qdoc.tips_nilam-publication-module-chemistry-form-4-answer

Chemistry Form 4 • MODULE

4 The diagram below shows the flow chart for the preparation of zinc carbonate and zinc sulphate through reactions I
and II.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi penyediaan garam zink karbonat dan zink sulfat melalui tindak balas I dan tindak balas II.

Zinc nitrate Reaction I Zinc carbonate Reaction II Zinc sulphate
Zink nitrat Tindak balas I Zink karbonat Tindak balas II Zink sulfat

(a) Based on the flow chart above, classify the above salt to soluble salt and insoluble salt.
Berdasarkan carta aliran di atas, kelaskan garam di atas kepada garam larut dan garam tak larut.

Soluble salt / Garam larut : Zinc nitrate, zinc sulphate

Insoluble salt / Garam tak larut : Zinc carbonate

(b) (i) State the reactant for the preparation of zinc carbonate from zinc nitrate in reaction I.
Nyatakan bahan tindak balas untuk penyediaan zink karbonat dalam tindak balas I.

Sodium carbonate solution / potassium carbonate solution / ammonium carbonate solution

(ii) State the type of reaction the occurs in reaction I.
Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam tindak balas I.

Double decomposition

(iii) Describe the preparation zinc carbonate from zinc nitrate in the laboratory through reaction I.
Huraikan penyediaan zink karbonat dari zink nitrat melalui tindak balas I.

– 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 zinc nitrate solution is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 sodium carbonate solution in a

beaker.
– The mixture is stirred with a glass rod and a white solid, ZnCO3 is formed.
– The mixture is filtered and the residue is rinsed with distilled water.
– The white precipitate is dried by pressing it between filter papers.

(iv) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (b)(iii).
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas yang berlaku dalam (b)(iii).
Zn(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 ZnCO3 + 2NaNO3

(c) (i) State the reactant for the preparation of zinc sulphate from zinc carbonate in reaction II.
Nyatakan bahan tindak balas bagi penyediaan zink sulfat dari zink karbonat dalam tindak balas II.

Sulphuric acid

(ii) Describe laboratory experiment to prepare zinc sulphate from zinc carbonate through reaction II.
Huraikan eksperimen dalam makmal untuk menyediakan zink sulfat dari zink karbonat melalui tindak balas II.

– 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 of sulphuric is measured and poured into acid in a beaker.

– The white precipitate from reaction I/ zinc carbonate powder is added to the acid until in excess.

– The mixture is stirred with a glass rod.
– The excess white precipitate is filter out.

– The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish.
– The salt solution is gently heated until saturated.

– The hot saturated salt solution is allowed to cool for crystals to form.

– The crystals formed are filtered and dried by pressing it between sheets of filter papers.

(iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (c)(ii).
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas yang berlaku dalam (c)(ii).

ZnCO3 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2

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MODULE • Chemistry Form 4

Constructing Ionic Equation for the Formation of Insoluble Salt
Membina Persamaan Ion bagi Pembentukan Garam Tak Larut

1 The ionic equation for the formation of insoluble salt can be constructed if the number of moles of anion and cation to
form 1 mol of insoluble salt are known.
Persamaan kimia untuk pembentukan garam tak terlarut dapat ditulis jika bilangan mol anion dan kation untuk membentuk 1 mol garam tak
larut diketahui.

2 The number mol of cation and anion which combined to form 1 mol of insoluble salt is determined experimentally by a
continuous method:
Bilangan mol kation dan anion yang bergabung untuk membentuk 1 mol garam tak terlarut dapat ditentukan secara eksperimen menggunakan
kaedah perubahan berterusan:
(a) A fixed volume of a solution A contains cations, Xm+ of the insoluble salt reacts with increasing volume of another
solution B contains the anions, Yn– of the insoluble salt.
Isi padu tetap larutan A mengandungi kation, Xm+ daripada garam tak terlarut bertindak balas dengan isi padu yang meningkat larutan
B yang mengandungi anion, Yn– daripada garam tak terlarut.
(b) The volume of solution B needed to completely react with fixed volume of solution A is determined.
Isi padu larutan B yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan isi padu larutan A yang ditetapkan ditentukan.
(c) The number of mol of Xm+ react with Yn– is calculated based on the result of the experiment.
Bilangan mol X m+ yang bertindak balas dengan Y n– dihitung berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen.
(d) The simplest ration of mol of Xm+: mol of Yn– is calculated.
Nisbah di antara bilangan mol X m+: bilangan mol Y n– dihitung.
(e) Use the ratio to construct ionic equation.
Gunakan nisbah tersebut untuk membina persamaan ion.

3 Example: / Contoh:
5.0 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution is poured to 8 test tubes with the same size. Different volume of
1.0 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide solution are added to each test tube. The test tubes are stoppered and shaken well.
The test tubes are left for 30 minutes. The height of precipitate formed in each test tube is measured.
The graph below is obtained when the height of precipitate is plotted against the volume of potassium hydroxide
solution.
5.0 cm³ larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm–3 dituang ke dalam setiap 8 tabung uji yang mempunyai saiz yang sama. Larutan kalium
hidroksida 1.0 mol dm–3 yang berlainan isi padu ditambah kepada setiap tabung uji. Tabung uji tersebut digoncangkan dan dibiarkan selama
30 minit. Tinggi mendakan yang terbentuk dalam setiap tabung uji diukur.
Graf di bawah diperoleh apabila ketinggian mendakan diplot melawan isi padu larutan kalium hidroksida.

Height of precipitate (cm) / Tinggi mendakan (cm)

5

0 123456789 Volume of potassium hydroxide /cm3
Isi padu kalium hidroksida /cm3

(a) (i) Name the precipitate formed.
Nyatakan nama mendakan yang terbentuk.

Copper(II) hydroxide

(ii) What is the colour of the precipitate?
Apakah warna mendakan?

Blue

Nila tion Sdn.(b) Based on the above graph, what is the volume of potassium hydroxide solution needed to completely react with
copper(II) sulphate solution?
Berdasarkan graf di atas, apakah isi padu larutan kalium hidroksida yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan larutan kuprum(II)
sulfat secara lengkap?

5 cm3

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Chemistry Form 4 • MODULE

(c) (i) Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) ions in 5.0 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution.
Hitung bilangan mol ion kuprum(II) dalam 5.0 cm³ larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm–3.

CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42–
5 × 0.5
Mol of CuSO4 = 1 000 = 0.0025 mol

From the equation, 0.00215 mmooll CCuuSSOO44 :: 01 .0m0o2l 5C um2o+l Cu2+


(ii) Calculate the number of mol of hydroxide ions needed to react with 5.0 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate
solution.
Hitung bilangan mol ion hidroksida yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengan 5.0 cm³ larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

0.5 mol dm–3.

KOH K+ + OH–

Mol of KOH = 5 × 1.0 = 0.005 mol
1 000

From the equation, 1 mol KOH : 1 mol OH–

0.005 mol KOH : 0.005 mol OH–

(iii) How many moles of hydroxide ions react with one mole of copper(II) ions to form a precipitate?

Berapakah bilangan mol ion hidroksida yang bertindak balas dengan satu mol ion kuprum(II) untuk membentuk mendakan?

0.0025 mol Cu2+ : 0.005 mol OH–

1 mol Cu2+ : 2 mol of OH–

(d) Calculate the number of mol of hydroxide ions needed to react with 5.0 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm–3 copper (II) sulphate
solution.
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi pembentukan mendakan.

Cu2+ + 2OH– Cu(OH)2

Solving Numerical Problems Involving the Salt Preparation
Penghitungan Pelbagai Masalah Melibatkan Penyediaan Garam

Mass in gram
Jisim dalam gram

÷ (RAM/RMM/RFM) g mol–1 × (RAM/RMM/RFM) g mol–1
÷ (JAR/JMR/JFR) g mol–1
× (JAR/JMR/JFR) g mol–1

Solution concentration in mol dm–3 (M) n = MV × 24 dm3 mol–1/22.4 dm3 mol–1
and volume in cm3 (V) 1000
Number of mol (n) Volume of gas in dm3
Kepekatan larutan dalam mol dm–3 (M)
Bilangan mol (n) Isi padu gas dalam dm3
dan isi padu dalam cm3 (V)
÷ 24 dm3 mol–1/22.4 dm3 mol–1

Gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature and 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p (standard temperature and pressure). m Publicat hd.
1 mol sebarang gas menempati isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada s.t.p (suhu dan tekanan piawai).

Calculation steps: / Langkah-langkah pengiraan:
S1 Write a balanced equation.
L1 Tuliskan persamaan seimbang.
S2 Write the information from the question above the equation.
L3 Tuliskan maklumat daripada soalan di atas persamaan tersebut.
S3 Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (the number of moles of reactants/products).
L3 Tuliskan maklumat daripada persamaan kimia di bawah persamaan tersebut (bilangan mol bagi bahan/hasil tindak balas).
S4 Change the information in S2 into moles by using the method shown in the chart below.
L4 Tukar maklumat dalam L2 menjadi mol dengan menggunakan kaedah yang ditunjukkan dalam carta di atas.
S5 Use the relationship between number of moles of substance involved in S3 to find the answer.
L5 Gunakan perhubungan bilangan mol bahan terlibat dalam L3 untuk mendapatkan jawapan.
S6 Change the information to the unit required using the chart below.
L6 Tukar maklumat tersebut kepada unit yang dikehendaki mengikut carta di atas.

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MODULE • Chemistry Form 4

EXERCISE / LATIHAN

1 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid is added to an excess of copper(II) oxide powder. Calculate the mass of copper(II)
sulphate formed in the reaction. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32]
50 cm3 asid sulfurik 2 mol dm–3 ditambah kepada serbuk kuprum(II) oksida berlebihan. Hitungkan jisim kuprum(II) sulfat yang terbentuk

dalam tindak balas itu. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32]

M = 2 mol dm–3

V = 50 cm3 ? g

CuO(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(ak) + 2H2O(l)

Number of moles of sulpuric acid = 2 × 50 = 0.1 mol
1 000
F rom the equation, 1 mol CuO : 1 mol CuSO4
0.1 mol CuO : 0.1 mol CuSO4

Mass of CuSO4 = 0.1 mol × [64 + 32 + (16 × 4)] g mol–1 = 16 g

2 27.66 g of lead(II) iodide is precipitated when 2.0 mol dm–3 of aqueous lead(II) nitrate solution is added to an excess
of aqueous potassium iodide solution. Calculate the volume of aqueous lead(II) nitrate solution used. [Relative atomic
mass: I = 127, Pb = 207]

27.66 g plumbum(II) iodida termendak apabila 2.0 mol dm–3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat akueus ditambahkan kepada larutan kalium iodida

akueus berlebihan. Hitungkan isi padu plumbum(II) nitrat yang digunakan. [Jisim atom relatif: I = 127, Pb = 207]

M = 2 mol dm–3 25 g
V = ? cm3

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Mol of PbI2 = 27.66 = 0.06 mol
(207 + 2 × 127)

From the equation, 1 mol PbI2 : 1 mol Pb(NO3)2

0.06 mol PbI2 : 0.06 mol Pb(NO3)2

V olume of Pb(NO3)2 = n mol = 0.06 mol = 0.03 dm3 = 30 cm3
M mol dm–3 2 mol dm–3

3 Zinc oxide powder is added to 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 nitric acid to form zinc nitrate. Calculate
Serbuk zink oksida ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 asid nitrik 2 mol dm–3 untuk membentuk zink nitrat. Hitungkan

(i) the mass of zinc oxide that has reacted.
jisim zink oksida yang bertindak balas.

