The Great Depression And The Americas 1929-1939 - Peter Clements - Hodder 2012

Further reading

D. Kennedy, Freedom From Fear, Oxford University Press, 1999
Exhaustive and clear analysis, possibly the definitive history of the 1930s in the
USA.

J. Powell, FDR’s Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the
Depression, Three Rivers Press, 2003
Argues that the New Deal both prolonged the Depression and led to costly and
unnecessary expansion in government.

S. Turkel, Hard Times, Pantheon, 1970
Excellent collection of oral histories from all perspectives.

Internet resources

l Dictionary of Canadian Biography online. Excellent for biographies of the
major (and minor) characters in Canadian history: www.biographi.ca/
index-e.html

l Useful for short accounts and themes: www.canadahistory.com
l Links to the Canadian National Archives: canadaonline.about.com
l Homepage for the US Library of Congress which contains many primary

sources: catalog.loc.gov/
l Home to some very good economic-based perspectives on the Depression

years and the effectiveness of the New Deal: http://www.forbes.
com/2009/04/30/1930s-innovation-America-business-1930s_land.html

Films

Gold Diggers of 1933, 1933
An example of the inconsequential musicals that aimed to help people to forget
their problems.

Modern Times, 1936
Charlie Chaplin’s devastating (and very funny) attack on the inhumanity of
methods of industrial production.

The Grapes of Wrath, 1940
John Ford’s tragic but uplifting film version of the novel.

243

Internal assessment

The internal assessment is a historical investigation on a historical topic.
Below is a list of possible topics on the Great Depression that could warrant
further investigation. They have been organized by chapter theme.

Chapter 1: The USA in the 1920s: prosperity?

1 How did the automobile change US society in the 1920s?
2 To what extent was Hollywood a reflection of the Roaring Twenties?

Chapter 2: The Wall Street Crash and the causes of the
Great Depression in the USA

1 What was the cultural impact of the Harlem renaissance?
2 Explain how Charles Ponzi’s financial schemes cheated thousands out of

their savings.

Chapter 3: President Hoover and the Great Depression

1 Why did General Douglas MacArthur forcibly remove the Bonus Army
from Anacostia Flats?

2 What accounted for the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s?

Chapter 4: The USA 1933–45: New Deals and economic
recovery

1 How successful was the Liberty League in opposing Franklin Roosevelt?
2 What did the Federal Writers’ Project accomplish?

Chapter 5: The Great Depression in Canada

1 What economic impact did the gold rushes in Ontario and British
Columbia have on Canada’s economy?

2 To what extent was the Ottowa Conference in 1932 a failure?

Chapter 6: The Great Depression in Latin America

1 How successful were the 1932 Roca–Runciman Agreements?
2 Why did many Brazilians find Plínio Salgado’s Integralist Party attractive?

244

Index

A B political development 208–11,
212–16
Advertising 15, 17–18 Bank of Canada 161, 171
African-Americans 27–8, 51, 70, 123, Bankhead–Jones Farm Tenant Act primary products 208
relationship with Britain 208, 210,
128–9 121
Agee, James 134 Banking Act 109, 110 217, 219, 222
Agricultural Adjustment Act 85–7, Bankruptcy 22, 29, 32, 33, 37–8, 68, relationship with Germany 216,

