Cliff AP Chemistry

PART V

APPENDIXES



Appendix A: Commonly Used
Abbreviations, Signs, and Symbols

Å angstrom (unit of wavelength measure)
abs absolute
ac alternating current
amor or amorph amorphous
A ampere
anhyd anhydrous
aq aqueous
atm atmosphere
at no atomic number
at wt atomic weight
bp boiling point
Btu British thermal unit
°C degree Celsius
ca. approximately
Cal large calorie (kilogram calorie or kilocalorie)
cal small calorie (gram calorie)
cg centigram
cgs centimeter-gram-second
cm centimeter
cm2 square centimeter
cm3 cubic centimeter
conc concentrated
cos cosine
cp candlepower
cu cubic
D density diopter
dB decibel
dc direct current

385

Part V: Appendixes

deg or ° degree
decigram
dg dilute
dilute
dil electric tension: electromotive force
for example
dr electromotive force
electrostatic unit
E and so forth
and the following
e.g. electronvolt
Fahrenheit
emf Frictional loss
frequency
esu foot
square foot
etc. cubic foot
foot-candle
et seq. foot-pound
acceleration due to gravity
eV gram
gram-calorie
°F gallon
grain
F Planck’s constant
hour
f or ν horsepower
horsepower-hour
ft hygroscopic
hertz (formerly cycles per second, cps)
ft2 electric current
symbol for isotope with atomic number Z and atomic number A
ft3 in the same place

ft⋅c

ft⋅lb

g

g

g:cal

gal

gr

h

h

hp

hp⋅h

hyg

Hz

I

A I
Z

ibid.

386

Appendix A: Commonly Used Abbreviations, Signs, and Symbols

i.e. that is
in inch
in2 square inch
in3 cubic inch
insol insoluble
iso isotropic
J joule; mechanical equivalent of heat
k kilo (1000)
K Kelvin
kc kilocycle
kcal kilogram-calorie
kg kilogram
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt-hour
L liter
l lumen
l length
λ lambda; wavelength, coefficient of linear expansion
lb pound
lb/ft3 pound per cubic foot
ln natural logarithm
log logarithm
M molecular weight; mass
M molar, as 1 M
m meter
m2 square meter
m3 cubic meter
µ micro-(10–6)
µm micrometer (micron)
meq milliequivalent
MeV million (or mega-) electronvolt
mg milligram
min minute

387

Part V: Appendixes meter-kilogram-second
milliliter
mks millimeter
mL square millimeter
mm cubic millimeter
mm2 melting point
mm3 miles per hour
mp normality as 1N
mph index of refraction; neutron (component of atomic nucleus)
N ounce
n precipitate
oz partly soluble
ppt energy of nuclear reaction
p sol quart
Q which see
qt roentgen (international unit for x-rays)
q.v. saturated
R second
satd sine
s solution
sin specific
sol’n specific
sp specific heat, Cp
sp gr square
sp ht temperature
sq time
T tangent
t volt
tan watt
V watt-hour
W year
Wh plus; add; positive
yr minus; subtract; negative
+
−

388

± Appendix A: Commonly Used Abbreviations, Signs, and Symbols
× or ⋅
÷ or / plus or minus; positive or negative
= or : : times. multiplied by
≈ is divided by
≠ is equals; as
> is identical to; congruent with
< is not identical
≥ is greater than
≤ is less than
: is equal to or greater than
is equal to or less than
1 is ratio of
varies as (is proportional to)
a or a 2 is square root of a
a squared, the second power of a; a × a
a2 a cubed, the third power of a; a × a × a
a3 is 1/a (reciprocal of a)
a-1 is 1/a2 (reciprocal of a2)
a-2 summation of
Σ difference in
∆ a mathematical constant
k the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter;
π roughly equal to 3.1416

389



Appendix B: Acid-Base Indicators

Range Indicator Lower Color Upper Color
0.0−2.5 Methyl violet Yellow-green Violet
0.5−2.0 Malachite green HCI Yellow Blue
1.0−2.8 Thymol blue Red Yellow
1.2−4.0 Benzopurpurin Violet Red
1.3−3.0 Orange IV Red Yellow
1.5−2.6 Naphthol yellow S Colorless Yellow
2.1−2.8 p-Phenylazoaniline Orange Yellow
2.5−4.4 Methyl orange Red Yellow
3.0−4.7 Bromophenol blue Orange-yellow Violet
3.0−5.0 Congo red Blue Red
3.5−6.3 Gallein Orange Red
3.8−5.4 Bromcresol green Yellow Blue
4.0−5.8 2,5- Dinitrophenol Colorless Yellow
4.2−4.6 Ethyl orange Colorless Yellow
4.4−6.2 Methyl red Salmon Orange
4.5−8.3 Litmus Red Blue
4.8−6.2 Chlorphenol red Yellow Red
5.1−6.5 Propyl red Pink Yellow
5.4−6.8 Bromocresol purple Green-yellow Violet
5.6−7.2 Alizarin Yellow Red
6.0−7.6 Bromthymol blue Yellow Blue
6.0−7.6 Bromoxylenol blue Orange-yellow Blue
6.4−8.2 Phenol red Yellow Red-violet
7.1−8.8 Cresol red Yellow Violet
7.5−9.0 m-cresol purple Yellow Violet
8.1−9.5 Thymol blue Yellow Blue
8.3−10.0 Phenolphthalein Colorless Dark pink
8.6−9.8 o-Cresolphthalein Colorless Pink

