4.7 Exam-style questions
1 Evaluate the success of third-party involvement in transforming one intra-state
conict away from violence and towards positive peace.
Examiner hints Reasons why third-par t involvement may not succeed:
● the third-par ty involvement is imposed and not
desired by at least one of the par ties in conict
Dierent arguments may be considered depending on
which intra-state conict is used in the answer, and it ● if the involvement includes a mediation process that
is expected that the answer will evaluate the validity of is in the public domain, actors are likely to play to
those arguments in the context of the chosen conict. their constituents for domestic political gain
Responses are likely to include an explanation of the key
terms from the question, such as third-par ty involvement ● extremists commit acts of violence to destroy trust in
(identifying dierent options for intervention, for the negotiation process
example, armed military, diplomatic, economic), conict
transformation, intra-state conict, violence, and positive ● the wrong individuals from the par ties in conict are
peace. They may also highlight the impor tance of involved and they do not have the suppor t of the rank
negative peace as an interim stage. and le engaged in the conict – no mandate
Reasons why third-par ty involvement may succeed:
● there is a suppor tive external environment with a ● some conicts are long-running and seemingly
strong regional and international dimension ● intractable, or the violence has been extreme and
wounds are extensive – mediation or negotiation are
● the par ties in conict will benet from the not possible
transformation to peace (negative and positive) more
than they can benet from an extension of ghting there is a failure to identify and implement the
criteria that would determine success
● the par ties in the conict agree to the third-par ty ● the third par ty may withdraw its involvement and
● involvement leave the conict unresolved, and possibly even less
tractable.
● the third par ty has the trust of all par ties, is genuinely
● neutral, detached from the reasons for conict, and is Responses should refer to one specic intra-state
not seeking to take control in the conict conict. While there are many denitions of intra-state
conict, examples chosen would typically have a high
the third par ty has the necessary political, nancial, level of violence, within the internal boundaries of a state
and/or administrative status and with the established authority or government as one
of the par ties in conict. Students may give examples of
the third par ty has the resources and exper tise ethnic or civil conicts which are less obviously/explicitly
(knowledge and skills) to act as a mediator between intra-state conicts, however, a broad denition should be
warring groups and to help lead them to a peaceful accepted.
resolution
● neutral observers, for example, election observers, The end of the Cold War marked a fourfold increase in the
can change the behaviour of protagonists use of United Nations peacekeeping forces in intra-state
conicts around the globe. Some appropriate examples
● third par ties have the power to transform a conict could be Kashmir, the former Yugoslavia, Cambodia,
through the use of weapon embargoes, nancial Nicaragua, Sri Lanka, Darfur, Afghanistan, Iraq or, more
freezes, and/or trade limitations or by enhancing the recently, countries aected by the Arab Spring.
status of the weaker par ty in an asymmetric conict,
thereby bringing the stronger par ty to accept value in Responses should include the candidate’s evaluation of
negotiation. whether or not third-par ty involvement can transform a
conict towards peace, and under what circumstances.
196
4 .7: E x a m - s t y l e q u e s t i o n s
2 “The use of violence can never be legitimate.” Discuss the validity
of this claim, with reference to at least one violent conict you have
studied.
Examiner hints Arguments against the legitimization of violence may
include:
The focus of this question is on the moral and ethical ● violence doesn’t solve anything but leads potentially
dilemma that warfare and violence cause given that in to more violence – conicts may escalate and spill
most societies killing is regarded as wrong, and therefore over into other areas, harming innocent civilians
if violence is to be presented as legitimate there will be
religious, legal and ethical formulations needed to outline ● theological/ethical arguments against taking human
the legitimacy of war and violence. Depending on the life under any circumstances, or causing undue
conict(s) used as an example, responses could look at suering
religious perspectives, or at legal aspects, for example,
the Geneva Convention, the Nuremberg Principles, or the ● violence often involves material destruction, for
UN Char ter, or at moral perspectives. example, of infrastructure, livelihoods, and resources
that may take years to normalize and be very costly
Arguments used to legitimize violence may include: to replace
● religious legitimacy: violence can be justied in
theological terms, for example, in pursuance of a
“holy war ” or “physical jihad” by Judaism, Islam, ● non-violent protests can be equally or more eective,
Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and so on and peaceful solutions through diplomatic means are
likely to be more sustainable.