(ii) the mass of zinc nitrate produced. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65]
jisim zink nitrat yang terhasil. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65]

(i) 2HNO3(aq) + ZnO(s) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)

Number of moles of HNO3 = 100 × 2 = 0.2 mol
1 000

From the equation, 2 mol of HNO3 : 1 mol of ZnO

0.2 mol of HNO3 : 0.1 mol of ZnO

Mass of ZnO = 0.1 × [65 + 16] = 8.1 g

(ii) From the equation, 2 mol of HNO3 : 1 mol of Zn(NO3)2

0.2 mol of HNO3 : 0.1 mol of Zn(NO3)2

Mass of Zn(NO3)2 = 0.1 mol × [65 +[14 + (16 × 3)] × 2] g mol–1 = 0.1 × 189 = 18.9 g

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Chemistry Form 4 • MODULE

4 200 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 barium chloride solution reacts 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 silver nitrate solution. Calculate the mass
of precipitate produced. [Relative atomic mass Ag = 108, Cl = 35.5]
200 cm3 larutan barium klorida 1 mol dm–3 bertindak balas dengan 100 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 1 mol dm–3. Hitungkan jisim mendakan

yang terbentuk. [Jisim atom relatif: Ag = 108, Cl = 35.5]

M = 0.1 mol dm–3 M = 0.2 mol dm–3
V = 100 cm3 V = 100 cm3, ? g

BaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ba(NO3)2

Mol of barium chloride = 1 × 200 = 0.2 mol (excess)
1 000

Mol of silver nitrate = 1 × 100 = 0.1 mol
1 000
From the equation, 1 mol of BaCl2 : 2 mol of AgNO3 : 2 mol of AgCl

0.2 mol of BaCl2 (lebih) : 0.1 mol of AgNO3 : 0.1 mol of AgCl

Mass of AgCl = 0.1 mol × [108 + 35.5] g mol–1 = 14.35 g

Qualitative Analysis of Salts / Analisis Kualitatif Garam

1 Qualitative analysis of a salt is a chemical technique to identify the ions present in a salt.
Analisis kualitatif garam ialah suatu teknik dalam kimia yang digunakan untu mengenal pasti ion-ion yang hadir dalam garam.

2 The qualitative analysis consists of the following steps:
Analisis kualitatif terdiri daripada langkah-langkah berikut:
(a) Observe the physical properties on salt.
Perhatikan sifat-sifat fizik garam.
(b) The action of heat on salts.
Kesan haba ke atas garam.
(c) Prepare aqueous solution of salts and conduct confirmatory test for cation and anion present.
Sediakan larutan akueus garam dan menjalankan ujian pengesahan untuk kation dan anion yang hadir.

Physical Properties of Salt
Sifat-Sifat Fizik Garam

1 Physical properties such as colour and solubility indicate the possibility of the presence of certain cations, anions or metal
oxide.

Sifat-sifat fizikal seperti warna dan keterlarutan menunjukkan kemungkinan kehadiran kation, anion atau oksida logam tertentu.

Solid Aqueous Salts/ Cation/Metal oxide
Pepejal Larutan akueus Garam/Kation/Oksida logam

White Colourless K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, NH4+
Putih Tanpa warna CuCO3

Green Insoluble Fe2+, contoh: FeSO4, FeCl2, Fe(NO3)2
Hijau Tak larut CuSO4, Cu(NO3 )2 dan CuCl2
Fe3+
Light green Light Green CuO
Hijau muda Hijau muda ZnO
PbO
Blue Blue
Biru Biru

Brown Brown
Perang Perang

Black Insoluble
Hitam Tak larut

Yellow when hot, white when cold Insoluble
Kuning apabila panas, putih apabila sejuk Tak larut

Brown when hot, yellow when cold Insoluble
Perang apabila panas, kuning apabila sejuk Tak larut

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MODULE • Chemistry Form 4

Action of Heat on Salt / Kesan Haba ke atas Garam

1 Some salts decompose when they are heated:
Beberapa jenis garam terurai apabila dipanaskan:

Salt metal oxide + gas
Garam oksida logam gas

2 Common Gas Identification: / Pengesahan Gas yang biasa:

Gas Observation/ Test Inference
Gas Pemerhatian/Ujian Inferens

Nitrogen – Brown gas. – Nitrogen dioxide gas is produced by
dioxide, NO2 heating nitrate salt.
Wasap perang. Nitrogen dioksida terhasil apabila garam
Nitrogen – Place a moist blue litmus paper at the mouth of the boiling nitrat dipanaskan.

dioksida, NO2 tube, blue litmus paper turns red. – Nitrate ion, NO3– present.
Ion nitrat, NO3– hadir.
Letakkan kertas litmus biru lembap pada mulut tabung didih,
– Oxygen gas is produced by heating
kertas litmus biru bertukar menjadi merah. nitrate or chlorate(V) salt.
Gas oksigen terhasil apabila garam nitrat
Oxygen,O2 – Colourless gas. atau klorat(V) dipanaskan.
Oksigen,O2
Gas tanpa warna. – Nprietrsaetnet .ion, NO3– present or ClO3– ion
– Put a glowing wooden splinter near to the mouth of a boiling Ion nitrat, NO3– atau ion ClO3– hadir.

tube, the glowing wooden splinter is relighted.

Dekatkan kayu uji berbara ke mulut tabung didih, kayu uji

berbara menyala.

Carbon – Colourless gas. – Produced by heating carbonate salt.
dioxide, CO2 Gas tanpa warna. Terhasil apabila garam karbonat

Karbon – Pass the gas through lime water, lime water turns chalky. dipanaskan.
Lalukan gas pada air kapur, air kapur menjadi keruh. – Carbonate ion, CO3– present.
dioksida, CO2
– Draw the set-up of apparatus to conduct the test: Ion karbonat, CO3– hadir.
Lukiskan susunan radas untuk menjalankan ujian:

Calcium carbonate

Heat

Lime water

– Colourless gas with pungent smell. – Produced by heating ammonium salt

Gas tanpa warna dengan bau yang sengit. with alkali.
– Place a moist red litmus paper at the mouth of the boiling.
Ammonia, NH3 Terhasil apabila garam ammonium
Ammonia, NH3 tube, red litmus paper turns blue.
Letakkan kertas litmus merah lembap pada mulut tabung didih, dipanaskan dengan alkali.

kertas litmus merah bertukar menjadi biru. – Ammonium ion NH4+ present.
Ion ammonium NH4+ hadir.

3 Action of heat on nitrate and carbonate salts.
Kesan haba ke atas garam nitrat dan garam karbonat.

Cation Nitrate (NO3–) / Nitrat ( NO3–) Carbonate (CO32–) / Karbonat (CO32–)
Kation
Does not decompose when heated
Decompose to oxygen gas and metal nitrite Tidak diuraikan apabila dipanaskan
when heated
Terurai kepada gas oksigen dan logam nitrit apabila

dipanaskan

2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
K+ White solid White solid –

Pepejal putih Pepejal putih

2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2
Na+ White solid White solid –

Pepejal putih Pepejal putih

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Chemistry Form 4 • MODULE

Decompose to oxygen gas, nitrogen dioxide Decompose to carbon dioxide gas and metal oxide
gas and metal oxide when heated when heated
Terurai kepada gas oksigen, gas nitrogen dioksida dan Terurai kepada gas karbon dioksida dan oksida logam apabila
dipanaskan
oksida logam apabila dipanaskan
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Ca2+ 2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2 White solid White solid Turn lime water chalky
Mg2+ Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Air kapur menjadi keruh
Al3+ White solid White pepejal Brown fume
Zn2+
Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Wasap perang
Pb2+
Cu2+ 2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2 MgCO3 MgO + CO2
White solid White solid Turn lime water chalky
White solid White pepejal Brown fume Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Air kapur menjadi keruh

Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Wasap perang

4Al(NO3 )3 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + O2 2Al2 (CO3)3 2Al2O3 + 6CO2

White solid White pepejal Brown fume White solid White solid Turn lime water chalky

Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Wasap perang Pepejal putih Pepejal putih Air kapur menjadi keruh

2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2 ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
White solid Yellow when hot Brown gas White solid Yellow when hot Turn lime water chalky
Pepejal white when cold Gas perang Pepejal white when cold Air kapur menjadi keruh

putih Kuning apabila panas, Putih Kuning apabila panas,

putih apabila sejuk putih apabila sejuk

2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 PWbhCiOte3 s o l i d Br o w n PwbOh e n h o t + T u rCnO l2ime water chalky

White solid Brown when hot Brown fume Pepejal Yellow when cold Air kapur menjadi keruh
Pepejal yellow when cold Wasap perang
Putih Perang apabila panas,
Putih Perang bila panas,

kuning apabila sejuk kuning apabila sejuk

2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 CGureCeOn3 s o l i d B l a cCkuOso l i d + T u r nC Oli2me water chalky

Blue solid Black solid Brown fume Pepejal hijau Pepejal hitam Air kapur menjadi keruh

Pepejal biru Pepejal hitam Wasap perang

4 Sulphate salts are more stable, they are not easily decompose when heated.
Garam sulfat lebih stabil kerana ia tidak terurai dengan mudah apabila dipanaskan.

5 Chloride salts do not decompose except NH4Cl: NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)
Garam klorida tidak terurai kecuali NH4Cl: NH4Cl(p) NH3(g) + HCl(g)

6 Complete the following table:

Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

Observation Inference/conclusion
Pemerhatian Inferens/kesimpulan

A white salt is heated. – Nitrogen dioxide gas released. Nitrate ion present.
Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan.
Gas nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan. Ion nitrat hadir.
– Brown gas is released, the gas turns moist blue
litmus paper red. – The residue is zinc oxide. Zinc ion present.
Gas perang dibebaskan, menukar kertas litmus biru lembap
Baki ialah zink oksida. Ion zink hadir.
kepada merah.
– The white salt is zinc nitrate .
– Residue is yellow when hot and white when cold.
Baki berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk Garam putih ialah zink nitrat .

A green salt is heated. – Carbon dioxide gas released. Carbonate ion present
Garam berwarna hijau dipanaskan.
Gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan. Ion karbonat hadir.
– Colourless gas released, the gas turns lime water
chalky. – The residue is copper(II) oxide. Copper(II) ion present.
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi
Baki ialah kuprum(II) oksida. Ion kuprum(II) hadir.
keruh.
– The green salt is copper(II) carbonate .
– Residue is black
Baki berwarna hitam. Garam hijau ialah kuprum(II) karbonat .

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MODULE • Chemistry Form 4

A white salt is heated. – Carbon dioxide gas released. Carbonate ion present
Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan.
Gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan. Ion karbonat hadir.
– Colourless gas released, the gas turns lime water
chalky. – The residue is lead(II) oxide. Lead(II) ion present.
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi
Baki ialah plumbum(II) oksida. Ion plumbum(II) hadir.
keruh.
– The white salt is lead(II) carbonate .
– Residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold.
Baki berwarna perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk. Garam putih ialah plumbum(II) karbonat .

A white salt is heated. – The residue is zinc oxide. zinc ion present.
Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan.
Baki ialah zink oksida. Ion zink hadir.
– Colourless gas released, the gas turns lime water
chalky. – The white salt is zinc carbonate .
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi
Garam putih ialah zink karbonat .
keruh.

– Residue is yellow when hot and white when cold.
Baki berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk.

A blue salt is heated. – Nitrogen dioxide gas released. Nitrate ion present.
Garam berwarna biru dipanaskan. Gas nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan. Ion nitrat hadir.
– Brown gas is released, the gas turns moist blue
– The residue is copper(II) oxide. Copper(II) ion present.
litmus paper red. Baki ialah kuprum(II) oksida. Ion kuprum(II) hadir.
Gas perang terbebas menukar warna kertas limus biru menjadi
merah. – The blue salt is copper(II) nitrate .
– Residue is black.
Baki berwarna hitam. Garam biru ialah kuprum(II) nitrat .

A white salt is heated. – Nitrogen dioxide gas released. Nitrate ion present.
Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan. Gas nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan. Ion nitrat hadir.
– Brown gas is released, the gas turns moist blue
– The residue is lead(II) oxide. Lead(II) ion present.
litmus paper red.
Gas perang terbebas menukar warna kertas limus biru menjadi Baki ialah plumbum(II) oksida. Ion plumbum(II) hadir.
merah.
– Residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold. – The blue salt is lead(II) nitrate .
Baki berwarna perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk.
Garam putih ialah plumbum(II) nitrat .
A white salt is heated.
Garam berwarna putih dipanaskan. – Carbon dioxide gas released. Carbonate ion present.
– Colourles gas released, the gas turns lime water
Gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan. Ion karbonat hadir.
chalky.
Gelembung gas dibebaskan, ia menukar air kapur menjadi – The possible residue are ZnO/PbO/MgO/Al2O3
keruh. Baki yang mungkin adalah CaOl/MgO/Al2O3.
– Residue is white
Baki berwarna putih.

– From the above table, action of heat on heat on salt can be used to identify lead(II) nitrate , lead(II) carbonate ,
zinc nitrate , zinc carbonate , copper(II) nitrate and copper(II) carbonate .