114, 131 151, 154, 159, 196 219, 222
Agricultural Credits Act 29 Banks relationship with the USA 208,
Agriculture 28–30, 65, 85–7, 114, attempt to avert Wall Street Crash
213, 222, 226
121–2, 131 23, 24 social change 221–2
Agriculture Acts 121 availability of credit 19, 29, 38, 53, use of media 216
Aird Commission 160 Britain
Alberta 153, 166 56, 58, 60, 67, 167 abandonment of the Gold
‘Alphabet agencies’81 availability of funds to Europe
American dream 49, 131, 133 Standard 61–2
American investment 20 34–5, 60, 62, 66 reaction to Customs Union 60
Antigonish movement 166–7 failures 42, 53, 60, 62, 66–7, 100 relationship with Canada 144–5,
Anti-Semitism 97, 189, 205, 215 problems with banking system 33,
Anti-trust legislation 88 148, 159–60, 164, 171
Argentina 39, 42, 56, 110 relationship with Latin America
arts and literature 204 reconstruction attempts 66–8
beef industry 190 speculating 40–1 181, 183, 184, 187, 191–2, 196–7,
central bank 188, 202 see also Argentina, central bank; 198–9, 204, 205, 206, 208, 210,
economy 150, 190–1, 196–9, 200–3 217, 219, 222
effect of Great Depression 196–9 Bank of Canada; Banking Act; repayments to USA 34
GDP in Argentina 201 New Deal; Wall Street Crash Buck, Tom 168
immigration 187 Bennett, R.B. 156–61, 162–5, 167–8, Buenos Aires 187–8
impact of the Second World War 170, 176, 178 Bunge, Alejandro 205
Bernstein, Barton J. 127 Business, see Big businesses;
202 Big businesses Corporations; Industry; Small
literature and the arts 204–7 in Canada 164, 168 businesses
meat packers and fraudulent in the USA 29, 39, 90, 97, 102, 103,
107, 119, 131 C
practices 198–9 Birdseye, Clarence 15
political development 185–6, Bolivia 2 Calgary 167
‘Bonus Army’ 68–9, 85, 92 California 95
188–90, 192, 193–5, 199–200 Brains’  Trust 58, 80, 82, 103 Canada
popular culture 205–7 Brazil 2, 184, 185 banks 161
railways 197 army rebellions 209 effect of Second World War 171
relationship with Britain 184, change after the First World War French-speaking areas 145, 148,
209
196–7, 198–9, 204 economy 208, 218–20 168
relationship with the USA 184–5, education 221 government 144–5, 148, 151–61,
extremism 212–15
191–2, 196, 197, 199, 203, 206, industrialization 217–20 170–5
207 military 210–11 Great Depression 150–4, 165–9
society 187, 200, 204 modernization 212 New Deal 162–5, 169, 170, 176
tariffs and debt 190 obstacles to industrialization 220 politics 144–5, 148–9
post-First World War 145–7

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Canada (continued) Democrats 48, 70, 71–2, 85, 95, 97, corruption in Latin American 188,
provinces and cities 145, 148–9 104, 107, 112, 118, 119, 124, 125 193, 194, 195, 208, 210–11, 212,
relationship with USA 19, 148, 215, 222
southern 128
149, 171 Diffie, Bailey W. 225 US mid-term congressional (1934)
relief 153–5 Dollar 97, 102
Canadian dollar 151, 161 Canadian 151
Canadian National Railway 152 diplomacy 184 US mid-term congressional (1938)
Canadian Radio Broadcasting US 83, 196 122, 124, 125
Dominion Trade and Industry
Commission 161 US presidential (1920), use of
Canadian Wheat Board 164 Commission 164 radio 17
Car ownership 13 Dow Jones Industrial Average 24
Cartel 16 Duplessis, Maurice 168 US presidential (1928) 40, 48, 95
Catholic Church in Brazil 210, 215 Dustbowl 106, 115, 133, 152, 164 US presidential (1932) 48, 49, 69,
Child labour 12, 30, 123, 186
Chile 185, 186 E 70–2, 78
Cinema 17, 134, 171, 206 US presidential (1936) 95, 96, 101,
Civil Works Administration 93 Economists
Civilian Conservation Corps 85, 92 Friedman, Milton 58, 127 110, 111–12
Coal industry 30, 52, 57, 145, 149, Keynes, J. M. 176 US presidential (1944) 138
Economy Electrical consumer goods 15
202 demand for goods 57 Emergency Banking Relief Act 81
Coffee prices 209, 210, 217, 222 effect of Great Depression 50–3, Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
Collective bargaining 89
Committee of Industrial 57–8, 59–62, 131 104
effect of Second World War 138–9, Emergency Tariff Act 29
Organizations 117 Employment 30
Commodity Credit Corporation 121 174–5 Employment and Social Insurance
Communists 69, 70–1, 132–3, 138, effect of tariffs 57
effects of Wall Street Crash 37–8 Act 163
167, 186, 210, 214 foreign debt 66 Essay writing 5–6
Concordancia 195–6, 202–3 government intervention 62–3, 64, Estado Novo (‘New State’) 215–16,
Congestion 15
Construction industry 35, 52, 93 95 , 156, 159, 161, 163, 171, 217, 224–6
Coolidge, Calvin 11, 12, 19, 29, 33, 176–7, 193 Estrada, Ezequiel Martínez 204
in the 1920s 2–3, 9–20, 39–42, 144, Europe
68 147–9, 150–2, 156, 170 as potential cause of Great
Co-operative Commonwealth in Latin America 181–6, 190–2,
196–9, 200–3, 205, 208, 217–20, Depression 59–60, 66
Federation (CCF) 167 223 repudiation of war debts 66
Corporations 12, 15–16, 19–20, 35, Keynsian experiment 176 Evans, Walker 134
monetary policy 58 Examination 3–5, 6
52, 93, 107, 119 ‘Roosevelt Recession’118–19 ‘analyse’questions 228–31
Cotton 28, 86, 87, 121, 183, 190, 202, warning signs 25–36 ‘assess’questions 178–80
see also New Deal; Public works; command terms 4
217, 222 Wall Street Crash ‘compare and contrast’questions
Coughlin, Charles, Father 95, 96–7, Economy Act 84–5
Eden–Malbrán Treaty 197 140–3
102 Elections ‘to what extent’questions 44–7
Credit, see Banks, availability of credit Argentina (1931) 195 ‘why’question 73–6
Customs Union 60 Canadian (1930) 156 see also Essay writing
Canadian (1935) 163, 164–5, 166 Executive Office of the President 125
D
F
Davis, Chuck 154
Dawes Plan 34 Fair Labor Standards Act 123
Dawes Severalty Act 27 Farm Credit Act 85
Debt Funding Commission 34 Farm Mortgage Act 85, 113
Farm Security Administration 121