● legal legitimacy: violence as a response to a Responses should contain reference to at least one
perceived international threat, following the passing example of a violent conict. This may, for example, be
of a UN resolution (for example, the UN Char ter through the concept of a state monopoly on violence
Chapter VII regarding the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (Weber) with the formal decision of a state to go to war,
(UNIKOM), or the NATO-led intervention in Libya or counter-examples of non-state actors who claim
legitimacy, for example, that they are acting in self-
● moral legitimacy: the use of violence by states could defence. Non-state examples could include Nor thern
be regarded as a lesser evil to achieve a greater Ireland, Israel-Palestine, South Sudan, Ukraine, the Arab
good, such as to avoid an undue loss of human life, Spring, Syria/Iraq, Kashmir.
or to defend its citizens, and defend justice, or in
opposition to structural violence, such as unfair laws, Responses should include the candidate’s conclusion on
discrimination, threat(s) to livelihood, or in response whether or not violence can ever be legitimate.
to forced migration, or lack of resources; Max Weber ’s
ideas on the state’s monopoly on violence could be
relevant
● the need for self-defence by individuals or
communities, for example, by indigenous groups,
needing to protect themselves against outside (or
local) aggression; or in revolt against an occupier, for
example, the violence by Shiite groups against the
US-led invasion of Iraq
● “Just War Doctrine” provides an ideal platform for
analysing the legitimacy of war and violence: jus ad
bellum provides the legitimacy for going to war. Last
Resor t, Legitimate Authority (State), Right Intention
and Just Cause, Chance of Success, Ultimate Goal of
Peace and Jus in Bello, provide the legitimacy for how
the war is fought; violence must be propor tional and
discriminatory (not target non-combatants).
197
4 PE ACE AND CONFLICT
3 Peacebuilding is arguably more important than peacemaking, yet it is
given much less funding and attention. To what extent do you agree
with this claim?
Examiner hints
Responses should include the candidate’s understanding of the concept of peace,
and distinguish between the processes of peacebuilding and peacemaking. They
may refer to negative peace, that is, the absence of direct physical violence and the
end of warfare, as the essential rst step in any peacemaking process. Responses
may then contrast this with positive peace, which has to do with tackling post-
conict structures of violence in order to build sustainable peace.
Arguments that suppor t the claim may include:
● peacebuilding, in which civil society is rebuilt through re-establishing social
institutions such as medical facilities and schools, is essential for the
promotion of social justice and the rebuilding of civil society
● in many situations the world’s attention, and international eor ts, are directed
towards funding and suppor ting the earlier stages of peacemaking – that is, the
achieving, monitoring and maintaining of a state of negative peace
● once negative peace has been achieved and the most visible forms of
suering have subsided, world attention tends to be directed elsewhere, and
international suppor t is for thcoming only from nations that have vested political
and economic interests in the country or area in question.
Arguments against the claim may include:
● the most expensive and most impor tant eor ts have to be directed towards
ending armed conicts, as it is in these that human suering and human rights
abuses are likely to be at their worst
● establishing and then maintaining a newly achieved peace demand the
greatest commitment, as the situation is likely to be at its most sensitive in the
immediate aftermath of the conict
● peacebuilding is likely to be suppor ted in cases where direct economic and
political benets are associated with post-war reconstruction, for example,
where expensive infrastructure developments are under taken for the benet of
domestic or third par ties with vested interests. However, in these scenarios, the
building of low-cost social and educational institutions may be a low priority.
Responses should contain references to specic examples. These may be taken,
for instance, from the break-up and reconstruction of the former Yugoslavia; the Iraq
war and post-war reconstruction; the truth and reconciliation commission in South
Africa; peacebuilding eor ts in Rwanda or in Cambodia following the UN-backed
withdrawal of Vietnamese forces and the UN-suppor ted elections, though any
appropriate examples should be rewarded.
Responses should include the candidate’s view of whether peacebuilding is much
more impor tant than peacemaking, and whether it receives less funding and
attention.
198
4 .7: E x a m - s t y l e q u e s t i o n s
4 Discuss why non-violent protest is sometimes able to achieve success against
even the most powerful of opponents.
