KADAR TINDAKBALAS

BIDANG TEMA 2 : Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam
PEMBELAJARAN
BAB Kadar Tindak Balas
4
Rate of Reaction

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Jenis tindak balas Takrif kadar tindak balas Penentuan kadar tindak
Types of reaction Definition of the rate of balas
Tindak balas cepat reaction Measurement of the rate
dan perlahan Perubahan kuantiti bahan of reaction
Fast and slow per unit masa Contoh: Pertambahan isi
reactions The change in the quantity padu gas
of substance per unit time Example: Increasing of
the volume of gas

Faktor mempengaruhi Aplikasi faktor yang Kadar tindak balas dalam
kadar tindak balas mempengaruhi kadar tindak industri
Factors affecting the balas The rate of reaction in
rate of reaction Application of factors affecting industry
Contoh: Suhu dan the rate of reaction Proses Haber dan proses
mangkin Sentuh
Examples: Temperature Contoh: Pembakaran arang Haber process and
and catalyst Example: The burning of Contact process
charcoal

APAKAH KADAR TINDAK BALAS?
WHAT IS THE RATE OF REACTION?
Kadar tindak balas adalah kelajuan di mana bahan tindak balas diubah menjadi hasil tindak balas. Jika tindak
balas mempunyai kadar yang rendah, ini bermakna atom atau molekul bergabung atau terurai pada kelajuan
yang lebih perlahan.
The rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into products. If a reaction has a low
rate, that means the atoms or molecules combine at a slower speed.

45

NOTA BESTARI

Kadar Tindak Balas Rate of Reaction
1. Rate of reaction can be defined as a change in
1. Kadar tindak balas dapat ditakrifkan sebagai
perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil tindak balas quantity of reactant or products of reaction per unit
dalam satu unit masa. time.

Kadar tindak balas hasil Rate of reaction
Perubahan kuantiti bahan atau = Change in quantity of reactant or product
= Masa yang diambil
Time taken
BAB 2. Tindak balas yang berlaku dengan cepat mengambil
masa yang singkat untuk menjadi lengkap. Maka, 2. A fast reaction takes less time to be complete.
kadar tindak balasnya adalah tinggi. Therefore, the rate of reaction is high.

3. Tindak balas yang berlaku dengan perlahan-lahan 3. A slow reaction takes a longer time to complete.
akan menjadi lengkap dalam masa yang panjang. Therefore, the rate of reaction is low.
Maka, kadar tindak balasnya adalah rendah.
Measurement of the Rate of Reaction
Pengukuran Kadar Tindak Balas 1. The rate of reaction can be measured by measuring the

4 1. Kadar tindak balas dapat diukur dengan mengukur changes that can be observed such as change in mass
perubahan-perubahan yang dapat diperhatikan of substance, the formation of products, formation of
seperti pengurangan jisim bahan, pembentukan precipitates and emission of gases.
hasil tindak balas, pembentukan mendakan dan 2. Unit of rate of reaction involving a gas is cm3 s–1.
pembebasan gas. 3. The rate of reaction can be measured as the average
2. Unit kadar tindak balas yang melibatkan gas ialah rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of reaction at
cm3 s–1. a given time i.e. the rate of reaction that occurs at a
3. Kadar tindak balas boleh diukur sebagai kadar tindak given time.
balas purata dan kadar tindak balas pada masa
tertentu atau kadar tindak balas seketika iaitu kadar Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction
tindak balas yang berlaku pada satu-satu masa atau 1. Factors that affect the rate of a reaction include:
ketika tertentu.
(a) size of reactant
Faktor-faktor Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas (b) the concentration of the reactants
(c) the temperature of the reaction
1. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas (d) catalysts
termasuk: (e) pressure
(a) saiz bahan-bahan tindak balas 2. The smaller the size of reactant, the higher the
(b) kepekatan bahan tindak balas concentration of the reactants, the higher the
(c) suhu tindak balas temperature, the presense of catalyst or the higher
(d) mangkin the pressure is, the higher the rate of reaction will be.
(e) tekanan 3. Pressure will also affect the rate of reaction of gaseous
reactant only.
2. Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak balas, semakin tinggi 4. The increase of pressure will compress the gas and
kepekatan bahan tindak balas, semakin tinggi suhu, that will increase the rate of reaction. Particles of a
kewujudan mangkin atau semakin tinggi tekanan, gas will collide more frequently when in a compressed
semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas. state (smaller volume).