246

Index

Farmer-Labor Party 97, 102 Germany Berton, Pierre 177
Farmers’ Credit Arrangement Act 157 Customs Union 60 Boyko, John 176
Farmers’ Holiday Association 85 relationship with Latin America Brogan, Hugh 13, 41–2
Farming Bumstead, J. M. 177
Canadian 152–3 184, 219, 222, Burns, E. Bradford 226
US 26, 27, 28–30, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57 reparations 34–5, 66 Careless, J. M. 177
see also Agriculture ‘Get-rich-quick’ schemes 31 Conkin, Paul 127
Fascism 2, 70, 97, 138, 150, 168, 193, Glass–Steagall Act 82 Conrad, M. 177
Gold Crocitti, John J. 226
200, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, Argentina’s reserves 202 Degler, Carl 126
224–6 Brazil’s reserves 210, 213 Fausto, Boris 225
Faulkner, William 132, 133 Canada’s reserves 161 Findlay, J. L. 177
Federal Emergency Relief Act 91 European reserves 33, 34, Finkel, A. 177
Federal government pesos 190–1, 196 Fulsom, Burton 100
in Canada 148, 153, 155–61, 162–3, Reserve Act 83 Galbraith, J.K. 38, 39, 60–1
165, 166, 167, 171, 172–3, 174–5, rush 171 Gold, Michael 132
176–7, see also Canada, New Standard 42, 61–2, 83, 105, 161, Johnson, Paul 40, 42, 61, 100
Deal Kennedy, David M. 61–2, 128
in USA 14, 41, 42, 50, 56, 62–9, 202 Kindleberger, Charles P. 60
100, 108, 109, 110, 113, 127, 128, US reserves 40, 81, 105 Lasch, Christopher 100
130, 138, 139, see also USA, New see also Silver Purchase Act Leuchtenburg, William E. 79, 99,
Deal Government, see individual countries
Federal Highway Act of 1921 14 Grain 28, 65, 149, 202, 208, see also 100, 126, 127
Federal Home Loan Bank Act 67 Levine, R.M. 226
Federal Housing Administration Wheat Ohanian, Lee E. 62
93–4 The Grapes of Wrath 133 Parrish, Michael 13, 99
Federal Reserve Board 33 Great Britain, see Britain Powell, Jim 100
Federal Writers’Project 134 Great Depression 2, 50 Schlesinger, Arthur Jr, 100, 102,
Film industry 133–4, 205, 207, 243 effect on growth of federal
Finance, see Banks; Stock markets 126
Fireside chats 80, 82, 216 government 176 Sobel, Robert 60
Firestone Corporation 15, 19 extent 57 Strong-Boag,V. 177
First World War 71, 184, 185 impact on US society 128–30 Terkel, Studs 126
Five-Year Plan 218 in Canada 150–4 Zinn, Howard 127
Florida land boom 31–2 in Latin America 186, 196–9 Hoboes 54–5, 154, 157
Food 86, see also Agriculture potential causes 59–60, 66 Hollywood 95, 134, 207
Ford, Henry 13, 17, 90, 116 Gross national product (GNP) 2, 9 Home Owners Refinancing
Ford, John 133
Fordney–McCumber Act 11, 29 H Corporation 93
effect on Argentina 191 Hoover, Herbert 25, 48, 56, 71, 160
Fort Knox 105 Haiti, American occupation 12 and Great Depression 59–60, 62–4,
Fortune magazine 55, 134 Hawley–Smoot Tariff 57, 61, 65, 66,
France 65
gold reserves 42 150, 159 background 49–50
reaction to Customs Union 60 Health insurance 109 relationship with press 80
Free market 127 Hearst, William Randolph 107 reputation 49, 78–9
Historians and commentators 39, 40, Hoovervilles 63
G Hopkins, Harry 91–2, 101, 104,
50, 77–8, 81, 101–3
Gálvez, Manuel 205 Adams, D.K. 127 119
Ahamed, Liaquat 42 Housing 93
Allen, Lewis Frederick 40–1 Housing act, see Wagner–Steagall
Arnold, Thurman 41
Bannon, John Francis 177 National Housing Act
Bello, José Maria 225

