 CKg–1
(c) 2.58 × 10–8 CKg–1
(d) 2.58 × 10–4 CKg–1

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132 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

8. Beta particles penetrate tissue up to (c) for pancreatic scintigraphy
(d) none of the above
(a) 100 cm (b) 1000 cm 15. Chromium 51 is supplied as sodium
chromate solution or injection it is used
(c) 1 cm (d) 10 cm for
(a) to label rbc
9. 1 Becqurel is equivalent to (b) diagnosis of various infections
(a) 2.7 × 10–11 curie (c) cisternography
(b) 2.7 × 10–10 curie (d) ventriculography
(c) 2.7 × 10–8 curie 16. Gold-198 used in the treatment of
(d) 2.7 × 10–5 curie (a) pernicious anaemia
(b) rheumatoid arthritis
10. 1 rad is equivalent to (c) detection of tumours
(d) thyroid functioning
(a) 10–3 JKg–1 (b) 10–5 JKg–1 17. I-125 is used as
(a) thyroid functioning
(c) 10–2 JKg–1 (d) 10–8 JKg–1 (b) to detect and estimate drugs

11. Gamma rays are electromagnetic hormones in the body fluid
radiations with a wave length (c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above
(a) much larger than those of light 18. Which statement is correct regarding
the handling and storage of radioactive
(b) much shorter than those of light materials?
(a) Radioactive materials never be
(c) equal to light
touched with hand
(d) none of the above (b) Sufficient protective clothing must

12. Each radionuclide is characterized by be used while handling the
an invariable half-life expressed in units materials
of time and by the nature and energy of (c) Kept in suitable labeled container
its radiation the energy is expressed in (d) All of the above

(a) electron volt II. Fill in the Blanks

(b) kilo electron volt Fill in the blanks to make the following
statements complete and correct:
(c) mega electron volt
19. Radioactivity was first noticed by
(d) all of the above ................. .

13. The effect of radioactive particles 20. The nature of radiations emitted by
passing through biological tissue radioactive elements was investigated
depends upon by ………………………… .

(a) the ability of the radiation to
penetrate tissue

(b) the energy of radiation

(c) the dose rate of the radiation

(d) all of the above

14. Calcium 47 is supplied as calcium
chloride in the form of an injection. It
is used as

(a) in the diagnosis of pernicious
anaemia

(b) as a urinary and faecal marker

Inorganic Radio Pharmaceutical _______________________________________________________ 133

21. α Rays are now known as ................. . 30. An atom having same number of protons
22. β Radiation are ................. . but different number of neutrons are
23. γ Rays have …………… Mass …………… called as ............... .

change. 31. The amount of radiation used in radi-
ation therapy is measured in ............. .
24. The unit of radioactivity called .......... .
32. A dose of 1 rad means ............. .
25. I curie………………………….. D.P.S.
33. A dose of 1 gray means ............. .
26. Half-life of any radioactivity substance
…………………… . 34. What are Isobars?

27. Half-life is depend only on 35. What are Isotones?
……………………… .
36. Explain in short the working of Gieger-
28. Radiofrequency media are chemical Muller counter.
compound containing element of
………………. high/low atomic no. 37. Write short note on ionizing radiation
unit.
29. Geiger muller counter is efficient
for…………………………. . 38. Write short note on radioactive
contamination.

39. Write Short note on radioactive hazards.

ANSWERS

I. Multiple Choice Questions II. Fill in the Blanks

1. (c) 19. Bacequerel
2. both (a) and (b)
3. liver scan 20. Rutherford
4. (d)
5. (c) 21. Helium ions
6. G.M. Counter
7. 2.58 * 10–4 C kg–1 22. Fast moving electrons
8. 1 cm
9. 2.7 * 10–11 curie 23. No mass, no charge
10. 10–2 J kg–1
11. much shorter than those of light 24. Curie
12. (d) 25. 3.7 × 1010 per second
13. (d)
14. as a urinary and feacal marker 26. 0.693/Lambda
15. to label rbc
16. rheumatoid arthritis 27. Disintegration constant
17. (c)
18. (d) 28. as

29. Beta rays

30. Isotopes (Isotopes are different types
of atoms (nuclides) of the same
chemical element, each having a
different number of neutrons.
Correspondingly, isotopes differ in mass
number but not in atomic number.[1]
The difference in the number of
nucleons comes from a difference how
many neutrons are in the atomic