3. Tekanan akan mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas bagi Application of the Rate of reaction
bahan tindak balas dalam keadaan gas sahaja. An optimum temperature or pressure is chosen to
obtain a large product yield in a short period in
4. Penambahan tekanan akan memampatkan gas dan industry. As an example, an optimum temperature
dengan itu meninggikan kadar tindak balas. Zarah- of 450-500°C dan 200-500 atmospheric pressure
zarah gas akan berlanggaran dengan lebih kerap dalam are chosen in industry to produce ammonia.
keadaan termampat (isi padu lebih kecil).
Nota Grafik
Aplikasi Kadar Tindak Balas

Suatu suhu atau tekanan optimum dipilih untuk
mendapatkan hasil yang banyak pada masa yang singkat
dalam industri. Sebagai contoh, suhu optimum 450-500°C
dan tekanan 200-500 atmosfera dipilih dalam industri
penghasilan ammonia.

46

4.1 AKTIVITI Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
4.1 Pengenalan kadar tindak balas PBD
PERBINCANGAN
Tindak balas cepat dan dan tindak balas perlahan Kontesktual
Buku teks m/s 116 – 124
Fast reactions and slow reactions
Praktis
Tentukan tindak balas di bawah sama ada tindak balas cepat atau lambat. TP1 Kendiri
Determine the reaction below whether it is a fast or slow reaction.

Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas lambat
Fast reaction Slow reaction

1 23

BAB
4
Fotosintesis Pembakaran arang kayu Berkarat
Photosynthesis Burning of charcoal Rusting
Tindak balas lambat Tindak balas lambat
Slow reaction Tindak balas cepat Slow reaction
Fast reaction
4 6
5

Pereputan daun Menggoreng telur Percernaan makanan
Decay of leaves Frying an egg Food digestion
Tindak balas lambat Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas lambat
Slow reaction Fast reaction Slow reaction

7 8 9

Pembakaran pita magnesium Natrium dan air Membakar kek
Burning of magnesium ribbon Sodium and water Baking a cake
Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas cepat
Tindak balas cepat Fast reaction Fast reaction
Fast reaction
47

4.2 AKTIVITI Masalah numerikal tentang kadar tindak balas Tarikh:

KBAT PERBINCANGAN Numerical problems about the rate of reaction PBD
Masteri
Buku teks m/s 116 – 124

Selesaikan masalah numerikal di bawah yang melibatkan analisis data.
Solve numerical problems involving data analysis below.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengumpulkan gas hidrogen yang terbebas bagi
tindak balas antara zink dan asid hidroklorik cair./The diagram below shows an experiment to collect
hydrogen gas released for the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.

Buret
Burette

Asid hidroklorik cair Kelalang
Dilute hydrochloric acid kon
Conical
BAB flask Besen
Basin
4 Ketulan zink Air
Zinc granules Water

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan isi padu gas yang terbebas pada sela masa 30 saat bagi tindak balas antara
zink dan asid hidroklorik cair tersebut./The table below shows the volume of gas released at 30 seconds
interval in the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.

Masa (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Time (s) 0 115 225 132 38 42 46 48 48 48
Isi padu gas (cm3)
Volume of gas (cm3)

Kadar tindak balas bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam eksperimen ini adalah perubahan isi padu gas
yang terkumpul per unit masa./The rate of reaction for the reaction occurs in this experiment is the volume
of gas released/collected per unit time.

1 Hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata untuk:/Calculate the average rate of reaction for:  TP3/KBAT
(a) keseluruhan bagi tindak balas ini./Whole reaction.

Kadar tindak balas purata = 48 cm3
Average rate of reaction 210 s

= 0.23 cm3 s–1

(b) dalam 2 minit pertama./In the first two minutes.

Kadar tindak balas purata = 38 cm3
Average rate of reaction 120 s

= 0.32 cm3 s–1

(c) dalam minit pertama./in the first minute.

Kadar tindak balas purata = 25 cm3
Average rate of reaction 60 s

= 0.42 cm3 s–1

(d) dalam minit kedua./in the second minute.

