IB MYP 4 & 5 Biology.compressed

SUMMARY

REFLECTION

• What have you learnt about

how huma1ns are manipulati·ng
genes to create new cells,
t i,ssues and organs?
• What are poss.ible
consequences of developing
and applying 1m,ore

1

biotechno logy?

• How do people's personal

beliefs and values
influence the deveJop1men,t
and appJication of
biote chn o·l·ogica I techniques?

• Figure 11 . 21 Stdn-cell printer. Printer nozzl1e (top centre) depo,sits skin ce,~s DISCUSS
onto wells containing alginate growth substrate. Bioprinters such as this
D1iscuss in a small group the ethics
could one day be used to 'print' artificial tissues and organs for us,e jn surgery of stem,;ocell research . Do you

agree or disagree? If your views
differ, why is this?

CeUs

__,.

1 Stem ceUs from the patient are put in a .. .....__ _......._pii._,, - ~"'.....-P,...~...- ·" :I'

growth. medium so 1:ney ea n mu lt:iprry. When 'L:.,. ~~..J!,... '
..c.... ... ~ 1 .,
suffident eel,ls are ava ilab·le they are put rin to
b~oprinter eartridges. 3 The bioprinter is driven by softvva,re that
lays dO\IVn the stem cel:ls in precise patterns,
8io,inik Ce'lls ean be purt down in !layers inte,rspersed
with a water-based ma.teri,al called hydroge l,
2 The ste,m cel.ts fo;rm what c:ari be termed which forms a tempo.rary mould around the
a 'bioink' which I onee loaded into cartr.id ges, cells. Sticky polymers ca n also be used to
can be used i:n the bioprirnting process.
A ca.rtridge is made from a ehamber form a scaffold for cells(see Figure 11 .23).
attached to a long· extrusion nozz,le fitted The scaiffoldingi material is laid down by
with a syringe.
separa,te nozzles on ·the bi1oprinter.

4 The pnnted 5 The printed tissue can
ti,ss ue is e11 ft to be used in t rainspJan ts or

g:row. tn medica,I research .

• Figure 11.22 B~opri1ntin9

11 How does biotechnology creat,e new·,optjons in i1ndustry .and health?

Lab-grown tissues and Oligans can be made by creating • fjgure 11..24 Researcher holding a1sample of bio-arbf i1dal
artificial scaffolds in the shape of the desjred o,rgan and th,en tissue created by 'pr1inting'' a mixture o,f liv~ng1cells and

adding1living ceHs to the,scaffold. The tedhnique has been sticky polymer into a tissue scaffold. The techn~que uses
used grow artifidal bladders iirst impl1anted ~n patients jn a smaU ,eiectrical field that causes the drop~ets to dispers,e
1999. B~oprinters would aUow both an artificial scaiffo1dl and as a superfine thread w ith ceHs captured ins~de
Hv~ng ceUs to be assemb~,ed at the sam1e. Biopnnting lays down
fayer after layer ,of live ceJ,s to form human tissue. The m,ajor

problem in creating tissue has been making the vascu~ar
system (that is the blood supply, Vfa arteries., capHlaries and

veins) needed to proviide ceHs w1i1h oxyg,en and nutr1ients.

ACTIVITY: Poster on bioprinting

• Fi.gure 11.23 B,io~artifidal tissue s,caffo~d. This tijssue Produce a poster or information leaflet about
bioprinting. Use your knowledge of stem cells to
has been created by 'prin1in1g' a st~ck.y polymer mixture
explain how tissues and organs can be created: 30
through fine i1nkjet noz~es. The techn~que useSi t hree tissue printers~bioprinter, tissue scaffold, organ
inkjet need~es !located insjde one another ta separatetiy and tissue transplant.

deliver ,ael~s, a v1isaous potymer and pr1essuris·ed air. How does it work,, and what potential does it have for
medical research and treatment?
This technique arran9es eel ls more predsely than other
bioprinter technologiies. Bioprinters could ,on,e day bujld Make the poster visually interesting.
artificial tissues and or,gans for replac,ement organ surgery
+ Assessment opportunities

Biology for the IB MYP 4&5: by Concept

Who should control .genetic material? Should income
determine a person's acce.ss to medical treatments?

SHOULD GOVERNMENTS • Figure 11.25 Research on the human gienome. A light
FUND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL
m1kroscope is us.ed 10 do fine mapp~ng of long DNA
RESEARCH ON STEM CELLS
fra9m,ents on hum.an chromosomes: the chromosomes
AND GENETIC MODIFICATION?
appear i1n red on the mo111itor scr,een, while the DNA
In 1990., work on 1he Human Genome Project (HGP) fragments (called probes) appear yell1ow/gr.een. Mappingi
chromosomes. ma1y be n2·garded cts c1 physical survey
got underway. The project was an international s.dentrr1c
research prqject - its aim was to determine the sequence of of each chromosome t 01 find the locatJion of genes.
the 3 biH1on base pairs whkh make up the DNA of humans
(the human genome}. The project was dedl<31red compliete The genom,e project was an ambitious plan to build a
complete blueprint of human 1genetic information
~n 2003, whh the human genome·having been ·successfuUy
been m.apped.

Read t,en facts about the HGP here: www.sanger.ac.uk/
about/press/2001/pu blication2001 Ifacts.htmI

¥ou can read an ~nterview with Professor J. Craig ·ve11ter,
one of the first sd e11tists to sequence the human genom,e

(and who was lead sdentist iaf the Harvard group who first
crr,eated synthetic Irte - se,e Chapter 1, page· 22}.r here:
www.wired.co.uk/magazi ne/arch ive/2013/11 lfeatu res/
j ~eraig~venter-interview

But why sequenc,e 1he entire human genome? Other
than being of obvious sdentifk interest, what practical!

app,l~cations could this have?

THINK- PAIR- SHARE EXTENSION

Di·scuss this question with your neighbour - use your Read about the Human Genome Project:
http:/lweb.orn l.gov/sci/techresourcesJHuman_Genamel
knowledge of DNA to hypothesize why sequencing index.shtml
the human genome was such an important
Information about HG P and ethical implications:
break.through (and the reason why it received such
http:/Jghr.nlm .ni h.gov/ha ndboo klhgp
extensive funding).

11 How does biotechnology creat,e new·,optjons in i1ndustry .and health?

ACTIVITY: Human genome: • Scientists dosety compare the DNA, looking for
unique patterns in the DNA of the patient- any
using nevv technology to treat differences may be due to a mutation in the genetic
genetic diseases code. The gene causing the disease can be identified .

0 • Once the gene has been identifi.ed, tt·eattn,ent can be
genome mapping Methods u-sed to ffndl the e,xact
toca1io,n of a g,ene on a dhro,m,osome. targeted more accurately.

Genes code for proteins, and sometimes, as we have Your task is to find out more about gene therapy and

seen in Chapter 6, they can go wrong. Mutations can record your findings on a poster. How can knowledge
lead to faulty genes that lead to the wrong protein from the HGP be applied to treat genetic diseases?
being made - ·this can resu It in genetic disease. Cystic
fibrosis, for example, is the result of one faulty gene on Access these sites"' or others you can f ind, t,o gather
chromosome 7. inform.ati1on:

The HGP opened up new ways in which genetic diseases http:'J/learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/
could be identified and treated.
http:J/kidshealth .org/parent/sy tern/medical/gene_
• Researchers can make a genetic map of a patient therapy.htm I
with a genetic disease by collecting·saimples of blood
or tissue. Th is can be compared to a genetic m·a p of Read f urther about how kno~edge of the,g,enome
famil·y members who do not have the disease~
c,outd lead to sp,ecific m1ed1ical treatment here:

http:1/learn.genetics.utah.edutcontent/pharma/snips/

+ Assessn1ent opportunities

Present your findings to your class.

• figu·re ·11.26, Computer analysis
of DNA sequences of a human
chromioso,me. This computer
screen shows the variat~on ,of
the four d~fferent organic bases,
thymine (T), guanine (1G), cytos1ine

(C) and adenine (A). The ,gene
being examined was selected

because of its role in transplant
rejection. This researd1 f1S part

of the human genome project,
ai worlldwide study ,of the tota

collecdon of hu1man genes

Bio logy for the IB MYP 4&5: by Concept

ACTIVITY: Class debat1e SUMMARY

At the beginning of this chapter you debated the issues surrounding REFLECTION
biotechnology. Now that you have learnt more about the technology and
• Have you changed your
its issues, it is time to return to your initial arguments. Look back at the opiniorn about whether
material you prepared for the debate -what have you learnt during the governments should fu:nd
course of your studies and has it affected your understanding and views of continued hiotechno1ogi!cal
this new technology? Have your views changed? research on stem cells and

Here are some questions for you to think about: genetic modification? 'If not,
then1 why do you thi11nk this is7
• Should governments fu1nd continued lbiotechn10Jog,icai research on stem • Wbo do you think should
ceUs and genetic imodifkation? What are the pros and cons of such
have the power to mod.ify and
rese·arch'? What etlh ica1l 1issues do they 1ra.ise? control g,enetic material'?
• Who shoufd have the power to modify a,nd control geneti'c materi;a[? • To what extent do you think
in come leve11 will determine
o Currentl·y, g'overnments deci·de policy, but sho uld it be left to the a perso.n~s access to medical
ind ivjd ua I1 to dedde? l,s there a case for a g1lo bal,set of ru1es that treatments that invol've
apply to all, coordinated by the United Nations? applying the p·roducts of

• To what extent should income 1·evel determine a person's access to b·iotechno logy?
medi'Cal treatments that involve applying the products of bi·otechnology?
o Biotechnological resear(h is expensive. WiU breakthroughs in medical DISCUSS
treatment be avai.labte to everyone, or wiU only peopJe who ca.n
afford it ultimately receive the ful.l benefit'? Discuss the outcomes of the
o Wi'II a 'haves' and 'haveanots' society em,erge7 debate with the rest of your class.
What do you think you have
You can use these search t,erms: stem ceHs.. cloning.. genetic learnt from the debate? Has it
modifi ation, GM, jotechno,logy, genome mapping. bioprinting, changed anyone's opinions about
biotechnology, thical issu s. biotechnology? Do you think that
The debate could be framed around the question 'Should governments these developments will be fair
fund continued biotechnological research?', with one half of the class for all?
arguing for this proposal and the other half arguing against.
• The class sfrlourd be divided .into two groups. • What have you learnt in
• Spend at least two lessons gathering infor,mation and framing your thjs chapter about how
biote(hnofogy i's used to
arguments~
change and transform genes?
After the debate, assess how different it was from the earlier one you held. • How does biotech.no1logy
If it was very different, why do you think this was?
create new options, cho·ices,
+ Assessment opportunities and opportunities jn industry
and heaJth7
• Do you think that the
op.portunities cre·ated by
biotechno'logy will be f ai:r

for all?
• What have you learnt about

yoursel·f as a communkator?

