SEBATIAN KARBON

BIDANG TEMA 2: Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam
PEMBELAJARAN
BAB Sebatian Karbon
5
Carbon Compounds

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

iaitu Sebatian karbon Hidrokarbon Alkana
that is Carbon Hydrocarbons Alkane
Faktor compounds Sebatian tepu dan as
penghubung tak tepu Dari karbon 1
Relating as Saturated and hingga 6
factors Sebatian organik unsaturated From carbon
dan bukan compounds 1 to 6
organik
BAB Organic and
inorganic
compounds

5 iaitu Alkena Penghasilan Ciri-ciri alkohol Tindak balas
Alkene alkohol Characteristics of alkohol
Production of alcohol Reactions of
that is alcohol alcohol
as as as
Faktor Dari karbon 1 Melalui Contoh: larut Pembakaran dan
penghubung hingga 6 penapaian dalam air Pengesteran
Relating From carbon 1 Through Example: dissolve Combustion and
factors to 6 fermentation in water esterification

iaitu Jenis lemak Buah kelapa Pembuatan sabun Tindakan
that is Types of fat sawit Making of soap pencucian sabun
Faktor Lemak tepu dan Oil palm fruit as Cleansing action
penghubung lemak tak tepu as Melalui of soaps
Relating Saturated and Pengekstrakan saponifikasi as
factors unsaturated fats minyak sawit Through Melibatkan
Extraction of saponification molekul sabun
palm oil Involve soap
molecule

APAKAH ITU SEBATIAN KARBON?
WHAT IS CARBON COMPOUND?

Karbon ialah unsur asas semua bentuk hidupan dan bahan semula jadi serta buatan manusia di sekeliling
kita. Tahukah anda karbohidrat dan protein yang merupakan binaan asas sel adalah contoh-contoh
sebatian karbon?
Carbon is the basic element of all life forms as well as various natural and man-made objects around us.
Did you know that carbohydrates and proteins which are the basic building blocks of cells are examples of
carbon compounds?

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NOTA BESTARI

Sebatian Karbon Carbon Compounds
1. Organic carbon compounds are compounds of carbon
1. Sebatian karbon organik ialah sebatian karbon yang
berasal daripada benda hidup. Contohnya ialah kanji, derived from living things. Examples are starch,
protein, alkohol dan minyak sawit. proteins, alcohol and palm oil.
2. Inorganic carbon compounds are compounds of
2. Sebatian karbon bukan organik ialah sebatian karbon carbon which are not derived from living things.
yang bukan berasal daripada benda hidup. Contohnya Examples are carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate
ialah karbon dioksida dan kalsium karbonat (marmar). (marble).

Kitar Karbon The Carbon Cycle
1. Carbon cycle is the process of circulation of carbon
1. Kitar karbon ialah proses peredaran karbon yang
berlaku antara benda hidup dan persekitarannya. which occurs between living things and their
environment.
2. Kitar karbon mengekalkan kandungan karbon dioksida 2. The carbon cycle maintains carbon dioxide content in
di atmosfera. the atmosphere.

Sebatian Hidrokarbon Hydrocarbon Compounds BAB
1. Sebatian hidrokarbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi 1. Hydrocarbon compounds are compounds that contain 5

unsur hidrogen dan karbon sahaja. only hydrogen and carbon elements.
2. Petroleum, gas asli dan arang batu ialah contoh-contoh 2. Petroleum, natural gas and coal are examples of

sumber asli hidrokarbon. natural resources of hydrocarbon.

Alkana dan Alkena Alkane and Alkene
1. Alkana ialah sebatian hidrokarbon tepu. 1. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon compounds.
2. Alkana boleh diwakili oleh satu formula am iaitu 2. Alkanes can be represented by a general formula

CnH2n+2 di mana n = 1, 2, 3, … Simbol ‘n’ mewakili CnH2n+2 where n = 1, 2, 3,.... The symbol ‘n’ represents
bilangan atom karbon dalam molekul alkana. the number of carbon atoms in an alkane molecule.
3. Alkena ialah sebatian hidrokarbon tak tepu. 3. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds.
4. Alkena boleh diwakili oleh satu formula am iaitu CnH2n 4. Alkenes can be represented by a general formula CnH2n
di mana n = 2, 3, 4, … where n = 2, 3, 4, …

Alkohol Alcohol

1. Alkohol boleh disediakan secara penapaian ke atas 1. Alcohol can be prepared by fermentation on
makanan berkarbohidrat dan ditulenkan secara carbohydrate foods and purified by distillation.
penyulingan.
2. Alcohol (ethanol) is a colourless liquid, good organic
2. Alkohol (etanol) merupakan cecair tidak berwarna, solvent, burns with a sootless blue flame in excess
pelarut organik yang baik, terbakar dengan nyalaan oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
biru tanpa jelaga dalam oksigen yang berlebihan
untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air. 3. Alcohol reacts with organic acids such as ethanoic
acid to produce esters with a fragrant or fruity smell.
3. Alkohol bertindak balas dengan asid organik seperti Concentrated sulphuric acid is added as a catalyst.
asid etanoik menghasilkan ester yang berbau harum This reaction is called esterification.
atau buah-buahan. Asid sulfurik pekat ditambahkan
sebagai mangkin. Tindak balas yang berlaku disebut 4. Alcohol is used as a solvent in cosmetics such as
tindak balas pengesteran. perfumes, shaving lotions and nail polish and as a
solvent for shellac and printing ink.
4. Alkohol digunakan sebagai pelarut dalam kosmetik
seperti minyak wangi, losyen cukur dan varnis kuku, 5. Excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) will affect
dan sebagai pelarut bagi syelek dan dakwat percetakan. the sense of sight, hearing and speech, and may cause
liver cirrhosis.
5. Pengambilan alkohol yang berlebihan (etanol) akan
menjejaskan deria penglihatan, pendengaran dan
percakapan, dan boleh menyebabkan sirosis hati.

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Lemak dan Kesannya Terhadap Kesihatan Fats and Their Effects on Health

1. Lemak ialah sebatian karbon organik yang mengandungi 1. Fats are organic carbon compounds that contain
unsur karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen. carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

2. Contoh lemak tepu ialah lemak ayam dan minyak sapi. 2. Examples of saturated fats are chicken fat and ghee.
3. Contoh lemak tak tepu ialah minyak zaitun dan minyak 3. Examples of unsaturated fats are olive oil and coconut

kelapa. oil.
4. Pengambilan lemak tepu (lemak haiwan) secara 4. Excessive consumption of saturated fat (animal fat)

berlebihan pada tempoh masa yang panjang boleh can cause the deposition of cholesterol in blood
menyebabkan pemendapan kolesterol pada saluran vessels that may lead to stroke, high blood pressure
darah yang mungkin akan mengakibatkan strok, and heart attack.
tekanan darah tinggi dan serangan jantung. 5. Consumption of unsaturated fat is good for health.
5. Pengambilan lemak tak tepu adalah baik untuk Unsaturated fat can lower cholesterol concentrations
kesihatan. Lemak tak tepu dapat menurunkan in the blood.
kepekatan kolesterol dalam darah. 6. Saturated fats (margarine) can be prepared from
6. Lemak tepu (marjerin) boleh disediakan daripada unsaturated fats (palm oil) by adding hydrogen atoms
lemak tak tepu (minyak sawit) dengan menambahkan to unsaturated fatty molecules in the hydrogenation
atom hidrogen kepada molekul lemak tak tepu dalam reaction.
tindak balas penghidrogenan.

