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SUSTAINABILITY OF IBS

 Materials

 Modular construction is efficient in the use of materials by efficient ordering to the sizes and quantities required, and result in less waste
 The Building Research Establishment (BRE) Green Guide to Specification (2009) measures the environmental impact of building

systems according to various criteria, including embodied carbon, waste, recycled content etc, where the ratings are presented in the
scale of A* (highest) and E (lowest)
 The lightweight building elements in modular construction conform to the A*, A or B ratings
 Savings in foundation sizes can be significant when lightweight modular units are used, which is very important when building on poor
ground sites.

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SUSTAINABILITY OF IBS

 Waste

 Waste in construction site can arise from the following sources
 Over-ordering to allow for off-cuts
 Damage and breakage, and losses on site
 Rework due to errors on site

 According to the Building Research Establishment (BRE), the construction industry average for material wastage on site is 10%, although
this varies with material

 In concrete modules, wastage in concrete is minimized in the batching and placing of concrete, part of a single operation, as compared
with in situ concrete which is ordered in from a ready-mix company potentially some distance away from the site

 It is common practice to over order in-situ concrete by at least 10% to ensure adequate supply for a given site pour.
 A Hong Kong study by Jailon and Poon (2008) showed that, on average, a production of precast concrete panels and units leads to a reduction
of 65% in construction waste in comparison to in-situ concrete

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SUSTAINABILITY OF IBS

 Pollution

 Much less noise, dust and noxious gases are generated on-site when using modular construction systems of all types.
 In highly prefabricated construction systems, transportation of materials to the site is reduced by around 70% in comparison to brick and

blockwork construction, which leads to a consequent reduction in deliveries to the site and local traffic pollution
 Raw materials are delivered in bulk to the module factory, to the correct quantities and sizes, which is more efficient than the multiple

smaller deliveries to site

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SUSTAINABILITY OF IBS

 Management

 Site management is much improved by “just in time” delivery of the modules and minimal storage of materials on site.
 Installation teams are highly skilled, efficient and productive
 Noise and other sources of disturbances are also minimized, which is important in terms of considerate construction
 Site deliveries and traffic due to construction activities are also reduced relative to more traditional ways of building (National Audit

Office, 2005)
 Also, an increasingly important part of building information modelling (BIM) systems is that the electronic design model of the modular

structure and layout is available to all members of the design and construction team and can be retained by the client for future records.

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SUSTAINABILITY OF IBS

 Performance improvements

 Modular units are strong and robust to damage
 High levels of acoustic isolation and thermal performance can be achieved, and precast concrete is also inherent in terms of its thermal

mass and security
 Shrinkage or long-term movement on site is reduced by building in dry factory conditions
 “Callbacks” to rectify errors and snagging are largely eliminated by the checking of the modules before delivery to the site

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SUSTAINABILITY OF IBS

 Example of sustainability of IBS (Lawson et.al., 2014)
 Type of building : high rise
 Place : Wolverhampton
 Installation rate of 28 to 49 modules per week
(average 7.5 per day) equivalent to 190sqm floor
area per day
 Site personnel reduced by 50% (average 52
workers continuously throughout the 25,000sqm
project)
 Site waste sent to disposal reduced by over 95%
 Deliveries to site reduced by 60%
 Reduction of 12 months in construction period
(40% overall reduction)

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4-DAYS COURSE ON IBS TECHNOLOGY

MODULE 8 – BIM AND SOFTWARE FOR
DESIGNING PRECAST CONCRETE

DR. AIDI HIZAMI BIN ALES @ ALIAS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Building Information Modelling (BIM)
 Evolution of CAD system
 BIM applications
 Level of Details (LOD) in BIM
 Benefits of BIM
 Industrial Foundation Classes
 BIM in Precast Construction

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BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)

BIM: NEW TOOLS AND NEW PROCESSES

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EVOLUTION OF CAD SYSTEM

 2D solutions

 Electronic drafting board

 3D solutions

 Modelling for purely visualization purposes

 BIM solutions

 Models with integrated architectural information

 Construction Coordination (5D)

 Timing/scheduling and cost estimation

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EVOLUTION OF CAD SYSTEM

 CAD Systems

 Generate digital files
 Consist primarily of vectors, associated line-types and layer identifications
 Additional information was added to these files to allow for blocks of data and associated text
 With the introduction of 3D modelling, advanced definition and complex surfacing tools were added

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EVOLUTION OF CAD SYSTEM

 BIM system

 Shifted focus from drawings and 3D images to the data itself
 A BIM tool can support multiple different views of the data contained within a drawing set, including 2D and 3D
 Can be described by its content (what objects it describe) or its capabilities (what kind of information requirements it can support)
 Can be defined as a modelling technology and associated set of processes to produce, communicate and analyze building models,

characterized by
 Building components that are represented with intelligent digital representations (objects) that `know` that they are, and can be associated

with computable graphic, data attributes and parametric rules
 Components that include data that describe how they behave as needed for analyses and work processes (e.g. takeoff, spec and energy

analysis)
 Consistent and non-redundant data such that changes to component data are represented in all views of the component
 Coordinated data such that all views of a model are represented in a coordinated way