What have you 11ea,rnt about
e~pressing yourself confidently
and creative·ly? Have you been
able to collaborate efifectiive1y,
listen.ing ca refully to the

perspectives of others?

11 How does biotechnology creat,e new·,optjons in i1ndustry ,and health?

Biology for the IB MYP 4&5: by Concept

SOME SUMMATIVE PROBLEMS i State three advantag,es of cloning rather than
using seeds.
TO TRY
ii Suggest thr,ee reasons w hy plants produc,ed by
Use these pr,oblems to apply and extend your leairning in
this chapter. Thes,e probl,ems. are designed so that you can thism,ethod wrn aiU look the same.

evalluate your ~,earn~ng at d~fferent leve~s of achjev,ement in THE SE P1ROBLEMS CAN BE USED TO EVALUATE YOUR

Criterion A: Kn owi,edge and u11derstanding. LEARNING IN CR ITERJON A TO LEVEL 3-4

THIS PROBLEM CAN BE USED TO EVALUATE YOUR 2 Outline the diff.erenc,es between doningi and g1ene:tiic
LEARN ING IN CR ITERIO N A TO LEVEL 1- 2 modi1fi cation.

1 State what js meant by Jdoningi'. 3 Figure 11.29 shows the process of doning rin sheep.
b Match up the foU,owingi defini1tions:
\ ·f~lla-ck--f~aced sheep Remove nucleus

\ {

I ,-_ j

A Embryo 1 Reproduct~on that invokle5 onlry one, parent Egg f,used
doning There ls no joining ,of game1es and the offspring
are genetkaUy identical to the parent ~!llllllllli..:with cell
B Cutt~ngs
2 Splittin,g ceUs apart from, a deve!op~ng Embryo
C Tissue embryo, before they became speoial~zed, to
doning produc,e sev,eraI dentkal embryos

D Asexual 3 Taking a smai pi,ece oi st,em or l,eaf and
,grow~ng it ~n the r~ght conditions to produce a
rep,r,odlu ct~on new plant

4 G,etting a few cellls fr.o:m a des1iraib,e·p~a,nt

to, m.alke a,ibjg mass of identkal cellls., ea,ch ,of

whkh can produce a 1t1ny ~d!entical p~ant

c The diagram below shows a method of produdng a . .r· -,. Implant
large number of plants whjch all look the same,. Cells '\
embryo
taken from the bud can be split ~nto m,any groups. ? ..._______________________\ '\_
)
Each group o,f ,ceUs is then grown undejr tt1e same
\
conditions.

Sam~ J,igh t i1ntensity • figure 11.29 C~onjng1ln sheep

_ same -mmp€'rarure a Predict the coi,our of the bla,ck-f.aced sheep's
same amount of water
abud)CeJJs from offspring.
Grown into
b 'Suggest two ways in whkh this method is different
many plants from the normal me,thod of reproducbon 1in sheep.

c outline a diiferent method of don,ng ani1mals to the

one shown in Fi9ure 11.2.9.

Parent pJant

• Figure 11.28 Cloning a plant

11 How does biotechnology creat,e new·,optjons in i1ndustry ,and health?

THIS PROBLEM CAN BE USED TO EVAlUATE YOUR

LEARNING IN CRITERION A TO LEVEl 7- 8

6 A patjent sufferin9 from cancer of the trachea (w~ndp1pe,)

had part of their trachea removed. A replacemient
,section of trachea was produced and attached to the

remaining part.

• Fig u,re 1t. 30 Transg,enk sheep

THESE PROBLEMS CAN BE USED TO EVALUATE YOUR • Figure 11.31 The location of the trachea
LEARNtNG JN CRITERION A TO LEVEL 5-6
a Explain how bloprinting ·Could have been us1ed to
4 F~,g1ur,e 11.30 shows a sheep thdt has.been genencallry preduce a replaGement trachea.
modified to oontain a human gene for making a human
b Ex,p1lain the advantages ,of using a bioprinted trachea
pr0rtein in its m~ik. ra1he,r 'than a donated one.

The protein 1in its milk ~s a1lpha-1-antitryps1n (AAT). c Bioprinters use stem ce~~s. Evaluate the use of stem
eelIs. in medkal research.
Heredirtary defidency of AAT jn humans leads to the lung

disease emphysema, aind affects about 100 OOO people

in the western world.
a The process of g,enet~c modification used to produc,e

1h~s :sheep involves the use ,of two type,s of enzyme.

One enzyme cuts DNA and the o,ther enzyme joins

DNA. The process al~o used a v,ector.
i Name the enzym,e tha1t cuts DNA.
ii Nam,e the,e11zym,e that joins DNA.
iii Name a vector.

b What is m,eaint by the term 'tr.ansgenk'?

c Suggest how the AAT gene can be removed fr,om a
human ceU and transferred to a sheep.

d Suggest the benefits of produdng AAT protein using
transgen~c sheep.

5 Animals kept on a farim to supply food or labour are,
known as.livestod<. Livestock have been deve,loped by a1
process caUed selectfve breeding.
a i De·scribe the process of se!ective breed~ngi.
ii 1Give one example of a1desir,ed characteristic

developed by selective breeding in a named

l~vestook animal.

111 Describe why s,elective bre,eding is of benef~t to

farmers .

b Descr,ibe how naturai selectiron drrfers from select1ive

breed~ng.

Biology for the IB MYP 4&5: by Concept

Reflection

In this,chapter we have expl,ored how bioteiehnology can be used to change and

tr,ansform gienes. We have seen how humans ,can m1anipulate genes to create
new ceBs, tissues and or9ans. We haiv,e discussed how the modifi1cation of 1genetk
irnform1ation can ~nffuenc,e human hfestyl,es, and the ways in whkh people's personal

be~iefs,and values influence the development and applic~tion of bi,otechnologka~

techniques. We have explored how b~ot,ed1nology can cr,eate new options, dhoices,

and opportunities in industry and health, and d~scussed whether these wm be fafr for

aH. We have ie.arnt about our role as a com1municator, expressing ourse~ves ,confjidently

and coUaboratjng effe-ct,ve~y, hS't!ening carefuUy to the perspectiv,es of others.

~ ~-; b~~· -'i '.! • ; ni:u~,J u,11~..,:J:•.},•!..'..;:'.~ar'."·T._t';J.,il,l_l,'-I.I•.;~..1r-1u~,u,.:_1:,1--11.•..r,.i_· r m ~~:.v"' - =~ ~ -- 1J
u£rotll?.]
p;l_l..:.r _ "~ ~. ~. ,~~. ~· 1!1 .-:J1 • ii } ll;l __ - Any further questions.now7

Quest,ions we asked - Answers we found

factual: What is a done? What ~s selective breed1ng1? What
1echn~ques are used to modify gienes7 h1 what ways are humans
ab~e to maniipufa.te g:enes to ,create new cells. t issues and ,organs?'

Conceptual: How can doningi benefft farmkng and agr~cul1ture7

Ho,w does the 1m1odrucati1on of genetk informia t1on nfi uence huma1n
lrfesty1,es? How do people;s persona1I beliefs a1nd values ~nfluence the
d!ev~·opment and appUcation of b~otechnolog1ica! techn~ques.? What
are the poss1ble cons,equences of dlevelopjn,g and applyi1ng more

bi1otech no~ogy?

!Debatable: To what extent shoujd people be alllowedl to dbne
organ1jsms7 lo what extent shouid genet~cally 1m,odif1ied orgianisms

be used in farming and food production? Should governments fund

cont,nued biotechooiogkall re-search on .st,ems cells and genet~c

modiinkation7' Who shou1ld have the power to m,odffy and c,ontrol

g,enel!k m1a1terial? To what extent should income leve,I determine·
a pe,rson·s aiccess to mediical treatments that ~nvotr,/e apply~ng 1he

products of btiotechno1ogy?

Approaches to ~,earn~ng you used ~n this ,chapter Descr~ptiion - what new skij~ How well d~d y,ou master the

did you ~earn ? sblls?

L
OJ
C
..... 0

QJ
C:

troiI,,.,.
:....;..a3wu 1:

'$ ClJ
0
2 - - .....J ,__D- .. §t

- - L.I.J

Information literacy ski lls

Creative-thinking skills

Crit ic.a 1-t hinking skills

Communicatio n skills

Collaboration skills

Learner profile attribute(s) R.ef1ect on the importance of be1n g a giood con1m1unkator for
Communicator y,our fe,arni1ng i1n this chapter.

11 How does biotechnology creat,e new·,optjons in i1ndustry ,and health?

Note: Words ~n italics within the 9!0,ssary dlefjni1ions are glossary terms themse~es.

3D-bi opri,nti ng The three-dimen51onal pr1inting of biological ancestor An eady for1m 1of species from wh,,ch others have
tissue,and organs through the layering of stem cells
1evolved

a biotic non-hving conditions or things ancestral Re~ating to/evo lved from an ancestor

acid rain Any rainfaU which is more add than normal antibiotic Compounds produced by som,e mkr,o-orgian~sms
rainfaU (pH 5.5-6~0). It ~s ,caused by e1missjons of sulfur
diox~de and oxides of n~trog.en whkh selectively jnhjb~t or kill other micro-organisms;

active site Region of an enzyme where the substra,te an antibi,otic medidne prevents or sto,pS, the growth and
spread of bacteria
bi1nd5,
antibody Proteins produced by the immune system that
active transport Mov,@ment o,f substances from1lower
to higher concentration (i.e. aga~nst thejr concentration target and help to destroy specific patho,gens

gradi,ent). Th~s needs.energy from respiration aquatic Reialling to w a1ter

adaptation The process by which org1anisms ad_just to artery Blood vessel ihat carried blood away from the
changes in their environm,ent irn order to aid in thefr heart to tissues and organs of the body
survival
artificial selection Seiection in breeding, carded out.
adenine A base tha1t pairs w~th thymine in DNA and with dehberatefy by humans

uradl ln RNA asexual reproduction Reproductijon not invo~ing
ga,metes or fertilization
aerobic respiration Biochemica~ pro,cess tha1t releases
atrium (pl ., atria) The upper chambers of i3 heart, into
energy f ro,m1a sugar in the, pres,ence of oxygen whkh b~o,od flows