BAB Minyak Sawit Palm Oil

1. Minyak sawit digunakan untuk membuat pembersih 1. Palm oil is used for making facial cleansers and printing
muka dan dakwat percetakan. inks.

2. Minyak sawit sesuai digunakan sebagai minyak masak 2. Palm oil is suitable as cooking oil as it does not foam
kerana tidak berbuih pada suhu tinggi dan tidak at high temperatures and contains no cholesterol.
mengandungi kolesterol.
3. Organisations such as the Palm Oil Research Institute
3. Institut seperti Penyelidikan Minyak Sawit Malaysia of Malaysia (PORIM) and Malaysian Palm Oil Board
(PORIM) dan Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia (MPOB) have conducted extensive research to develop
the Malaysian palm oil industry.
5 (MPOB) telah menjalankan banyak penyelidikan
untuk membangunkan industri minyak kelapa sawit
Malaysia.

Pembuatan Sabun Manufacture of Soap
1. Vegetable oils such as palm oil, coconut oil and olive
1. Minyak sayuran seperti minyak kelapa sawit, minyak
kelapa dan minyak zaitun boleh digunakan untuk oil can be used for making soap through the process
membuat sabun melalui proses saponifikasi. of saponification.
2. The process of making soap is called saponification.
2. Proses pembuatan sabun disebut saponifikasi. Minyak Vegetable oil + sodium hydroxide → soap + glycerol
sayuran + natrium hidroksida → sabun + gliserol

Tindakan Pencucian Sabun The Cleansing Action of Soap
1. Soap is a cleaning agent used for removing organic
1. Sabun ialah agen pencuci yang digunakan untuk
menanggalkan kotoran bahan organik. dirt.
2. Soap reduces the surface tension of water so that
2. Sabun mengurangkan ketegangan permukaan air
supaya air dapat membasahi permukaan bahan. water can wet the surface of the material.
3. The soap molecule consists of two parts:
3. Molekul sabun terdiri daripada dua bahagian:
(a) bahagian kepala atau hidrofilik yang larut dalam (a) the head or hydrophilic part which is soluble in
air water
(b) bahagian ekor atau hidrofobik yang larut dalam
kotoran seperti minyak atau gris. (b) the tail or hydrophobic part which is soluble in
dirt such as oil or grease.
4. Semasa pencucian, kotoran diemulsi dan dipecahkan
menjadi titisan-titisan kecil. Apabila air dikocak, 4. During washing, the dirt is emulsified and broken down
bahagian kepala molekul sabun yang larut dalam air into small droplets. When water is agitated, the head of
dibawa ke atas oleh air. Seterusnya, bahagian ekor the soap molecules which dissolve in water is brought
yang larut dalam kotoran ditarik oleh bahagian kepala. up to the surface by the water. Then, the oil-soluble tail
Buih sabun menyebabkan gris terapung. Kotoran is pulled by the head. Soap bubbles cause grease to
tertanggal. float. The grease is removed.

Nota Grafik

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5.1 AKTIVITI Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.1 Pengenalan sebatian karbon
PERBINCANGAN PBD
Sebatian karbon dan kitar karbon Konstruktivisme

Carbon compounds and carbon cycle

Buku teks m/s 142 – 144
2007 BHG. B, S7(a) & (c)  2011 BHG. C, S12(b)

1 Lengkapkan peta konsep yang berikut tentang pengelasan sebatian karbon. Kemudian, berikan
maksud sebatian karbon, sebatian karbon organik dan sebatian karbon bukan organik. TP1
Complete the following concept map on the classification of carbon compounds. Then, give the meanings
of carbon compounds, organic carbon compounds and inorganic carbon compounds.

Karbon dioksida Hidupan Arang batu Gula Etanol Kertas
Carbon dioxide Living things Coal Sugar Ethanol Paper

Kain kapas Minyak sawit Bukan hidupan Karbon Kalsium karbonat (marmar)
Cotton cloth Palm oil Non-living things Carbon Calcium carbonate (marble)

Sebatian karbon/Carbon compounds

dikelaskan kepada are classified into Praktis
Sebatian karbon organik Sebatian karbon bukan organik Kendiri
Organic carbon compounds Inorganic carbon compounds

contoh examples contoh examples

Gula, etanol, minyak sawit, arang batu, kain Karbon dioksida, kalsium karbonat (marmar) BAB
kapas, kertas Carbon dioxide, calcium carbonate (marble)
Sugar, ethanol, palm oil, coal, cotton cloth, paper

(a) Sebatian karbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi unsur karbon . 5

Carbon compounds are compounds that contain carbon element.

(b) Sebatian karbon organik ialah sebatian karbon yang berasal daripada hidupan .
Organic carbon compounds are carbon compounds which originate from living things .

(c) Sebatian bukan organik ialah sebatian karbon yang berasal daripada bukan hidupan .
Inorganic compounds are carbon compounds which originate from non-living things .

2013 BHG. B, S7(a)

2 Berdasarkan pernyataan di bawah, nyatakan proses-proses yang berlaku dalam kitar karbon yang
ditunjukkan dalam rajah yang berikut. TP1
Based on the statement below, state the processes that occur in the carbon cycle shown in the following
diagram.

Kitar karbon mengekalkan kandungan karbon dalam alam semula jadi.
The carbon cycle maintains the carbon content of nature.

Karbon dioksida P Proses/Processes:
Carbon dioxide Q P: Fotosintesis/Photosynthesis
Q: Respirasi/Respiration
T R R: Penguraian/Decomposition
S S: Respirasi/Respiration
T: Pembakaran/Combustion

Rumput Diuraikan oleh pengurai Panduan/Guide:
Grass Decomposed by decomposers Respirasi/Respiration
Dimakan oleh haiwan Fotosintesis/Photosynthesis
Eaten by animals Pembakaran/Combustion
Respirasi/Respiration
Penguraian/Decomposition

57

5.2 EKSPERIMEN Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.2 Hidrokarbon
KBAT INKUIRI PBD
Penyulingan berperingkat petroleum Penemuan

Fractional distillation of petroleum Inkuiri
Buku teks m/s 145 – 150

(Demonstrasi Guru/Teacher’s demonstration)

Tujuan Mengkaji proses penyulingan berperingkat petroleum
To study the fractional distillation of petroleum