Daripada jadual di atas, kesan haba ke atas garam boleh digunakan untuk mengenal garam plumbum(II) nitrat , plumbum(II) karbonat ,

zink nitrat , zink karbonat , kuprum(II) nitrat dan kuprum(II) karbonat .

– Confirmatory test for other cations and anions is carried out by Confirmatory Tests for Anions and Cations
Ujian pengesahan untuk kation dan anion lain boleh dijalankan dengan menggunakan Ujian Pengesahan Anion dan Kation.

Confirmatory Tests for Cations
Ujian Pengesahan bagi Kation

1 Chemical tests is conducted for confirmation of cations in aqueous form.
Ujian-ujian kimia dijalankan bagi pengesahan kation dalam bentuk akueus.

2 Confirmatory test is carried out by adding a small amount of sodium hydroxide solution / ammonia solution followed
by excess sodium hydroxide / ammonia solution to the solution contains the cation.
Ujian pengesahan dijalankan dengan menambah sedikit larutan natrium hidroksida / larutan ammonia diikuti dengan larutan natrium
hidroksida / larutan ammonia berlebihan kepada larutan yang mengandungi kation.

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Cations Sodium hydroxide solution Ammonia solution
Kation Larutan natrium hidroksida Larutan ammonia

K+ small amount excess small amount excess
Na+ sedikit berlebihan sedikit berlebihan
Ca2+
Mg2+ No change No change No change No change
Zn2+ Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan
Al3+
Pb2+ No change No change No change No change
Fe2+ Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan
Fe3+
Cu2+ White precipitate Insoluble in excess No change No change
NH4+ Mendakan putih Tak larut dalam berlebihan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan

White precipitate Insoluble in excess White precipitate Insoluble in excess
Mendakan putih Tak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih Tak larut dalam berlebihan

White precipitate Soluble in excess White precipitate Soluble in excess
Mendakan putih Larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih Larut dalam berlebihan

White precipitate Soluble in excess White precipitate Soluble in excess
Mendakan putih Larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih Larut dalam berlebihan

White precipitate Soluble in excess White precipitate Soluble in excess
Mendakan putih Larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih Larut dalam berlebihan

Green precipitate Insoluble in excess Green precipitate Soluble in excess
Mendakan hijau Tak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan hijau Larut dalam berlebihan

Brown precipitate Insoluble in excess Brown precipitate Soluble in excess
Mendakan perang Tak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan perang Larut dalam berlebihan

Blue precipitate Insoluble in excess Blue precipitate Soluble in excess
Mendakan biru Tak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan biru Larut dalam berlebihan

No change No change No change No change
Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan

(a) Reaction with small amount until excess of sodium hydroxide solution: (refer to the above table)
Tindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida sedikit demi sedikit sehingga berlebihan: (rujuk jadual di atas)

Pungent smell, moist red litmus paper turn to blue

Bau sengit, menukarkan kertas litmus

merah lembap kepada biru NH4+

Solution Heat
contains:
Larutan Add a little sodium K+, NH4+ Panaskan
mengandungi: hydroxide solution
Tambahkan sedikit No precipitate No changes K+
K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Tiada mendakan Tiada perubahan
larutan natrium
Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+,
hidroksida
Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+,
Precipitate formed Cu2+ (blue),
NH4+ Mendakan terbentuk Fe2+ (green),
Fe3+ (brown)

Coloured precipitate
Mendakan berwarna

Add excess sodium Soluble Zn2+, Al3+, Pb2+
hydroxide solution Larut
Tambahkan larutan
White precipitate Pb2+, Al3+,
Mendakan putih Zn2+, Ca2+, natrium hidroksida

Mg2+ berlebihan

Insoluble Ca2+, Mg2+
Tak larut

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(b) Reaction with small amount until excess of ammonia solution:
Tindak balas dengan larutan ammonia sedikit demi sedikit sehingga berlebihan:

Add a little Ca2+, K+, Na+ Add excess
solution of aqueous
Solution ammonia No precipitate Cu2+ (blue), ammonia Soluble Cu2+
contains: Tambah Tiada mendakan Fe2+ (green), Tambahkan Larut
Larutan Fe3+ (brown) larutan ammonia
mengandungi: sedikit larutan Precipitate berlebihan
formed Coloured precipitate
K+, Na+, Ca2+, ammonia Mendakan Mendakan berwarna Add excess
terbentuk aqueous
Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, ammonia Insoluble Fe2+, Fe3+
Tambahkan Tak larut Zn2+
Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, larutan ammonia
berlebihan Soluble
Cu2+ Larut

White precipitate Pb2+, Al3+,
Mendakan putih Zn2+, Mg2+

Insoluble Mg2+, Al3+,
Tak larut Pb3+

(c) Conclusion of the confirmatory test for colourless/white cations:
Kesimpulan ujian pengesahan bagi kation tanpa warna/putih:
(i) Zn2+: White precipitqte, soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution
(ii) Mg2+: White precipitate, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution
(iii) Al3+: White precipitate, soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and insoluble in excess ammonia solution
(iv) Ca2+: White precipitate insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and no precipitate with ammonia solution
(v) NH4+: No precipitate with sodium hydroxide solution and pungent smell released when heated

(d) Conclusion of the confirmatory test for coloured cations.
Kesimpulan untuk ujian pengesahan bagi kation berwarna.
(i) Cu2+: Blue precipitate insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution and soluble in excess ammonia solution
(ii) Fe2+: Green precipitate, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution
(iii) Fe3+: Brown precipitate, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution

(e) All cations can be identified with confirmatory test using sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution except
Al3+ and Pb2+.
Semua kation boleh dikenal pasti dengan ujian pengesahan menggunakan larutan natrium hidroksida dan larutan ammonia kecuali

Al3+ dan Pb2+.

(f) To differentiate between Al3+ and Pb2+:
Untuk membezakan Al3+ dengan Pb2+:

– aAnl3i+o na nisd uPsbe2d+ ator ed detifefcetr ethneti aptreedse bnyc ed oouf bAlle3 +d eacnodm Ppbo2s+i.tion reaction. An aqueous solution containing SO42–/ Cl–/ I–

Al3+ dan Pb2+ boleh dibezakan dengan menggunakan tindak balas pernguraian ganda dua. Larutan akueus yang mengandungi

anion SO42–/ Cl– / I– digunakan untuk mengesan kehadiran Al3+ dan Pb2+.

– Precipitate is formed when solution containing SO42–/ Cl–/ I– added to Pb2+.
Mendakan terbentuk apabila larutan mengandungi SO42–/ Cl–/ I– ditambah kepada Pb2+.

– No precipitate when solution containing SO42–/ Cl– / I– added to Al3+.
Tiada mendakan terbentuk apabila larutan mengandungi SO42–/ Cl–/ I– ditambah keepada Al3+.

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(g) Write the ionic equations for the formation of precipitates:
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi pembentukan mendakan:

Al3+ and Pb2+

Al3+ dan Pb2+

Add sodium Add potassium
sulphate solution iodide solution
Tambahkan larutan Tambahkan larutan

natrium sulfat kalium iodida

No changes White precipitate Add sodium No changes Yellow precipitate
Tiada perubahan Mendakan putih chloride solution Tiada perubahan Mendakan kuning
Tambahkan larutan
Al3+ Pb2+ natrium klorida Al3+ Pb2+
Pb2+ + SO42–
PbSO4 Pb2+ + 2I– PbI2

No changes White precipitate
Tiada perubahan Mendakan putih

Al3+ Pb2+
Pb2+ + 2Cl–
PbCl2

Confirmatory tests for Anions
Ujian Pengesahan untuk Anion

Anion/Anion Procedure/Prosedur Remark/Catatan

Carbonate ion, – 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid / nitric acid /sulphuric acid Observation: / Pemerhatian:
CO32– is added to 2 cm3 of carbonate salt. Effervescence occurs and lime water turns
2 cm3 asid nitrik/asid sulfurik cair ditambah kepada 2 cm3 garam chalky.
Ion karbonat, CO32– karbonat.
Pembuakan berlaku dan air kapur menjadi keruh.
– The gas given off is passed through lime water:
Gas yang terbebas dilalukan air kapur. Inference: / Inferens:
The gas is carbon dioxide.
Draw a labelled diagram to conduct the test: Gas tersebut ialah karbon dioksida.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel untuk menjalankan ujian:
Ionic equation: / Persamaan ion:
Acid
CO32– + 2H+ H2O + CO2

Carbonate salt Lime water

Chloride ion, Cl– – 2 cm3 of dilute nitric acid is added to 2 cm3 solution of Observation: / Pemerhatian:
Ion klorida, Cl– chloride ions followed by 2 cm3 of silver nitrate solution. A white precipitate is formed.
2 cm3 asid nitrik cair ditambah kepada 2 cm3 larutan ion klorida diikuti Mendakan putih terbentuk.

dengan 2 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat. Inference: / Inferens:
The precipitate is silver chloride
Mendakan ialah argentum klorida.

Ionic equation: / Persamaan ion:
Ag+ + Cl– AgCl

– 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric / nitric acid is added to 2 cm3 Observation: / Pemerhatian:
of sulphate solution followed by 2 cm3 of barium chloride A white precipitate is formed.
solution / barium nitrate solution.
2 cm3 asid sulfurik asid/asid nitrik cair ditambah kepada 2 cm3 larutan Mendakan putih terbentuk.

Sulphate ion, SO42– sulfat diikuti dengan 2 cm3 larutan barium klorida/larutan barium Inference: / Inferens:
Ion sulfat SO42– The precipitate is barium sulphate
nitrat.
Mendakan tersebut ialah barium sulfat.

Ionic equation: / Persamaan ion:

Ba2+ + SO42– BaSO4

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Nitrate ion, NO3– – 2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is added to 2 cm3 solution of Observation: / Pemerhatian:
Ion nitrat, NO3– nitrate ions followed by 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution. A brown ring is formed between two layers.
2 cm3 larutan ion nitrat ditambah kepada 2 cm3 asid sulfurik cair Cincin perang terbentuk di antara dua lapisan.

diikuti dengan 2 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat. Inference: / Inferens:
Nitrate ion present.
– The mixture is shaken. Ion nitrat hadir.
Campuran digoncang.
– The test tube is slanted and held with a test tube holder.
Tabung uji dicondongkan dan diapit dengan pemegang tabung uji.
– Aw afellw o fd trhoep st eosft ctounbcee anntrda ties dh Hel2dS uOp4 raigcihdt .i s dropped along the

Beberapa titis H2SO4 pekat dititiskan melalui dinding tabung uji dan
ditegakkan.

EXERCISE / LATIHAN

1 (a) Substance A is white in colour. When A is strongly heated, a brown gas, B and gas C are released. These gases lighted
a glowing wooden splinter. Residue D which is yellow in colour when hot and white when cold is formed.
Bahan A berwarna putih. Apabila A dipanaskan dengan kuat, gas berwarna perang B dan gas C dibebaskan. Gas C menyalakan kayu

uji berbara. Baki D yang berwarna kuning apabila sejuk dan putih apabila sejuk terbentuk.

(i) Name substances A, B, C and D.
Namakan bahan A, B, C dan D.

A: Zinc nitrate B: Nitrogen dioxide C: Oxygen D: Zinc oxide

(ii) Write the chemical equation when substance A is heated.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia apabila bahan A dipanaskan.

2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2

(b) Write the chemical equation when substance E is heated.
Larutan tanpa warna E memberi keputusan berikut apabila dijalankan beberapa siri ujian:

S1 – Add sodium hydroxide solution, a white precipitate is formed. The precipitate is soluble in excess sodium
hydroxide solution.

L1 – Apabila ditambah dengan larutan natrium hidroksida, mendakan putih terbentuk. Mendakan ini larut apabila ditambah natrium
hidroksida berlebihan.

S2 – Add ammonia solution, a white precipitate is formed. The precipitate is insoluble in excess ammonia solution.
L2 – Apabila ditambah larutan ammonia, mendakan putih terbentuk dan mendakan ini tidak larut dalam larutan ammonia

berlebihan.

S3 – Add potassium iodide solution, a yellow precipitate F, is formed.
L3 – Apabila ditambah dengan larutan kalium iodida, mendakan kuning F terbentuk.