algae Protoctists that contaiin chlorophyll but lack roots, autoimmune disease A disease that is caused when a
le,aves and transport tissue. lndudes many single-celled
form:s and the seaweeds body-'s immune system produces ant~bod1es that attack

alien species A non-nat~ve spedes Hvjng outside 1its the body's own GeHs
normal range whkh has ardved there through human
activity (ei1her deliberate or acddentan autotroph A 1se~f-feeder; - an organ ism that can make jts

allele Different versions of the same gene, own food (glucose) from simpler substances

alveolus (pl. a lveoli) Air sac in the lung where gas bacteria (sing. bacterium) Mkrosc,opic ,organisms
exchange takes place without a true nucleus

amino acid Bui1lding block of proteins balanced A state of stability/the components of a system

anabolic reactions When compl,ex mo!ecu~es are bu~lt up are in equihbdum

from smaI!er ,one,s base The unit in DNA that conta~ns the genetic code,
behavioural Charactedstics, such as how an antma1 live,s
anaerobic respiration R1esp~ration in the absence of
oxygen, producing either lac1ilc add (humans) or ethanol with others i1n its group
(pl,ants and yeast)
bile Substance produced in the liver that neutrali1zes
analogous features Sim1ijlar in structure but of d~ffer,ent
evolutionary origin sto,mach add and emulsiffes fat s in ihe small intestine

anaphase Stage of ceU division wher,e chron1atids separate biodiversity The varjety of differ,ent types of lif,e found on
Earth
and move to d~fferent ends of the ceU
biofuel A fuel produced from bio!log~cal raw materials.,
such as plant crops or .anima, was1e

Biology for the IB MYP 4&5: by Concept

biotechnalogy The i1ndustrial and commierdai app~kation eh emoreceptor Spedaliz,ed sensory neurons that respond

of biology to chemical stimulli such as the presence of smell or taste

biotic Things associated with or that come from living mo~ecu,es., or changes in the concentration o,f carbon
things d11oxide

cancer The uncontrolled replication of ceUs chemosynthesis The process of produdng organ~c forms
of chemical energy (carbohydrates) f rom non-or1ganic
capiUary V,ery thin blood vesse~ that suppli,es oxygen and forms of chemical energy

nutriients d~rect to body tissue5,, and r,emoves waste chitin A long macromolecule made,from glucose and
amino acid, used in the construc1ion of the cell walll of
carbohydrase Enzyme that breaks. down carbohydrates
into, simple sugars fungi and the exoskeleton o,f arthropods

carbohydrates Moiecu~es that pr,ov~de a ready source ,of chlorophyll The maf.n photosynthetic pigment of ,green
enier1gy for the body. They com,e in si mplie forms such
as ,g1lucose, and in complex forms, such as starches and piants
chforoplast OrganeUe that ~s the site of photosynthesis
cellulose
and contains chlorophyll
carbon c1 apture Mechanisms, by which atmospheric
carbon dioxide is removed chromatid 01 ne of two copies,of a chromosome after it

carbon offset A reduction in carbon di,ox1ide emissjons, has repIicated
using carbon capture,t,echn1ques, 1in order to compensate
for em~s:Sions made elsewhere by ,e.g. burning fossil fuels chromosome A long length of DNA, packaged with
protein, containing m1any genes
ea rbon sink Something that absorbs more carbon, usually
in the for1m of carbon dioxide, than it emits, f or example classification The process of diviiding organ~sms into

a tropical rainforest groups with similar characteristics

carnivore an animal that ,eats only other an1imals climate change See global wanning

catabolic reactions Where,compiex molecul,es are broken clone A group of gene,ticaUy identical rind~viduals (air c,eUls)
down into simpler ones
cloning Making a gene,1icallfy identical copy of an
catalyst A subs,tance that a~ters the r.ate of a chemica1I
reaction, but remains unchang1,ed at the end organ ism

cell The basic buildtng blodcs of structure in ,an organ~sm. common ancestor The most r,ecent species from which
two or more different 'Species have evofved
Cells are the sn1aUest uni1 of life and are made from
communicable disease A d~sease that is spr,ead between
other aeIIs by divt·s1on
individuals through air or body fluids; also known as an
cell membrane Part,ally p,erm,eable structure that controls
the passa9e of substanoes in and out of a c,elI 'infect~ous d!sease'

eell wall A tough, flex~bie, fuUy permeable structure community A group r0f populatjons of organisrms living
and interactin9 with eaieh other ~n a habjtat
located outsilde the celll membrane of p~ants, fungt
bacteria and plaint-~Hce Protoctista1 It support5 the ,c:eU comparative anatomy The study of similarities and
d~fferences in the anaitomy of different sp,edes, used to
• study the evolution of spedes

and prevent s it from bursting when water enters complementary bases Two bases that have shapes
that can fit togiether. Adenine pairs w ith thymine, and
cell ulose A macromolecule made of 2000-3000 giucose cytosine w ith guanine in DNA
units joined together. It is the majn molecute in p~ant
cell walls concentration The quant~ty of a substance 1in a def~ned
space or volum1e
central nerve us system (CNS) one ,of the two, main
concentration gradient The d~ff,~renc,e jn concentration
systems of the nervous system; the CNS is made up
between one airea1c1nd dnother
of the brain and spinal cord and ~s respons~ble for
proc,es.sing information that comes from and goes to,,alll cross- breed To produce an anima~ or plant by deliberately
parts,of the body
mating indiv~duals ,of dif ferent breeds. or varieties
centromere The part of a chromosome that joins t he two
crossing-over Exchange of gene,tic materia~ between
chromatids together, and to which sp1nd~e fibres attach
chromosormies dudng meiosis
duringi c,elll div~sjon
cycle A series of ,events that are regulady repe,at,ed in the
characteristic A distingu.ishjng feature of an organ~s1m same order

FIIII

cytokinesis Divi1sion of cytop~asm after the nucl,eus has ecologi'cal footprint The area of land and water required
divJded into two to provide sustainably aH resources at the rate at which
they are being cons,umed by a g~ven population
cytoplasm Site of n1any chemjcal r1eactions co111r0Ued by
enzymes. Contains organeUes such as mitochondria ecos,ystem A community of or,ganisms that depend on

cytosine A base fo,und in DNA and RNA that pa~rs with each other and the .environment they hve, in

guanine egg Female sex ce~I

deco,mp,osers Bacteria and fungi that feed on deaid plant embryo The earl~est stages,in dev,elopm1ent of a n,ew
organism
and ,animal ma1edal
embryonic Re~at~ng to ,an em1bryo
deforestation The removal of tr,ees from1an area of land
emission The production and release of som1ething,
deletion The removal! of a base from DNA
e.gi. a g,as
denature A structural change in a prote~n thait r,esults in
the substrate being unabl,e to fit the active site, stopping emulsification Break fats into very tiny droplets

activity endangered species A species at rjsk of extinction

deoxygenated W~th oxygen removed endemic species A species found in ,a particular area and
destar(h Remo,ve stairch from1a plant by k.eeping ~tin the
nowhere else. See also native species
dark environment The external surroundings of an o,rgan1ism

detritivore Decom1po,s,er,, such as a fly, tha1t breaks down that act on it and affect its surVYval
and use,s. dead org,a1nk matter as a sourc,e of food and environmental Relat~ng to the environment

energy enzyme A biological catalyst

diabetes lnabihty to contra! blood-sugar levell due to la,ck enzyme- substrate complex Structure forimed when a

of insulin substrate combines with an ,enzyrne at its active,site

d iaph rag m A sheet of tissuesl ~argely musde, separating: ethical Relating to beiljefs about whe1her somethjngi ~s
dght or wrong
the thorax from1the abdomen11in m,a1mm1als
eutrophication The addit~on of nitraites or phosphates to,
diet The types of food an organism usually eats a body of waiter resulting in an increase ,n algal ,growth
and reduc,ed dissolved oxygen
differentiate Make o,r become different in 1he process of
evolution The cumulative and gradual change in the
growth or development
genetjc characteristics,,of succ,essive generations of a
diffusion The movement ,of mo,l1ecu~,es from h19her to
spedes: the cumulatNe gradual changes eventually give
lower concentr:ation
dse to spedes different from the,common ancestor
digestion The process ,of breaking larg,e insoluble
mole,cules into sm1alll soluble,ones evolve The,pro,cess of having undergoingi evolution

diploid CeUs w~th nucle~ that hav,e two sets of ex situ conservation The preserva1~on of spedes out5,ide
their natural habjtats, usuaUy in zoos whkh carry out
chrornosomes, one frnm1each parent captive breeding and re;ntroduct~,on programmes
d istri butio n location of a species around the wodd
excretion Get r~d of waste produced by chem~cal
diversity The amiount ,of bjolbgkal vari1ety ~nan ar,ea. It
can be measur,ed in terms of specie5, habitat ,or genetic reactions in ceUs

diversity exploitation U~ng so,mething for maxim1um gain

DNA Deoxy1ri1bonudejc add- a 1mi0~ecule comm1on to aill extinction The irre,versible loss,of spedes

life on Earth. It ,contains the code that determine-s the fatty acid One of the building blocks of fat, ailong
with glycerol. Made fr1om .a Iong cha~n of ,carbon and
structure of living things hydro,gen ,at,oms.