Bahan dan Minyak mentah (petroleum), ais, kapas kaca, tabung didih, penunu Bunsen, kaki retort
Radas dan pengapit, tabung uji, penyumbat, termometer (–10°C hingga 360°C), bikar 250 ml,
tiub penghantar, mangkuk pijar
Crude oil (petroleum), ice, glass wool, boiling tube, Bunsen burner, retort stand and clamp,
test tube, stopper, thermometer (–10°C to 360°C), 250 ml beaker, delivery tube, crucible

Prosedur Termometer (–10°C hingga 360°C) Galeri Info
Thermometer (–10°C to 360°C)
Video
Salur penghantar • Semua pecahan
5 Delivery tube petroleum tidak
larut dalam air.
BAB Minyak mentah Tabung uji All the petroleum
Crude oil Test tube fractions do not
Wul kaca dissolve in water.
Glass wool Ais
Ice • Wul kaca diguna-
kan untuk
Pecahan petroleum memecahkan
Petroleum fraction gelembung udara.
Ais digunakan
Panaskan dalam bikar untuk
Heat mengkondensasi-
kan wap menjadi
1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah cecair.
di atas. Glass wool is used to
Set up the apparatus as shown in the above diagram. break up gas
bubbles. Ice is used
2 Masukkan kira-kira 20 cm3 minyak mentah ke dalam tabung in the beaker to
didih bersama sedikit wul kaca. condense the vapour
Add about 20 cm3 of crude oil into the boiling tube together with into a liquid.
some glass wool.
• Petroleum (minyak
3 Panaskan minyak mentah dalam tabung didih secara perlahan- mentah) ialah
lahan. cecair hitam yang
Heat the crude oil in the boiling tube slowly. likat.
Petroleum (crude oil)
is a black viscous
liquid.

4 Kumpulkan tiga pecahan petroleum pertama yang tersuling keluar pada suhu yang
berikut:
Collect the first three fractions that are distilled at the following temperatures:

Pecahan/Fraction Suhu (°C)/Temperature (°C)
30 – 80
Pertama 80 – 150
First 150 – 230
Kedua 230 – 250
Second
Ketiga
Third
Keempat
Fourth

5 Bagi setiap pecahan petroleum yang terkumpul, bandingkan warna dan kelikatannya.
For each petroleum fraction collected, compare the colour and viscosity.

6 Bakar setiap pecahan petroleum dalam mangkuk pijar. Perhatikan kemudahan terbakar,
warna nyalaan dan kuantiti jelaga yang terhasil.
Burn each petroleum fraction in a crucible. Observe the flammability, the colour of the
flame and the amount of soot produced.

58

Pemerhatian Pecahan Warna Kelikatan Keboleh- Warna nyalaan Kuantiti
Perbincangan Fraction Colour Viscosity bakaran Colour of the jelaga
Flammability flame
Kesimpulan 1 Amount of
2 Tidak Tidak Sangat Kuning soot
3 berwarna likat/Not mudah Yellow
4 Colourless viscous Very easy Kuning Sedikit
Tidak Tidak Mudah Yellow A little
berwarna likat/Not Easy Kuning Banyak
Colourless viscous Sukar Yellow A lot
Kuning Sedikit Difficult Lebih banyak
muda likat Kuning More
Light Slightly Paling sukar Yellow
yellow viscous the most Paling banyak
Kuning Lebih The most
Yellow likat/More

1 Apakah proses pengasingan pecahan petroleum dalam aktiviti ini? TP1
What is the process of separation of the petroleum fractions in this activity?
Penyulingan berperingkat/Fractional distillation

2 Apakah sifat petroleum yang membolehkannya diasingkan kepada pecahan- BAB
pecahannya? TP2
What is the characteristic of petroleum that enables it to be separated into fractions?
Pecahan-pecahan petroleum mempunyai takat didih yang berlainan.
The petroleum fractions have different boiling points  .

3 Pilih perkataan yang sesuai tentang hubungan antara takat didih pecahan dengan 5
sifat pecahan./Choose the suitable words about the relationship between the boiling
point of the fraction and the characteristics of the fraction. TP2

Semakin tinggi takat didih, semakin (terang, gelap) warnanya, semakin (kurang
likat, likat) pecahan itu, semakin (mudah, sukar) terbakar pecahan itu dan semakin
(kurang, banyak) jelaga nyalaannya akan terhasil.
The higher the boiling point, the (lighter, darker) the colour, the (less viscous, more
viscous) the fraction, the (easier, more difficult) it is for the fraction to burn and the
(less, more) soot the flame will produce.

4 Pecahan petroleum terdiri daripada campuran sebatian hidrokarbon. Berikan
maksud sebatian hidrokarbon./Petroleum fractions consist of a mixture of hydrocarbon
compound. Give the meaning of hydrocarbon compounds. TP2

Sebatian yang mengandungi unsur hidrogen dan karbon sahaja.

Compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon elements.

5 Tandakan ( ✓ ) sumber-sumber sebatian hidrokarbon dalam alam semula jadi.
Tick ( ✓ ) the sources of hydrocarbon compounds in nature. TP1

Bahan Petroleum Gas asli Arang
radioaktif ✓ Petroleum ✓ Natural ✓ batu
Radioactive
substance gas Coal

6 Nyatakan dua jenis sebatian hidrokarbon yang terdapat dalam petroleum.
State two types of hydrocarbon compound found in petroleum. TP1
tepu tak tepu
Sebatian hidrokarbon dan .
Saturated and Unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds.

Pecahan-pecahan petroleum dapat diasingkan melalui penyulingan berperingkat
disebabkan setiap pecahan petroleum mempunyai takat didih yang berlainan.
Petroleum fractions can be separated by fractional distillation because the petroleum
fractions have a different boiling points .

59

5.3 AKTIVITI Siri homolog alkana dan alkena Tarikh:

PERBINCANGAN Homologous series of alkane and alkene PBD
Konstruktivisme

Buku teks m/s 145 – 150

1 Tuliskan formula molekul dan formula struktur bagi alkana dan alkena. TP1
Write the molecular and structural formulas of alkane and alkene.
(a) Alkana/Alkane (Hidrokarbon tepu dengan hanya ikatan kovalen tunggal di antara atom karbon
Saturated hydrokarbon with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms)

Formula am/General formula = CnH2n+2
bilangan atom karbon/number of carbon atoms, n = 1, 2, 3, …

n Penamaan Formula molekul Formula struktur
Naming Molecular formula Structural formula

1 Metana CH4 H
Methane |

H–C–H
|

H

2 Etana C2H6 H H
Ethane | |

BAB H–C–C–H
| |
H H

5 3 Propana C3H8 H H H
Propane | | |

H–C–C–C–H
| | |
H H H

4 Butana C4H10 H H H H
Butane | | | |

H–C–C–C–C–H
| | | |
H H H H

5 Pentana C5H12 H H H H H
Pentane | | | | |

H–C–C–C–C–C–H
| | | | |
H H H H H

6 Heksana C6H14 H H H H H H
Hexane | | | | | |

H–C–C–C–C–C–C–H
| | | | | |
H H H H H H

(b) Alkena/Alkene (Hidrokarbon tak tepu dengan ikatan kovalen ganda dua antara atom karbon
Saturated hydrocarbon with a double covalent bonds between carbon atoms)