(i) What are the possible cations present in substance E as a result of S1 test?
Apakah kation-kation yang mungkin hadir dalam bahan E hasil ujian L1?

Pb2+, Al3+ and Zn2+

(ii) What are the possible cations present in solution E as a result from S1 and S2 tests?
Apakah kation yang mungkin hadir dalam larutan E hasil ujian L1 dan L2?

Pb2+ and Al3+

(iii) What is the ion present in E after S3 test has been done? Write an ionic equation for the formation of substance
F.

Apakah ion yang disahkan hadir dalam E setelah dilakukan ujian L3? Tulis persamaan ion bagi pembentukan bahan F.

Ion present /Ion hadir : Pb2+

Ionic equation/Persamaan ion : Pb2+ + 2I– PbI2

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2 The diagram below shows the flow chart for Test I and Test II on colourless solution P.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi ujian I dan ujian II ke atas larutan tanpa warna P.

Gas Q with a pungent smell is Test I Colourless Test II Effervescence occurs
released and turns moist red Ujian I solution P Ujian II and gas S is released
litmus paper blue. Larutan tanpa Pembuakan berlaku dan
Gas Q berbau sengit terbebas dan Add dilute membebaskan gas S.
warna P hydrochloric acid
menukarkan warna kertas litmus
Tambah asid
merah lembap kepada biru. hidroklorik cair

(a) Identify gas Q and state its chemical properties.
Kenal pasti gas Q dan nyatakan sifat kimia yang ditunjukkan oleh gas Q.

Ammonia, alkaline gas

(b) State the reagent used in test I and state how the test is carried out.
Nyatakan bahan uji yang digunakan dalam ujian I serta huraikan bagaimana ujian dilakukan.

Add sodium hydroxide solution, heat it.

(c) (i) Name gas S and write the ionic equation that occurred in Test II:
Namakan gas S dan tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam ujian II:

Gas S/Gas S : Carbon dioxide
Ionic equation/Persamaan ion: CO32– + 2H+ H2O + CO2

(ii) Explain how you confirmed gas S.
Terangkan bagaimana anda mengesahkan gas S.

Pass the gas through lime water, lime water turns chalky.

(iii) Name salt P based on the results of tests I and II.
Namakan garam P berdasarkan keputusan ujian I dan II.

Ammonium carbonate

3 The table below shows the colour of five solutions labelled A, B, C, D and E added with small amount until excess of
ammonia solution and sodium hydroxide solution.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan warna lima larutan berlabel A, B, C, D dan E yang ditambah dengan larutan natrium hidroksida dan larutan

ammonia sedikit demi sedikit sehingga berlebihan.

Solution Colour With sodium hydroxide solution With ammonia solution
Larutan Warna Dengan larutan natrium hidroksida Dengan larutan ammonia

A Blue Blue precipitate insoluble in excess Blue precipitate soluble in excess
Biru Mendakan biru tidak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan biru larut dalam berlebihan

B Colourless White precipitate soluble in excess White precipitate soluble in excess
Tanpa warna Mendakan putih larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih larut dalam berlebihan

C Light green Green precipitate Dirty green precipitate
Hijau muda Mendakan hijau kotor Mendakan hijau kotor

D Colourless White precipitate soluble in excess White precipitate insoluble in excess
Tanpa warna Mendakan putih larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih tidak larut dalam berlebihan

E Colourless White precipitate insoluble in excess White precipitate insoluble in excess
Tanpa warna Mendakan putih tidak larut dalam berlebihan Mendakan putih tidak larut dalam berlebihan

(a) What are the cations present in
Apakah kation yang terdapat dalam

A: Cu2+ B: Zn2+ C: Fe2+ E: Mg2+

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(b) State another test to identify C.
Nyatakan satu lagi ujian bagi mengenali C.
Add potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution, light blue precipitate formed

(c) What are the possible cations present in solution D?
Apakah kation-kation yang mungkin terdapat dalam larutan D?
Al3+, Pb2+

(d) Describe briefly a test that can differentiate the cations present in solution D.
Terangkan secara ringkas satu ujian yang boleh digunakan untuk membezakan kation-kation yang hadir dalam larutan D.
– Add a few drops of potassium iodide / sodium chloride / sodium sulpahte solution into 1 cm3 of solution D.

– Yellow/white precipitate formed, lead(II) ion / Pb2+ present

– No precipitate, aluminium ion / Al3+ present.

4 You are given lead(II) carbonate, zinc(II) carbonate and copper(II) carbonate.
Without using any reagents, describe how you can differentiate the three substances in the laboratory.

Anda diberi plumbum(II) karbonat, zink(II) karbonat dan kuprum(II) karbonat. Tanpa menggunakan sebarang bahan uji, terangkan

bagaimana anda membezakan ketiga-tiga bahan tersebut di dalam makmal.

• Heat strongly one spatula of each salt in a boiling tube and observe the residue:

Panaskan dengan kuat satu spatula setiap jenis garam dalam tabung didih dan perhatikan baki-

bakinya:
– If the residue is yellow when hot and white when cold, then zinc oxide is formed. The salt is zinc carbonate .

Jika baki berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk, maka zink oksida terbentuk. Garam tersebut

adalah zink karbonat .

– If the residue is black, then copper(II) oxide is formed. The salt is copper(II) carbonate .

Jika baki berwarna hitam, maka kuprum(II) oksida terbentuk. Garam tersebut adalah kuprum(II) karbonat .

– If the residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold, then lead(II) oxide formed. The salt is
lead(II) carbonate .

Jika baki berwarna perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk, maka plumbum(II) oksida terbentuk. Garam

tersebut adalah plumbum(II) karbonat .

5 The diagram below shows the flow chart of changes that took place beginning from solid M. Solid M is a zinc salt. When
solid M is heated strongly, it decomposes into solid Q which is yellow when hot and white when cold.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan carta aliran bagi perubahan yang berlaku bermula daripada pepejal M. Pepejal M adalah suatu garam bagi

zink. Apabila pepejal M dipanaskan dengan kuat, ia terurai kepada suatu pepejal Q yang berwarna kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila

sejuk.

Reaction I Solid M Reaction II
Tindak balas I Pepejal M Tindak balas II

Panaskan Add dilute nitric acid/Tambah asid nitrik cair
Heat
Solution S + Carbon dioxide gas + Water
Solid Q + carbon dioxide gas Larutan S Gas karbon dioksida Air
Pepejal Q + gas karbon dioksida

Reaction III + Magnesium
Tindak balas III + Magnesium

Zinc metal + Magnesium nitrate solution / Logam zink + Larutan magnesium nitrat

(a) (i) Berikan satu ujian kimia bagi gas karbon dioksida.
Passed the gas through lime water, lime water turns chalky

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(ii) Draw a diagram of the apparatus set-up to carry out reaction I.
Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan radas untuk menjalankan tindak balas I.

Solid M

Heat

Lime water

(b) Name solids M and Q. Q: Zinc oxide
Nyatakan nama pepejal M dan Q.

M : Zinc carbonate

(c) State the observations made when excess ammonia solution is added to solution S.
Nyatakan pemerhatian yang dibuat apabila larutan ammonia berlebihan ditambahkan kepada larutan S.

White precipitate, soluble in excess of ammonia solution

(d) (i) Write the chemical equation for reaction II.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas II.

ZnCO3 + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

(ii) For reaction II, calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas released at room condition if 12.5 g solid M

decomposes completely. [Relative atomic mass: C =12, O =16, Zn = 65, 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at

room condition]

Bagi tindak balas II, hitungkan isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan pada keadaan bilik, jika 12.5 g pepejal M terurai

dengan lengkap. [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, Zn = 65, 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]

Mol of solid M = 12.5 = 0.1 mol
125

From the equation, 1 mol M : 1 mol CO2
0.1 mol M : 0.1 mol CO2
Volume of CO2 = 0.1 mol × 24 dm3 mol–1 = 2.4 dm3

(e) Name reaction III.
Namakan tindak balas III.

Displacement reaction

(f) Describe a chemical test to determine the presence of anion in the magnesium nitrate solution.
Huraikan ujian kimia untuk menentukan kehadiran anion dalam larutan magnesium nitrat.
– About 2 cm3 of magnesium nitrate solution is poured into a test tube.

Masukkan 2 cm3 larutan magnesium nitrat ke dalam tabung uji.

– 2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is added to the solution followed by 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution.

2 cm3 asid sulfurik cair ditambah kepada larutan diikuti dengan larutan ferum(II) sulfat .

– The mixture is shaken .

Campuran digoncang .

– The test tube is slanted and held with a test tube holder.

Tabung uji dicondongkan dan dipegang dengan pemegang tabung uji.

– A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is dropped along the wall of the test tube and is held upright.

Beberapa titis asid sulfurik pekat dititiskan melalui dinding tabung uji dan ditegakkan.

– A brown ring is formed between two layers.

Gelang perang terbentuk antara dua lapisan.

– Anion present is nitrate ion.
nitrat
Anion yang hadir adalah ion .

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6 The diagram below shows list of chemical substances.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan senarai bahan-bahan kimia.

Hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol dm–3 Barium chloride solution, 1.0 mol dm–3
Larutan asid hidroklorik, 1.0 mol dm–3 Larutan barium klorida, 1.0 mol dm–3

Iron(II) sulphate solution, 1.0 mol dm–3 Solid copper(II) oxide Solid calcium carbonate
Larutan ferum(II) sulfat, 1.0 mol dm–3 Pepejal kuprum(II) oksida Pepejal kalsium karbonat

(a) (i) Choose two solutions that can be used to prepare insoluble salts.
Pilih dua larutan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan garam tak terlarutkan.

Barium chloride and iron(II) sulpahate

(ii) What is the type of reaction for the preparation of the salt in (a)(i)?
Apakah jenis tindak balas bagi penyediaan garam di (a)(i)?

Double decomposition reaction

(iii) Write the ionic equation for the production of the salt in (a)(i).

Tulis persamaan ion bagi penghasilan garam di (a)(i).

Ba2+ + SO42– BaSO4

(iv) Describe how to collect the pure salt produced.
Huraikan bagaimana anda mendapatkan pepejal garam tulen yang terhasil.

Filter the mixture and rinse with distilled water

(b) State the observations when sodium hydroxide solution is added in small amount until in excess into iron(II)
sulphate solution./ Nyatakan pemerhatian anda apabila larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah sedikit sehingga berlebihan kepada
larutan ferum(II) sulfat.

Green precipitate formed, insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution

(c) (i) Choose two chemical substances that can react to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Pilih dua bahan yang boleh bertindak balas untuk menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida.

Calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid

(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in (c)(i).
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas di (c)(i).
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

7 You are given zinc chloride crystals. Describe how you would conduct a chemical test in the laboratory to identify the ions

presence ions in zinc chloride crystals./ Anda diberi hablur zink klorida. Huraikan bagaimana anda boleh menjalankan ujian kimia di

dalam makmal untuk mengenal pasti ion-ion yang hadir dalam hablur zink klorida.

– Dissolve 1 spatula zinc chloride crystals in 10 cm3 of distilled water.
2

Larutkan 1 spatula hablur zink klorida di dalam 10 cm3 air suling .
2
– The solution is poured in three test tubes./ Larutan
tersebut dituang ke dalam tiga tabung uji.

– Add a few drops sodium hydroxide solution are added to zinc chloride solution until excess. A white
precipitate soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution.

Tambahkan beberapa titik larutan natrium hidroksida ke dalam larutan zink klorida sehingga berlebihan .

Mendakan putih larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan.

– Add a few drops ammonia solution are added to another zinc chloride solution until excess. A white
excess of ammonia solution. Ions present are zinc ions .
precipitate soluble in

Tambahkan beberapa titik larutan ammonia ke dalam larutan zink klorida yang lain sehingga berlebihan .

Mendakan putih larut dalam larutan ammonia berlebihan. Ion yang hadir adalah ion zink .
– About 2 cm3 of dilute nitric acid is added to 2 cm3 solution of chloride ions followed by 2 cm3 of silver nitrate

solution. White precipitate formed. Ions present are chloride ions.

2 cm3 asid nitrik cair ditambahkan kepada 2 cm3 larutan ion klorida diikuti dengan 2 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat .

Mendakan putih terbentuk. Ion yang hadir adalah ion klorida.