DNA ligase An ,enzym1e which can connect pjeces of DNA fauna An~mals
together
ferti rizati o,n The fus, on of male and female gametes to
dominant An allele that always shows through, and that
causes the homozygous form and the hete,rozygous form form1a zygote
to look the same as. ,each other

Biology for the IB MYP 4&5: by Concept

fertilizer A chemi1cal or natur,ail substance added to soU to glycogen Storage molecule of glucose in animals and
increase the yie,/d of a crop
bacteria
fibre Substance in f,ood made from cellulose ,cell walls
gradient Change in quantity of someth~ng (e.g. temperature,
fJora P~ants pressure, or concentration) from one area to another

food chajn Linear sequence of what eats.what in an gravitotropism Adaptive respons,e r n plants that causes
ecosystem
them1to mov1e and grow in r,e.spons.e to gravity
food web Graphical r,epr1esentation of i1nterconnect,ed
greenhouse effect A natural process in which
food ,chains in an ecosystem,to show the complex
greenhouse gases aUow short-wave rad~ation to pass
connections of what eats wha,t ini each trophic level
through the at1mosphere but trap some out90iing longi-
fossil The remains or impr,ession ,of an andent specie5
pr,eserved i1n rock wave radiation. It incr~ases g1lobal 1e1mperatun~s by about

fossi I f'ue Is The re·mains of dead plants and animals 33 °c, al1,owing ljfe on Earth to exist
form1ed rni~ri~ons of years ago: coa! was f:onm,ed from1
greenhouse gas Gases" such as carbon dioxide and
dead plant mater~al; oil and gas w,ere· for1m,ed from dead
m,ethane, which absorb inf rared radiation: this can l,ead
m.ar1ne organ~sms
to gilobal warming
fungus (pL fungi)i He,terotrophic, non-motHe, multicei/lular
(usually) organisms with a mycelium of hyphae and chitin growth Achieve, a perm1anent change i1n stz,e
cell walls. They consbtute c=1 sep~rat,e kingdom
guanine A base found in DNA and RNA that pairs w1th
gamete Sex ceH (e.g. ovum1, sperm)
cytosine
gas exchange Process through which oxygen and carbon
diox~de are transferred in oppos~te dilrect~ons across a habitat The pllace where a species liv,es
sped,a~ized surface
haploid Cells having1one set of chromosomes
gene S,ection1s of DNA found in the·nudeus of an cells
herbivore An an~mai t hat eats on~y p!ants
gene pool AU the different types of gene found within
herb ivory The process of searching for, find~ng and eatjng1
every individual iaf a spe1 des p~a nts

generation A group of organ~sms born and ~jving ar,ound heredity Passing characteristics 9enetkaUy from one
the same time generation to the next

genetic Relating to genes and heredity heterotroph An org1an~s,m 1hat fe,eds on other ,organisms

genetic code The order of bases ~n DNA tha1 dete·rmines to obtain it s food

the sequenoe of amino acids in a protein heterozy,gous Two different alleles for a parbcu~ar
genetic disease Dis,ease caused by- changes in the genetk
characteristic in each celi
code, rath@r than by pathogens
hierarchy A structure made from many different levels. In
genetic engineering/genetic modification (GM} .DNA b~o,logiy 1it relates to the different levels of dassijfkation

is. modified so that a unique set of genes is produced fro,m kingdom to species

geno,me The whole of the genetic information of an homeostas.is Maintainin,g a ,constant 1nt~rnal einvironmeint
organism homeostatic Relat~ng to ho,m.eo5tasis

genome mappjn,g Methods us,ed 1o f~nd the exact homologous features Simi~,adty due to com·mon ,ancestry

location of a gene on a chromosome, homozygous Two ident~cal a,/Jeles fo r a particular
characteristic in ,each cell
genotype The ~genetk makeup' of ,a person; the g1enetk
hormone A chemical 1m1,essenger in living things
information in the c~u
host An 0rrganJsm on or in which a parasite liv,es; the host
global warming An increase in the average temperature
of the Earth·s atmiosphere prov~des nutr~ents and other lbenef~ts to the paras1ite at

gJucagon Hormone produced by the pancreas that the ,expense of the host's well ..being

converts glycogen into g~ucose Human Genome P'roject (HGP) An internat~ona1I scientific

glycerol One ,of the bu,lding blocks of fat; .along with fatty research projrect; ~ts aim was. to det,erm~ne the s.equenc,e
acids of 1he 3 bjHion base pa~rs which m1ake up the DNA of
humans

hyphae Each of the branch~ngi filaments that m1ake up the

mycelium of a fungus

immune system The body system that de,fends the,body limiting factor Components ,of an ,ecosystem tha1t Um~t

a,gainst infection, disease, a1nd foreign substanc,es the numbers or d~str~buti1on of a population

im piication A possible fut ur,e eff,ect or resu ~t lipase Enzyme that breaks fats down into fatty acids and
glycerol
in situ conservation The conservation of spedes ~n their
lipid Substances such as fats and oils, used as a store oif
natural habitat ,energy in living1things

infertility lnability to have offspring lock-and.. key mechanism Relating to the specific narur,e

inheritable disease A diseas,e that is determined by the of enzymes, where one substrate (the 'key') f~ts into one

genetic s,equence ,of the individual with the disease, actijve she (the 'i,ock. 1
)
and that can be passed from parents to o,ffspri1ng; atso,
lung 0 r1 gan adapted for gas e~change in land vertebrait,es
known as a genetic disease
inheritance Passing on from parents to offspring macromolecule A very large molecule, such as a protein,

insertron The addition of a base to DNA made of many smaller un~ts (e.g. amino acids} joined
together
insoluble Unable to dissol've ln water
manipulate Control or i11fluence som,ething
in suIi n Hormone produced by the panc~eas that conv,erts
glucose into glycogen, thereby removing it from the bl,ood me,chanoreceptor Spedaliz,ed cell that r1esponds to stimuli
of touch, pressure or m1ovement
intercostal muscles Muscile5, tha1 run between the ribs,
and are involved wJth ve,ntilating the lungs meiosis Sexual c~U d~vision., result1ing in game,te5

intergovernmenta I organizations (IGOs) Bodies, metabolic reactions Chemical react~ons ~n ceUs
estaib~ished through intemat1i,ona~ agireements to bdng
together 1governm,ents to work on an internat~onal scaie· metabolism Combined system of all the chemkal
r,eact~ons in ceHs
(e.g. the United Nati,ons, Env1ironment Programme., UNEP)
metaphase Stage of ,ce·II diviisi1on where chromosom,es line
interphase The peri,od between nudear dwistons when
up ~n the m1iddle of a c,ell
the nucleus controls and djr,ects the act;vity of the ce·U
interspefific competition Competition betwe,en micro..organism A smaU living th1ing that can usuaUy only
be seen ~th the help of a mkroscope
individuais,,of djfferrent spedes
microsc.opy Us~ng a1mkr,osc,ope to,study very small
intraspecific competition Competition between
indiv~dua!s. of the, same species organisms

introduced species A species moved from its na1ive microvillus (pl. microvilli) Fin e folds i1n the ceU
membrane o,f a villus, further increasing irts surface area
habitat to a new area through human .activ~ties
minerals Elements such as iron {used to rmake he1moglobin
invasive species An alien species that has increased in blood) and caldum (used to 1m1ake bone)

rapidty ~n number, hav;ng a1negativ,e eff,ect on the mitochondrion (pl. mito,chondria) Organelle releasing
envfronment aind on na1tiv~ sp,9cies energy in cells
isolation The process by whidh two populations become
mitosis Nude,ar djvision where the ceUs produced hav,e 1he
separated; 1if the flow of genetic material between the
two popu~ations is s.topped, new spedes may evolve sa1me number of ch~omosomes as. the parent reelll

keystone species a sp,edes which has a unique and viital modification Altering or chang~ng something

role in maintaining a balaneed ecosystem molecule A group of atoms jojned to,gether

kinetic Reiat~ng to o1 r resu!t~ng from m1otion monohybrid A 9enetjc cross invo!vjng ,one characteristic!

kingdom The highest cllassificati,on into which liv~ng gene, such as eye colour
organisms are grouped. There ar,e 5 kingdoms: an~mals.,
motor neuron Nerve ceUs that control musde movement
plant5., fungi: protoctists and bacteria
movement Relocate from one place to another
leaf The photosynthetk organ in plants
multicellular An organism 1made from many celfs
ljfe cycle A perirod ~nvolving one generation of an
organjsm through 1means of reproduction mutagen A substanc,e causing a mutation

rife expectancy The average length of time a pers,on or mutation A change in the amount or the chemical

gr,oup of peop~e (or other organisms,) may expect to ~ive structure (i.e. base, sequence) of DNA of a chromosome

mycelium A m,ass or network ,of hyphae

Biology for the IB MYP 4&5: by Concept

native spe,cies A spedes found in an area wher1e it p,ancreas Organ in the body that produc,es enzymes for
digesti1on and insulin 1o control blood-sugar Ieve!
originated, Le. occurs naturaHy within a part11cular ecosystem
parasite An organism or virus t hat lives jn or on anot her
natu ra I selection The pro,c,ess whe reby organisrns that are
organism (the host) and gets nutrients and other benefit s
better adapted to their surround~ngs are more likety to at the expense of t he host's w·ell-being.

surv~v,e and produce more offspring pathogen An organ~sm, such as bacteria, fungi or p,arasite,
or virus that causes dise,ase ~n its host
nervous system The, body system made up of the, brajn,
peripheral nervous system One of the two main systems
sp~nal cord and nerves, which controls aH a,ctions in of the nervous system; neirves ijn the PNS conne,ct the

the body by receiv~ng inf,ormat~on from and sending central ne,vou5 system,at th~ sp~nal cord to organs,
messages throughout the whol,e bodo/
muSides, ceHs, blood ves.sie~s and glands
neuron Sp~dalized cells that are,able to percei1ve stimuli
and s,end informatjon about the stimulus throughout pest Animal or plant that has becom1e a nuisance to
body via the nervous system; also caiUed 'nerve,ceU' humans

niche Where, when and how a spedes. lives. A aom1plete phenotype What you look like; the outward effect of the
genetic code on the body
description of a sp,edes• role wuthjn a community
phenotypic traits Physkal characteris.tics that determine
non,..governmen'tal organizations (NGOs) Bodies not
the appearanc,e of an organis1m
run by, funded by or influenced by governm,ents of any
photoreceptor Spec1ializ,ed cell that responds to stimrul~
country (e.g. Greenpeac,e; the World Wide Fund for
from light waves
Na1ture, WWF)
p,h otosynthes is The process by which green piants
nucleotide The building block of DNA and RNA convert light energy from the Sun into useab~e chemical
energy stored in organic maitter. It 1requires ,carbon
nucleus Contains genetic matedaL Controis ,a cell's dioxide, water, chlorophyll and Ught
activ~bes
p hototropi sm Adaptive respo1nse in plants that ieauses
nutrition Obtain nutdents by either feed ing or making the1m1to move and grow toward a light source

food p,hysical Re~ating to the body of an organ~sm

nutritional Relraitlng to the nutrition of an or9an~sm p,hysiological Adaptations which involve the function of

offspring An animal's young/chBdren the organism's body, such as temperature, regulation

omnivore An animal that eats both plants and other placenta A temporary organ that joins the mother aind
anima~s
fetus,, transfer1dng oxygen and nutr~,ents from the mother
organ Groups o,f tissu,es that work together to carry out a1
to the fetus and aUowing the releas,e of ca1rbon diox~de
spedfic function, such as the skin, heart and lungs
and waste products from the fetus
organ system Groups of orga,ns that work coUectjvely to
plantation A crop us.uaUy of one spedes of ,e.gi. tree
perform a functjon f,or the body, such as the digestive,
reproducttve, and ci rculat,ory sys1em1s plasmid An independentlly replicat~ng drde of DNA