Formula am/General formula = CnH2n
bilangan atom karbon/number of carbon atoms, n = 2, 3, 4, …

n Penamaan Formula molekul Formula struktur
Naming Molecular formula Structural molecule

1 Etena C2H4 H H
Ethene | |

H–C C–H

60

n Penamaan Formula molekul Formula struktur
Naming Molecular formula Structural molecule

2 Propena C3H6 H H H
Propene | | |
C4H8
3 Butena H–C C–C–H
Butene C5H10 |
H
4 Pentena C6H12
Pentene H H H H
| | | |
5 Heksena
Hexene H–C C–C–C–H
| |
H H

H H H H H
| | | | |

H–C C–C–C–C–H
| | |
H H H

H H H H H H
| | | | | |

H–C–C–C–C–C C–H
| | | |
H H H H

2 Baca petikan di bawah./Read the passange below. TP2 Video BAB

Bahan kumbahan membebaskan gas metana hasil daripada pereputan bahan buangan organik. 5
Terdapat negara yang menggunakan gas metana sebagai sumber tenaga alternatif. Tenaga biojisim
tersebut merupakan tenaga boleh baharu./Sewages release methane gas as a result of decomposition
of organic wastes. There are countries that use methane gas as an alternative source of energy. This
biomass energy is a renewable energy.

Lengkapkan petikan di bawah tentang tenaga biojisim. TP2
Complete the passage below about biomass energy.

Mereput/Decay Najis lembu/Cow dung
Gas metana/Methane gas Tangki penapaian/Fermentation tank

Paip gas Bahan seperti najis lembu disimpan
Gas pipe
Tangki penapaian (pencerna) Gas metana dalam sebuah tangki penapaian atau pencerna
Fermentation Methane gas mereput
tank (digester) yang tertutup dan dibiarkan .
gas metana
Kemudian, yang terhasil
disalurkan melalui paip untuk tujuan pemanasan
dan memasak.
Paip salur cow dung
masuk Material such as is placed in
Inlet pipe a closed fermentation tank or digester and left to

Paip jalur keluar decay . The methane gas that is
Outlet pipe

formed is piped away to be used for heating and
cooking.

Biojisim (hasil buangan haiwan dan tumbuhan
Biomass (animal and plant waste)

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON

Projek 2: Sumber tenaga alternatif dan tenaga boleh baharu. (rujuk silang m.s.139 – 140).
Project 2: Alternative energy sources and renewable energy. (cross reference pp.139 – 140).

61

Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.3 Alkohol

5.4 EKSPERIMEN Penghasilan dan penulenan etanol PBD
Penemuan
KBAT INKUIRI Production and the purification of ethanol
Inkuiri
Tujuan
Buku teks m/s 150 – 157
2008 BHG. A, S4(c) & (d)  2013 BHG. B, S8(a) & (d)(i)  2015 BHG. A, S4(a) & (c)  2017 BHG. B, S5(a)(i), (b) & (c)

Menghasilkan etanol tulen melalui proses penapaian dan penyulingan
To produce pure ethanol through the processes of fermentation and distillation

Bahan dan Larutan glukosa, yis, air kapur, kelalang kon, tabung uji, penyumbat getah, salur
Radas penghantar, bikar, kelalang penyulingan, kondenser Liebig, kasa dawai, tungku kaki
tiga, penunu Bunsen, termometer, bikar, salur getah, kaki retort
Glucose solution, yeast, limewater, conical flask, test tube, rubber stopper, delivery tube,
beaker, distillation flask, Liebig condenser, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner,
thermometer, beaker, rubber hose, retort stand

Prosedur dan Jalankan aktiviti-aktiviti yang berikut. Kemudian, rekodkan pemerhatian dan berikan
Pemerhatian inferens anda.
Carry out the following activities. Then, record the observations and give your inferences.

Aktiviti Pemerhatian dan inferens
Activity Observation and inference

A. • Larutan jernih glukosa
bertukar menjadi
keruh .
BAB Larutan Air kapur The clear glucose solution
glukosa Limewater
glucose turns cloudy .
solution • Air kapur bertukar menjadi

+
Yis
5 yeast keruh .
1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan The lime water turns
dalam rajah.
Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. cloudy .

2 Tambah dua spatula yis ke dalam larutan glukosa. Inferens/Inference:
Add two spatulas of yeast into the glucose solution. Gas karbon dioksida terbebas.
3 Biarkan radas selama dua hingga tiga hari dan Carbon dioxide gas is released.
rekodkan perubahan yang berlaku.
Leave the apparatus for two to three days and
record the changes that occur.

B. Termometer Hasil penyulingan adalah
Thermometer
Hasil penapaian Air keluar cecair tidak berwarna ,
Product of water out berbau alkohol dan
fermentation mempunyai takat didih
Kondenser Liebig
Liebig condenser 78 – 80°C .

Serpihan Panaskan Air Hasil sulingan The distillate is a colourless
porselin heat masuk Distillate liquid, smells like alcohol
Porcelain Water and has a boiling point of
chips in
78 – 80°C .
1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan
dalam rajah di atas. Inferens/Inference:
Set up the apparatus as shown in the above Sejenis alkohol iaitu
diagram.
2 Panaskan hasil penapaian dengan perlahan. etanol terhasil.
A type of alcohol i.e.
Heat the product of fermentation slowly.
3 Alirkan air pili ke dalam kondenser Liebig. ethanol is produced.

Pass tap water through the Liebig condenser. Galeri Info
4 Kumpul hasil sulingan dalam kelalang kon.
Collect the distillate in the conical flask.
Penapaian berlaku ke
5 Perhatikan warna, bau dan takat didih hasil atas karbohidrat.
sulingan yang dikumpul./Observe the colour, odour Fermentation takes
and the boiling point of the distillate collected. place on carbohydrates.

62

Perbincangan 1 Namakan proses-proses yang berlaku dalam aktiviti A dan B. TP1
Name the processes that occur in activities A and B.
Video
Video (a) Aktiviti A/Activity A
Kesimpulan Penapaian/Fermentasi/Fermentation

(b) Aktiviti B/Activity B
Penyulingan/Distillation

2 Mengapakah yis digunakan dalam aktiviti A? TP1 glukosa.
Why is yeast used in activity A?

Yis mengandungi enzim zimase yang dapat menguraikan
Yeast contains zymase enzyme which decomposes glucose.

3 Daripada inferens anda, lengkapkan persamaan perkataan untuk mewakili proses
penapaian. TP2
From your inference, complete the word equation to represent the process of fermentation.

Glukosa yis/yeast etanol + karbon dioksida
Glucose enzim zimase ethanol carbon dioxide

zymase enzyme

4 Bulatkan makanan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan larutan glukosa
dalam aktiviti ini. TP1
Circle other foods which can be used to replace the glucose solution in this activity.