247

I Let Us Now Praise Famous Men 134 National Recovery Administration
Liberty Leaguer 95 (NRA) 89–91, 100, 102, 103, 107,
Ickes, Harold 91 Lincoln Tunnel 105 128, 130, 163
Import Substitution Industrialization Literature and the arts 132–7, 204–5
London Economic Conference 83 National Steel Company 219
(ISI) 200, 217 Long, Huey 95–6, 102, 103 National War Labor Board 138
Indian Reorganization Act 93 Luís, Washington 210 NationalYouth Administration 105
Industrial unrest 89, 145, 169, 185–6, Nationalism, in Latin America 199,
M
193, see also Riots 214, 216, 217, 223
Industry MacArthur, General Douglas 69 Native Americans 26, 27, 93, 128
in Argentina 184–5, 190, 191, Mallea, Eduardo 204 New Deal 2, 41, 61, 62, 67, 72, 78, 79,
Management science 15
198–9, 200, 201–2 Means, Gardener C. 126 118, 119, 138
in Brazil 217–20, 221, 223 Media 15, 17, 184 alternatives 94–7
in Canada 147, 148–9, 164, 174 use by Roosevelt 79–80 Canadian version 162–5, 169, 170,
in USA 11, 12, 15, 16, 30, 35, 52–3, use by V  argas 216
Mellon, Andrew 11, 64, 156 176
83, 85, 88–93, 115, 117 ‘Memorial Day Massacre’116 effect on society 128–30
see also Great Depression; Coal Mexico 12, 183 end of 124–5
Middle classes evaluation 98–100, 126–8, 131
industry; Construction industry; in the USA 31, 94, 107 first 100 days 81–94
National Industry Recovery Act in Latin America 187, 188, 190, impact on politics and economy
Integralist Party in Brazil 215
International debt 33–5 193, 206, 207, 212, 213, 215, 216, 126–8
221, 222, 223, 226 legislation threat by Supreme
J Migration 27, 28, 106, 114, 115, 116,
153, 200, 202, 208, 221 Court 112–14
Johnson Act 66 Military dictatorship 193 measures 163
Johnson, Hugh 89, 90–1 Minimum wages 123, 164, see also Second 101–11
Judiciary Reform Bill 113 Working hours Third 120–3
Juntas 202 Moley, Raymond 99, 126 NewYork Stock Exchange 2, 21,
Justo, Agustín, General 193, 195 Monetary policy, see Federal
government see also Stock markets; Wall
K Motor industry Street Crash
in Canada 147–8, 149 Nicaragua, American occupation 12
Kennedy, J.F. President 127 in US 12–14 North America Act 144
Kennedy, Joseph 84 see also Ford, Henry Nova Scotia 166
Kerridge, William 163
King, Mackenzie 153, 160, 176 N O
domestic policies 170–3, 176
government 155–6 National Credit Corporation 66 Office of War Mobilization 138
Ku Klux Klan 28, 70 National Employment Commission Oil industry 19, 30, 52, 148, 171, 183,