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Chemistry Form 4 • MODULE

8 The diagram below shows the formation of zinc nitrate and the changes to other compounds.
Rajah berikut menunjukkan pembentukan zink nitrat dan perubahannya kepada sebatian lain.

Zinc oxide + Substance X Zinc nitrate Heat Brown gas
Zink oksida + Bahan X Zink nitrat Panaskan Gas perang

+ Potassium carbonate solution/ + Larutan kalium karbonat

Precipitate Z + Potassium nitrate

Mendakan Z Kalium nitrat

(a) (i) Zinc oxide reacts with substance X to form zinc nitrate. State the name of substance X.
Zink oksida bertindak balas dengan bahan X untuk membentuk zink nitrat. Namakan sebatian X.

Nitric acid

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (a)(i).
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas dalam (a)(i).

ZnO + HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O

(b) (i) State the name of the brown gas formed.
Namakan gas perang yang terbentuk.

Nitrogen dioxide

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (b)(i).
Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas dalam (b)(i).

2Zn(NO3)2 → 2ZnO + 2NO2 + O2

(c) When potassium carbonate solution added to zinc nitrate solution, precipitate Z and potassium nitrate formed.
Apabila larutan kalium karbonat ditambah kepada larutan zink nitrat, mendakan Z dan kalium nitrat terbentuk.

(i) State the type of reaction occurs.
Namakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku.

Precipitation

(ii) Write the ionic equation for the formation of compound Z.
Tulis persamaan ion untuk pembentukan sebatian Z.

Zn2+ + CO32– → ZnCO3

(iii) State how the precipitate Z separated from potassium nitrate.
Nyatakan bagaimana mendakan Z diasingkan daripada kalium nitrat.

Filtration

(d) Excess of zinc nitrate solution is added to 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 potassium carbonate. Calculate the mass of zinc
carbonate formed. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, C = 12, O = 16]
Larutan zink nitrat berlebihan ditambah kepada 100 cm3 larutan kalium karbonat 1 mol dm–3. Hitungkan jisim zink karbonat yang

terbentuk. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, C = 12, O = 16]

Zn(NO3)2 + K2CO3 → ZnCO3 + 2KNO3
100
Mol of K2CO3 = 1× 1 000 = 0.1 mol

From the equation, 0.11 mmooll KK22CCOO33 :: 01 .m1 oml oZl nZCnOC3O3


Mass of ZnCO3 = 0.1 mol × 125 g mol–1 = 12.5 g

(e) Sodium hydroxide solution is added until excess to zinc nitrate solution. State the observation that can be made.
Larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah sedikit demi sedikit hingga berlebihan kepada larutan zink nitrat. Nyatakan pemerhatian yang
dapat dibuat.

White precipitate soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution.

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MODULE • Chemistry Form 4

Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif

1 Which of the following is a salt? 5 Which of the following reactions will produce copper(II)
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah garam? chloride?
A Lead(II) oxide Antara tindak balas berikut, yang manakah akan menghasilkan
Plumbum(II) oksida
B Calcium hydroxide kuprum(II) klorida?
Kalsium hidroksida I Copper and hydrochloric acid
C Barium sulphate
Barium sulfat Kuprum dan asid hidroklorik
D Tetrachloromethane
Tetraklorometana II Copper(II) oxide and hydrochloric acid
Kuprum(II) oksida dan asid hidroklorik
2 Which of the following salts is soluble in water?
Antara garam berikut, yang manakah larut dalam air? III Copper(II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid
A Iron(II) sulphate Kuprum(II) karbonat dan asid hidroklorik
Ferum(II) sulfat
B Silver chloride IV Copper(II) sulphate and sodium chloride
Argentum klorida Kuprum(II) sulfat dan natrium klorida
C Calcium carbonate
Kalsium karbonat A I and II only
D Lead(II) bromide I dan II sahaja
Plumbum(II) bromida
B II and III only
II dan III sahaja

C III and IV only
III dan IV sahaja

D I, II, III and IV
I, II, III dan IV

3 Which of the following salts can be prepared by double 6 If 0.2 mole of calcium carbonate is heated until no further
decomposition reaction?
Antara garam berikut, yang manakah boleh disediakan dengan change, what is the mass of calcium oxide produced?

kaedah pemendakan? [Relative atomic mass of C=12, O=16, Ca=40]

A Copper(II) chloride Jika 0.2 mol kalsium karbonat dipanaskan sehingga tiada
Kuprum(II) klorida
perubahan, berapakah jisim kalsium oksida, CaO yang terhasil?
B Lead(II) nitrate
Plumbum(II) nitrat [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40]

C Barium sulphate A 5.6 g
Barium sulfat
B 11.2 g

C 16.8 g

D 22.4 g

D Zinc sulphate 7 The diagram below shows observations when white
Zink sulfat
solid X heated strongly.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian apabila pepejal X
4 Which pair of substances represented by the following dipanaskan dengan kuat.

formulae react to produce salt?

Antara pasangan bahan tindak balas berikut, yang manakah White solid X / Pepejal putih X
dapat bertindak balas menghasilkan garam?

I HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) Heat strongly/Panaskan dengan kuat
II HCl(aq) + NaCl(aq)
III H2SO4(aq) + MgSO4(aq) – Brown gas is released/ Gas perang terbebas
IV H2CO3(aq) + KOH(aq) – Residue is a solid which is yellow when hot and white when
A I and II only
cold/ Baki perang apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk.
I dan II sahaja
B I and IV only Which of the following substance is X?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah bahan X?
I dan IV sahaja A Zinc nitrate
C I, II and IV only
Zink nitrat
I, II dan IV sahaja B Zinc carbonate

D I, II, III and IV Zink karbonat
I, II, III dan IV C Lead(II) nitrate

Plumbum(II) nitrat

D Lead(II) carbonate

Plumbum(II) karbonat

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8 The diagram below shows a series of tests carried out on 10 The diagram below shows the reaction between 20 cm3

solution Y. of 0.5 moldm–3 of sodium chloride solution is and to

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu siri ujian kimia ke atas larutan 20 cm3 of 1.0 moldm–3 silver to produce silver chloride
Y. precipitate and solution X.

Solution Sodium hydroxide Green Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas antara 20 cm3 larutan
Larutan solution precipitate
Mendakan natrium klorida 0.5 mol dm–3 dengan 20 cm3 larutan argentum
Y Larutan natrium
hidroksida hijau nitrat 1.0 mol dm–3 untuk menghasilkan mendakan argentum
klorida dan larutan X.

Dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution 20 cm3 of 1.0 moldm–3 silver nitrate solution
Asid nitrik cair diikuti dengan larutan argentum nitrat 20 cm3 argentum nitrat 1.0 mol dm–3

White precipitate/Mendakan putih

Which of the following is solution Y?

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah bahan Y?

A Iron(II) chloride C Copper(II) chloride 20 cm3 of 0.5 moldm–3

Ferum(II) klorida Kuprum(II) klorida of sodium chloride Solution X
solution Larutan X
B Iron(II) sulphate D Copper(II) carbonate
20 cm3 larutan natrium
Ferum(II) sulfat Kuprum(II) karbonat
klorida 0.5 mol dm–3

9 The diagram below shows two bottles of aqueous Silver chloride precipitate
solutions.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua botol mengandungi larutan Mendakan argentum klorida

garam aluminium nitrat dan larutan plumbum(II) nitrat. Which of the following ions are present in the solution

X?

Antara ion berikut, yang manakah yang hadir dalam larutan X?

Aluminium Lead(II) I Na+
nitrate nitrate
solution solution II Ag+
Larutan Larutan
III NClO– 3–
aluminium plumbum(II) IV

nitrat nitrat A I and III only

I dan III sahaja

Which of the following substances can be used to B II and III only
differentiate between and aluminium nitrate solution
and lead(II) nitrate solution? II dan III sahaja

Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah dapat digunakan untuk membezakan C I, II and III only

larutan aluminium nitrat dan larutan plumbum(II) nitrat? I, II dan III sahaja
A Sodium hydroxide solution
D I, II, and IV only
Larutan natrium hidroksida
I, II dan IV sahaja
B Ammonia solution
Larutan ammonia

C Potassium chloride solution
Larutan kalium klorida

D Barium nitrate solution
Larutan barium nitrat

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Nila tion Sdn.MODULE • Chemistry Form 4

8 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
BAHAN KIMIA DALAM INDUSTRI

• SULPHURIC ACID/ASID SULFURIK
– Write an equation for Contact process and Haber process, stating the temperature, pressure and catalyst required.

Menulis persamaan untuk Proses Sentuh dan Proses Haber, menyatakan suhu, tekanan dan mangkin yang diperlukan.
• AMMONIA/AMMONIA
– List the uses of sulphuric acid and ammonia.

Menyenaraikan kegunaan asid sulfurik dan ammonia.
– Explain how sulphur dioxide causes environmental pollution.

Menerangkan bagaimana sulfur dioksida menyebabkan pencemaran alam.

• ALLOY/ALOI
– State the meaning of an alloy. / Menyatakan maksud aloi.
– Draw the arrangement of atoms in metals and alloys. / Melukis susunan atom di dalam aloi dan logam.
– Explain why an alloy is stronger than its pure metal. / Menerangkan mengapa aloi lebih kuat daripada logam tulennya.
– Design an experiment to investigate the hardness of a material and its alloy.

Mereka bentuk eksperimen untuk mengkaji kekerasan aloi dan logam tulennya.
– List the examples of alloys, compositions and properties of alloys. / Menyenaraikan contoh aloi, komposisi dan sifat aloi.
– Relate properties of alloys to their uses. / Mengaitkan sifat aloi dengan kegunaannya.

• POLYMERS/POLIMER
– Sate the meaning of polymers. / Menyatakan maksud polimer.
– List naturally occurring polymers and synthetic polymers. / Menyenaraikan polimer semula jadi dan polimer sintetik.
– State the uses of synthetic polymers. / Menyatakan kegunaan polimer sintetik.
– Explain the effect of environmental pollution caused by the disposal of synthetic polymers.

Menghuraikan kesan pembuangan polimer sintetik ke atas pencemaran alam sekitar.
– Ways to reduce pollution caused by synthetic polymers. / Cara-cara mengurangkan pencemaran yang disebabkan polimer sintetik.

• GLASS AND CERAMICS/KACA DAN SERAMIK
– List uses of glass and ceramics. / Menyenaraikan kegunaan kaca dan seramik.
– List types of glass and their properties. / Menyenaraikan jenis-jenis kaca dan kegunaannya.
– State properties of ceramics. / Menyenaraikan sifat-sifat seramik.

• COMPOSITE MATERIALS/BAHAN KOMPOSIT
– State the meaning of composite materials. / Menyatakan maksud bahan komposit.
– List examples of composite materials and their components and uses.

Menyenaraikan contoh-contoh bahan komposit dan komponen dan kegunaannya.
– Compare and contrast properties of composite materials with those of their original component

Membanding dan membezakan sifat bahan komposit dengan bahan asalnya.
– Design an experiment to produce composite materials.

Mereka bentuk eksperimen untuk menghasilkan bahan komposit.

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Chemistry Form 4 • MODULE

Sulphuric Acid / Asid Sulfurik

1 Sulfuric acid is manufactured through the Contact Process. This process consists of three stages.
Asid sulfurik dihasilkan melalui Proses Sentuh. Proses ini terdiri daripada tiga peringkat.

Sulphur Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide Oleum Sulphuric acid
Sulfur SO2 SO3 H2 S2 O7 AsiHd 2sSuOlfu4rik

Oxygen Sulfur dioksida SO2 Sulfur trioksida SO3 Oleum H2SO4
Oksigen H2 S2 O7

Stage I/Peringkat I Stage II/Peringkat II Stage III/Peringkat III

Concentrated sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik pekat

Molten sulphur Waste gas
Sulfur lebur Gas terbuang

Dry air SO3
Udara kering
H2S2O7 (Oleum)
Burner SO2 + O2 Catalytic converter H2S2O7 (Oleum)
Pembakar Bekas mangkin
Water/Air H2SO4

Stage I/Peringkat I Stage II/Peringkat II Stage III/Peringkat III

2 Based on the above diagram, explain each stage and state the conditions required. Include all the balanced chemical
equations involve in each stage.
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, terangkan setiap peringkat serta keadaan yang diperlukan. Sertakan semua persamaan kimia yang seimbang yang

terlibat dalam setiap peringkat.