Kadar tindak balas purata = (38 – 25) cm3
Average rate of reaction (120 – 60) s
= 13 cm3
60 s
= 0.22 cm3 s–1

48

2 Plot graf bagi isi padu hidrogen terkumpul melawan masa.  TP3/KBAT BAB
Plot a graph of the volume of hydrogen collected against time. 4

Volume of gas (cm3)/Isi padu gas (cm3)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 Time (s)
Masa (s)

3 Tentukan kadar tindak balas pada 60 saat dan 120 saat. [Tunjukkan pada graf bagaimana kadar
tindak balas itu dapat ditentukan]  TP3/KBAT
Determine the rate of reaction at the 60th and 120th second. [Show on the graph how you would determine
the rate of reaction]

(a) Kadar tindak balas pada 60 saat = (33.00 – 10.00) cm3
The rate of reaction at the 60th second (90 – 0) s

= 23.9000 cm3
s
= 0.26 cm3 s–1

(b) Kadar tindak balas pada 120 saat = (48.00 – 28.00) cm3
The rate of reaction at the 120th second (180 – 60) s

= 23.00 cm3
120 s
= 0.17 cm3 s–1

(c) Kadar tindak balas pada 240 s = 0 cm3 s–1
The rate of reaction at 240 s


49

4.3 AKTIVITI Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
4.2 Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
PERBINCANGAN PBD
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas Kontesktual

Factors affecting the rate of reaction

Buku teks m/s 125 – 134

Lengkapkan ruang dalam peta buih di bawah dengan perkataan yang betul tentang faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas./Complete the spaces in the bubble map below with the correct words
about the factors affecting the rate of reaction. TP2

Banyak Luas permukaan Meningkat Laju Besar
More Surface area Increases Faster Larger
Tenaga kinetik Memampatkan Isi padu Berlanggar Kerap
Kinetic energy Compress Volume Collide Frequently

1 Saiz bahan tindak balas 2 Kepekatan bahan tindak balas
The size of reactant The concentration of reactants

Praktis
Kendiri

BAB
4 Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak
balas, semakin besar jumlah Semakin pekat suatu bahan tindak balas,
banyak
luas permukaan bahan yang terdedah. semakin bilangan zarah per
unit isi padu . Maka, kadar tindak
Maka, kadar tindak balas meningkat . balas meningkat .
The smaller the size of the reactant, the
larger the total surface area The more concentrated a reactant, the
more
of the exposed material. Thus, the rate of the number of
particles per unit volume .
reaction increases . Thus, the rate of reaction increases .

3 Suhu tindak balas 4 Mangkin/Catalysts
The temperature of reaction Mangkin meningkatkan
Faktor-faktor yang kadar tindak balas.
Semakin tinggi suhu tindak mempengaruhi increases
balas, zarah-zarah mengandungi kadar tindak balas Catalyst
lebih banyak tenaga kinetik Factors affecting the rate of reaction.
dan bergerak dengan lebih the rate of reaction
laju . Maka, kadar
tindak balas meningkat . 5 Tekanan/Pressure
The higher the temperature of Penambahan tekanan akan
reaction, the particles contain memampatkan gas. Zarah-zarah
more kinetik energy and gas berlanggar dengan lebih
move faster . Thus, the rate kerap
of reaction increases . . Maka, kadar
tindak balas meningkat .
Increasing the pressure will compress the gas. Gas
collide more frequently . Thus the
particles
rate of reaction increases .

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON

Eksperimen Wajib 6 – 9: Mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas (rujuk silang m.s.167 – 182).
Compulsory Experiment 6 – 9: To study the factors affecting the rate of reaction (cross reference pp.167 – 182).

50

4.4 AKTIVITI Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
4.3 Aplikasi konsep kadar tindak balas
PERBINCANGAN PBD
Aplikasi kadar tindak balas Kontesktual

The application of the rate of reaction

Buku teks m/s 134 – 136

Pilih jawapan yang betul tentang aplikasi kadar tindak balas dalam kehidupan harian dan industri. TP1
Choose the correct answers about the application of the rate of reaction in everyday life and industry.

1 Pembakaran bahan api 2 Memasak
The burning of fuel Cooking

Bahan api lebih mudah dinyalakan jika Ketulan kecil makanan mengambil masa BAB
saiz yang (kecil , besar) digunakan. Ini yang lebih (pendek , panjang) untuk 4
kerana jumlah (isi padu , luas permukaan) masak. Ini kerana saiz makanan yang
ketulan kecil adalah lebih (kecil , besar). kecil mempunyai jumlah (isi padu , luas
(Kurang , Lebih banyak) haba akan diserap permukaan) yang lebih (kecil , besar).
menyebabkan kadar pembakaran lebih (Kurang, Lebih banyak) haba dapat diserap.
(rendah , tinggi). Oleh itu, kadar memasak adalah (rendah ,
(Smaller , Bigger) pieces of fuel burn more tinggi).
easily. This is because the total (volume, Small pieces of food take a (shorter , longer)
surface area) of small pieces is (smaller , time to cook. This is because the small pieces
larger). (Less, More) heat is absorbed causing of the food have a larger total (volume ,
the rate of burning is (lower , higher). surface area). (Less , More) heat can be
absorbed. Therefore, the rate of cooking is
(lower , higher).