organelle Structures found within cells that carry out cont aining a f ew g,enes. They are fou nd 1in bacteria and
spedfic functions
can be used to carry ,genes into a suitab!e ho.st bacten·um
organic molecule A mo,iecule that is normally f ound in or
p,Jeurar membrane Tissue ljning iung1s a11d thorax cavity
produced by living matter ensuring that the lungis are air-tight

organization The state of being organized po11 utant A subs,tanee that poIlut,es s.omething, espedal!y
water or the atmosphere
osmosis The m,ovement ,of wat,er from higher to low·erwater
pol Iution The·,add~t,on o,f '3 substance or an d g1 ent to
concentration through a partially permeable me,mbrane an environment by human activity, at a rate gr,eater
o,vf!rexploit Remov,e or reduce a resource 1n a way that j5, than that ,at which tt can be made harmless by the

nat sustaina.b/e, env~ronment and wh ich has an notabi,e effect on the

overhunting Hunting an animal in a way that is not organjsms whhin it
sustainable
population A ,group of org,anisms of the same species
oxygenated Containing oxyg,en
living ~n the same are·a at the same tjme
palisade cells 01 biong-shaped cells towards the surface of

a leaf, conta~njng many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Fllil

predation The proc,ess of hunti1ng, lk~Uing, and eating respiration Break down 9lucose to r,elease ,energy

ani1mals restriction enzyme Enzymes found in bacteri,a and used
io destroy viruses. They cut DNA at particular sequences
predator Animal! that hunts., IUUs and ,eats other animals ~eaving sticky ends

prey Animal that i1s hunted, kmed and ,eaten by a predator ribosome Organelle where prote~ns are made·. It is the
smaHest o,r9anellle 1in cells
primary co,nsumer A consumer on the second trophic
RNA A nude~c add conta~n~ng the sugar ribose and the
level that eats producers
base uradl rather than thymine. Unlike DNA, ijt ~s s~ngle-
p,roducer P~aints, algae and other micro-organ1sm1sthat
stranded rather than doubll,e-strandedl
us,e the 1energy from the Sun, plus carbon diox~de and
wat,er to make sugars {food) saprotroph Decomposers,.such as bacteria or fung t that
live on .and chemicaUy break down dead organic matter
product A substance produced as the resuh of a chemical
saturated Refers to a fatty acid where all carbon atoms
reaction
are fully bonded to other atoms,
prokaryotes (bacteria) A m1kroscopk organism wjthout
scavenger Animals. such .as hyenas that feed on dead
a true nudeus. 01 ne of the f~ve kingdoms of life
animals as thefr sourc1e of food and energy
prop,hase Stagie of c,eU d~vi·s~on where chromosomes start
to appea1r in the ce~I secondary consumer A consumer on the third trophic
level that ,eats prlmary consumers
p,rotease Enzyme that breaks proteins down into amino
acids selection A process in whkh environmenta!Agrenetk
factors detenmine which or1ganisms survive and whkh
protein A i,ong1 chain of amino acids joined togiether, do not
form1ing1 a specific .shape
selective breeding Se,e artificial selection
Protoctista King,dom containing an un~reelllular, microscopic
sensitivity Respond~ng1to changes in the envfronment
oir,ganisms, as weH as seaw1eeds. S01m,e protoctists have ,enabl~ng the survival! of the or9anism

the characteriistics ,of animal ceHs" whereas others are like sensory neuron Specialized neurons that r1eceive
pliant ceUs, i.e. contai~ning a cell wall and chloroplasts
information fr,om stimuli
quarternary consumer A consume,r on the fifth trophic
level ihat eats tertiary consum@rs sexual reproduction The production of offspring from

random assortment Refers,to the way chromosomes line two parents usi1ng gametes (egg and sperm)
up in the centre of the ceU during meiosis. It results jn
each sperm and each egg hav~ng different oombinabons small intestine The part of the intestine that runs
of chromosomes from the m1other and father betw1een the stomach and the large iintest1ne, where

reactant Substance that reacts wijth anothe,r in ai chem~caJ digestion and absorption of food takes place

reaction soluble Can dissolve jn water

recessive An allele that affects ,an an~mal's appearance sonoreceptor Specialjzed cell that r@sponds t10 st~mu~i

only if it is pres,ent in the hom,0:zygous state and i,s not from sound waves

hidden by a dom1inant aHele s pecia Iized Having a spedfie purpose/role

reflex An automatic reaction in re,sponse to certain types speciati,on The process by which ne·w species form

of stimuli species A group of organ~sms that can mate tog1ether and
produce young that are a1b~e to breed and have their
relay neuron Conveys impulses from the,sensory neuron
,own offspring
to the motor neuron wnh~n the central nervous system
sperm Male sex ceU, produc,ed by meiosis
,(CNSJ spinal cord Tube-like bundle of nerves,that ,connects

replication Making an 1identkal reopy of S·omething the brain w ith the per,ipheral nervous system· to send

reproduction The process of producing offspring ilnf,ormation to and from the brain and throughout the

reproductively isolated Occurs when two popu~a,tions body
can no longer jnterbreed and exchange genes
spongy mesophyrl Layer of ceUs ~n a leaf where gas
resistant The ability of an organ~sm to surv~ve something
exchange takes place
res.ource A substance 1n an ,organism1s environm,ent

needed for growth, maintenance and reproduction

Biology for the IB MYP 4&5: by Concept

stem cell A c,eU can that can repeatedly divide into transfer Move from1one place to another
more stem celllswh1id1 are unspedaHzed (i.e. have yet
to becom1e spedfic types of ceU), and the later abmty transformation A change in form
to differentiate into mature ceU types, such as musde,
transgenic An organism containing1 the DNA of another
biood and nerve ceB.s spec~..es

sticky end's When a cut ~s made in DNA, by a restriction transplant Take a living tissue or an organ and put it into]
enzyme the exposed unpaired base5' can pak wjth .another or,ganism

complementary ba1ses on another strand o,f DNA whjch trophic level Level in a food web that is made up ,of
has been cut w~th the ·sam,e restriietron enzyme. These
organ1s1ms that get their energy in a siimUar way
e,xposed bases are called stkky ends
unicellular An organism consist~ng1of only one ceU
stimulus (pL stimuli) An e,v,ent or substance that ieauses
unsaturated Refers,to ,a fatty acid in whiah not all carbon
a reaction
atoms are fuUy bonded to other atoms., i.e. some carbons
stoma (pl. stomata) Hole/pore usually on the underside conta•n doubl,e bonds

of ileaves that aUows ,gases to enter a:nd leave the ieaf, vaccine A substance given to possibte host organisms,
and transpiration to occur such as humans or other large anima~s1 that contains
1elements of a pathogen in order to stimulate the
substitution The change of one base to a diff,erent bas,e
(often caused by the DNA being copied incorrecdy) recipient's immune system to pr,oduce antibodies

surface area The s.um of aU the areas that ieover the to protect the pers,on/animall from ai possible fu1ure
surface of an object
infection
surface area :volume ratio The relationship between
surface area and vollume, vacuole Large fluid-frned sac in plant ,ceHs.

sustainability Uving w 1ith~n the means of nature variatio,n Differences betw,een indiv~duals of a species.

sustainable Using ,a resource·so that it is not exhausted or May be caused by envfronm1ental or ,genetic factors
permanent~y damaged
vector Something whkh ,can carry DNA from one,
sustainab.le development Meeting the needs of the organils1m to another. Exa mplles are viruses and pJa,smids
pr,esent ·without compromis1ng1the ability of future
vein Blood vesse,1that carded bloodl toward the heart fro,m1
generat~ons to meet their own needs
tissues and or,gians of the body
symbiosis Arrangements and retationships between
organisms liv~ng 1-n the same area, indudi11g parasitism, ventilation The,,act of drawrng in oxygen and remov~ng
mutualism1and ,commensa1~ism
,carbon diox~de from the body
technology The ,application of sdentific knowledge for
practical purp,oses ventricle (pl. ventricles) The lower chambers of the
heart, from which blood is pump,ed along1 arteries into
telophase Sta1gie that compiet~s nud~ar d~vis1on ~n GeUs the body

terrestrial Relating to land vessel A holl~ow tube alongi whjch substances.can flow

tertiary consumer A consumer on the fourth trophic lev:el villus i(pl. villi) Folds ~n the wa Uof the small intestine,
that ,eats secondary consumers increaS!1ng surfa,ce area for the absorption of food

thermoreceptor Sp,ecia!ized ,ceU that responds to stimuH virus A non-ce,Uular pathogen made up of a protiein

from changring temperatures coat and genetic material t hat invades livi1ng ~eHs and

thigmotropism Adaptive response in plaints that causes, uses their eelIular mach1inery to replicate. Does not
them to, move and grow in response to touch or contact indep,endently ,cany out any of life's functions

thorax The pc3rt of the body above the diaphragm and vitamins Chemicals that ensure ceUs functton properly,

below the neck, containing the-lungs and heart ,e.9. vitamins C and D

thymine A base found in DNA that pairs w~th adenine xerophyte Plants that can Uve in dry conditions.(from
'xero· which medns dry, and 1phyteJ wh~ch m,eans piant)i
tissue Groups of cells of sim1ilar type that work together to
perform a parti1cuiar function in the body, such as musde yield The amount of an agricultural resource produc,ed
and bone tijssue e.gi. plant crop

zygote CeH produced by the fusion of gametes

Fil!I

lihe authors would like to extend their grateful· thanks to Antoine Gi·u,st who thorougnly reviewed the fu II manuscript and gave ·inval,uable ad~ice that
he,ped to maiteria~ly improve the text Trianks also to the team at Hodder Education who nave brought togetrier t~e text and ,iflusra·tions just as the
authors would have wished.

Ihe PubUshe,rs vvoul:d fike to thank the followin,g. for thefr advice and support rn the deve~opment of th.is project Robert Harrison, Head of Mridd!e

Years Programme Devel'opment, IBO; the MYP by Concept series edttor. Paul, Morrrs; Antoine Giust,i. Munich lrnternation~1f School and R.~ta,Bateson,
Currkulum and Assessment IMa:nager for M.athematics and Sciences. Middle Years Programme. IB01 for revievvi ng ·the manuscript.

The Publ,ishers would lrike to thank the foi:lowing,for permi·ssion to reproduce copyright rnateniaL Every effort has been made to trace or contact all

co,py.riight hollders, bLJt if any have been i,nadvertently overfook.@d1 th-e Publishers wil'I be p1leased to make the necessary arrangements a.t the first

opportunity.

