Chapter 8 F4

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

8.1 Alloy

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Alloy

Alloy And Formation Of Alloy

An alloy is a mixture of a pure metal with another pure metal or non-metal.

Process of mixing other elements to pure metal is called
alloying.

Arrangement of atoms in a pure metal Arrangement of atoms in an alloy

Atoms are arranged orderly. Presence of foreign atoms with
different size disrupts the orderly
Layer of atoms can slide over arrangement of atoms in the
one another easily. metal
Pure metals are soft, ductile and
malleable. Layer of atoms cannot slide over
each other easily

Alloys are harder and stronger
than pure metals.

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Alloy Steel

Composition 99.5% iron
Properties 0.5% carbon.
Uses
Hard, strong and

resistant to

corrosion.

Construction

material for

buildings, bridges,

vehicles and

machines.

Alloy
Alloying Prevents The Corrosion Of Metals

Pure metals are easily to Alloys are highly
corrode and rust easily. resistant to corrosion.

Iron easily get rusted Stainless steel gate strong and lasting
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Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Alloy

Alloying Prevents The Corrosion Of Metals

Observation: Brown solid formed on iron nail but no brown
solid formed on steel nail

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Alloy
Alloying Improves The Appearance Of Metals

 Pure metals have shiny  Alloying prevents rust,
surface but when therefore alloys have
exposed to air for a long nice and shiny surface
period of time, it for long period.
becomes rusty (metal
oxides) which is dull.

Brown Copper turns to dull brown National monument made of bronze

Alloy

Alloying Changes The Properties Of Metals
Increase the hardness of metals.

Most metal are soft and light. Alloying makes metals
harder and stronger.
Example
Aluminium is soft and light.
Duralumin is strong and
light.

Pure aluminium coil is soft Bicycle frame is strong and light
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Alloy Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Alloying increase the hardness of metals
Increase the hardness of metals.

Observation: Depth of dent on copper block is deeper than bronze block

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Alloy Example Of Steel
Pewter Common
Alloys

Stainless steel

Bronze Brass

Alloy Steel

Composition 99.5% iron
Properties 0.5% carbon.
Uses
Hard, strong and

resistant to

corrosion.

Construction

material for

buildings, bridges,

vehicles and

machines.

Alloy Stainless Steel

Composition 74% iron
Properties 8% carbon
Uses 18% chromium

Shiny appearance,
hard, strong and
highly withstand
corrosion.

Kitchen wares like
forks, spoon and
knives.

Alloy Pewter

Composition 97% tin
Properties
Uses 3% antimony +
copper + lead

Nice appearance,

shiny and

resistant to

corrosion.

Making household
article, decorative
item, photo frame
and table ware.

Alloy

Brass

Composition 75% copper
Properties 25% zinc.
Uses
Hard, shiny,
strong and
resistant to
corrosion.

Making decorative

item, musical

instrument and

kitchen

appliances.

Alloy

Bronze

Composition 88% copper
Properties 12% tin.
Uses
Hard, nice
appearance and
resistant
corrosion. to

Making medals
and decorative
ornaments.

Alloy

Duralumin

Composition  95% aluminium
Properties  3% copper
Uses  1% magnesium
 1% manganese

 Light

 strong to
resistant

corrosion

 Making bodies of

aircraft boat,

bicycles, buses

and trains

Alloy

Superconductor Alloys

 Superconductor alloy is a material that has no resistance to the

flow of electricity at a very low temperature.
 Consist of barium , copper, lead

 Thus, less heat energy is produced and energy wastage can be
avoided.

Alloy

Uses Of Superconductor Alloys

Medical field

 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
machines use superconductor alloys
to produce high quality images of
the internal parts of human body.

Transportation

 trains use superconductor alloys to
produce strong electromagnetic field
to levitate / move at very high speed
on its track as though it is floating.

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

8.2 The Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry
Penghasilan Dan Penggunaan Ammonia Dalam
Industri

ITeach – Science Form 4

Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry

Ammonia
Ammonia is a colourless gas which has a pungent smell and very

soluble in water.

Uses Of Ammonia

Making ammonium fertiliser As cooling agent in
refrigerators and air
Example conditioner.
Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium nitrate

In latex industry to prevent As cleaning agent in
coagulation of rubber latex. making detergents.

Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry

The Production Of Ammonia In
Industry – Haber Process

Nitrogen + Hydrogen Catalyst : Iron
Ammonia

450°C, 200 atm

N 2 + 3H2 2NH3 (Exothermic reaction)

Ratio of nitrogen : hydrogen = 1 : 3

Hydrogen gas Compressor

Nitrogen gas Reacting
chamber

Iron catalyst
Temperature : 450°C
Pressure : 200 atm
Cooler

Liquid ammonia

Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry

Factors That Affect The Production Of Ammonia

Presence of catalyst (iron)
 increase the rate of reaction

Temperature
 Haber process is a reversible process, the forward process to

produce ammonia is an exothermic process where heat is
released.
 To produce an optimum amount of ammonia, the temperature
is fixed at 450°C.

Pressure
 At pressure of 200 atmosphere, production of ammonia can

be increased.

Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry
The Production Of Ammonium Fertilisers

Ammonium fertilisers can be produced by neutralisation
process (Alkaline ammonia solution reacts with acids).

 Ammonia + Nitric acid Ammonium nitrate + water.

 Ammonia + Sulphuric acid Ammonium sulphate + water.

 Ammonia + Phosphoric acid Ammonium phosphate + water.

The flow chart of the production of Ammonia salt.

Ammonia Ammonium Evaporation Saturated salt
solution salt + water
by heating solution
Acid Neutralisation
Cooling

Crystallisation
Crystal of

ammonium salt

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

8.3 The Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal
On The Environment
Kesan Pembuangan Bahan Sisa Industri Terhadap
Alam Sekitar

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Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment

The Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal
On The Environmental

Burning of fossil fuels Radioactive waste

Toxic waste from Waste from agriculture
industry industry

Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment

Burning of fossil fuels

Source of pollution Pollutants Effect on the environment

Fuels use in Acidic gases When acidic gases
vehicles and Example dissolve in rain water,
generation of Carbon dioxide, acid rain is formed.
electricity .

Toxic gas Carbon monoxide is
Carbon monoxide, harmful to human
CFC because it reduces the
Hydrocarbons ability of blood to carry
oxygen.
Solid particles
Haze Haze and dust may cause
Dust irritation to respiratory
system and reduce the
rate of photosynthesis
rate in green plants.

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Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment
Toxic waste from industry

Source of pollution Pollutants Effect on the environment

Waste from Corrosive waste Corrosive waste which
such as acids is drained into river,
industry can and alkalis. pond or sea may
change the pH value of
be in solid, water

liquid or

gases form.

Heavy metals Heavy metals that
accumulate in human
such as lead, body may affect the
functions of human
mercury and organ.

arsenic.

Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment
Radioactive waste

Source of pollution Pollutants Effect on the environment

From nuclear Radiation such Radiations may cause
reactor as gamma, alpha cancer, mutation, birth
and beta defects, infertility or
radiation. even death.

Topic 8 Chemicals In
Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment

Waste from agriculture industry

Source of pollution Pollutants Effect on the environment

Burning of Thick smoke of Causing air pollution of
haze and dust.
palm oil Excessive carbon dioxide and
fertilizers
waste and (phosphate). haze.

paddy waste. Pesticides Cause algal blooms

Excessive Organic waste which lead to
use of
fertilisers and eutrophication.
pesticides.
May cause cancers,
Decompose
of agriculture respiratory diseases
and organic
waste. and reproductive

Fprooubl-lsemmesl.ling gas

(methane gas) is

released.

Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment
Methods Of Controlling Industrial Waste Disposal

Enforcement of Factory owners who do not comply with
laws the laws will be charged in court.

Education Educating the public on the importance of
preventing environmental pollution and
Application of create awareness of environmental
technology problems through formal education
system.

Toxic industrial waste can be converted to
harmless substances by using a plasma
torch which produce high temperature to
break down toxic waste.

Filter and scrubbers used to filter the
poisonous gas.

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Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

8.4 The Need For Preservation And Conservation Of The
Environment From Industrial Waste Pollution
Keperluan Memelihara Dan Memulihara Alam Sekitar
Daripada Dicemari Sisa Industri

ITeach – Science Form 4

Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment

The Need For Preservation And Conservation Of The
Environment From Industrial Waste Pullotion

 Preservation refers to the effort to maintain living things and their
environment in a balanced state.

 Conservation refers to the management of natural resources so
as to prevent damage to the environments.

 Consequences of uncontrolled disposal of industrial wastes.
 Water pollution causes water sources not suitable for human

consumption, destroying aquatic habitat, organism and plants.
 Air pollution causes health problem, global warming and acid

rain.
 Soil pollution destroys habitat and ecosystem.

ITeach – Science Form 4