Jus nanas Ubi kayu Keju Jus anggur
Pineapple juice Tapioca Cheese Grape juice

5 Berdasarkan aktiviti ini, nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi penapaian.  TP4/KBAT BAB
Based on this activity, state the operational definition of fermentation. 5

Penapaian ialah proses yang menyebabkan larutan glukosa/air kapur menjadi

keruh ./Fermentation is a process that causes the glucose solution/limewater
cloudy
to turn .

6 Carta alir di bawah menunjukkan langkah-langkah untuk memperoleh etanol tulen
daripada larutan glukosa. Namakan proses P dan Q. TP1

The flow chart below shows the steps to obtain pure ethanol from a glucose solution.
Name processes P and Q.

Larutan P Etanol Q Etanol tulen P: Penapaian/Fermentation
glukosa Ethanol Pure ethanol Q: Penyulingan/Distillation

Glucose
solution

7 Mengapakah etanol tulen dapat disuling keluar dalam aktiviti B? TP2
Why can pure ethanol be distilled out in activity B?

Takat didih etanol lebih rendah daripada takat didih air.

The boiling point of ethanol is lower than the boiling point of water.

8 Tandakan ( ✓ ) unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam suatu alkohol. TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) the elements contained in an alcohol.

✓ Karbon Nitrogen ✓ Hidrogen ✓ Oksigen
Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen

9 Tandakan ( ✓ ) satu contoh lain alkohol. TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) one example of other alcohol.

Ammonia/Ammonia Sukrosa/Sucrose ✓ Metanol/Methanol

Etanol dapat disediakan melalui proses penapaian dan dapat ditulenkan melalui
proses penyulingan ./ Ethanol can be prepared through the process of fermentation
and can be purified through the process of distillation .

63

Tarikh:

5.5 EKSPERIMEN Ciri-ciri alkohol PBD
Penemuan
KBAT INKUIRI Characteristics of alcohol
Inkuiri
Tujuan
Buku teks m/s 150 – 157
2001 BHG. B, S4  2003 BHG. C, S2(a)  2007 BHG. B, S7(b)  2013 BHG. B, S8(d)(ii) & (iii)  2017 BHG. B, S5(a)(ii) & (d)

Mengkaji ciri-ciri alkohol/To study the characteristics of alcohol

Bahan dan Etanol (sejenis alkohol), asid etanoik, asid sulfurik pekat, air, Asid sulfurik pekat
Radas kayu uji, kertas turas, mancis, tabung uji, piring penyejat, bersifat mengakis.
Prosedur dan bikar, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, penunu Bunsen Concentrated
Pemerhatian Ethanol (a type of alcohol), ethanoic acid, concentrated sulphuric sulphuric acid is
acid, water, wooden splinter, filter paper, matches, test tube, corrosive.
5 evaporating dish, beaker, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner

Jalankan aktiviti-aktiviti yang berikut. Kemudian, rekodkan pemerhatian dan berikan
inferens anda./Carry out the following activities. Then, record the observations and give
your inferences.

Aktiviti Pemerhatian dan inferens
Activity Observation and inference

A. 1 Masukkan sedikit Etanol larut dalam air.
Etanol etanol ke dalam air. Ethanol dissolves in the
Ethano l Add a little ethanol into water.
the water.
2 Goncang campuran
BAB dalam tabung uji. Inferens/Inference:
Air Shake the mixture in the Alkohol larut dalam air.
test tube. Alcohol dissolves in water.
Water

B. Etanol mudah terbakar
dalam udara dengan nyalaan
Piring penyejat Etanol
Evaporating dish Ethanol biru tanpa jelaga .
Ethanol burns easily in air
1 Bakar cecair etanol. to produce a blue sootless flame.
Burn the ethanol.
Inferens/Inference:
2 Letakkan sekeping kertas turas di atas Takat didih alkohol rendah .
nyalaan itu. Alkohol mudah terbakar
Place a piece of filter paper above the flame. dalam udara.
The boiling point of alcohol
is low . Alcohol is

easily burned/flammable in air.

C. 5 cm3 etanol/ethanol Bau wangi/buah terhasil.
+
Kukus air Campuran tidak larut dalam
Water 5 cm3 asid air.
bath etanoik/ethanoic A fragrant/fruity smell
acid is produced. The mixture
Panaskan
Heat + does not dissolve in water.
Beberapa titik asid
sulfurik pekat (mangkin) Inferens/Inference:
A few drops of
concentrated
sulphuric acid (catalyst)

1 Sediakan susunan radas di atas. Alkohol bertindak balas dengan
Set up the above apparatus. asid organik untuk membentuk

2 Didihkan campuran dalam tabung uji beberapa ester .
minit dan tuangkan ke dalam air. Alcohol reacts with an organic acid
Boil the mixture in the test tube a few minutes ester .
and pour it into water. to form an

64

Perbincangan 1 Pembakaran etanol menghasilkan gas yang mengeruhkan air kapur dan titisan
tidak berwarna yang menukarkan kertas kobalt klorida daripada biru ke merah
Praktis jambu. Lengkapkan persamaan di bawah.
Kendiri
Kesimpulan The combustion of ethanol produces a gas that clouds lime water and colourless droplets
that turn cobalt chloride paper from blue to pink. Complete the equation below. TP2

Etanol + oksigen Karbon dioksida + Air
Ethanol oxygen Karbon dioksida Water

2 (a) Namakan proses yang berlaku dalam aktiviti C.
Name the process which takes place in activity C.
Pengesteran/Esterification

(b) Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan untuk mewakili proses yang dinamakan di 2(a).
Complete the word equation to represent the process named in 2(a). TP2

Alkohol asid organik asid sulfurik ester air
Alcohol organic acid pekat ester water
+ concentrated +

sulphuric acid

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) ciri-ciri lain bagi alkohol (etanol). TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) other properties of alcohol (ethanol).

✓ Mudah meruap Mengakis ✓ Mudah terbakar
Volatile Corrosive Flammable

4 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kegunaan alkohol./Tick ( ✓ ) the uses of alcohol. TP1

✓ Sebagai antiseptik ✓ Sebagai bahan api
As an antiseptic As a fuel

Mengawet makanan ✓ Menghasilkan minuman beralkohol BAB
For preserving food For producing alcoholic drinks
5
✓ Sebagai pelarut organik ✓ Menghasilkan perisa tiruan
As an organic solvent For producing an artificial flavouring

5 Bulatkan kegunaan ester./Circle the uses of ester. TP1

Sebagai perisa makanan Sebagai pelarut organik Membuat minyak wangi
As a food flavouring As an organic solvent Making perfumes

6 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan etanol terhadap kesihatan jika diambil secara berlebihan.
Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of ethanol on health if consumed excessively. TP1

✓ Menyebabkan sesak nafas
Causes shortness of breath

Menambahkan keluasan perut
Increases the stomach area

✓ Melambatkan gerak balas terhadap rangsangan
Slows down response to stimulation

✓ Merosakkan sel-sel hati dan menyebabkan sirosis hati
Damages liver cells and causes liver cirrhosis

✓ Menjejaskan koordinasi otot dan keseimbangan badan
Affects muscle coordination and body balance

✓ Menjejaskan pemikiran, pendengaran, penglihatan dan percakapan
Affects thinking, hearing, vision and speech

✓ Mengakis dinding dalam perut dan menyebabkan gastrik atau ulser
Corrodes the inner stomach walls and causes gastritis or ulcers

✓ Meningkatkan kadar degupan jantung dan tekanan darah tinggi
Increases the rate of heartbeat and high blood pressure

Menyebabkan pengecutan arteri dan mengakibatkan haba terkumpul dalam
badan/Causes the constriction of arteries and leading to the accumulation of
heat in the body

Alkohol larut dalam air, mudah terbakar dan bertindak balas dengan asid
organik untuk menghasilkan ester ./Alcohol dissolves in water, is flammable
and reacts with organic acids to produce esters .

