Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 3rd Edition

REVISION AND EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS

d Eth cn c is u sed to make ethano l. (i) Ethcn e is mad e by cracking alkancs .
(i) W hich o f these reacti on s is u sed to make Complete the equatio n for crackin g
do dccanc.
ethano l fro m cthcnd Tick one b ox.

catalytic additio n o f steam D

fermentati on D Ano ther m etho d o f making dichlorocthanc is
fro m ethane.
D
oxidatio n using o xygen c,H, + 2C',_ - c,H,C',_ + 2 HC/

reductio n using hyd rogen D (ii) Suggest a reason why the method using

[l ] ethcnc is preferred. [ 1]

(ii) Draw the structure o f ethan ol sh owing (iii) D escribe an indu strial method o f making

all ato m s and bo nds. [2] chlo rine. [2 ]

e Ethcn c is used to make po ly(cthcnc) . (iv) Draw the structural fo rmula o f

Complete the fo ll owing sentences abo ut this poly(chlorocthcnc). Includ e three

reactio n. U se words fro m the list below. mo no mer units. [2]

(rota/: 9/

additions carbohydrates catalysts (Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry 0620 Paper 31
polymers
Q5 November 2010)

The ethcnc mo lecules whi ch jo in to fo rm 43 Pet roleum is a mixture o f hyd rocarbon s which
po ly(cthcnc) arc the _ _ .
The po ly(cthenc) mo lecules fo rmed arc _ _ can be separated into fra ctio ns su ch as petrol,

[2 ] paraffin and di esel.
(ro ta/: 11/
(Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry 0620 Paper 21 a State th e name o f the process u sed to

Ql November 2010) separate these fra ction s. [ 1]

b Name two o ther fra ction s which arc

o btained fro m pet roleum. [2 ]

42 M on o mers po lym erise to form p olymers or c Give one u se fo r the paraffin fra ctio n. [l]

macro m o lecul es . d M any o f the compo und s o btained fr o m

a (i) Explain th e term polymerise. [ 1] petroleum arc alkanes. Which two o f the

(ii) There arc t wo t yp es o f po lym erisatio n - fo llowing structures arc alkancs? [ 1]

additio n and conden satio n . H HH HHH

W hat is the difference bctv.recn them ? [2] I \I I II I
H-C-H C= C H-C-0-H H-C-C-C -H
b An impo rtant mo n om er is chl orocthcne which
II \I II I
has the struchiral fo rmula sh own below. HH
HH HHH

H e Use wo rd s fro m the list below to complete the
fo ll owing sentence .
\ c = cI
I\ ethane ethene hydrogen nitrogen
o'"1'gen reactive unreactive water
H C/
Alkan es such as _ _ arc generally _ _
It is m ade by the fo llowing m ethod .
but they can be burnt in _ _ to fo rm
C 2 H 4 + C'1_ ---+ C 2 H 4C'1_ dichlorocthanc
carbon dioxide and [4 ]
This is h eated to make chlorocth cne .
f Alkan cs arc saturated hyd rocarbo ns.

What do you und erstand by the term s

(i) saturated ,

(ii) hyd rocarbon ? [2]

[Total: 11]

(Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry 0620 Paper 02

Q3 June 2009)

Theory

44 Lactic acid can be made from corn starch. test result for lactic acid

CH 1 - CH- COOH result for acrylic acid _ _ [3]

I (iii)Describc a test, other than using an
OH
indicator, which would show that both

chemicals contain an acid group.

lactic acid test

It polymerises to form the polymer, polylactic acid result [2]

(Total: t3/

(PLA) which is biodegradable. (Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry 0620 Paper 31

a Suggest two advantages that PLA has QB June 2009)

compared with a polymer made from

petroleum. [2] 45 Butan-1-ol is used as a so lvent for paints and
b The structure of PLA is given below. varnishes, to make esters and as a fuel. Butan-1-ol
can be manufactured from but-1-ene, which is
made from petroleum.