3 Penyimpanan makanan dalam peti sejuk 4 Memasak makanan dalam periuk tekanan
Storage of food in the refrigerator Cooking food in a pressure cooker

Dalam keadaan sejuk, pertumbuhan Tekanan yang tinggi dalam periuk tekanan
(bakteria , alga) dan proses biokimia iaitu akan (mengurangkan, meninggikan) takat
tindakan enzim dalam makanan dapat didih air. Suhu air yang lebih (rendah ,
(diperlahankan, dipercepatkan). Oleh itu, tinggi ) (mengurangkan , meningkatkan)
makanan dapat disimpan lebih lama. kadar tindak balas yang menyebabkan
Under cold conditions, the growth of makanan lebih (lambat , cepat) dimasak.
(bacteria , algae) and biochemical processes High pressure in a pressure cooker will
i.e. enzyme action in food can be (slowed (decrease, increase) the boiling point of
down , speed up). Therefore, food can be water. (Lower , Higher) water temperatures
stored longer. (decreases , increases) the rate of reaction
that causes food cooked (slower , faster).

5 Dalam industri/In industry Pada amnya, suhu dan tekanan yang (rendah , tinggi) serta
penggunaan (mangkin , gas adi) dapat meningkatkan penghasilan
bahan kimia tertentu dalam proses industri seperti Proses Haber
dan Proses Sentuh yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan baja.
In general, (low , high) temperature and pressure and the use
of a (catalyst , noble gas) are able to increase the production of
chemicals in industrial processes such as the Haber Process and
Contact Process that are used to produce fertiliser.

51

SPM PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 4

Kertas 1

Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

1 Antara tindak balas kimia C Meningkatkan saiz kalsium maksimum gas yang terbebas
berikut, yang manakah mem­ karbonat/Increase the size of ialah 120 cm3. Hitung kadar
punyai kadar tindak balas calcium carbonate tindak balas bagi tindak balas
yang dapat ditentukan dengan ini./The reaction between dilute
menyukat isi padu gas yang D Menambahkan air ke dalam nitric acid and zinc produces
terbebas? asid sulfurik/Add water to hydrogen. The reaction completes
Which chemical reaction has the sulphuric acid within 60 s and the maximum
the rate of reaction that can be volume of gas released is 120 cm3.
BAB determined by measuring the 3 Graf I dalam Rajah 1 Calculate the rate of reaction for
volume of gas released? menunjukkan graf isi padu the reaction.
A Ferum dan larutan gas melawan masa bagi tindak A 0.5 cm3 s–1 B 1.0 cm3 s–1
balas antara 6 g ketulan zink C 1.5 cm3 s–1 D 2.0 cm3 s–1
4 kuprum(II) sulfat dengan 50 cm3 asid sulfurik
Iron and copper(II) sulphate 1 mol dm–3. 5 Antara yang berikut, yang
solution Graph I in Diagram 1 shows the manakah tidak mempengaruhi
B Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat graph of the volume of gas against kadar tindak balas?
dan natrium klorida time for the reaction between 6 g Which of the following does not
Lead(II) nitrate and sodium of zinc granules and 50 cm3 of 1 affect the rate of reaction?
chloride solutions mol dm–3 sulphuric acid. A Isi padu larutan
C Larutan natrium tiosulfat Volume of the solution
dan asid sulfurik Isi padu gas (cm3) B Kehadiran mangkin
Sodium thiosulphate solution Volume of gas (cm3) The presence of a catalyst
and sulphuric acid C Suhu bahan tindak balas
D Magnesium dan asid I Temperature of the reactant
hidroklorik D Kepekatan larutan
Magnesium and hydrochloric II Concentration of the solution
acid Masa (s)
Time (s) 6 Mengapakah kepekatan larutan
meningkat, kadar tindak balas
      Rajah 1/Diagram 1 turut meningkat?/Why does the
rate of reaction increase when
2 Seorang murid sedang Antara yang berikut, yang the concentration of a solution
increases?
memerhatikan tindak balas manakah perlu dilakukan A Zarah-zarah bahan tindak
balas mengandungi tenaga
antara kalsium karbonat dan untuk menghasilkan Graf II? kinetik yang lebih tinggi
Reactant particles contain
asid sulfurik dalam sebuah Which of the following must be higher kinetic energy
B Larutan mengandungi lebih
bikar. Bagaimanakah kadar done to produce Graph II? banyak zarah per unit isi
padu/Solution contains more
penghasilan karbon dioksida A Memanaskan asid sulfurik particles per unit volume
C Jumlah luas permukaan
boleh ditingkatkan oleh murid Heat the sulphuric acid bahan tindak balas adalah
lebih besar/Total surface area
itu? B Mencampurkan air of the reactant is larger
D Larutan pekat lebih panas
A students is observing the Add water Concentrated solution is hotter