Examiner hints Arguments for why non-violent protest may not achieve
success against powerful opponents:
Responses should draw specically on candidates’ ● fragmentation: any divisions among the protesters
understanding of relevant key concepts, such as power, will make non-violent protest ineective against the
conict, and non-violence, and may also touch on the most powerful opponents
theoretical foundation of pacism given for this unit,
or on the theoretical foundations of unit 1. Candidates ● in asymmetric conicts, the available violent
may distinguish between hard and soft power. They responses are often guerrilla war or terrorism and
may explore the nature of conict, perhaps using a such tactics allow the more powerful opponent to
theoretical construct such as Galtung’s conict triangle to justify the use of their hard power and excessive
identify that in conict there is always a contradiction or violence to achieve their objectives; protesters
situational cause of conict which is then manifested in turning to violence, and especially to the
dierent ways. Responses may explain that conict can indiscriminate use of extreme physical violence,
be symmetric or asymmetric (they do not have to use with no regard to international opinion or to controls
this exact term) and that it is in asymmetric conicts that (by bodies such as the International Criminal Cour t)
non-violent protest is most often used. will rule out the eectiveness of allied non-violent
protests, by losing them the moral high ground
Arguments for why non-violent protest can achieve
success against even the most powerful of opponents:
● closure or failure of communications and mass or
social media will weaken the power of non-violent
● the power of rulers derives from consent by protest .
the subjects; non-violent action is a process of
withdrawing consent and thus is a way to challenge ● harsh punitive measures may be taken by the
the key problems of dictatorship and other systems powerful par ties against the protestors that may
of oppression, genocide, and war eectively silence their opposition, at least in the
shor t term: “might” may suppress “right”.
● in asymmetric conicts, where the weaker par ty’s
hard power capabilities are often limited, using the
soft power of non-violent protest to challenge the Responses should contain references to specic
stronger par ty may be a more eective mechanism examples. The standard examples of non-violent protests
to achieve an accommodation of the weaker par ty’s are those of Mahatma Gandhi and Mar tin Luther King.
vital interests Unless these examples are well structured – that is,
unless theory is present, backed up by the examples –
● in cer tain cases, especially where open they are often unpersuasive. Candidates could consider
communications, publicity and the interest of the more recent examples, such as the popular movements
world media exist together, non-violent tactics in dierent countries that eventually led to the collapse
can alter the conict symmetry by redening the of the Soviet Union; the 1990s protest against Apar theid
conict in terms of rights and by denying the use of in South Africa; or the rst Palestinian Intifada, which, it
unrestricted power to the more powerful par ty can be argued, led to the Oslo Peace Process. Non-violent
revolutions of the Arab Spring could also be addressed.
● communications and modern social media have
changed the ability of non-violent protest to Responses should include the candidate’s views on why
challenge even the most powerful opponents (for non-violent protest might or might not achieve success
example, see Erica Chenoweth and Maria Stephan’s against powerful opponents.
2012 book Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic
Logic of Nonviolent Conict)
● the likelihood of success for a non-violent protest is
enhanced by the fact that there is such a wide variety
of methods which can be applied in dierent contexts
(Gene Sharp’s Theory of Power presents 198 such
methods of non-violent action).
199
4 PE ACE AND CONFLICT
5 “Transforming armed conict towards peace relies on an
interrelationship of peacemaking, peace keeping and peace building.”
Discuss.
Examiner hints Arguments for reliance on an interrelationship may
include:
Better answers will demonstrate an excellent
understanding of the concepts of peace and conict, and ● if the infrastructure and stable governance is not in
will explain the terms peacemaking, peace keeping and place then the peace will not last
peace building, and how these three interrelate. Although ● if there is no reconciliation and reconstruction then
it is expected that candidates should explain what is conict may reignite, and there may be lasting
meant by armed conict, it should be noted that providing psychological resentment etc.
lengthy denitions of terms should not form the main
par t of the essay. The focus should be on discussing the Arguments against reliance on an interrelationship may
interrelationship between the three concepts named in include:
the question: ● the view that as soon as armed conict has stopped,
● peacemaking may be described as armed peace has been achieved, so you don’t need the
intervention with the possible use of force (violence) other elements.
to separate par ties in conict. Answers may discuss Candidates could also argue that lasting peace relies on
whether it is always and only dened as this, for other factors, such as the protection of human rights,
example, discussing whether eor ts at diplomacy and fair access to resources, in addition to these three
may not also count as peace-making. elements. Answers may make reference to specic
● peace keeping may be described as maintaining examples, such as to Afghanistan and Iraq, where the
the status quo with armed force and with the use of emphasis is on reconstruction, or to where the lack of all
unarmed observers between par ties in conict with three activities for securing peace has meant that conict
their agreement. has returned, or to where they have successfully been
implemented together to establish peace.