Photo ,rediu

p.2 © N·obeastsofi1erce/Fotolia.; p.3 tr © Vasahii,rrhirikstock; tcr@ s~rk:a:nozal1 p/Tl,;ri,kstoc:k: bcr © Seanjohrrh inkstock; bi© mac:ropixel,/Fotolia.com;
br © vla,d61 _61/Fo1:olia.com; p.4 t © Om,ikron/Science Pnoto IL~brary; bi@ Welkome library. London; br@ Heritage tma.ge Partneirsh~p Ltd/Alamy;
p.7 t © DrGopal Murti/Science Photo Ubra.ry; b © Kevi111 & Betty CoUins, Visuals LJnl,·imited/S6ence Photo Ubrary; p.9 © Desi,gnua/Fototia;
p.11 © Blueri,ngmedia/ Fotofria; p.14 © Gerd Guenther/Sdence Pnoto Library; p.16 © Ramona Heim/Fototlia; p.17 © Kwangshin K;m/Science Photo
Librairy; p.19 I© Alexander Potapov/Fotol'i:a; r@ Dofl·ing Kindersley/Tni1nkstoc:;k; p.20 t © Shei,la Te,rry/Sc;ience Photo Library; bJ © Natural History
Mruseum/Sciemce Photo Library; br@ Creativema-rc/Fotolia; p.22 © Thomas Deernick/Sc:ien-ce Photo Library; p.23 I@ Gerd Guenther/Scie111ce Photo

Libra,ry; tr@J .C. Revy, ISM/Science Photo Ubtairy~ br@ CNRf/Science Photo Library; p.24 J, top to bottom@ Colin Varndell/Sci.ence Photo Library;
C David Robeirts/N1ature1s Images/Science Photo Library~ C Nige~ Downer/Science Photo Library;@ Nig1el ,Downer/Science 'Photo Ubra,ry; C Dr Jeremy
Buirgess/Sdence Photo Library; r@ Mi~e Comb/Science Photo Libirary; p.26 @'Ravvan Hussein/123rf; p.27 C Franck Boston/Fotoli,a; p.31 J@ Martyn E
ChHlmaid/Sdence Photo Libra·ry; r@· K.R. Porter/Science Photo Library; p.BB @ She,ila Terry/Science P1 hoto Library; p.46@ Leonidovich/l=otoUa;

p.48 © StE'phan Berg lund/iStoddT h·inkstock; p.49 © Martyn F. Chiil.lmaid/Sci,ence Photo Library; p.51 t@ Paola Giannonj/1.23r-f: be Peter Scoo:nies/
Science Phmo Liibrary; pL54 © Viperagp/Fotolia; p.55 @ Vofff/Fotolia; p.61 t © Denis Dryash kin/Fotol"ia; c © Petai Ja.ntrnpoon/.iStockfThjnkstock;
b © Dusan Zidar/Fotoiia.~ p.66 C Freshidea/Fotolia: p.79 © Victor De Schwariberg/Sci-ence Photo Library; p.81 t © Mraxsattana/iStod<IThinkstock~
c © Seregam/iStockJThinkstock; b © Yakovlev/Fotolia; p.86 © JohanSwanepoel/Fotol1ia; p.87 I@ Bach005/Thinkstock; c ©Martin M303/Foto'lta;
r © l·PGGuitenbergUKLtd!Thinkstock; p.89 I© Dmirtry Dedyu.khin/Thinkstoc:k; tr © Jon Bower Duba~ 2/A~amy; br@ Mkhael !Patrick O' Ne1ill/Alamy;
p.92 I©. Peshkova!Fotolia; r © Dglavi.r1ova/Fotoliia; p.96 @Andrew Davis; p.98 b © Eric lsseliee/iStock/Tninkstock; tl@ Olga Khoroshunova/Fotol1ia;

tr© Fuse/Thi·n,kstock; p.99 @Andrew Davis; p.101 tl@ mb-fotos/Thinkstock; br@ IPGGuten.be·rgUKLtd/Thinkstock: bi@ Rik58/Fotolia;
tr@ Mil<eLane45!rhi1nkstock; p.104@ Rafael1Ben-Ari/Fotolia; p.107 I C Bio,photo Associates/Sdence Plhoto Lib·rary; r C Science Vu, Visuals Unli:m ited/

Science Photo Library; p.108 IC Or Keith Wheeler/Science Photo Ubrary: r© Biophoto Assodates/Sdence Photo Library; p.110 IC Paul COViian/
Thinkstock; r@ Cl1a.udi-o Doenitz Perez/Thinkstock; p.111 dockwise f'f'om left@ Gbh007/iStock/Thin kstock; @ J,uHaline/iStockfrhjnkstock; @Fuse/
Th1rikstock; © Monkeybusinessimsges/~Stoc:knhinkstock; p.112 © AlexRatnshStoc:krrhinkstock; p.115 I@ Dbimages/Alamy; c@ Clhris Sattlberger/
Sc~ence Photo Ub rary; r © Gusto tmagesJS cie nee Pihoto L1hrary: p.116 I © Akarapong Suppasarn/123-rf; r © M,arty n E ChiIIma1d/Sden ce Photo Library~
p.117 I© Pasie'ka/Science Photo Library; c © A. Dowset. Public Health Engla11d/Science Photo Libira.ry; r@ Science Pict:ure/Sdence Photo 'Library;

p.118, © Dr Gopal· MurtilScieince Photo Library; c © Biomedical 11t11ag-ing, Uni:"t:, Southampton General Hospital/Sdence Photo Ubrary; r © A. Dowsett,
Publi1c Health Engl.and/Science Photo Library; p.-119 I@ A . Dowsett, Public:; Health England/Sdence Photo Libra.ry~ r © Dr Klaus Boll:er/Stience Photo
Library; p.120@ NrkoJl e R. 'Fu,1lil er/Science Photo Library; p.121 J@ A .B. Dowsett/Science Photo Library; r@ Sci-entifica1 Visua.ls UnllimirtedlScience Photo

Libra1ry;, p.122 @ Dr P. Ma,razzi1/Science Pnoto Ubrary; p.1.23@ St Mary's Hospital Medica'I Schoo'l/Science Photo Library; p.124 J © Welcome Library

London; r@ Science Photo Library; p.126 IC May/B'ISP/Science Photo Ubra,ry; r C Ton Keone/Visu·a'ls Unl1imited, Inc./Science Photo Ubra,ry;
p.128 @ Lightvvise/l23.rf; p.1.ia be © Eye3 5 stock/Alamy; I C Mo nkeybusinessimagesliStookrr~inkstock; p.139 tc C Kreingkra.i

Luangc:haipr~~da/123·rf; r@ Natalia 'Bratslavsky/t23rf; p.144@ ton~~y-/Thinkstock; p.145 I@ A. Ba-rri·ngton Brown, Gonvill ~ and Caius CoH~g~/

Science Photo Ubrary; r © A . Barringston Brown, Gonville and Caius College/Scie-nc-e Photo Library; p.146 tl e Scien ce Photo library; r© Science

Photo Library; bJ © Nati ona l' library of Medidne/Sdence Photo Libr.a,ry; p.150@ Mariusz B1ach/123rf; p.152 @ Luk CoxJFotoliia; p.154 t © Ali1la/123·rf;
b © Ha1:t1e Young/Science Photo Ubra.ry; p.155 © l. W.illatl; East Anghan Regiona~Genetics Service/Science Photo library~p.156 t@ Science Photo
Librairy; b © She il1a Teny/Sdence Photo library; p.160 t © toflo/Fotolia; b © London Sd1ool of Hygie ne & Tropic.al Medicine/Science Photo libra,ry;
p.161 © Steve Gschm erssner/Science Photo Library; p.164 tl © Alrlotment boy 1/Alamy; tc © George Bemard/Scienc.e Photo Libra ry; tr © Daniel

Sarnbraus/Sdence Photo Library; b © Sciem:e Pictires !Limited/Science Photo Liibrary; p.165 bf@ S1i11clair Stammers/Science Photo Library;

p.166 I@ Gprentice/iStock/Th,i1n,k.stock; p.,167 r@ Kj,uuurs/Fotolia: I@ Gerald & Buff Corsi. Visuals lJ n.fi mirted/Science Photo Librairy;

Biology for the IB MYP 4&5: by Concept

p.169 I@ L. Wi'll a,t~ East Anglian Regional Genetics Service/Scie nce Photo Library; r@ Bob Gibbons/Science 'Photo Library; p.170 @Sheila Terry/
Science Photo Ubrary; p.172, @Robert cicchettVFotolia; p.17:i @Smetek/Sdence Photo library; p.174@ Ken Lucas. V1isuals Unlimited/Science Photo
Librairy; p.176@ Kerstiny/Fotolia: p.177 I© Mark Gartick/Sdence Photo Ubra.ry; r © P. Plajlley/E . Daynes/Sc:ien,ce Photo Library; p.180 © Henrik

Larsso n/FotoIia: p .1·85 © Dorl ing Krndersl,ey/Thinkstoc k; p.187 © An1:on Sokolov/Fotol1a; p .189 © Vu/B. .John. Vi su a.ls Un Iim •1ed/S ei.en ce Photo Library;
p.190 I© Mario Tama/Getty 'Images.; tr@ Morcphart/Fotol:ia; br © 'David CarHlet/123rf; p.191 @ Sinclai'lr Stammers/Sclence Photo Lib rary; p.195 © Mark
Garl,ick/S.cience Ph-0to Library; p.197 © Neryx/123 rf; p.199 1© Sebastian Kaulitzki123rf; I© Dm'itry Knorre/123rt p.202 © David Aubrey/Science
Ph oto Library; p.204 tJ@ Simo n Fraser/Science Photo Library; tr© Eugene Ka,lenkovich/1:23rt; c@ Rose WaddeU/123rf; bl © Znudifeng/123rf;
br © Lucian Com;Jn/123 1rf; p.208 © Ktsdesign/Soience Photo Library~ p.209 tl © Sebastian Ka uilitzki/1i23tf; tr © Seiience Picture Co/Science Photo

Libra,ry; bi@ Woodoo007/123rf; br@ Sebastian Kaul,itzki/1,23rf; p.211 @Jonn Bavosi/Science Photo Library; p.212 from top@ Scientifica_ Visuals
UnIimrted/Sci ence Photo Ubrary; C Vale,rl i1 Kirsa,nav/123d; C Pakhnyushchyy/123r-f; C CordeHa ,MoUoy/Science Photo Ubrary; C Cat hy Ke,ifer/123rf;
C Charles Brut:lag/123rf; p.21S @E. Widder., Hboi, V,isua1ls Unlimi,ted/Science Photo Library; p.216 t@ Frans Lanting, Mi,nt lmag,es/Sdence Phioto