reaction between calcium C Menggantikan ketulan zink

carbonate and sulphuric acid. dengan serbuk zink

How can the rate of production Replace the zinc granules

of carbon dioxide be increased with zinc powder

by the student? D Menambahkan larutan

A Meningkatkan suhu asid kuprum(II) sulfat/ Add

sulfurik/Increase the copper(II) sulphate solution

temperature of sulphuric acid

B Mengurangkan kepekatan 4 Tindak balas antara asid nitrik
cair dengan zink menghasilkan
asid sulfurik hidrogen. Tindak balas lengkap
dalam masa 60 s dan isi padu
Reduce the concentration of

sulphuric acid

52

Kertas 2

Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all the questions.
Bahagian A/Section A

1 Jadual 1 menunjukkan gas yang dikutip dalam 2 minit bagi tindak balas antara kalsium karbonat Praktis
berlebihan dan asid hidroklorik. SPM

Table 1 shows the gas collected in two minutes for the reaction between excess calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid.

Eksperimen Kepekatan asid (mol dm–3) Isi padu gas hidrogen (cm3)
Experiment Concentration of acid (mol dm–3) Volume of hydrogen (cm3)

I 50 cm3 0.5 mol dm–3 20

II 50 cm3 1.0 mol dm–3 40

(a) Apakah maksud kadar tindak balas?/What is meant by the rate of reaction? BAB
Perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil tindak balas per unit masa/Perubahan isi padu gas yang dikumpul 4

per unit masa./Change in the quantity of reactant or products per unit time/Change in volume of gas collected

per unit time.

[1 markah/1 mark]

(b) Hitung kadar tindak balas bagi Eksperimen I dan II dalam dua minit.

Calculate the rate of reaction for Experiment I and II in two minutes.

Eksperimen I/Experiment I: Kadar tindak balas/Rate of reaction = 20 = 0.17 cm3 s–1
120

Eksperimen II/Experiment II: Kadar tindak balas/Rate of reaction = 40 = 0.33 cm3 s–1
120 [2
markah/2 marks]

(c) Bandingkan kadar tindak balas bagi Eksperimen I dan II. Jelaskan jawapan anda berdasarkan faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

Compare the rate of reaction for Experiment I and II. Explain factors that influence the rate of reaction.
Kadar tindak balas dalam Eksperimen II lebih tinggi. Ini kerana kepekatan asid dalam Eksperimen II

lebih tinggi./The rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher. This is because the concentration of acid in

Experiment II is higher.

[2 markah/2 marks]

Bahagian C/Section C

2 Kaji pernyataan yang berikut./Study the following statement.

Detergen yang lebih pekat dapat membersihkan pakaian kotor dengan lebih cepat.
Th e more co ncentrated detergent can clean the dirty clothes faster.

(a) Nyatakan satu pernyataan masalah daripada maklumat di atas.

State one problem statement from the above information. [1 markah/1 mark]

(b) Cadangkan satu hipotesis untuk mengkaji pernyataan di atas.

Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the above statement. [1 markah/1 mark]

(c) Berdasarkan pernyataan yang diberi, reka bentuk satu eksperimen makmal untuk menguji hipotesis
anda dengan menggunakan ketulan zink, asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm–3 dan 0.1 mol dm–3, kelalang kon,

penyumbat getah dan jam randik.

Based on the given statement, design a laboratory experiment to test your hypothesis by using zinc pieces,
1 mol dm–3 and 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, a conical flask, a rubber stopper and a stopwatch.

Huraian anda harus mengandungi aspek-aspek berikut:

Your description should include the following aspects:

(i) Tujuan eksperimen/Aim of the experiment [1 markah/1 mark]

(ii) Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah/Identification of variables [2 markah/2 marks]

(iii) Prosedur atau kaedah/Procedure or method [4 markah/4 marks]

(iv) Penjadualan data/Tabulation of data [1 markah/1 mark]

53