1 Name: Ang Win Yan Class: 4S4 Title: PBL ACTIVITY 1: Manufactured Substances in Industry Teacher: Pn. Chan Yoke Bee
2 CONTENT PAGE TABLE OF CONTENT No. Title Page i.) Glass 3-4 ii.) Ceramics 5-6 iii.) Composite materials and their importance 7-8
3 i.) Glass a) State the major component and main characteristics of glass. Major Component Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) Soda (sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) Limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) Main characteristics Hard but brittle Chemically inert Transparent Waterproof Heat insulator Electrical insulator Glass
4 b) By using table, discuss the 4 types of glasses (fused glass, sodalime glass, borosilicate glass, lead crystal glass) according to their properties and uses. Types of Glass Properties Uses Fused silica glass - High melting point - High chemical purity and resistance - High softening temperature and thermal resistance - Low thermal expansion with high resistance to thermal shocks - High transparency from the ultraviolet to the infrared spectral range - High radiation resistance - Used in making telescope lens. Soda-lime glass - Low melting point - High coefficient of thermal expansion - Easily tempered or toughened - Easily chemically strengthened to provide hard, scratch resistant surfaces - Poor thermal shock resistance - Low chemical resistance - Used in making glass containers such as bottles and jugs. Borosilicate glass - Resistance to heat - Low expansion coefficient - Highly corrosion resistant - Smooth - Non-porous - Transparent - No catalytic effect - Sustainable - Used in making laboratory glassware such as beakers and flask. Lead crystal glass - Softer - Denser - Heavier - Has high refractive index - Used in making prism.
5 ii.) Ceramics a) State the major component and main characteristics of ceramic. Major component: CCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCC CCCC Main Characteristics of Ceramic High thermal resistance Break easily Chemically inert Electrical insulator Hard and strong Heat insulator Ceramic Traditional ceramic Clay (kaolin) Silica (flint) Feldspar Advanced ceramic Silicon nitride, Si3N4 Silicon carbide, SiC Aluminium oxide, Al2O3
6 b) Discuss the uses, properties and examples of ceramics. Example of ceramics Properties Uses Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 (Advanced ceramic) - Insoluble in water - High thermal conductivity - High hardness - Electrical insulator - Used in formulations of glass. - Used as a catalyst. - Used in the purification of water. - Used in sandpaper. - Used as a substrate for integrated circuits. - Used in sodium vapour lamps. Titanium carbide, TiC (Advanced ceramic) - High hardness - Fire resistance - High melting point - High resistance to abrasion - Good thermal conductivity - Used in preparation of cermet. - Used as an abrasion-resistant surface coating on metal parts. - Used as a heat shield coating for atmospheric re-entry of spacecraft. Silicon carbide, SiC (Advanced ceramic) - Low density - High strength - Good high temperature strength (reaction bonded) - Oxidation resistance (reaction bonded) - Excellent thermal shock resistance - High hardness and wear resistance - Excellent chemical resistance - Low thermal expansion - High thermal conductivity - Used in the manufacture of fast, high temperature and high voltage devices. - Used in lining work for its uniformity abrasion resistance and dimensional stability. - Used in the manufacture of electronic appliances such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and detectors. - Used to make cutting discs and brake discs. Porcelain (Traditional ceramic) - Strong - Hard - Durable - Resistant to heat, chemicals and thermal shock - Used as an electric insulating material in power transformers and bathroom fixtures.
7 iii.) Composite materials and their importance a) Define composite materials. Example: Lignin + Cellulose fibre Wood Composite material A material made from combining two or more nonhomogeneous substances. Matrix substance Strengthening + substance (Matrix substance) (Strengthening substance) (Composite material)
8 b) Discuss the 5 types of composite materials (reinforced concrete, superconductor, fibre optic, fibre glass and photochromic glass) according to their properties and uses. Composite material Properties Uses Reinforced concrete - High compression strength - High stretching strength - Resistant to corrosion - Used in the construction of bridges, dams and building. Fibre glass - High stretching strength - Heat and electrical insulator - Resistant to corrosion - Durable - Used to make helmets, car bumpers and printed circuit board. Optical fibre - High compression strength - Flexible - Used to transmit information and data in the form of light. Photochromic glass - Transparent - Absorbs UV rays - The absorption of UV rays depends on light intensity - Used in car windows, building windows and camera lenses. Superconductor - No electrical resistance at very low temperature - Used to make electromagnet. - Used in particle accelerators.