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EVOLUTION OF CAD SYSTEM

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EVOLUTION OF CAD SYSTEM

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EVOLUTION OF CAD SYSTEM

 6 key characteristics of BIM technology

 Digital
 Spatial (3D)
 Measurable (quantifiable, dimension-able and query-able)
 Comprehensive (encapsulating and communicating design intent, building performance, constructability, and include sequential and

financial aspects of means and methods)
 Accessible (to the entire AEC/owner team through an interoperable and intuitive interface)
 Durable (usable through all phases of a facility`s life)

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BIM APPLICATIONS

 3D Model: Visualization model
 Existing conditions models
 Laser scanning
 Ground penetration radars conversions
 Safety & logistics models
 Animations, renderings, walk-throughs
 BIM driven prefabrication
 Clash detection
 Laser accurate BIM driven site layout

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 4D Model : Time Model

 Scheduling
 Project phasing simulations
 Visual validation for payment approval

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BIM APPLICATIONS

 5D Model : Cost Model
 Estimating
 Real time conceptual modeling and cost
planning
 Quantity extraction to support detailed cost
estimates
 Trade verifications from models
 Value engineering

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BIM APPLICATIONS 9/6/2020 - 12/6/2020
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 6D Model: Energy Model
 Sustainability
 Conceptual energy analysis
 Detailed energy analysis
 Life cycle energy performance of building
 Lighting and day lighting analysis
 Sun & shadow studies
 Airflow analysis
 Climate analysis
 Solar radiation analysis

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BIM APPLICATIONS

 7D Model: Facility Management
 Facility management applications
 BIM embedded O&M manuals
 Computerized building database for record,
renovation and maintenance

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BIM APPLICATIONS

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LEVEL OF DETAILS (LOD) IN BIM

 LOD – 100
 Conceptual design
 Non-geometric lines, areas or volume zones
 Scheduling
 Total project construction duration
 Cost estimation
 Conceptual cost estimation
 Energy analysis
 Strategy and performance criteria based on volumes and
areas
 Milestones
 Outline Planning Permission and project feasibility

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LEVEL OF DETAILS (LOD) IN BIM 9/6/2020 - 12/6/2020
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 LOD – 200
 Preliminary design
 Three dimension generic elements
 Scheduling
 Time scaled, ordered appearance of major activities
 Cost estimation
 Estimated cost based on measurement of generic element
 Energy analysis
 Conceptual design based on geometry and assumed system
types
 Milestones
 Planning Approval and Design & Build Tender Documentation

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LEVEL OF DETAILS (LOD) IN BIM

 LOD – 300
 Detailed design
 Specific elements with dimensions, capacities and space
relationships
 Scheduling
 Time scaled ordered appearance of detailed assemblies
 Cost estimation
 Estimated cost based on measurement of specific assembly
 Energy analysis
 Approximate simulation
 Milestones
 Building plan Approval, Continued Design & Build Tender
Documentation or Design-Bid-Build Tender Documentation

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LEVEL OF DETAILS (LOD) IN BIM

 LOD – 500
 Design
 As built
 Scheduling
 N/A
 Cost Estimation
 As built
 Energy analysis
 Commissioning and recording of measured performance
 Milestones
 Final completion

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BENEFITS OF BIM

 Preconstruction benefits to owners

 Concept, feasibility and design benefits
 Can a given building meet the financial requirement of the owner???

 Increased building performance and quality
 Can a given building meet the building`s functional and sustainable requirements

 Design benefits

 Earlier and more accurate visualizations of a design
 Direct 3D model design

 Automatic low-level corrections when changes are made to the design
 Reduces user`s need to manage design changes

 Generate accurate and consistent 2D drawings at any stage of the design
 Reduces the amount of time and number of errors associated with generating drawings

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BENEFITS OF BIM

 Design benefits (con`t)

 Earlier collaboration of multiple design disciplines
 Shortens design time and significantly reduces design errors and omissions
 Earlier insights into design problems

 Easily check against design intent
 Allow for earlier and more accurate cost estimates

 Extract cost estimates during design stage
 Keep all parties aware of the cost implications associated with a given design before it progresses

 Improve energy efficiency and sustainability
 Allows evaluation of energy use during the early design phase

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BENEFITS OF BIM

 Construction and fabrication benefits

 Synchronize design and construction planning
 Possible to simulate the construction process and show what the building and site would look like at any point in time
 Opportunities for improvements

 Discover design errors and omissions before construction
 Conflicts are identified before they are detected in the field, speeds the construction process reduces costs, minimizes the likelihood of legal
disputes and provides a smoother process

 React quickly to design or site problems
 The consequences of a change can be accurately reflected in the model and all subsequent views of it

 Use design model as basis for fabricated components
 Through BIM fabrication tool, a BIM model will contain an accurate representation of the building objects for fabrication and construction

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BENEFITS OF BIM

 Construction and fabrication benefits (con`t)