● peace building may be described as the building
of positive peace and the infrastructure of civil Answers should include a conclusion on whether
society, for example, education, access to health peace does rely on an interrelationship of these three.
care, local services and governance structures, and Candidates may bring in a practical reection such as
the removing of psychological scars of violence. that although all three might be needed this is not always
Candidates may refer to the concept of peace as possible to implement – for example, if resources are
often being dened as a state both of non-conict limited, then it might be preferable to use these in more
and of harmonious relations. urgent peacemaking situations rather than tying them up
in peacekeeping and peace building eor ts.
Candidates should discuss the relative impor tance of
each process to the others and how each contributes
to a successful peace process. The more sophisticated
answers may identify that international interest and
suppor t for the process will usually have declined or
disappeared before peace building has been embarked
on.
200
4.2: CONTE STED ME ANINGS OF PE ACE , CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE
6 “If a person died from tuberculosis in the eighteenth century it
would be hard to conceive of this as violence since it might have
been quite unavoidable, but if he dies from it today, despite all the
medical resources in the world, then violence is present” (Galtung).
To what extent do you agree with the view that those in power have
an obligation to identify and prevent structural violence?
Examiner hints
Better answers will demonstrate an excellent understanding of what is meant by
structural violence. Candidates may discuss the impor tance of understanding
dierent concepts of peace and violence: peace as the absence of war and
direct violence, or peace as the absence of all violence, including structural
violence as in this reference. Candidates may include specic discussion of
Galtung and the context of the 1960s and 1970s and how this is relevant today
(the quotation, from 1969, comes from the context of the Cold War and the clash
between dierent ideologies): however it should be noted that this should not
be the focus of the response.
Arguments that those in power have an obligation may include:
● economic and social policies should include equal access for everyone
● those in power have a primary obligation to meet the basic needs of all
people
● health care provisions like vaccinations are a basic need
● governments have more formal obligations and responsibilities than NGOs,
MNCs, etc.
Arguments that they do not have an obligation may include:
● there is no such thing as structural violence
● epidemics are natural and unfor tunate events rather than the responsibility
of governments
● it is the responsibility of individuals to take care of themselves, and the
managers of power have no obligation to do so.
Answers may make reference to specic examples, such as to places where
deaths due to tuberculosis are still happening, such as in rural Haiti; or to where
water is still the cause of a high percentage of communicable diseases, such as
in India, or to where deser tication and other negative environmental impacts,
with resulting implications for health, occur due to the building of dams, for
example, as in the Three Gorges Dam over the Yangtze river.
Candidates should include a conclusion on the extent to which they agree that
those in power have an obligation to prevent structural violence.
201
4.8 References and fur ther reading
1 17
King Jr, Martin Luther. Letter from a Birmingham Jail World Health Organization. WHO Multi-country
16April 1963. Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence
2 against Women. http://www.who.int/gender/violence/
Galtung, Johan. 1969. Violence, Peace and Peace Research,
who_multicountry_study/summary_report/summary_
Journal of Peace Research no. 23 – 9.
report_English2.pdf, p. vi.
3
Streeten, Paul. 1995. Foreword. Reections on Human 18
Baumeister, Roy F and Bushman, Brad. 2014. Social
Development By Mahbub ul Haq. Oxford University
Psychology and Human Nature. Comprehensive
Press, p. xiv.
Edition, pp. 294–308.
4
Mahbubani, Kishore. 31 January 2015. “Human 19
Galtung, Johan. 1969. “Violence, Peace and Peace
wellbeing and security”. The Lancet. http://www.
Research”. Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 6, number
mahbubani.net/articles%20by%20dean/Lancet.pdf.