134 __________________________________________________ Fundamentals of Objective Pharmacy

nucleus. The number of protons (the with that of another they are called as
atomic number) is the same because mirror-nuclides of each other.
that is what characterizes a chemical
element. For example, carbon-12, 35. Two nuclides are isotones if they have
carbon-13 and carbon-14 are three the same neutron number N. For
isotopes of the element carbon with example, Boron-12 and Carbon-13 both
mass numbers 12, 13 and 14, have 7 neutrons; S-36, Cl-37, Ar-38,
respectively. The atomic number of K-39, Ca-40, these nuclei contain 20
carbon is 6, so the neutron numbers neutrons each, etc. Isotones have a
in these isotopes of carbon are therefore different number of protons.
12 – 6 = 6, 13 – 6 = 7, and 14 – 6 = 8,
respectively.) 36. Geiger counters are used to detect
ionizing radiation (usually beta
31. The amount of radiation used in particles and gamma rays, but certain
radiation therapy is measured in gray models can detect alpha particles). An
(Gy), and varies depending on the type inert gas-filled tube (usually helium,
and stage of cancer being treated. For neon or argon with halogens are
curative cases, the typical dose for a added at low pressure) briefly
solid epithelial tumor ranges from 60 to conducts electricity when a particle or
80 Gy, while lymphomas are treated photon of radiation makes the gas
with 20 to 40 Gy. conductive. The tube amplifies this
conduction by a cascade effect and
32. A dose of 1 rad means the absorption outputs a current pulse, which is then
of 100 ergs of radiation energy per gram often displayed by a needle or lamp and/
of absorbing material or audible clicks. Modern instruments
can report radioactivity over several
33. SI units: A dose of 1 gray means the orders of magnitude.
absorption of 1 joule of radiation energy
per kilogram of absorbing material 37. Ionizing radiation units are standards
for measuring ionizing radiation,
conversion: including units for measuring the
activity of radioactive sources, and for
1 Gy = 100 rad quantifying the amount of radiation
striking other objects, particularly
1 rad = 0.01 Gy people. The current SI units replace
older conventional ones.
1 roentgen (R) = 258 microcoulomb/kg
(µC/kg) Conventional unit: 1 curie = 37 billion
disintegrations per second.
1 millicoulomb/kg mC/kg
SI unit:
= 3876 milliroentgen (mR)
1 becquerel = 1 disintegration per
34. Isobars are elements, which are second conversions
chemically different but physically the
same. So, isobars are atoms of different 1 curie (Ci) = 37 gigabecquerel (GBq)
elements having the same atomic mass
but different atomic number. Since their 1 gigabecquerel (GBq) = 27 millicurie
number of electrons is different, their (mCi)
chemical properties are different. The
light nuclei have unstable isobars. 38. Radioactive contamination is typically
Heavy nuclei have stable isobars and the result of a spill or accident during
these occur in pairs. Suppose the the production or use of radionuclides
number of protons of one isobar matches

Inorganic Radio Pharmaceutical _______________________________________________________ 135

(radioisotopes), an unstable nucleus of low-level contamination by isotopes
which has excessive energy. with a short half-life, the best course of
Contamination may occur from action may be to simply allow the
radioactive gases, liquids or particles. material to naturally decay. Longer-
For example, if a radionuclide used in lived isotopes should be cleaned up and
nuclear medicine is accidentally properly disposed of, because even a
spilled, the material could be spread by very low level of radiation can be life-
people as they walk around. Radioactive threatening when in long exposure to
contamination may also be an inevitable it.
result of certain processes, such as the
release of radioactive xenon in nuclear High level contamination
fuel reprocessing. In cases that
radioactive material cannot be High levels of contamination may pose
contained, it may be diluted to safe major risks to people and the
concentrations. environment. People can be exposed to
potentially lethal radiation levels, both
39. The hazards to people and the externally and internally, from the
environment from radioactive spread of contamination following an
contamination depend on the nature of accident (or a deliberate initiation)
the radioactive contaminant, the level involving large quantities of radioactive
of contamination, and the extent of the material. The biological effects of
spread of contamination. Low levels of external exposure to radioactive
radioactive contamination pose little contamination are generally the same
risk, but can still be detected by as those from an external radiation
radiation instrumentation. In the case source not involving radioactive
materials, such as X-ray machines, and
are dependent on the absorbed dose.