Libra,ry; b@ Frans Lanting'° Min,t l:mages!S cie nce Photo Libra,ry~p.217 t@ Alexaindr Ozerov/1:23rf; tc@ Carlos Edgar Soa r~s N'eto/123 ri; be@ lrl,na

Tischenko/123r( b @Xhrchx/123rf; p.21 B © Dr Keith Wheelfrr/Science Photo Library~p. 219 t@ Ruji ra porn MahaliU123rf; b © CoL~rtesy of Professor

Hoson Takayuki of Osaka City t.Jriiversi1ty; p.220 © NASA; p.222@ Plus69/123rf~ p.223 © Irina Tisc,henko/123ff; p.224 tJ © Baibak Tafreshi/Sdence

Photo Library; bJ © Retnhard Dirscherll\lVaterFrame/Getty lmag:es; r © Javier Fernandez Sancnez/Momerit/Getty Images; p. 225 t © Danita Delimornt/
Gal1o Images/Getty 1lmag·es; b © Ed Reschke/Stockbyte/Getty ·lmag:es; p.228 clockwise from top left© Natatlia Lukiyanova/123rf, @ Stillfxl123ri;
© Steven Prorak/1123rf; © Igor Bodsov/123rf; © Dean Fika·r/123rf; © Fiilip Fuxa/t23rf; p.229 © Steve By,land/123rf; p.231 I© AltGl Oorthuizen/123rf;
r@ Dr Ken Macdona,ld/Science Photo Libra,ry; p..232 I ©i Akkaradec:h Pramoonsjn/t23rrf; r ® 'Dpshp/123rf; p..233 t © De cha Thapa·nya/123rf;
c@ Atosan/l23rf~ b@ Sam o·cruz/123rf; p.234 tl'@ Phuwadet Kittong.plew/123rf; d@ Roystud1o/11.23 rf; bf@Alexey Romanenko/123rf; er@ Colin
Varndelil/Science Photo Liibrary; br@ Kamnuan Sut:hongsa/123rf; p.236 r@ Donald M,. Jones/Minden Pictures/Getty ,Images; b @ Daniel Stahler/NPS;
p.237 C KuhnSO/,iStock/Th inkstock; p.238 @Photopat usa/A'la,my; p.240 t@ Karlumbriaco/Thinkstock; b@ Kangarooarts/Thinkstock;
p.242 @ James Cad~/1 23r~ p.243 J @ 1Fold3; ·tr@ Ma,rk MoffettJM,inde:n Pi'ct ures/Getty l'mag es: br@ Jinga Pantilirnon lon/123rf; p.244 t@ Sylvan
Wittvver/Sdenc~ Photo Library; b © .JGade/Foto,lia; p.248 © Wal't~ r Bibikow/The lmag.e Bank/Getty 'lmage>s; p.250@Tai111:/Fo'tolta,~p.252 tl@ O'liv~r
Svedn 23rf; bJ © Peter BowatetiSoience Photo Library; tr © Linda Wh,itehead/1123rrf; br © Jacus/Thrnkstodk; p.253 @ Na:tural H1istory Museum/Sdence

Photo Ubrary;. p.255 © f;rans Lani:i ng, 1Mint 'lmag,es/Sdence Photo Library; p.257 © Nick Velichko/123rf; p.259 © Garrett Nagl'e; p.260 © Arun
Roisirii123rf; p~262 © Mi~-0sh Kojadi inovkh/1'23rf; p.26 4 r © Lightwise/12 3rf; J @ Frans Lanting/M int images Limited/A la my; p. 266 @ Moptc/123 rf;
p.267@ Oarryia Petrenko/123rf; p.268 I© Jim West/Science Photo Ubrary; r © Eric Gevaert/123rf; p.270 t © Hyperman ia2/123rf; b © Ria Novostil

Sdence Photo Library; p.272 © Stylephotographs/123 rf; p.273 tJ e Tim Heu singer Von Wa,ldegge/t23rf; tr@ Micha,el P. Gadmoski/Science Photo

Libra,ry; b@ Adam Hart-Davis/Science Photo Library; p.275. @Luomanfrhi:r1kstock; p.276 @ Kelvin.Ya,m/T~in'kstock: p.278 @Koya979/Fotolia;
p.279 C Rafe Swan/Cultura/Sden,ce Photo Ub,rary; p.2S0 b C Gustoimag,es/Science Photo Library; t C Stryje k/1Fot0Ha; p. 211 t C lnternatio,nal· Embryo
Transfer school; c C Geoff Kidd/Science Photo Library; b @Lawrence Wee/123rf; p.284 J@ Jupiter~mages/Photos.com/Thinkstock; tr@ 'Erk fsseilee/
iStock/Thin kstock; er @ Eric lsselee/iiStockfrhin kstock; br @ 1Eric Issel1ee/iStock/Th i:nkstock; p. 2SS top to·bottom, from left to right @ Mike'Lane45/
iStockln, in kstock; © George Doyle & CIaran Griffin/Stockbyte/Th,inkstoc k; © Iagodina/i,Stock!T hi'nkstock; @ Sereg raffIiSto c:ktn,inks-tock:

© MH<eLa,ne45/iStock/ Thinkstock; © Elena RakJhuba/j Stock/Thinkstock~ © Marina Me1slennikova/iStock/Thi,nkstock; © Fotojagodka/iStock/
Th rin kstock;© AdogslHephoto/iStockJTh inkstock; © Cynocl ub/1Stock1Tn1nkstock; © Erik lam/ iStock/Th1n.kstock; @ Pyotr02 ,1iStock/Th in kstock;
p.286 © lig,htwise/123,rf; p.289 t © Patrick Dumas/Look at Sciences/Science Photo Ub rary; b@ Patpitchaya/Fotolia; p. 291 © Mrallen/FotoHa;
p.293 © James Krng -Holmes/Scierice Photo Library; p.294 I© Suw.an Jayasi11ghe/Sc1iern:e Photo Library;,-© James King-lHolmes/Science Photo
Library; p.295 @James K,ing -Holmes/Sdence Photo L,ibrary; p.296 @Phi1lip.pe PlaHly/Sc:i:ence Photo Libra,ry; p•.298 @ KTSDesign/Science Photo Library;

ep.300 I Phii:ippe Pl1ail ly/Science Photo Library; r@ Sebasti1an Kaulitzki/123 rf

t :::ii top, J c. 1,eft, c c cen,tre, r c right, b c . botto mr

Text credits

p.113 Taken fro.m the constitution of the Worild Health Organisatiolil (WHO, 1946); p.130 f=i,gure showing the coirrelation between body mass index
(BM,il) and Type II diabetes (WHO): p.130 Graph showing the correllation between akoholiconsumption and cirrhosis risk (WHO); p.134 Series of grapns
showing trends i1n inddence of cancer ~n selected countries (WHO, 2015); p.155 Tabl,e 'Changes in i:nddence of Down syndrome w ith age of mother'
from 'What Is Down Syndrome' {Nat,ional Down Syndrome Society, 2012}; p.182 Adapted from figure : 'Specifi·cation ~n Ga'lapagos fin ches' from
Encyclopaedia Britannica {Encyclopaedia Br,tannica, 20110t ireproduced lby permission of thie publisher; p.184.CJ. Clegg: Oi,agram: 'Change in mean beak

si.2e ·in Geospiza fortis populations on Da,phn,e Major, 1975-1963 1 from Bio,ogyfor the IB Diploma 2nd ed (Hodder Edu.cation, 2015}; p.203 la ura Gib bs:
RromAesop's Fables. A na-v translation byLaura Gibbs (Oxford University Press, 2008); p.259 Garrett Nag:le and Andrew Davis: Adapted from figure:
tApproaches to rpoillution ma,nag'ement' from Environmental Systems and Societies for the IB Diploma (Pearson education, 201O): p.262 Adapted from

f igure 'Global Warrn iri g Ov~r Geological Tim~ Scales' (Cotleg~ of M1eiurin@ & Ea rth Studi~ s. 2007}; p.274 ~iguriz ' Chang~s in atmosp heric carbon dioxide
levels betwee,n 1960 zmd 2000 ' (The Intergovernmental 'Panel on CHmate Change. 2015); p.27'5 Graph shOW"ing the effect of .a, bioron1roil agent on an
invasive species (Government of Seskatchewan. 20 13). © 2013, Government of Saskatchewan.

Vis ible Tn inking - ·ideas. iram ework. f)rotoco I, a,nd thinking routin,es - from Project Zero at the Harvard Graduate School of Educ.ation have bee n used ,in
many of oln activhies. Yo u can find out more here: www.vlsibilethinkingpz.ag

1111

acid rain 258 b1ood sugar levels, ~ontrol of 75, conservation 104- 5, 195, 267- 91
210-11 276
active transp,ort 72 d~abetes 287
consumers 232-3
adaptation 87-9, 203-4 b lood vesseJs 68
of body shape 102- 3 Clo,olingr suspending rife 27, 28
of body size 98- 100 body shape 102-3 co,ral 51

to extreme conditions 215 breathing 63-5. 90 Crick, Francis 145

in larger or,g1anisms 90-1 carbohydrates, 56 cytoplasm 8, 28
10 stimuii 212- 13
carbon cycle 77 Darwin, Charles 173, 182, 184,,
aerobic respiration 28, 31, 32 carbon dioxide 261
185,190
agriculture 254, 256 use in photosynthesis 33, 37 decomposers 233-4
pesticides 243- 4 d eforestati,on 264. 275
carbon dioxide level.s 262, 263, designer babies 167
A HIPPO mnemonic 252-S 274 diabetes 287
diet 55- 8, 80, 138
amoeba 15 carbon monoxide 258
amylase 51-2 diffusion 72
catalase 50
an aerobi,c respiration 28., 32 infiuendng factors, 92-3, 96
catbirds 237
a,nalog,ous features 19 digestion 60-2, 91
cells 2, 4, 6
animal cells 15 comparison of animal! and plant diseases see illness
iee!ls 15
antibiotics 12.3 functions of 8 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 148
life history ,of 9'
bacter~al reststance 193-4 observation of 7 chrom1osomes and genes 152
spe,daI~zed 9-10
antibodies ·122, 125 cod~ng for prote~ns, 149'
a.rt,ificial life 22 chromosomes 1S2., 154-5
d~scovery of structure 145 7
asexual reproduction 160., 164, cha1nges during mitosis 161-3 extracbon from kriw~ fruit 150-1
model ,of 151
281 circulatory system 66- 7 mutations 153- 4

autoimmune diseases 130 blood vesse·ls 68 repljcation of 162
bacteria (Prokaryotes) 16- 17, 116 and the tr,ee of Itfe 190- 2
heart 69- 71, 88
antibiotic resista nee 193-4 dog breeds 284-5
classification 14-17 Dolly the sheep 280, 281-2
pathogens 117-18 'Homo' genus 20- 1
probiotic 245- 6 r,elabonships betwee,n organisms Down syndrome 154-S
use in genetic modification 286 18- 19
Earth Summit 268
behavioural investigations 2.14- use of modern techniques 21
15 Easter Island 248- 9
climate change see global
bile 61- 2 ecological footprints 266
bioc,ontrol agents 275 warm.ing
economic growth 270-1
bioprinting 292-4, 300 clones 280-2, 2'99
b iotechnology 278-91 coel ia,c disease 108 ec,osystems 223-4., 228-9
,energy flow 231
see also dones; genetic communi,cable djseases 128-9, food w ,ebs 229-30, 232~4
138
m1odiificat~on; selective br,eeding; human impacts 243-4, 252-5,
stem-Gel f research com,parative anatomy 175 265
competition 240