3, pp. 167–191.
5
Galtung, Johan. 1958. Theories of Conict, p.24). https:// 20
This interpretation is termed “structural violence” by
www.transcend.org/les/Galtung_Book_Theories_Of_
Ramsbotham, Oliv e r, Wo od ho u s e , To m an d M i al l,
Conict_single.pdf.
Hugh. 2011. Contemporary Conict Resolution. 3rd
6
The Guardian. 2 July 2013. “Doesn’t religion cause most edition. Polity Press.
of the conict in the world?” http://www.theguardian. 21
Hathaway, William, T. 21 October 2013. “Varieties
com/commentisfree/2013/jul/02/religion-wars-conict.
of Violence: Structural, Cultural and Direct”. Conict
7
King, John. 27 September 2002. “Bush calls Saddam Resolution/Mediation. https://www.transcend.org/
‘the guy who tried to kill my dad”. http://edition.cnn tms/2013/10/varieties-of-violence-structural-cultural-
.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/09/27/bush.war.talk/. and-direct/.
8 22
Al Jazeera. 28 November 2011. “Fresh protests in Moore. 1996.
Bolivia road row”. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/ 23
“Armed Conicts at the End of the Cold War, 1989–
americas/2011/09/2011928204718315778.html.
1992” by Karin Axell and Peter Wallensteen, 1993,
9
Roy, Arundhati. 2004. The Ordinary Person’s Guide to Journal of Peace Research, 30(3): pp. 331–346
Empire, p. 135. 24
Gleditsch, Nils Pe tte r, Wa l l e ns te e n, P ete r, E r i k ss on ,
10
Gerstandt, Joe. 5 April 2012. “Conict: what is it good Mikael, Sollenberg, Margareta and Strand, Harvard.
for?” http://www.joegerstandt.com/2012/04/conict- 2002. “Armed Conict 1946–2001: A New Dataset
what-is-it-good-for/. 2002”. Journa l of Peace Re s e a r c h. Vol. 39, number 5 ,
11 pp. 615–637.
Al Jazeera. 14 February 2015. “Protests mark fourth
25
anniversary Bahrain Uprising”. http://www.aljazeera. World Economic Forum. Global Risks Report 2015.
com/news/2015/02/protests-mark-fourth-anniversary- http://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-
bahrain-uprising-150214074700114.html. report-2015.
12 26
McCann, Colum. 30 March 2013. “Remembering Human Security Report 2012. http://hsrgroup.org/
an Easter Miracle in Northern Ireland”. http:// docs/Publications/HSR2012/HSRP2012_Chapter%207.
www.nytimes.com/2013/03/31/sunday-review/ pdf.
remembering-an-easter-miracle-in-northern-ireland. 27
Abramson, Ha rold I . 2 0 04 . Mediation Represent a t i on:
html.
Advoca ting in a prob l e m s ol vi n g pr o ce s s. NISA.
13
UN News Centre. 23 July 2009. “Assembly President 28
Schabas, William. 2000. Genocide in International Law.
Warns On Doctrine To Intervene on War Crimes
The Crime of Crimes, p. ix.
Atrocities”. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.
29
asp?NewsID=31562#.VaeW6PmqpHw. Truth and Reconciliation Commission. http://www.
14 justice.gov.za/trc/.
Berridge, GR. 1994. Diplomacy. Theory and Practice, p.
30
208. BBC News. 16 December 2015. “What is fracking and
15 why is it so controversial?” http://www.bbc.com/news/
Miller, Christopher E. 2005. A Glossary of Terms and
uk-14432401.
Concepts in Peace and Conict Studies. 2nd edition. https://
31
www.upeace.org/pdf/glossaryv2.pdf. Moore, Christopher. 1996. The Mediation Process. 2nd
16 edition, pp. 60–61.
See Dutton, Dona l d G. 20 06 . Rethinking Domestic
Violence. Unive rsity of Bri ti s h C o lum b i a P r e s s , p . 3.
202
4.8: REFERENCE S , F UR THER RE ADING AND RE SOUR CE S
32 41
Said, Edward. 4 October 2004. “The Clash of Brown, Michael, E. 1996. “The Underlying Causes of
Ignorance”. http://www.thenation.com/article/clash- Internal Conict”. In International Dimensions of Internal
ignorance/. Conict, p. 14.