Stage Explanation/Equation
Peringkat Penerangan/Persamaan kimia

Stage I: / Peringkat I: – Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide.
Production of sulphur dioxide Sulfur lebur dibakar dalam udara kering untuk menghasilkan sulfur dioksida.

Penghasilan sulfur dioksida Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang:

S + O2 SO2

Stage II: / Peringkat II: – In a converter, sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen are passed through
Production of sulphur trioxide vanadium(V) oxide .

Penghasilan sulfur trioksida Di dalam bekas mangkin, sulfur dioksida dan oksigen dialirkan melalui vanadium(V) oksida .
Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang:

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

– Optimum conditions for maximum amount of product are:
Keadaan optimum untuk penghasilan sulfur trioksida yang maksimum adalah:

Temperature / Suhu: 450 – 500 °C

Pressure / Tekanan: 2 – 3 atm

Catalyst / Mangkin: vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5

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Stage III: / Peringkat III: – Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form oleum.
Production of sulphuric acid
Sulfur trioksida dilarutkan dalam asid sulfurik pekat untuk menghasilkan oleum .
asid sulfurik
Penghasilan Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang:
SO3 + H2SO4
H2S2O7

– Oleum is diluted in water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid.

Oleum dilarutkan dalam air untuk menghasilkan asid sulfurik pekat .

Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang: 2H2SO4
H2O + H2S2O7

* Note that directly dissolving SO3 in water is impractical due to the highly exothermic nature of the reaction. Acidic vapour or mists are

formed instead of a liquid.
Melarutkan sulfur dioksida dalam air secara terus tidak dapat dilakukan kerana pembebasan haba yang sangat banyak. Ini kerana tindak balas tersebut

adalah eksotermik. Asid yang terhasil adalah dalam bentuk wap air dan bukannya cecair.

3 State five main uses of sulphuric acid. (iv) As electrolyte in car batteries
Nyatakan lima kegunaan utama asid sulfurik. (v) To manufacture synthtetic fibers

(i) To manufacture detergents

(ii) To manufacture fertilizers

(iii) To manufacture paints

4 Sulphur dioxide and environmental pollution:
Sulfur dioksida dan pencemaran alam:

(a) Major sources of sulphur dioxide in the air is combustion of fuel in power station or factories.

Punca utama kehadiran sulfur dioksida di udara adalah pembakaran bahan bakar di stesen janakuasa dan kilang.

(b) Sulphur dioxide dissolve in rainwater to form sulphurous acid which will cause acid rain, balanced equation:

Sulfur dioksida larut dalam air hujan untuk membentuk asid sulfurus yang menghasilkan hujan asid, persamaan seimbang:

SO2 + H2O H2SO3

Oxidation of sulphurous acid in the air will produce sulphuric acid which will also cause acid rain.
Pengoksidaan asid sulfurus di udara akan menghasilkan asid sulfurik yang juga merupakan penyebab kepada hujan asid.

(c) Effect of acid rain:
Kesan hujan asid:

– Acid rain corrodes building, monuments and statues made from marble (calcium carbonate) because

calcium carbonate react with acid to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide, balanced equation:

Hujan asid mengkakis bangunan, monumen dan tugu yang diperbuat daripada marmar (kalsium karbonat) kerana

kalsium karbonat bertindak balas dengan asid menghasilkan garam, air dan karbon dioksida, persamaan seimbang:

CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2

– Acid rain corrodes structures of the buildings or bridges which are made from metal . The

iron rusts faster with the presence of sulphuric acid.
mengkakis
Hujan asid struktur bangunan-bangunan dan jambatan-jambatan yang diperbuat daripada logam. Besi

berkarat lebih cepat dengan kehadiran asid sulfurik.

– Acid rain increases the acidity of lakes and river that causes aquatic organism to die.

Hujan asid meningkatkan keasidan tasik-tasik dan sungai-sungai yang menyebabkan kematian hidupan akuatik.
– Acid rain increases the acidity of soil. Acidic soil is not suitable for the growth of plants.

Hujan asid meningkatkan keasidan tanah. Tanah yang berasid tidak sesuai untuk pertumbuhan tanam-tanaman.

(d) Ways to reduce production of sulphur dioxide and effect of acid rain: calcium carbonate ).
Cara-cara mengurangkan penghasilan sulfur dioksida dan kesan-kesan hujan asid: kalsium karbonat ).

– Gas released from power station and factories are sprayed with powdered limestone (

Gas yang dilepaskan dari stesen janakuasa dan kilang boleh disembur dengan serbuk batu kapur (

– Add lime ( calcium oxide ) and limestone ( calcium carbonate ) to the lake or river.

Menambahkan kapur ( kalsium oksida ) dan batu kapur ( kalsium karbonat ) ke tasik atau sungai.

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Ammonia / Ammonia

1 In industry, ammonia is manufactured through the Haber Process:
Dalam industri, ammonia dihasilkan melalui Proses Haber.

Balanced equation of reaction / Persamaan seimbang tindak balas: N2 + 3H2 2NH3

Catalyst / Mangkin : Ferum

Temperature / Suhu : 400 – 500°C

Pressure / Tekanan : 200 atm

2 Ammonia is used in the manufacture of:
Ammonia digunakan dalam pembuatan:
(a) Synthetic fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate and urea
Baja sintetik seperti ammonium sulfat, ammonium nitrat, ammonium fosfat dan urea.
(b) Nitric acid in Ostwald Process.
Asid nitrik dalam Proses Ostwald.
(c) Synthetic fiber and nylon.
Gentian kaca sintetik dan nilon.
(d) Liquid form of ammonia is used as cooling agent in refrigerators.
Cecair ammonia digunakan sebagai penyejuk dalam peti sejuk.
(e) Prevent coagulation of latex.
Mencegah penggumpalan lateks.

3 Ammonia is a colourless gas with pungent smell and very soluble in water.
Ammonia adalah gas yang tidak berwarna dengan bau yang sengit dan sangat larut di dalam air.

4 Chemical properties of ammonia:
Sifat-sifat kimia ammonia:

Property Chemical equation / Observation
Sifat Persamaan kimia / Pemerhatian

Dissolve in water to form weak NH3(g) + H2O(ce) NH4+(ak) + OH–(ak)
alkali
Larut di dalam air membentuk alkali The presence of hydroxide ions causes aqueous solution of ammonia to become alkaline.
lemah Kehadiran ion hidroksida menyebabkan larutan ammonia akueus menjadi alkali.

Effect on moist red litmus paper Turn moist red litmus paper to blue
Kesan ke atas kertas litmus merah

Neutralise any acid to form Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid to form ammonium sulphate salt.
ammonium salt Ammonia bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik untuk membentuk garam ammonium sulfat.
Meneutralkan asid untuk membentuk
Balanced equation: / Persamaan seimbang:
garam ammonium
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

Alloy / Aloi Facts / Elaboration / Drawing
Fakta / Penerangan / Lukisan
1 Complete the following table:
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah: Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain

Questions fixed/specific composition. The major component in the mixture is a metal.
Soalan

1 What is the meaning of alloy?
Apakah maksud aloi?

Aloi ialah campuran dua atau lebih unsur dengan komposisi yang tetap .

Komponen utama dalam campuran tersebut ialah logam .

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2 Relate the arrangement of atoms Force/Daya
in pure metals to their ductile and
malleable properties. Pure metals/Logam tulen
Nyatakan hubungan antara susunan atom
Pure metal is made up of one type of atoms .
dalam logam tulen dengan sifat mulur dan

mudah ditempa.

Logam tulen terbentuk daripada satu jenis atom .

Atoms in pure metals are all the same layers .

Atom-atom dalam logam tulen mempunyai saiz yang sama.

The same size atoms are orderly arranged in layers.

Atom-atom yang mempunyai saiz yang sama ini tersusun dalam lapisan .

When force is applied to the pure metal, layers of atoms slide

easily over one another.

Apabila daya dikenakan ke atas logam tulen, lapisan atom menggelongsor di antara satu

sama lain.

3 Draw the arrangement of atoms in (a) Bronze / Gangsa (b) Steel / Keluli
Lukiskan susunan atom dalam Carbon

(a) Bronze (90% copper and 10% tin) Iron

Gangsa (90% kuprum dan 10% timah)

(b) Steel (99% iron and 1% of carbon)

Keluli (99% besi dan 1% karbon)

[Relative atomic mass: Cu = 64,

Sn = 119, Fe = 56; C = 12] Tin Copper
[Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64,

Sn = 119, Fe = 56, C = 12]

4 Explain why an alloy is stronger Atoms of other element added to the pure metal to make an alloy are different in size.
than its pure metal in terms of the
arrangement of atoms in metals and Atom-atom unsur lain yang ditambah dalam logam tulen membentuk aloi yang terdiri daripada atom-atom
alloys.
Terangkan mengapa aloi lebih kuat daripada yang berlainan saiz.
These atoms disrupts the orderly arrangement of atoms in pure metal.
logam tulen dari segi susunan atom dalam
Atom-atom ini mengganggu susunan atom yang teratur dalam logam tulen.
logam dan aloi.
When force is applied to an alloy, the presence of added other atoms

prevent layers of atoms from sliding .

Apabila daya dikenakan ke atas aloi, kehadiran atom-atom asing ini menghalang lapisan

atom-atom ini daripada menggelongsor .

5 State three reason why pure metals are (a) To increase the strength and hardness of pure metals.
alloyed before used. Meningkatkan kekuatan dan kekerasan logam tulen.
Nyatakan tiga sebab mengapa logam tulen
(b) To increase the resistance to corrosion of a pure metals.
dialoikan sebelum digunakan. Mencegah kakisan logam tulen.

(c) To improve the appearance of a pure metal.
Membaiki rupa logam tulen.

5 Experiment to compare the hardness of brass and pure copper.
Eksperimen untuk membandingkan kekerasan loyang dengan kuprum tulen.
(a) Hypothesis: / Hipotesis:
Brass is harder than copper

(b) Manipulated variable: / Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi:
Copper and brass block

(c) Responding variable: / Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas:
Hardness of the copper and brass block

(d) Fixed variable: / Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan:
1 kg weight

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(e) Apparatus: / Alat radas:
Retort stand and clamp, 1 kg weight, string, metre ruler.

Materials: / Bahan-bahan:
Steel ball, copper block, brass block

(f) Procedure: / Prosedur: Set-up of the apparatus: / Susunan alat radas:
1. A steel ball bearing is tapped onto a copper block.
Retort stand
Satu bola keluli dilekatkan di atas sebuah bongkah kuprum. String
2. A 1 kg weight is hung at a height of 50 cm above the copper 1 kg weight

block as shown in the diagram. Steel ball
Sebiji pemberat 1 kg digantung setinggi 50 cm di atas bongkah kuprum Cellophane tape

seperti yang ditunjukkan. Copper block
3. Drop the 1 kg weight on the steel ball.

Pemberat 1 kg dijatuhkan ke atas bebola keluli.
4. Measure the diameter of the dent formed on the copper block

with a ruler.
Diameter lekuk yang terbentuk di atas bongkah kuprum diukur dengan

pembaris.
5. Repeat the experiment three times on the other part of the

copper block.
Eksperimen diulang tiga kali, pada ruang berbeza pada bongkah kuprum

yang sama.
6. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using a brass block to replace the

copper block.
Langkah 1 hingga 5 diulang dengan menggunakan bongkah loyang,

menggantikan bongkah kuprum.

(g) Results: / Keputusan: 123 Average diameter/cm
Experiment Diameter purata / cm

Eksperimen

Diameter of dent on copper block/cm abc a + b + c = x
3

Diameter of dent on brass block/cm de f d + e + f = y
3

(h) Discussion: / Perbincangan:
The average diameter of dent on copper, x is larger than the average diameter of dent on brass, y.

(i) Conclusion: / Kesimpulan:
Brass is harder than copper// alloy is harder than pure metal.

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Flow chart shows the composition, properties and uses of some alloys.
Carta aliran di bawah menunjukkan komposisi, sifat-sifat dan kegunaan aloi-aloi.