L 173 185, 191, 198, 199, 219
National income 139 Old Age Revolving Pensions Inc. 96
Labour unions, see Unions National Industrial Recovery (NIRA) One Big Union 145
Latin America 2 On-to-Ottawa trek 168
foreign trade and investments Act 62, 89–91, 116 Ottawa Conference 159
National Labor Relation Act 102, 107 Overproduction 15, 29, 36, 40, 57, 85,
181–5 National Products Marketing Board
Great Depression 186 87, 121, 145, 150, 151
political developments 185–6 164
US involvement in 181, 183–5 P
League of Social Reconstruction
Passos, John Dos 132, 133
(LSR) 167 Paul, Alice 27
Paulista War 213

248

Index

Payroll taxes 108 Reconstruction Finance Corporation Second World War 3, 32, 107, 121,
Pensions 55, 84–5, 95, 96, 97, 103, 67 138–9, 171, 173, 174–5, 176, 177,
201, 202–3, 217, 220, 222–3, 226
108, 109, 128, 153, 167, 221 Regina Manifesto 167
Perkins, Frances 119, 129 Regina riots 168 Securities Act 84
Peru 2, 186 Regulate business activities 164 Securities Exchange Commission 108
Petrol 13, 14, 138, 153, 200, see also Relief 55, 91–3, 153, 156–8 Selective Service Act 138
camps 157, 176 Share prices 21, 24, 32–3, see also
Motor industry; Oil industry see also ‘Bonus Army’; Pensions;
Petroleum companies 16, 90, see also Stock markets; Wall Street Crash
Unemployment relief Share-croppers 28, 70–1
Oil industry Reparations 34–5, 60, 66 Sheppard–Towner Act 27
Photography 136–7 Republicans 11, 48, 68, 95, 104, 112, ‘Sick chicken’case 113
Pinedo, Federico 195, 202 Silver Purchase Act 84
Popular culture 134–5, 205–7, see also 122, 124, 131 Silver Shirts 70
Resettlement Administration 105–6 Small businesses 16, 35, 103, 110
Tango Revenue (Wealth Tax) Act 107, 110 Smith Act 138
Poverty, as a result of Great Revenue Act 124 Social Credit Party 166
Riots 145, 168–9 Social security 2, 101, 118, 123, 166,
Depression 54–6 Road building 14–15, 91, 147, 157,
Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act 164 175, 177, 216, see also Relief
Precambrian Shield 147 197, 200, 220 Social Security Act 102, 108–9, 110,
President’s Re-employment Roca–Runciman Agreements 196–7,
114
Agreement 89 198–9 Socialists 70, 71, 167, 188, 195, 214
Press Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 2, 48, 58, Society 11, 26, 38, 126, 127, 128–30,
conferences 23, 79
Hoover’s relationship with press 66, 71, 72, 118, 139, 160 221–2
attempted purge of the Democrats depiction through literature and
63, 71, 80
Roosevelt’s relationship with press 125 the arts 132–7, 204–5
election wins 71–2, 111–12 see also Relief; Rural Society; Social
71–2, 79–80 first 100 days as president 81–94
Prestes, Júlio 210 inauguration 78–9 security
Primary products 150, 160, 183, 186, opposition to 94–7 Soil erosion 87, 116, see also
personnel 80
187, 200, 202, 208 popularity 101, 110–11, 114, Dustbowl
Prohibition 28 presidential style 79–80, 114 Sport 10, 17
Public Utility Holding Company Act purge of the Democrats 125 State-run co-operatives 95
‘Recession’ 118–19, 120, 125 Statistics, interpreting 10
102, 108 see also New Deal Steinbeck, John 132, 133
Public works 41, 58, 61, 66, 68, 93, 95, Rowell–Sirois Commission 173, 177 Stock markets 31, 41, 53, 60, 66, 148,
Rural Electrification Administration
102, 104, 156–7, 169 150, 152
Public Works Administration (PWA) 105 regulation of 84
Rural poverty 28–31, 51, 56, 106, speculation 32–3, 36
91 see also NewYork Stock Exchange;
Public Works Construction Act 157 114–16, 152–3, 221, 223, see also
Dustbowl Wall Street Crash
Q Rural Society 190, 192 Strikes 117, 145, 221
Supreme Court 102, 112
Quebec (Québec) 145, 149 S
T
R Sales tax 172
Salesmanship 17–18 Tango 195, 205
Radio 17, 96, 135, 160–1 São Paulo 213 Tariffs
Railways 30, 147, 152, 153, 154, 184, Second Agricultural Adjustment Act in Argentina 190
in Canada 159–60
187, 196, 197, 202, 218 121 in the USA 11, 19, 29, 35, 65
Ranchers 29, 87, 184, 190, 198, 200,