33 42
Patel, Sujay and Gadit, Amin Muhammad. December Bellamy, Alex J and Wheeler, Nicholas J. 2011.
2008. “Karo-Kari: A form of honour killing in “Humanitarian intervention in world politics”. In
Pakistan”. Transcultural Psychiatry. Vol. 45, number 4, John Baylis, Steve Smith and Patricia Owens. The
pp. 683–694. Globalization of World Politics
34 43
Goldstein, Joshua. 2004. International Relations, p. 295. Opotow, Susan. June 2001. “Reconciliation in Times of
35 Impunity: Challenges for Social Justice”. Social Justice
O’Brien, William. 2009. “The conduct of just and
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44
Problems, pp. 21–32. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
36 17 July 1998. http://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/rdonlyres/
Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States
ea9aeff7-5752-4f84-be94-0a655eb30e16/0/rome_
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whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/
45
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Sears, David O, Huddy, Leonie and Jervis, Robert
(editors). 2003. Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology.
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38
Jabri, Vivienne. 1996. Discourses on violence. Manchester
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39
Harris, Lasana T and Fiske, Susan T. 2011.
“Dehumanized Perception, A Psychological Means to
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40
Collier, Paul and Hoefer, Anke. 2004. “Greed and
Grievance in Civil War”. Oxford Economic Papers 56,
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203
Conclusion The world has changed, and with it the politics that have emerged
are signicantly different from that of the past. This Companion has
204 focused on contemporary politics on various geographic levels that add
up to a global scale. With that are concepts that help us analyze what is
happening on the ground and how to approach what we are now seeing
on a daily basis. The four units that are presented here together present
a holistic framework for viewing contemporary global politics. With
that we have included historical background to show how action on the
ground has changed and the how present day realities have evolved.
Each of the units includes key concepts that are important in
understanding the relationship of the unit’s subject to global politics.
These are integrated into examples that further provide a grounded
understanding of how politics function. This is where the important sub-
focus of “people, power and politics” comes into play, for it is not only
the nation states that contribute to global politics but the people who
make up those nation-states, the organizations and institutions that play
a role in maintaining social formations, and the people who either accept
or resist the personal and organizational power that they are faced with
on a daily basis.
The Global Politics Diploma Course and this Companion are designed
so that teachers and students have a role in determining what examples
they focus on and the parts of global politics that are of most interest to
them. While the four units present the primary subject matter, within
those subjects are many possibilities for study and analysis. With the
approval of the course teachers, students can choose contemporary
examples that elucidate the concepts and subjects presented in the
course and in the Companion, and can be assessed on their individual
understanding of how the concepts are related to their experience and
daily life.
The way we all live now differs from the past by culture, geographic
area, history and circumstances, and will continue to change as
populations react to new circumstances, as globalization advances, and
as geographic levels restructure themselves. The contemporary realities
of global politics are complex, and will continue to require an open mind
and a thoughtful analysis. Many of my students ask me at the end of
the semester whether there is any hope for the world, given the many
crises and conicts, including natural disasters that seem to dominate
our discussion of global politics. My answer is always that it will depend
on them, their activity, their active involvement, to assure that the world
remains a livable and an exciting and healthy place. There is no room
anymore for apathy or dis-involvement. As these four units have shown,
we have much work ahead of us, and while sometimes discouraging, it
can also be exciting and will benet all.