65

5.6 AKTIVITI Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.4 Lemak
PERBINCANGAN PBD
Lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu Konstruktivisme

Saturated fats and unsaturated fats

Buku teks m/s 157 – 160
2011 BHG. C, S12(a)  2014 BHG. B S8

1 Tandakan ( ✓ ) jawapan yang betul untuk membandingkan lemak tepu dengan lemak tak tepu.
Kemudian, isi tempat kosong untuk menunjukkan persamaan antara kedua-dua jenis lemak tersebut
Tick ( ✓ ) the correct answers to compare saturated fats with unsaturated fats. Then, fill in the blanks
to show the similarities between the two types of fat. TP1

Karbon Pepejal Rendah Tumbuhan Organik Kurang Cecair
Carbon Solid Low Plant Organic Less Liquid

Tinggi Baik Haiwan Lebih Oksigen Buruk Hidrogen
High Good Animal More Oxygen Bad Hydrogen

BAB Ciri-ciri Lemak tepu Lemak tak tepu
Properties Saturated fat Unsaturated fat
(a) Sumber lemak
Source of fat Haiwan Tumbuhan
(b) Keadaan pada suhu bilik Animal Plant
State at room temperature Pepejal Cecair
(c) Takat lebur/Takat didih Solid Liquid
Melting point/Boiling point Tinggi Rendah
(d) Kandungan kolesterol High Low
Tinggi Rendah
5 Cholesterol content High Low
(e) Bilangan atom hidrogen Lebih Kurang
Number of hydrogen atoms More Less
(f) Kesan terhadap kesihatan Buruk Baik
Effect on health Bad Good

Persamaan/Similarities hidrogen
carbon ,
Lemak ialah sebatian karbon organik yang mengandungi unsur karbon ,
dan oksigen ./Fats are organic carbon compounds that contain the elements of

hydrogen and oxygen .

2 Tuliskan (LT) untuk mewakili lemak tepu dan (LTT) untuk mewakili lemak tak tepu. TP1
Write (SF) to represent saturated fat and (UF) to represent unsaturated fat.

LT Minyak sapi LT Mentega LTT Minyak bijan LT Marjerin
SF Ghee SF Butter UF Sesame oil SF Margarine

LTT Minyak zaitun LT Lemak ayam LTT Minyak sawit LTT Minyak jagung
UF Olive oil SF Chicken fat UF Palm oil UF Corn oil

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) jenis penyakit yang mungkin dihidapi akibat Galeri Info
pengambilan lemak tepu secara berlebihan. TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) the types of diseases that might be experienced as a Mentega dibuat daripada susu lembu. Marjerin,
result of consuming excessive amounts of saturated fat. sejenis lemak tepu, dibuat dengan menambahkan
atom hidrogen ke dalam minyak tumbuhan
✓ Arteri tersumbat ✓ Tekanan darah tinggi (lemak tak tepu). Proses yang berlaku disebut
Blocked arteries High blood pressure penghidrogenan.
Butter is made from cow’s milk. Margarine, a
Diabetes ✓ Strok type of saturated fat, is made by adding
Diabetes Stroke hydrogen atoms into plant oil (unsaturated fat).
The process that takes place is called
✓ Penyakit jantung Sirosis hati hydrogenation.
Heart diseases Liver cirrhosis

66

5.7 AKTIVITI Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
5.5 Minyak sawit
PERBINCANGAN PBD
Buah kelapa sawit Kontekstual

Oil palm fruit Buku teks m/s 160 – 171
2004 BHG. B, S2  2005 BHG. C, S8

1 Jawab soalan yang diberi tentang buah kelapa sawit. (b) Sabut (Mesokarp) Praktis
Answer the given questions about oil palm fruit. Pulp (Mesocarp) Kendiri


(a) Isirung (Kernel)
Kernel

Buah kelapa sawit (c) Tempurung (Endokarp)
Oil palm fruit Shell (Endocarp)

(a) Label keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit dengan menggunakan perkataan-perkataan berikut.
Label the cross-section of the oil palm fruit with the following words. TP1

Sabut (Mesokarp Tempurung (Endokarp) Isirung (Kernel)
Pulp (Mesocarp) Shell (Endocarp) Kernel

(b) Bahagian manakah pada buah kelapa sawit yang menghasilkan minyak yang paling banyak? BAB
Which part of the oil palm fruit produces the most oil? TP1 5
Sabut (Mesokarp)/Pulp (Mesocarp)

(c) Bahagian lain yang manakah pada buah kelapa sawit menghasilkan sedikit minyak tetapi
berkualiti tinggi?

Which other part of the oil palm fruit produces a little oil but of high quality? TP1
Isirung (Kernel)/Kernel

2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kelebihan minyak sawit.
Tick ( ✓ ) the advantages of palm oil. TP1

✓ Tiada kolesterol ✓ Mengandungi vitamin ✓ Mengandungi asid
Cholesterol-free A dan E lemak dan beta
Contains vitamin A and E karotena (antioksida)
Contains fatty acid
Mengandungi vitamin C ✓ Mengandungi lemak and beta carotene
Contains vitamin C tak tepu
Contains unsaturated fat (anti-oxidant)

3 Lengkapkan peta alir tentang langkah-langkah pemprosesan minyak daripada buah kelapa sawit.
Complete the flow map about the steps of oil processing from the oil palm fruit. TP1

Penurasan Pensterilan Penulenan Pengekstrakan Pencernaan Penanggalan
Filtration Sterilisation Purification Extraction Digesting Threshing

(a) Pensterilan/Sterilisation (b) Penanggalan/Threshing (c) Pencernaan/Digesting
• Buah distimkan • Buah dipisahkan • Mesokarp dipisahkan
untuk membunuh daripada tandan daripada tempurung
mikroorganisma Fruits are separated Mesocarp is separated
Fruits are steamed to from the bunch from the shell
kill microorganisms
(e) Penurasan/Filtration (d) Pengekstrakan/Extraction
(f) Penulenan/Purification • Bendasing • Minyak ditekan keluar
• Bau dan warna minyak disingkirkan Oil is pressed out
disingkirkan Impurities are removed
The odour and colour
of the oil are removed

67

Tarikh:

5.8 EKSPERIMEN Pengekstrakan minyak sawit PBD
Penemuan
Tujuan INKUIRI Extraction of palm oil
Inkuiri

Buku teks m/s 160 – 171

Mengkaji proses pengekstrakan minyak daripada sabut (mesokarp) dan isirung (kernel)
kelapa sawit/To study the process of oil extraction from the pulps (mesocarp) and kernels
of oil palm fruits.