207
Reagan, Ronald 127

249

Taxes 10, 11–12, 41, 55, 58, 61, 86, 91, policies 11–12 W
94, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109, 119, Senate 68, 97, 104, 107, 114, 118,
124, 139, 148, 153–4, 172, 173, Wage labourers 28
174, 183, 188, 197, 198, 200, 202, 124, 160 Wages of industrial workers 9
221 US Housing Authority (USHA) 122 Wagner Act 116, 118
USA Wagner–Connery National Labor
Tenant farmers 28 Canadian markets 19
Tenentes 212–13 economic relationship with USSR Relations Act 107–8
Tennessee Valley Authority 87 Wagner–Steagall National Housing
Textiles 12, 30, 52, 57, 201–2, 218, 19
economies in government 84–5 Act 122
220, see also Cotton economy 25–36, 39–42 Wall Street Crash 21–5, 36–8, 42, 44,
Townsend Clubs 96 effect of Second World War 32,
Townsend, Francis 96, 102 66, 84
Trade unions, see Unions 107, 121, 138–9 War production, impact on the
Tragic Week 189 foreign markets 19–20, 184–5,
Treaty of Versailles 34, see also economy 138–9, 174–5
191–2 War veterans 68
Reparations foreign policy 12, 20, 57 Wartime inflation 145
Truth-in-Securities Act 84 investment and trade with Latin Wartime Prices and Trade Board 174
Welfare provision 153
U America 181, 183–5, 191–2 Wheat 15, 149, 150, 164, see also
monetary policy 58
Underhill, F.R. 167 national debt 12 Grain
Unemployed and Farm Relief Act post-First World War recession 9 Wheat Marketing Board 164, 176
see also Great Depression; New White House staff 125
156 Wolfe, Thomas 133
Unemployment 50–1, 54–6, 89, 118, Deal; Roosevelt, Franklin Women 51–2, 128, 129–30, 175
Delano; US government; Wall Women’s Party 27
153–4, 175 Street Crash Working classes
relief 67–8 USSR in Canada 151
Union Nationale in Quebec 168 economic relationship with USA in Latin America 185–6, 187, 188,
Unionism in Argentina 199 19, 20
Unions 13, 30–1, 62, 70–1, 89, 90, 97, Five-Year Plan for economic 195, 199, 202, 204, 206, 208, 209,
growth 19 210, 214, 215, 216, 221
107–8, 110, 116, 117–18, 131, in the USA 51
145, 148, 167, 169, 185, 186, 189, V see also Business, Industry; New
199–200, 216, 221 Deal; Relief; Unions
Urbanization 147 Vagrancy 158, see also Hoboes Working hours 9, 12, 26, 30, 89, 90,
Uriburu, José Félix 193 Vargas, Gertúlio 211, 212, 213, 102, 123, 134, 164, 169, 186, 200
US government Works Progress Administration 104
Congress 34, 65, 66, 67, 68, 81, 89, 215–16, 224–5 Wright, Richard 133
90, 92, 96, 101, 102, 103, 104, fall from power 223
112, 113, 114, 119, 120–1, 122, legacy 223 Y
124, 125, 128 use of media 216
House of Representatives 26, 68, see also Estado Novo (‘New State’) Youth movement 199
102, 104, 124, 125 Venezuela 183, 185 Yrigoyen, Hipólito 188–9, 190, 192
economies 84 Veterans 68–9, 84, 103, 135
intervention 14, 41, 42, 56, 58, Vianna, Oliveira 225 Z
62–9, 113, 130, 139, see also New Villafane, Benjamin 205
Deal Voluntarism 63, 66–7 Zuviría, Gustavo Martínez 205

250