391

Part V: Appendixes

Range Indicator Lower Color Upper Color
9.5−10.4 Thymolphthalein Colorless Blue
9.9−11.8 Alizarin yellow R Yellow Dark orange
10.6−13.4 Methyl blue Blue Pale violet
11.1−12.8 Acid fuchsin Red Colorless
11.4−13.0 Indigo carmine Blue Yellow
11.7−12.8 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Colorless Orange
12.0−14.0 Trinitrobenzene Colorless Orange

392

Appendix C: Flame Tests for Elements

BLUE Lead, selenium, CuCl2 (and other copper compounds when
Azure moistened with HCI); CuBr2 appears azure blue, then is followed by
green.
Light Blue Arsenic and some of its compounds; selenium.
Blue-green Phosphates moistened with sulfuric acid; B2O3.
GREEN
Emerald Green Copper compounds other than halides (when not moistened with
HCI), thallium compounds.
Greenish-blue CuBr2; arsenic; lead; antimony.
Pure green Thallium and tellurium compounds.
Yellow-green Barium; possibly molybdenum; borates with (H2SO4).
Faint green Antimony and ammonium compounds.
Whitish green Zinc.
RED
Carmine Lithium compounds (masked by barium or sodium), are
invisible when viewed through green glass, appear violet
Scarlet through cobalt glass.
Calcium compounds (masked by barium), appear greenish
Crimson when viewed through cobalt glass and green through green
glass.
VIOLET Strontium compounds (masked by barium), appear violet
through cobalt glass, yellowish through green glass.
YELLOW Potassium compounds other than silicates, phosphates and borates; rubid-
ium and cesium are similar. Color is masked by lithium and/or sodium,
appears purple-red through cobalt glass and bluish-green glass.
Sodium, even the smallest amount, invisible when viewed through cobalt
glass.

393



Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis
of Cations and Anions

Qualitative Analysis Of Cations
Flow Chart

Ag+ Al3+ Bi3+ Co2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Hg22+ Mn2+ Pb2+ Zn2+
HCl

AgCl(s) Hg2Cl2(s) PbCl2(s) Al3+ Bi3+ Co2+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Zn2+
Hot H2O
H2O2
NaOH

See Next Page

AgCl(s) Hg2Cl2(s) Pb2+
NH3 H2SO4

PbSO4(s)

Hg0(I) HgNH2Cl(s) Ag(NH3)2+
HCl

AgCl(s)

Note: Boldface type indicates that a solid, liquid or gas forms.

395

Part V: Appendixes

Flow Chart continued

Bi(OH)3(s) Co(OH)3(s) Cu(OH)2(s) Fe(OH)3(s) MnO2(s) Al(OH)4− Zn(OH)42−
H2SO4
HNO3
NH3

Co(OH)3(s) MnO2(s) Bi3+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Al(OH)3(s) Zn(NH3)42+
NH3 K4[Fe(CN)6]

H2SO4 K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6](s)
H2O2

Co2+ Mn2+ Bi(OH)3(s) Cu(NH3)42+
KNO2 Fe(OH)3(s) K 4[Fe(CN)6]

K3[Co(NO2)6](s) HNO3 Cu2[Fe(CN)6](s)
NaBiO3
HCl
MnO4- Aluminon
NH3
H2SO4

Bi3+ Fe3+ Al(OH)3(s)

SnCl2 HCl KSCN
H2O

Bi0(s) BiOCl(s) FeSCN2+

396

Appendix D: Qualitative Analysis of Cations and Anions

Qualitative Analysis Of Anions
Flow Chart

Br− Cl− CO32− I− NO3− SO42−
AgNO3

AgBr(s) AgCl(s) AgI(s) CO32− NO3− SO42−
NH3

AgBr(s) AgI(s) Ag(NH3)2+
CHlN− O3
Br− Cl− CO32− I− NO3− SO42−
AgCl(s) Fe(NO3)3

I2 Br− Cl− CO32− NO3− SO42−
KMnO4

Br− Cl− CO32− I− NO3− SO42− Br2 Cl− CO32− NO3− SO42−
HNO3

CO2(g) Br− Cl− CO32− NO3− SO42−

Ba(OH)2

BaCo3(s) Br− Cl− CO32− I− NO3− SO42−
BaCl2

BaSO4(s) Br− Cl− I− NO3− SO42−

Br− Cl− CO32− I− NO3− SO42−
NaOH
Al

NH3(g) (Presence of NO3−) Br− Cl− CO32− I− SO42−

397



Notes

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399

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