ALLOY / ALOI

Major component / Komponen utama

COPPER / KUPRUM IRON / FERUM
Type of alloy/Jenis aloi Type of alloy/Jenis aloi

BRONZE/GANGSA BRASS/LOYANG STEEL/KELULI STAINLESS STEEL
(70% Cu, 30% Zn) (99% Fe, 1% C)
(90% Cu, 10% Sn) – Hard and strong. – Hard and strong. KELULI TAHAN KARAT

– Hard and strong, Keras dan kuat. Keras dan kuat. (74% Fe, 8% C, 18% Cr)
does not corrode, – Shiny, strong and does
(shiny surface) – Uses: / Kegunaan: – Uses: / Kegunaan:
Musical instrument Construction of not rust
Keras dan kuat. Tidak and Kitchenware building and bridge Bersinar, kuat dan tidak
and railway tracks berkarat.
berkarat (permukaan Alat muzik dan perkakas
Pembinaan bangunan – Uses: / Kegunaan:
bersinar) dapur dan jambatan serta Making cutlery and
landasan keretapi. surgical instrument
– Uses: / Kegunaan:
Building statue or Membuat sudu, garpu dan
alat-alat pembedahan.
monuments, medal,
swords and artistic
materials
Pembuatan tugu atau

monumen pingat, pedang

dan bahan hiasan

CUPRONICKEL ALUMINIUM / ALUMINIUM TIN / TIMAH

KUPRONIKEL Type of alloy Type of alloy
Jenis aloi Jenis aloi
(75% Cu, 25% Ni)
– Shiny, hard and does DURALUMIN PEWTER / PEWTER
(96% Sn, 3% Cu,
not corrode DURALUMIN 1% Sb)
Bersinar, keras dan tidak – Luster, shiny and
berkarat. (93% Al, 3% Cu & 1% Mn)
– Light and strong strong
– Uses: / Kegunaan: Berkilau, bersinar dan kuat.
Making coins Ringan dan kuat. – Uses: / Kegunaan:
Making souvenirs.
Membuat duit syiling – Uses: / Kegunaan: Membuat cenderamata.
Building body of aeroplane
and bullet train.

Membuat rangka kapal terbang dan
keretapi laju.

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS / POLIMER SINTETIK

1 Polymer is a long chain molecules made up of a large number of small repeating identical unit of
sama dipanggil
monomer. banyak

Polimer ialah molekul berantai panjang yang terbentuk daripada gabungan unit kecil yang

monomer.

2 Monomer is small identical repeating units in the polymer.

Monomer adalah unit kecil yang berulang dalam polimer.

3 Polymers can be naturally occurring or synthetic.
Polimer boleh didapati secara semula jadi atau sintetik.

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4 Example of naturally occurring polymers and their monomers are:
Contoh polimer semula jadi dan monomernya:

Synthetic Polymer / Polimer Monomer / Monomer
Protein / Protein Amino Acid / Asid amino
Starch / Kanji
Rubber / Getah Glucose / Glukosa
Isoprene / Isoprena

5 Synthetic polymers are made polymers. The monomers are usually obtained from petroleum after refining and cracking
process.
Polimer sintetik adalah polimer buatan. Monomer biasanya adalah daripada petroleum yang telah mengalami penyulingan dan peretakan.

6 Example of synthetic polymers, their monomers and uses:
Contoh polimer sintetik, monomernya dan kegunaannya:

Synthetic polymer Monomer Example of uses
Polimer sintetik Monomer Contoh kegunaan

Polythene Ethene, C2H4 Plastic bags, shopping bags, plastic containers and plastic toys
Politena Etena, C2H4 Beg plastik, beg membeli belah, bekas plastik dan permainan plastik

Polypropene Propene, C3H6 Plastic bottles, plastic tables and chairs, car batteries casing and ropes
Polipropena Propena, C3H6 Botol plastik, meja dan kerusi plastik, bekas bateri kereta dan tali

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Chloroethene, C2H3Cl Waterproof materials such as rain clothes, bags, shoes, artificial leather.
Polivinil klorida (PVC) Bahan kalis air seperti baju hujan, beg, kasut dan kulit tiruan.
Kloroetena, C2H3Cl Insulation for electric wiring.
Bahan penebat pendawaian wayar elektrik.
Polystyrene Styrene, C2H3C6H5 Making water pipes because it does not rust.
Polistirena Stirena, C2H3C6H5 Paip air sebab ia tidak berkarat.

Perspex Methylmetacrylate Packaging materials, disposable cups and plates
Perspeks Metil metakrilat Bahan pembungkus, cawan dan pinggan pakai buang.

Terylene (polyester) Hexane-1, 6-diol Safety glass, car lamps and lens
Terilena (poliester) Heksana-1, 6-diol Kaca keselamatan, lampu kereta dan kanta
Benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic
acid Clothing, sails, sleeping bags, ropes and fishing net
Benzena-1, 4-dikarboksilik asid Pakaian, kain layar, tali dan jala

7 Polymerisation is the process of joining together the large number of monomers to form a polymer.

Pempolimeran ialah proses penggabungan monomer-monomer untuk membentuk polimer.

Example: / Contoh:

(a) Polymerisation of ethene:
Pempolimeran etena:

H H H H

n C = C – C – C –

H H H H n, n is large number up to a few thousands

Ethene / Etena Polythene

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(b) Polymerisation of propene: (c) Polymerisation of chloroethene:
Pempolimeran propena: Pempolimeran kloroetena:

H CH3 H CH3 H H H H

n C = C – C – C –
n C = C – C – C –

H H H H n
H Cl H Cl n

Propene / Propena Polypropene Chloroethene / Kloroetena Polyvinylchloride


8 Complete the following table related to issues of the use of polymers in everyday life.

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah berkaitan isu penggunaan polimer sintetik dalam kehidupan seharian.

Advantages of Environmental pollution from synthetic polymers Reducing pollution of
synthetic polymers Pencemaran alam sekitar dari penggunaan polimer sintetik synthetic polymers
Kebaikan polimer sintetik
Pengurangan pencemaran dari
polimer sintetik

(a) Very stable and do not (a) Disposal of synthetic polymers such as plastic bottles and (a) Reduce, recycle and
reuse the synthetic
corrode . containers cause blockage of drainage systems and
river thus causing flash floods . polymers.
Sangat stabil dan tidak
berkarat . Pembuangan polimer sintetik seperti botol plastik dan bekas Mengurangkan, mengitar semula

(b) Inert to chemical menyebabkan sistem saliran dan sungai tersekat yang dan mengguna semula polimer
reaction. sintetik.
mengakibatkan banjir kilat .
Lengai terhadap tindak balas (b) Using biodegradable
(b) Open burning of polymers will release acidic and poisonous

kimia . . gas that will cause air pollution: polimer. .
strong . Pembakaran polimer sintetik secara terbuka membebaskan gas Menggunakan polimer
(c) Light and
Ringan dan kuat berasid dan beracun yang menyebabkan pencemaran udara: terbiodegradasi
– Burning most of the synthetic polymers will produce:
(c) On-going research to produce
(d) Cheap. Pembakaran kebanyakan polimer sintetik menghasilkan:

Murah. (i) carbon dioxide gas which cause green house effect . cheap biodegradable polymers.
(e) Easily shaped Penyelidikan berterusan
karbon dioksida yang menyebabkan kesan rumah hijau . untuk menghasilkan polimer
and coloured. (ii) carbon monoxide which is poisonous . terbiodegradasi yang murah.

Mudah dibentuk karbon monoksida yang beracun . (d) Disintegrate plastics by
dan diwarnakan.
– Burning of PVC will release hydrogen chloride gas which pyrolysis : Plastic can
will cause acid rain . be disintegrated by heating at
temperature between
Pembakaran PVC membebaskan gas hidrogen klorida yang 400 – 800°C without oxygen.
menyebabkan hujan asid .
– Burning of synthetic polymers contains carbon and Penguraian plastik secara
pirolisis : Plastik boleh diuraikan
nitrogen such as nylon will produce highly poisonous

gas such as hydrogen cynide . dengan pemanasan pada suhu
Pembakaran polimer sintetik mengandungi karbon dan antara 400 – 800 °C tanpa oksigen.

nitrogen seperti nilon membebaskan gas sangat beracun seperti
hidrogen sianida .

(c) Plastic containers that are left in open area collect rain
water will become breeding ground for mosquito
which will cause diseases such as dengue fever.
Bekas plastik yang ditinggalkan di tempat terbuka menakung air
hujan menjadi tempat pembiakan nyamuk yang menyebabkan

penyebaran penyakit seperti demam denggi.

Glass / Kaca

1 Name the element which forms Silicon dioxide , SiO2 which exist naturally in sand .
the major component of glass. Silikon dioksida
, SiO2 yang boleh didapati secara semula jadi di dalam pasir .
Namakan unsur yang membentuk
komponen utama kaca. Properties: / Sifat-sifat:
Transparent, hard but brittle, non-porous, heat insulator, electric insulator, resistant to
2 List the property of glass.
Senaraikan sifat-sifat kaca. chemical, easy to clean, can withstand compression

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Complete the table below. Chemistry Form 4 • MODULE
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.
Uses
Types of Composition Special properties Kegunaan
glass Komposisi Sifat istimewa
Making flat glass, electrical bulbs,
Jenis kaca mirrors, glass containers

Silicon dioxide, – Good chemical durability Making cookware and laboratory
sodium carbonate glassware such as boiling tube and
Soda-lime or calcium calcium Tahan kakisan bahan kimia . beakers.
glass carbonate
Kaca soda Silikon dioksida, – High termal expansion but does not Laboratory glassware, lenses,
telescope mirrors, optical fibres.
kapur natrium karbonat, withstand heat .

kalsium karbonat Pekali pengembangan haba tinggi .

Tidak tahan haba .

Silicion dioxide, – Good chemical durability
boron dioxide,
sodium oxide, Tahan kakisan bahan kimia .
aluminum oxide
Borosilicate Silikon dioksida, boron – Low thermal expansion.
glass
Kaca dioksida, natrium Pekali pengembangan haba rendah .
– Resistant to heat when heated to
borosilikat oksida, aluminium
high temperature.
oksida
Tahan haba apabila dipanaskan pada suhu
tinggi.

– Optically transparent.
Lut sinar.

– Good chemical durability

Tahan kakisan bahan kimia .

Fused glass Silicon dioxide – Low thermal expansion
Kaca silika Silikon dioksida Pekali pengembangan haba rendah .

terlakur – Can be heated to high temperature

and resistance to thermal shock.

Boleh dipanaskan pada suhu yang tinggi ,

tahan terhadap pertukaran suhu yang cepat.

Lead glass Silicon dioxide, – High refractive index and density . Tableware, crystal glass ware and
Kaca plumbum sodium oxide, Indeks biasan dan ketumpatan yang tinggi decorative glassware.
lead(II) oxide
Silikon dioksida, – Glittering appearance.
Kelihatan berkilat .
natrium oksida,

plumbum(II) oksida

Ceramics / Seramik

1 Name the elements found in ceramic.
Namakan unsur-unsur yang terkandung dalam seramik.

Aluminium, silicon, oxygen and hydrogen

2 Ceramics are made from clay. Name the main component of clay.
Seramik dibuat daripada tanah liat. Namakan komponen utama tanah liat.

Kaolin which is rich in hydrated aluminium silicate , Al2O32SiO2.2H2O.
, Al2O32SiO2.2H2O.
Kaolin yang mengandungi aluminium silikat terhidrat

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3 Complete the following table for the properties and uses of ceramic.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk menunjukkan sifat-sifat dan kegunaan seramik.

Property/Sifat Uses/Kegunaan

Hard and strong. Building materials such as cement , tiles , bricks, roof and toilet bowl.
Keras dan kuat.
Bahan binaan seperti simen , jubin , batu-bata, atap dan tandas.

Chemically inert and non-corrosive. – Kitchenware such as cooking pots and plates.
Tidak reaktif secara kimia dan tidak mudah periuk dan pinggan
Perkakas dapur seperti .
menghakis.
– Decorative items such as vases and pottery.

Barang hiasan seperti pasu dan lain-lain.

Have high melting point and good Insulation such as lining of furnace, wall of nuclear reactor and engine
insulator of heat, remain stable under parts.
high temperature.
Mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi dan Penebat haba seperti melapik dinding relau, dinding bagi reaktor nuklear dan
penebat haba yang baik serta stabil dalam .
suhu yang tinggi. bahagian enjin

Good insulator electric. Electric insulator in electrical items such as electric plugs , oven and
Penebat elektrik yang baik. electric cables . ketuhar dan

Non compressible. Penebat elektrik bagi alat-alat elektrik seperti plug elektrik ,
Tidak boleh dimampatkan. kabel elektrik .