INDE X
development 79, 80–1
Index
approaches for developing the economy 121–5
brief history 86–90
A capability theories 120
accountability 110–11 changing roles of women 130–1
aid 111–12 concern for citizenship skills and engagement 126–8
contested meanings of development 92–6
dependency theory 89
C
development and conict 83, 108–9, 142
capability theories 120
development and human rights 83–4
capital 111–12
development and peace 83, 142
capital types 104
development in global politics 81–2
capitalist societies 50–1
economic factors 111–12
state capitalism 119
globalization 84–5
Charter of the Forest, England, 1215 50
government accountability and transparency 110–11
circular economy 124–5
health’s links to GDP 130
citizenship skills 126–8
human development 97–8
Activate! 127
ideology and political systems 110
civil society 33–5
improving education and healthcare 129
classical antiquity 49–50
inequality 85–6
climate change 116–17
levels of analyses 90–1
colonial period (circa 1800 to 1950+) 15
measuring development 100–7
communities 12–13, 28–30
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 90
civil society 33–5
neo-liberal theories 118–19
communities and agency 32–3
political factors 108–11
from communities to afliation 30–2
power and sovereignty and development 82–3
concepts 2
Rostow’s stages of growth 87–9
concept of community 12–13
social factors 112–16
conict 141, 143, 171, 177, 194
state capitalism 119
causes of conict 171–4
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) 89
conict dynamics 184–5
sustainability 86
conict mapping 176
sustainable development 98–100
conict resolution 188–91
data conicts 162
denitions 148–53 E
development 83, 108–9, 142 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 62
extra-state conict 159 economic circumstances 94
general characteristics of war, guerilla warfare and economic development 99
terrorism 178 circular economy 124–5
human rights 142 knowledge economy 123
inter-state conict 159, 160 tourism and entrepreneurship 121–2
interest conicts 162–3 trade liberalization and export orientation 121
internationalized internal conict 160–1 education 129
manifestations of conict 177–83 engagement 126–8
new directions 194–5 English Bill of Rights, 1689 50
non-state conicts 161 entrepreneurship 121–2
parties to conict 175–6 environment 116
power, sovereignty and international relations 142 environmental protection 99
relationship conicts 161–2 impact of climate change 116–17
structural and value conicts 164 equality 142
third-party involvement in conict 186–8 ethnicity 3
types of conict 158–70 exam-style questions
credit 111–12 development 132–7
cultural relativism 57–8 human rights 71–6
cultural rights 48 peace and conict 196–201
cultures 112–13 power, sovereignty and international relationships 36–41
custom 49–50 export orientation 121
extra-state conict 159
D
data conicts 162 F
dependency theory 89 First Generation Rights 56–7
205
INDE X
International Law Commission (ILO) 62
G
international mindedness 1
GDP 92
international politics 10
GDP and income 92
international relations 17, 142
health’s links to GDP 130
internationalized internal conict 160–1
gender 2, 113–14
changing roles of women 130–1
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) 102–3 J
global politics 1, 2, 5–7, 7–8 Just War Theory 165, 167–8
development in global politics 81–4 just cause 169–70
geographic levels 8–12 justice 142, 146
individual and group perspectives 2–3 International Court of Justice 62
levels of analysis 8–12, 142 reconciliation 191–3
theoretical foundations 142 restorative and retributive justice 191
globalization 3–4, 142
development 84–5 K
examples of the study of globalization 14 knowledge economy 123
globalization and social change 4, 5–7
people, power and politics 13–14 L
GNP 92, 100–1
laws 49–50
Greece, ancient 49
human rights laws and treaties 59–60
natural laws and custom 49–50
legitimacy 17, 142
Gross Domestic Product see GDP
local institutions 115
Gross National Product see GNP
local politics 11
guerilla warfare 178
M
H Magna Carta, England, 1215 50
Happy Planet Index (HPI) 105–7
material needs 94
healthcare 129
migration 114
health’s links to GDP 130
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 90
human development 97–8
poverty and hunger 93
Human Development Index (HDI) 101–2
multinational corporations (MNCs) 25–6
human rights 45, 56–7, 70
ancient Greece and Rome 49–50
N
brief history of human rights 46–7
nation-states 22–3
capitalist societies 50–1
national institutions 115
development and human rights 83–4
national politics 10
evolution of society 47–8
negative rights 46
laws and treaties 59–60
negotiations 188–9
politicization of human rights 68–9
interest-based negotiation 189
practice of human rights 66–7
Minsk negotiations, Belarus, 2015 189–91
UDHR 51, 51
neo-liberal theories 118–19
UN human rights legal system 61–5
non-government organizations (NGOs) 25–6, 146