Bahan dan 5 biji buah kelapa sawit, pisau, forsep, alat penekan
Radas 5 oil palm fruits, knife, forcep, press

Prosedur Air Alat penekan
Water Press
Buah kelapa
sawit
Oil palm
fruit

Panaskan Minyak sawit
Heat Palm oil

BAB      Rajah/Diagram (a)      Rajah/Diagram (b)
5 1 Rebus lima biji buah kelapa sawit dalam air didih selama kira-kira 20 minit. (Rajah

Pemerhatian (a))./Boil five oil palm fruit in boiling water for about 20 minutes (Diagram (a)).
2 Keluarkan buah kelapa sawit dari bikar dengan menggunakan forsep.

Remove the palm oil from the beaker using a forcep.
3 Asingkan sabut daripada tempurung buah kelapa sawit dengan pisau.

Separate the pulp from the oil palm fruit using a knife.
4 Masukkan sabut ke dalam alat penekan untuk diperah (Rajah (b)).

Put the pulp into the a presser for squeezing out the oil (Diagram (b)).
5 Kumpulkan minyak sawit yang diekstrakkan daripada sabut di dalam bikar.

Collect the extracted palm oil from the pulp in a beaker.
6 Potong tempurung buah kelapa sawit dan keluarkan isirung.

Cut the shells of the oil palm fruits and remove the kernel.
7 Ulang langkah 4 hingga 5 untuk memperoleh minyak isirung.

Repeat steps 4 to 5 to get the kernel oil.
8 Banding dan bezakan warna dan kuantiti minyak yang diekstrakkan daripada

sabut dan isirung./Compare and contrast the colours and quantities of extracted oils
from the pulps and kernels.

Jenis minyak/Type of oil Warna/Colour Kuantiti/Quantity
Sabut/Pulp Merah/Red Banyak/A lot
Isirung/Kernel Kuning/Yellow Sedikit/A little

Perbincangan 1 Apakah tujuan memanaskan sabut dalam air didih? TP2 isirung .
What is the purpose of heating the soap in boiling water?
Video Untuk melembutkan buah./To soften the fruit.
Kesimpulan
2 Gambar di sebelah menunjukkan minyak masak.
Nyatakan bahagian buah kelapa sawit yang
membekalkan minyak tersebut.
The photo on the right shows a cooking oil. State the
part of the oil palm fruit that supplies the oil. TP1
Sabut (Mesokarp)/Pulp (Mesocarp).
Sabut membekalkan lebih banyak minyak berbanding dengan

The pulps supply more oil as compared to kernels .

68

5.9 AKTIVITI Sifat kimia dan pengunaan minyak sawit Tarikh:

PERBINCANGAN The chemical property and the uses of palm oil PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 160 – 171

1 Minyak sawit menjadi tengik disebabkan satu proses. Nyatakan proses dalam ruang yang disediakan.
Palm oil becomes rancid because of a process. State the processs in the space provided. TP1

Minyak dibiarkan beberapa
minggu atau bulan

Oil is left for weeks or months

Pengoksidaan/Oxidation

2 Namakan satu perubahan fizik bagi minyak sawit di mana minyak sawit dipecahkan kepada titisan-
titisan minyak kecil oleh hempedu di badan kita./Name a physical change for palm oil where palm oil
is broken down into small oil droplets by bile in our body. TP1
Pengemulsian./Emulsification.

3 Namakan tindak balas antara molekul minyak sawit dengan air dalam kehadiran enzim pencernaan BAB
lipase atau asid untuk menghasilkan gliserol dan tiga asid lemak./Name the reaction between palm oil 5
molecul with water in the presence of the digestive enzyme lipase or acid to produce glycerol and three
fatty acids. TP1
Hidrolisis./Hydrolysis.

4 Tandakan ( ✓ ) produk berasaskan minyak sawit dalam bidang penjagaan kesihatan, makanan dan
bukan makanan./Mark ( ✓ ) palm oil based products in healthcare, food and non-food. TP1

(a) (b) (c) (d) ✓
✓ ✓

Minyak masak Lilin Yogurt Coklat ✓
Cooking oil Candle Yogurt Chocolate
(e) (f) (g) (h)
✓ ✓

Sos tiram Susu pekat Marjerin Krim rambut
Oyster sauce Condensed milk Margarine Hair cream

(i) (j) (k) (l) ✓
✓ ✓ ✓

Makanan tambahan Minyak pelincir Sabun Kosmetik
Food supplement Lubricating oil Soap Cosmetics

69

5.10 AKTIVITI Tindakan pencucian sabun Tarikh:

PERBINCANGAN The cleansing action of soap PBD
Masteri

Buku teks m/s 160 – 171
2003 BHG. C, S2(b)

1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu molekul sabun. Label bahagian P dan Q. Kemudian, lengkapkan
ruang tentang molekul sabun itu. TP1
The diagram below shows a soap molecule. Label parts P and Q. Then, complete the spaces on the soap
molecule.

Air Hidrofilik Gris Hidrofobik Minyak
Water Hydrophilic Grease Hydrophobic Oil

(a) Bahagian ekor/Tail part (b) Bahagian kepala/Head

P: Hidrofobik/Hydrophobic Q: Hidrofilik/Hydrophilic
• Larut dalam minyak
atau gris • Larut dalam Praktis
air Kendiri
Dissolves in oil or Dissolves in
grease Molekul sabun water
Soap molecule

BAB 2 Lengkapkan ruang tentang tindakan pencucian sabun. TP1
Complete the spaces on the cleansing action of soap.

Menarik/Attracts Mengelilingi/Surround Hidrofilik/Hydrophilic Larut/Dissolves
5 Dipecahkan/Broken down Hidrofobik/Hydrophobic Terapung/Float Ketegangan/Tension

Gris (a) Sabun larut dalam air dan molekul sabun
Grease
mengelilingi permukaan gris.

Soap dissolves in water and the soap molecules

Air surround the grease.
Water
(b) Bahagian hidrofilik larut dalam air.
The hydrophilic part dissolves in water.

Permukaan kain (c) Bahagian hidrofobik larut dalam gris.
Surface of cloth The hydrophobic part dissolves in grease.

(d) Air menarik bahagian hidrofilik untuk menanggalkan
gris daripada permukaan kain.

The water attracts the hydrophilic part to lift the grease
off the surface of cloth.