 Better implementation and lean construction techniques
 Lean construction techniques require careful coordination between the general contractor and subs to ensure that work can be performed when
the appropriate resources are available on-site

 Synchronize procurement with design and construction
 Quantities, specifications and properties of material can be used to procure materials from product vendors and subcontractors

 Post construction benefits

 Better manage and operate facilities
 BIM model provides a source of information for all systems used in a building

 Integrate with facility operation and management systems
 Accurate source of information about the as-built spaces and systems for FM

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INDUSTRIAL FOUNDATION CLASSES (IFC)

 IFC are vendor-neutral data repository for BIM including both geometry and properties of `intelligent` building
objects and their relationship

 Facilitating the sharing of data across otherwise incompatible applications
 Cross-discipline coordination of building information models e.g. architecture and building services MEP)
 Data sharing and exchange across IFC-compliant applications
 Extraction and re-use of data for analysis and other downstream tasks

 Produced by BuildingSMART International (formerly known as IAI), an organization of building industry
stakeholders responsible for the specification and management of IFC.

 Regarded as a prerequisite for improving building workflows using BIM methods thus eliminating the high cost
and waste created by inadequate interoperability

 The latest version of IFC – IFC 4 Addendum 2

 776 entities (data objects), 413 property sets and 130 defined data types

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 The figures shows three examples of
specific domain uses from a single IFC
project
A) An architectural view
B) A mechanical system view
C) A structural view
D) Sample IFC object or entity and
sample properties and attributes

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 The system architecture of IFC
subschemas

 Each resource and core subschemas
has a structure entities for defining
models, specified at the
Interoperability and Domain layers

 At the bottom are 21 sets of base
EXPRESS definitions, defining the
base reusable constructs, such as
Geometry etc

 The base entities are then composed
to define commonly used objects in
AEC, termed shared Objects in IFC
(e.g. walls)

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BIM IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTION

 Project pricing for precast structures based on 3D models

 Precast fabricators are usually invited by the main contractor to tender as suppliers for a pre-defined part of the entire
construction project

 The initial process depends on the data and information provided by the contractor

 The precast fabricators often receives 2D drawings only (when BIM is not applied), in which the 3D model need to be created by
the precast company

 The 3D precast model of the construction can be created wuth the following steps:
 Import the architectural drawing (e.g. PDF. DXF, DWG, ifc) into a 3D precast CAD system (e.g. planbar ® )
 Make use of predefined 3D precast objects (walls, floors, beams) to generate a 3D precast model of the full construction without
detailed technical knowledge
 Create a 3D visualization for the customer (e.g. 3D PDF etc)
 Calculate volume and masses for each type of precast element in the 3D precast CAD and export those data to a calculation software
system to generate quotations almost completely automatically

 After receiving the order, the final 3D precast model, material information, quantities etc can be exported to the BIM database by
using the ifc-interface of the precast CAD system

 In that case, the BIM process starts immediately with the sales process and the BIM model can be used as a reference model for
further technical engineering

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BIM IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTION

Source from Elliot and Hamid (2017)
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BIM IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTION

 Technical engineering

 The technical engineering is the main task accomplished in the Precast CAD, carried out with careful consideration of the
production facilities, workflow and available machinery

 Based on the Sales 3D model or architectural drawings, the structure is broken down into producible precast elements of the
desired type, such as various types of slabs, walls and structural precast elements

 Every single precast element is defined by its mark number and the attributes describing its features
 In the next step, the connections of the precast elements among themselves and with parts of the construction that shall be cast

in-situ will be determined.
 Reinforcements are then designed according to structural requirements and in accordance with the production facilities
 At the end of the technical engineering process, information on all elements (e.g. type of concrete, reinforcement weight etc) can

be derived from the model not only for the production but also for mounting and accounting
 The BIM model can be used to find problems and differences between all kinds of models.

 It is the task of the BIM manager to evaluate the models, examine for consistency and discuss changes with different suppliers to
make sure that all problems are fixed before production and construction commences.

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BIM IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTION

Source from Elliot and Hamid (2017)

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BIM IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTION

 Production data and status management

 Based on the finalized 3D, precast model production data has to be generated
 A stack is defined as a number of precast elements which will be produced in the same production cycle and delivered to the

construction site.
 This sequence is very important for the logistics of the components, where during stacking, the dimensions of transport utilities will be

checked to find an optimized combination with minimum quantity of transport devices
 During the BIM process of the status of the project, the stacks and elements will change according to the progress
 BIM model software is able to visualize this status in 3D model to support engineer, project managers and construction

companies in planning and organizing the construction

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BIM IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTION

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BIM IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTION

 Logistics, mounting and quality management

 The production, stocking and delivery of precast elements has to be planned according to the mounting sequence
 A BIM model allows the simulation of this mounting process to derive optimized delivery and production cycles for the precast

elements
 Planning team and mounting team should have access to the BIM model to be able to retrieve information about planning and

production status and detailed and up-to-date drawings, time schedules etc.
 During the construction process, data for the BIM model (e.g. delivery date and time, documentation fo defects, data about

mounting) can be collected and stored in the BIM database

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