universal rights and cultural relativism 57–8
non-state conicts 161
what are human rights? 46
non-violent protest 142, 181–2
Egypt 183
I
ideology 24
O
ideology and development 110
overpopulation 174
Inclusive Wealth Index (IWI) 104–5
indigenous people 115
P
inequality 85–6
peace 141, 143, 188, 194
inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) 25–6
denitions 143–4
inter-state conict 159, 160
development 83, 142
interdependence 17, 142
Greenpeace 146
interest conicts 162–3
human rights 142
internal conict 173–4
narrow forms of peace 145
International Court of Justice 62
new directions 194–5
International Criminal Court (ICC) 61
pacic third-party interventions in conict 186
International Labour Organization 62
peacekeeping, peacemaking and peacebuilding 147–8
206
INDE X
power, sovereignty and international relations 142 states 22–3
wider forms of peace 146–8 states and statehood in the contemporary world 20
peacebuilding 147–8, 191–3 structural conicts 164
peacemaking 147–8, 188–91 structural violence 21
interest-based negotiation 189 denitions 153–8
mediation 188 sustainability 86, 97, 147
Minsk negotiations, Belarus, 2015 189–91 sustainable development 98–100
people 13–14 climate change 117
Petition of Right, England, 1648 50 four dimensions 126
place 12
political systems 110 T
politics 7–8 terrorism 178, 179–80
international politics 10 Third Generation Rights 56–7
local politics 11 tourism 121–2
national politics 10 trade liberalization 118–19, 121
people, power and politics 13–14 traditions 112–13
regional politics 11 transnational corporations (TNCs) 25–6
positive rights 46 transparency 110-11
poverty 94–6 treaties 59–60
poverty reduction and equitable distribution of wealth 93 Minsk II Treaty 189–91
power 13–14, 17, 145
nation-states 22–3
U
nature of power 18
UDHR 51, 52
non-state actors 25–6
text of the Declaration 52–5
power and sovereignty and development 82–3
UN 26–7
power in context 18–19
human rights instruments 63–5
power, sovereignty and international relations 142
human rights legal system 61
social order, ideology and power 24
human rights mechanisms 62–3
states and statehood in the contemporary world 20
state responsibility to protect populations 187
types of power 20–1
UN Commission on the Status of Women 63
UN 26–7
UN General Assembly 63
violence and structural violence 21
UN High Commissioner for Refugees 63
prejudiced behaviour 177–8
UN Human Rights Council 62
UN Ofce of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
R (OHCHR) 62
reconciliation 191–3
UN Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Affairs Committee 63
references and further reading
United Nations see UN
development 138–9
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN, 1948 see UDHR
human rights 77
universal rights 57–8
peace and conict 202–3
power, sovereignty and international relationships 42–3
V
regional politics 11
values 112–13
relationship conicts 161–2
value conicts 164
religion 3, 112
violence 21, 142
peace 147
denitions 153–8
Rome, ancient 49 Duluth Model 155
natural laws and custom 49–50
Haiti 167
Rostow’s stages of growth 87–9
justications of violence 164–70
Seville statement on violence 156
S
Second Generation Rights 56–7 W
social development 99
war 178
social order 24
Washington Consensus 118–19
social relationships 95
wealth
society 47–8
poverty reduction and equitable distribution of wealth 93
sovereign wealth funds 119
sovereign wealth funds 119
sovereignty 17, 142
women 63
power and sovereignty and development 82–3
changing roles of women 130–1
space 12
state capitalism 119
207
Adapted version of Figure 1.5 ‘Links between health and income’ from p. 12 of Excerpt from
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GLOBAL POLITICS
Written by syllabus developer and UNESCO Chair in Human and Cultural Rights Author
Max Kirsch, this course book has been developed directly with the IB. By Max Kirsch
embracing a truly concept-based approach, this text provides the most
comprehensive coverage of the new syllabus, developing politically engaged What's on the cover?
learners who can think critically about the changing 21st century world. Full Paper lanterns floating on
assessment suppor t is included for the strongest results. the River Motoyasu
O xford course books are the only DP resources developed with the IB.
This means that they are:
➜ The most comprehensive and accurate match to IB specifications
➜ Written by exper t and experienced IB examiners and teachers
➜ Packed with accurate assessment suppor t, directly from the IB
➜ Truly aligned with the IB philosophy, challenging learners with fresh and
topical TOK
Build critical and independent thought,
strengthening assessment potential
Global case studies keep learning fresh and
develop out ward-looking learners
Also available, from Oxford
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enilnO
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