Bio logy for t he IB M Y P4&5: by Concept

see·also deforestation; 9iobail Gregror Mende~'s. work 156- 7 inherited (genetic) disea,ses 129,

warming; poUution geneti,c modjfication (GM) 46-7, 138
286 - '90, 300
impact of predators 2.24- 7 insulin, GM pro,ductio·n 2.87
1interactions between organisms global warmi,ng 262-3, 274
greenhouse effect 260- 1 intergovernmental organizations
236-40 i(IGOs) 267
keystone spedes 240- 2 glucose
combustjon of 30- 1 invasive species 255, 275
emphy,sema 107 Jenner., Edward 124
test for 59
endangered species 104- 5, 195, use in respiration 32 keystone species 240- 2

268, 276 graphs and charts 2261 kingdoms 14- 17

environmental factors greenhouse effect 260-1 leaves
biotic and abiotic 216- 17 st ructu r,e of '91
green ho use gases 2 58_, 261
microgravity conditions 219- 20 testing fo r starch 35
reduction of 263
enzymes 29, 40- 1, 45 lichens 24
health 111- 13
digestive 61 life ,cycles 166
effect s of poUution 257, 2S8
effect of t,e1miperature 44. 51 - 2 expectations for 114-15 li'fe expectancy 136- 7
effect on rate of r,eaction 42- 3,
pat hogens 117- 21 lifestyle 13·0, 138
so relatsonship to living environm,ent
Linnaeus, Ca,rl 20
Euglena 14 138 lipids 57

eutrophication 259 vacdnatkln 124- 7 living th ings.. characteristics of
evolution 173- 5
see also iIIness 3,- 5
early f,orms of life 178
evidence for 176 healthy living campaign 139 lungs 63- 5. 90
hea,rt 69- 71, B8
G.alapagos,finches 182-4 ,emphyse,ma 107
heat l,oss, effect of size 99- 100
impact oif human actjvit1ies. 1'93- 4 homeostasis 74-5, 87 malaria 199- 200
naturail sefr,ectjon 179- 81 , 184 homologous features 191
speciation 186-7 mange 238
1ree of l~fe 190- 2 Hooke, Robert 4 mejosi,s 188'-9

exti netions 194- S Human Genome Project 295-6 Mendel, Gregor 1S6-7
mental health 130, 138,
eye 88 human impacts on the metabolic reactions 28- 9
fever 121, 122
enviro,nment 243- 4 , 252- 5 effect of cooling 27-8
food test·s 59
and ,economic growth 270- 1 gen,etic modificati1on of 46-7
food waste 48 microgravity conditi,ons 219- 20
see also deforestation; globaI
food webs, 228, 229-30 micro~organisms 116
warming; poUutjon
energry f low 231 pathogens 11 7-21
human population gr,owth 250- 1
members.of 232- 4 see also bacteria; viruses
human reproduction 165
fossi1 fue Is 257- 8, 263 iII ness microscopy 7
fossiJs 176, minerals 57- 8
d~sease around the world 132-5 mitochondria I disease 29
Fra hkl'i n, Rosa Iind 146
fungi 16 pathogens 117- 20 mitochondria 8 , 28, 31
Galapagos ftnches 18.2- 4
Galapagos, Islands! introduced relationship to Uving envtroniment mitosis 161 - 3
comparison with 1m,erosis 188
spe,cies 243 13,8
mutations 161-3, 296
gas exchange 63-5 ·symptoms of 120
natural selection 179- 81
,genes 152 transmiss~on of disease5 128-9 Galapagos finches 182- 4

genetic code 148 typ,es of diseases 128-31 nervous system 208- 10
genetic crosses 158- 9 what happ,ens inside your body
niches 184
121 -3
nitrogen cycle 78
immune system 120, 122., 125

Elli

non...governmental organi·zations proteins 56- 7 stimuli 20i6
(NGOs) 267, 268 responses to 212-14
DNA cod~ng for l 49
nutrition 80., 138 test for 59 stimulus-response systems

balcu1c,ed diet 55-8 Protoctista 15 208-11

observatio,n skills 205 Punnett squares 158 surface area, effect on diffusion

organelles 8, 28 rainforests 264 93, 96
reflexes 206- 7 surface area:volume ratio, 94- 7
organizafion, levels of ·12- 13
mechan~sm of 208-10 effe,ct of shape 102-3
organ systems 11 sustainability 271-2
reprodurctio,n 160, 164-5
os:mosjs 7~. B3-4 symbiotic relationships 237-40
oxygen, production in respiration 28, 31-2. synapses 208-9

photosynthesis 33, 36 demonstration in plants 39 temperature, effect on reacti-on
Paine, Robert 224-7 rates 44. 51 - 2
sci enti'fic method 147
panrc grass 237 selective breed.ing ·1s4, 283- 5 transgenic1 organisms see genetic
parasites 119, 238, 239
Pasteur., louis 4., S sense organs 207 mod i f1i cation
pathogens 117- 19 sensory neuro,nes 208, 21 01 - 11
tree of life 190- 2.
living conditions.of 12.0-1 sensory receptors 212- 13 troph ic: l1 evel s 233
1ransm1iss.io1n of diseases 128- 9 tr,opisms, 213
peppered moth 179-80, 198-9 sexu aI 1reprod uction 160, 164-5 vaccines, 124- 7, 140- 1
meiosis 188-9
pesticides 243-4 van Hefmont, Jan Baptista 33
sickJe ceJI anaemja 199-200
p,hotosynthesis 29. 33-4 size of an organism van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni 4
demons1rat~on of oxy9en
effect on heat loss 99- 100 villi 91 , 93
product~on 36
effect of light intensity 38-9, 52 ~mplicadons of 94-7, 105 virus.e,s 5, 118- 20, 121
requirements for 37 vita1mins 57- 8
placenta 90., 9,3 small intestine 91, 93
,coeliac dis,ease 108 Watso.n, James 14.S
plant ceJls 15 wejg ht-c,ontro.1drugs 79
pollution 255-9 societal rcollapse .249
Wilkins, Maurice 146
po pu lation growth 250-1 s·peciati,on 186-7 Wor1ld Health Organization (WHO)

predators 233, 236 starch 113
yeast 44
impact on ecosystems 224-7 dem,onstration in leaves 35
test for 59 Yellowstone Nati1 onal Park 229,
probiotic bacteria 245,-6
stem-cell resear1ch 291 237- 8
producers 231 bioprintjng 292-4
ethica issues 292 zoos 104, 269

stem cells 9

Biology for the IB M YP4&5: by Concept

Langu.age I 11i Ull'i Mathema I IB5kil/s

&Literature t ICSA PRIICT!ci;tr.u, E u I\J
,._ r r. ·nh 111 J'J

Sci~nct
;l"U II ., J • ,,_

IB5kills is a new ser1ies of resources fo,rYears 4 and S students of the M,YP and aims to:

• introduce students to key concepts and Features he JB Skiffs books include a wide variety of interesting
of th MVIP
topics whlch a!llow students to practise,the skills they
• develop mnterdiscipUnary and disdp:Uinairy skms
• help students to understand subject concepts will need to r,each the highest level of the assessment
ach ie v e m e n t
and content.

Agents and st,ockists

For ]nformatlon about int1ernational agents, stockfsts and local representatives
,check www. hoddereducation..com/agents for your local
Hodder representative

lntcmoti0(1~ 8~«:illturco.te

Bicci.[.iur-eirt lntarn.J.tion i i

Bach! U~atu lnt~rnadonal

Driv me ningful inquiry,u ing the only MYP
resources for Years 4 and 5 developed with th I

I

A concept-driven and assessment focused approach to ISBN 978·1·4718·4170·S
Biology t e,aching and learning.
• Approaches ,each chapter w,th staternents of i11quiry 9 llllJJ JlU

framed by key c.1nd rerated conceptsr set in a globa~ context.
• Supports every aspecl of assessm:ent using tasks designed

by experienced MYP educators~
• Differentiates and extends learning with research projects

and interdisciplinary opportun ities.

• Applies global contexls in rneaning-ful ways Lo offer an

MYP Sciences programme with an ,internationally-minded
perspective.

Andrew Davis teaches IBDipl1otna Biology and Env~ronmental
Systems and Sodeties (ESS}, and is th e author of Diproma Science
titles and the digital component., the Teaching and Learning

Resources, of our bestselling textbookr Biology for the IB Diploma,
Second ed~tion .

Patricia Deo is an MYP Coordin tor, as \Nell as teacher of MYP

ciences, 18 D~ploma Biology and DP Environmental! ystems and
Societies. She is an expe,·ienced rviYP educator who has rau,ght at

in ernational schools u1 the Middle East and Europe. She is also he
co-autho of MYP by Concept 1-3 Sciences, w fth Paul Morris.

Dynamic Learning

hi$ bookis full~sup~1 ted by Dynamic Learnfng- the onl'ne subscription

service t~1a.t helps maketeaching and learning easier Dynamic Learni g
prov1ides uniquetoolsand content 'for:
• streamlining planning and shar"ng 'lessons
• independent flexible student study

S1gn up fa a r·e3e nal - vi~lt : www~hoddareducation.com/dynamir:learning

HODDER

EDUCATION

www.hoddereducation..com