(e) Semasa bilasan, kotoran dipecahkan menjadi titisan-
titisan kecil.

Upon rinsing, the dirt is broken down into small droplets.

(f) Buih sabun menyebabkan gris terapung dan kotoran
disingkirkan.

The soap bubbles cause the grease to float and dirt is

removed.

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON

Eksperimen Wajib 10: Menghasilkan sabun melalui proses saponifikasi (rujuk silang m.s.183 – 184).
Compulsory Experiment 10: Produces soup through saponification process (cross reference pp.183 – 184).

70

SPM PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 5

Kertas 1

Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

1 Antara yang berikut, yang mana­ A Nasi/Rice 7 Rajah 4 menunjukkan pers­a­
kah sebatian karbon bukan B Telur putih/Egg white maan perkataan tentang proses
organik?/Which of the following is C Minyak sapi/Ghee pembuatan sabun.
an inorganic carbon compound? D Betik/Papaya Diagram 4 shows a word equation
A Glukosa/Glucose for the process of making soap.
B Protein/Protein KLON SPM 2012
C Etanol/Ethanol
D Kalsium karbonat 5 Rajah 2 menunjukkan per­ Minyak sawit + X → Y +
Calcium carbonate samaan kimia yang mewakili gliserol
pengesteran./Diagram 2 shows a
KLON SPM 2009/2011 chemical equation that represents Palm oil + X → Y + glycerol
esterification.
2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan proses Rajah 4/Diagram 4
penghasilan etanol. Alkohol + K → L + air
Diagram 1 shows the production Alcohol + K → L + water Apakah bahan X dan Y?
of ethanol. What are substances X and Y?

XY

Glu kosyai ⎯s/ye→ast e t anol + kdiaorkbsoinda Rajah 2/Diagram 2 A Ester Sabun BAB
Glucose ez nimziamse ethanol carbon Ester Soap
zym ase dioxide Apakah bahan K dan L?
What are substances K and L? B Alkohol Ester 5
enzyme Alcohol Ester
Rajah 1/Diagram 1 KL
C Asid organik Sabun
Apakah proses itu? A Asid organik Ester Organic acid Soap
What is the process? Organic acid Ester
D Natrium Sabun
A Saponifikasi/Saponification
B Pengesteran/Esterification B Minyak sawit Ester hidroksida Soap
C Penapaian/Fermentation
D Penghabluran Palm oil Ester Sodium hydroxide

Crystallisation C Ester Asid organik KLON SPM 2006/2007/2008/2010/2012/2015/2016
Ester Organic acid
KLON SPM 2003/2004/2009/2013/2015 8 Makanan yang manakah kaya
dengan lemak tak tepu?/Which
3 Seorang murid ingin meng- D Asid organik Sabun food is rich in unsaturated fat?
Organic acid Soap A Minyak jagung
hasilkan etanol tetapi dia telah Corn oil
B Minyak sapi/Ghee
kehabisan larutan glukosa. KLON SPM 2008/2010 C Mentega/Butter
D Ayam goreng
Apakah bahan yang paling Fried chicken

sesuai untuk menggantikan 6 Rajah 3 menunjukkan struktur KLON SPM 2007/2008/2016
buah kelapa sawit.
larutan glukosa?/A student wants Diagram 3 shows the structure
of an oil palm fruit.
to produce ethanol but he has run
A
out of glucose solution. What is DB

the most suitable substance to C 9 Bahan manakah merupakan
bahan antioksida dalam minyak
replace the glucose solution?

A Peria/Bitter gourd sawit?/Which substances are

B Anggur/Grape antioxidant in palm oil?
I Karotena/Carotene
C Timun/Cucumber II Vitamin E/Vitamin E

D Tomato/Tomato KLON SPM 2017

4 Makanan yang manakah se­kira­ Rajah 3/Diagram 3 III Lemak tepu/Saturated fat
nya diambil secara ber­le­bihan IV Lemak tak tepu/Unsaturated
akan menyebabkan pengecilan Bahagian manakah yang berlabel
saiz lumen arteri? A, B, C dan D, membekalkan fat
Which food if taken excessively, paling banyak minyak?/Which of
will narrow the size of the the labelled parts A, B, C or D, A I dan II B I dan III
lumens of the arteries? supplies the most amount of oil?
I and II I and III
KLON SPM 2011/2013
C II dan IV D I, II dan III

II and IV I, II and III

KLON SPM 2003/2017

71

Kertas 2

Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all the questions.
Bahagian B/Section B

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan aktiviti untuk menyediakan sejenis bahan kimia di dalam makmal.
Diagram 1 shows activity to prepare a tpe of chemical in the laboratory.

Larutan Air kapur (a) Namakan bahan kimia itu./Name the chemical.
glukosa Limewater Etanol/Ethanol
Glucose Rajah 1/Diagram 1
solution [1 markah/1 mark]

+ (b) (i) Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada air kapur?/
Yis What is your observation of the lime water?
Yeast Air kapur menjadi keruh/It turns cloudy

[1 markah/1 mark]

(ii) Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda./Give an inference to your observation.
Karbon dioksida terbebas/Carbon dioxide is released

BAB [1 markah/1 mark]

(c) Tulis satu persamaan dalam perkataan bagi tindak balas kimia yang berlaku.
Write one equation in words for the chemical reaction that occured.
Jus tebu/Sugarcane juice → etanol/ethanol + karbon dioksida/carbon dioxide

[1 markah/1 mark]

5 (d) Berikan satu contoh lain yang dapat menggantikan jus tebu dalam eksperimen ini.
Give one other example that can replace sugarcane juice in this experiment.
Glukosa/Jus nanas/Glucose/Pineapple juice

[1 markah/1 mark]

(e) Bagaimanakah hasil yang dihasilkan dapat ditulenkan?/How do we purify the product produced?
Melalui proses penyulingan/Through distillation

[1 markah/1 mark]

Bahagian C/Section C KLON SPM 2011 BHG. C, S12 2(a) and (B)

2 (a) Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara lemak haiwan dengan lemak tumbuhan. [2 markah/2 marks]

State two differences between animal fat and plant fat.

(b) Rajah 2 menunjukkan tiga contoh sebatian karbon organik.
KBAT Diagram 2 shows three examples of organic carbon compounds.

Protein/Proteins

Petroleum Sebatian karbon organik Minyak sawit Praktis
Petroleum Organic carbon compounds Palm oil SPM

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

Kaji maklumat dalam Rajah 2 dan bina konsep sebatian karbon organik.
Study the information given in Diagram 2 and construct a concept of organic carbon compounds.

[6 markah/6 marks]

(c) Lemak tepu merupakan sejenis sebatian karbon organik. Pada pendapat anda adakah makanan yang kaya

dengan lemak tepu boleh diambil dalam kuantiti yang besar? Wajarkan jawapan anda.

Saturated fats are a type of organic carbon compound. In your opinion, can foods rich in saturated fat be

consumed in large quantities? Justify your answer. [4 markah/4 marks]

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