Medical and dental apparatus such as orthopedic joint replacement,
dental restoration and bone implants.
Alat-alat perubatan dan pergigian seperti penukaran sendi ortopedik, gigi

palsu dan pemindahan tulang.

Composite Materials / Bahan Komposit

1 (a) Composite materials are structural materials that are formed by combining two or more different substances such as
metal , alloys , ceramic , glass and polymer .

Bahan-bahan komposit adalah bahan yang diperbuat daripada gabungan dua atau lebih bahan berbeza seperti logam ,

aloi , seramik , kaca dan polimer .

(b) Composite materials have properties that are superior than those of the original components.
Bahan-bahan komposit mempunyai sifat-sifat yang lebih baik berbanding dengan komponen-komponen asal.

2 Complete the table below:
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

Types of Components Special properties Example of uses
composite Komponen Sifat istimewa Contoh kegunaan
materials
Jenis bahan komposit Conduct electricity with Used in medical magnetic-imaging
no resistance when it is devices(MRI), generators,
Superconductors Copper(II) oxide, barium transformers, computer parts and
Super konduktor carbonate and Yttrium oxide cooled at low temperature. bullet train
heated to form a type of Boleh mengalirkan arus elektrik
ceramic known as perovoskyte Construction of building, bridges
Kuprum(II) oksida, barium tanpa rintangan pada suhu yang and oil platforms
amat rendah.
karbonat dan natrium oksida
Very strong and can be
dipanaskan membentuk sejenis moulded into any shape.

seramik dipanggil perovoskit Sangat kuat dan boleh
dibentuk menjadi pelbagai bentuk.
Reinforced Concrete ( cement , sand
concrete and pebbles) reinforced with
Konkrit yang
steel and polymer
diperkukuhkan fibers
Konkrit ( simen , pasir

dan batu kerikil) diperkukuhkan
dengan keluli dan polimer

gentian.

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Fibre glass Plastic reinforced with High tensile strength, Making water storage tanks,
Plastik yang glass fiber . low density, easily moulded in boats, helmets
diperkukuhkan
dengan kaca Plastik yang diperkukuhkan dengan thin layers.
gentian kaca . Daya regangan tinggi, ketumpatan
Photochromic
glass Photochromic substance like rendah , mudah dibentuk menjadi
silver chloride embedded lapisan nipis .
Kaca fotokromik
in glass/transparent polymers Darken when exposed to bright Making optical lens, car wind
Bahan fotokromik seperti shield light intensity meters
light and becomes clear when
argentum klorida digabungkan exposed to dim light.
dengan kaca atau polimer lut sinar.
Menjadi gelap apabila dikenakan

cahaya cerah dan menjadi cerah

dalam cahaya malap.

EXERCISE / LATIHAN

1 The diagram below shows the reaction involve in the production of fertilizer Z in industry.
Rajah berikut menunjukkan tindak balas yang terlibat dalam pembuatan baja Z dalam industri.

Process X Ammonia Reaction P Compound Z
Proses X Ammonia Tindak balas P Sebatian Z

Process Y Sulphuric acid
Proses Y Asid sulfurik

(a) (i) Name Process X and Process Y.
Namakan Proses X dan Proses Y.

Process X / Proses X: Haber process Process Y / Proses Y: Contact process

(ii) Complete the following table related to process X and Y.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut yang berkaitan dengan proses X dan Y.

Process Catalyst Temperature/°C Pressure/ Balanced equation for the reaction
Proses Mangkin Suhu/°C atm that Involve a catalyst

Process X Iron 400 – 500 Tekanan / atm Persamaan kimia tindak balas yang melibatkan
Proses X Besi 200 mangkin

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

Process Y Vandaium(V) oxide 450 – 500 2 – 3 2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Proses Y Vanadium(V) oksida

(b) Ammonia react with sulphuric acid through reaction P to produce compound Z.
Ammonia bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik melalui tindak balas P menghasilkan sebatian Z.

(i) Write a balance equation for reaction P.
Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi tindak balas P.

NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4 )2SO4

(ii) What is the type of reaction that takes place?
Apakah jenis tindak balas yang berlaku?

Neutralisation

(iii) State one important use of compound Z.
Nyatakan satu kegunaan penting sebatian Z.

Fertiliser

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(iv) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in compound Z.

[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1]

Hitungkan peratusan jisim nitrogen dalam sebatian Z.

[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1]

%N = 2 × 14 × 100% = 21.2%
2(14 + 4 × 1) + 32 + 4 × 16

2 The table shows the examples and component of four types of manufactured substances in industry.
Jadual berikut menunjukkan contoh-contoh dan komponen bagi empat jenis bahan buatan dalam industri.

Type of manufactured Example Component
substances Contoh Komponen

Jenis bahan buatan Reinforced concrete Cement, sand, small pebbles and steel
Konkrit yang diperkukuhkan Simen, pasir, batu kecil dan keluli
P Copper and tin / Kuprum dan stanum
Q Bronze / Gangsa Chloroethene / Kloroetena
Polymer / Polimer R

Glass / Kaca S Silicon dioxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate
Silikon dioksida, natrium karbonat, kalsium karbonat

(a) State the name of P, Q, R and S. Q: Alloy
Namakan P, Q, R dan S. S: Soda-lime glass

P: Composite materials

R: Polyvinyl chloride

(b) (i) State two uses of reinforced concrete.
Nyatakan dua kegunaan konkrit yang diperkukuhkan.

To make framework of buildings and bridges.

(ii) What is the advantage of using reinforced concrete compared to concrete?
Apakah kelebihan konkrit yang diperkukuhkan berbanding dengan konkrit?

Reinforced concrete can withstand higher pressure/support heavier loads/ stronger/ higher tensile strength

than concrete.

(c) (i) Draw the arrangement of particles in
Lukis susunan atom dalam Bronze / Gangsa

Pure copper / Kuprum tulen

Copper Copper
Tin

(ii) Bronze is harder than pure copper. Explain.
Gangsa lebih keras daripada kuprum. Terangkan.

– Atoms of pure copper metal are the of same size, they arranged orderly in layers.

– Layers of atoms are easily slide over each other when external force is applied on them.

– The size of tin atoms which are bigger than copper in bronze disrupt the orderly arrangement of copper

atoms.

– Layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding each other when external force is applied.

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(d) The diagram shows the structure of R. / Rajah berikut merupakan struktur bagi R.

H H


C – C


H C1 n

(i) Draw the structural formula for monomer R. / Lukiskan formula struktur bagi monomer R.

H H

C = C


H C1

(ii) State one use of polymer R.
Nyatakan satu kegunaan polimer R.

Pipe / wire cables / bags / footwear

(iii) State two ways how R causes environmental pollution.
Nyatakan dua cara R menyebabkan pencemaran alam.

– R is non biodegradable, it can cause blockage of drainage system and flash flood.

– Burning of R produces hydrogen chloride gas which is poisonous and acidic.

(e) (i) Explain why glass containers are more suitable for storing acid in the laboratory.
Terangkan mengapa bekas kaca lebih sesuai digunakan untuk menyimpan asid di dalam makmal.

Glass is chemically inert/ glass is non-reactive

(ii) Soda-lime glass cannot withstand high temperature. State the name of another type of glass that is more heat
resistant.

Kaca soda kapur tidak tahan suhu yang tinggi. Namakan jenis kaca lain yang lebih tahan haba.

Borosilicate glass

Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif

1 Which of the following are the uses of sulphuric acid? 3 The equation below shows chemical equation to produce
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah kegunaan asid sulfurik? ammonia in Haber Process.
Persamaan tindak balas berikut menunjukkan persamaan kimia untuk
I Detergent III Paint menghasilkan ammonia dalam Proses Haber.

Detergen Cat Fe
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
II Fertiliser IV Synthetic fiber
Which of the following is the function of iron, Fe in the
Baja Gentian sintetik process?
A I and II only C I, II and IV only Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah fungsi besi, Fe dalam proses itu?
I dan II sahaja I, II dan IV sahaja A To lower the pressure required for the process.
B III and IV only D I, II, III and IV
III dan IV sahaja I, II, III dan IV Merendahkan tekanan yang diperlukan untuk proses itu.
B To lower the temperature required for the process.

2 The diagram below shows the stages I, II, III and IV in the Merendahkan suhu yang diperlukan untuk proses itu.
Contact Process. C To increase the rate of production of ammonia.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan peringkat I, II, III dan IV dalam Proses Untuk meningkatkan kadar pengeluaran ammonia.
D To increase the percentage of production of ammonia.
Sentuh.
Untuk meningkatkan peratus penghasilan ammonia.
I II III IV
S SO2 SO3 H2S2O7 H2SO4 ion Sdn. B

Which of the following stages requires the use of a catalyst? 181

Antara peringkat berikut, yang manakah memerlukan mangkin?

A I C III
B II D IV

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MODULE • Chemistry Form 4

4 The diagram below shows the arrangement of atoms in alloy 8 Which of the following are the characteristics of synthetic
X. polymers that causes environmental pollution?
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan atom dalam aloi X. Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah ciri-ciri polimer sintetik yang
menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar?
Copper/Kuprum
Zinc/Zink I Polymers are non biodegradable
Polimer adalah tidak terbiodegradasi
What is alloy X? C Cupronickel
Apakah aloi X? Kupronikel II Polymers dissolve in water and increase pH of water
A Brass Polimer larut dalam air dan meningkatkan pH air
D Duralumin
Loyang Duralumin III Burning of polymers release toxic gas
B Bronze Pembakaran polimer membebaskan gas beracun

Gangsa IV Disposal of polymers promote excessive growth of algae
Pembuangan polimer meningkatkan pertumbuhan alga berlebihan
5 An alloy Y is used to make a body of an aeroplane.
Which of the following is alloy Y and its major component? A I and III only
Aloi Y digunakan untuk membuat badan kapal terbang. I dan III sahaja

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah aloi Y dan komponen utamanya? B II and III only
II dan III sahaja
Alloy Y Major component
Aloi Y Komponen utama C I, III and IV only
I, III dan IV sahaja
A Duralumin Magnesium
Duralumin Magnesium D II, III and IV only
II, III dan IV sahaja
B Duralumin Aluminium
Duralumin Aluminium 9 Ceramic is used to make wall of reactor nuclear. Which of the
following is the characteristic of ceramic for the usage?
C Bronze Copper Seramik digunakan untuk membuat dinding reaktor nuklear. Antara
Gangsa Kuprum berikut, yang manakah adalah ciri seramik untuk penggunaan itu?
A Hard and strong
D Cupronickel Copper Keras dan kuat
Kupronikel Kuprum B Good insulator electric
Penebat elektrik yang baik
6 Which type of glass is suitable for making beakers and test C Remain stable under high temperature
tubes that can be used for heating? Kekal stabil pada suhu tinggi
D Chemically inert and non corrosive
Kaca yang manakah adalah sesuai untuk membuat bikar dan tabung uji Lengai terhadap bahan kimia dan tidak terkakis

yang boleh digunakan untuk pemanasan? 10 The following information is about substance Z which is used
in bullet train.
A Lead glass C Borosilicate glass Maklumat berikut adalah berkaitan dengan bahan Z yang digunakan
Kaca plumbum Kaca borosilikat dalam keretapi laju.

B Soda-lime glass D Photochromic glass Conducts electricity with no resistance at low
Kaca soda kapur Kaca fotokromik temperature.
Mengkonduksi elektrik tanpa rintangan pada suhu rendah.
7 The information below shows the property of a glass X.
Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan sifat kaca X. What is substance Z?
Apakah bahan Z?
When the glass X is heated to a high A Fiber glass
temperature and plunged into cold water, the
glass does not crack. Duralumin
Apabila kaca X dipanaskan dengan kuat dan seterusnya B Superconductors

dimasukkan ke dalam air sejuk, kaca itu tidak pecah. Super konduktor
C Polyvinylchloride
What is glass X?
Apakah kaca X? Polivinil klorida
A Lead crystal glass D Fibre glass

Kaca plumbum Plastik yang diperkukuhkan dengan kaca
B Soda-lime glass
C Fused glass
Kaca soda kapur Kaca silika terlakur

D Borosilicate glass
Kaca borosilikat

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