Biobutanol is a fuel of the foturc. It can be

made by the fermentation ofalmost any form of

(i) What type of compound contains the biomass - grain, straw, leaves etc.
a But-1-cnc can be obtained from alkancs such as
group that is circled? [l ]
dccanc, C 10H 22 , by cracking.
(ii) Complete the following sentence. (i) Give the reaction conditions. [2]

Lactic acid molecules can form this group (ii) Complete an equation for the cracking of
dccane, C 10H 22 , to give but-1-cnc.
because they contain both an _ _ group

and an __ group. [2]

(iii) ls the forma tion of PLA an addition or [2]

condensation polymerisation? Give a reason (iii)Namc the reagent that reacts with
but-1-ene to form butan-1-ol.
for your choice. [2] [l ]
b (i) Balance the equation for the complete
c When lactic acid is heated, acrylic acid is combustion ofbutan-1-ol.

formed.

HH \/ _ C4H 90 H + _ 0 2 ---+ _ C02 + _ H 20
(=( [2]
II
H/ \ooH (ii) Write a word equation for the preparation
H-C-C-COOH
ac rylic acid of the ester butyl mcthanoatc. [2]
II
c The fermentation of biomass by bacteria
H OH

lactic acid

produces a mixture of products which include

(i) Complete the word equation for the action biobutanol, propanol, hydrogen and propanoic
of heat on lactic acid.
acid.

lacticacid---+ _ _ + _ _ [l ] (i) Draw the structural formula ofpropanol

and of propanoic acid. Show all the

(ii) Describe a test that would distinguish bonds. [2]
between lactic acid and acrylic acid.
(ii) Why is it important to develop these fuels,

such as biobutanol, as alternatives to

petroleum? [l ]

d How could you show that butanol made

from petroleum and biobutanol arc the same

chemical? [l ]

(Total: t3/

(Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry 0620 Paper 31

Ql November 2009)

REVISION AND EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS

46 Petro leum is separated into uscfol fractio n s by ( iii) Ethan ol is also fo rmed wh en yeast
di stillati on. grows in sugar solution. W hat is this
process called ?
fra ctions Put a ring around the co rrect answer.

additio n combustio n fem1entatio n

neutralisatio n [l]

( iv) Phosph oric acid is a typi cal acid . State what

you would o bserve wh en a solutio n o f

phosphoric acid is added to

blue litmus,

a solutio n of sodium carbonate. [2]

[Total: 13]

(Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry 0620 Paper 02

Q6 June 2008)

4 7 There arc two types of po lym erisatio n - addition

and cond en satio n .

a E xplain th e d ifferen ce between them. [2]

b Po ly( dichloroethcn c) is u sed to package

:1 (i) W hat d o you understand by th e term food . Draw its stru cture. The structural
fractioni
[l ] fo rmula of dichlorocthcnc is sh own
(ii) W hich fractio n has the lowest b oilin g [l ]
point? below. [2]
[2J
(iii) Dcscri bc how distillation is used to CJ
separate these fractio ns.
\I

c= c

( iv) State a use fo r / \CJ
the paraffin fraction ,
the bitumen fractio n . [2J c The polym er kn own as PVA is u sed in paints
an d adhesives . Its stru ctural fo rmul a is sh own
b Eth cn c c m be mad e by cracking certain below.

hydrocar bon fracti on s.

(i) E xplain what is m eant by the term - CH 2- 1H- CH 2- 1H

cracking. [ 1]

(ii) Com plete the equatio n fo r the cracking o f OOCCH OOCCH
1 1

t ct rad ccanc, C 14H 30 . Dedu ce the structural fo rmula o f its
[l]
[l]
d A conden satio n polym er can Ix mad e fro m
c Ethano l is formed when steam reacts with the following m o n o mers.
cthcnc at high p ressure and temperature . A
catalyst of phospho ric acid is used. HOOC(CH 2)4COO H and H2 N(CH 2) 6 NH 2

c thc nc + steam :;;::=:: e than o l D raw the struch1ral fo rmula o f this polym er. [3]
{Total: 8/
(i) W hat is the fun ctio n o f the catalyst? [ l ]
(ii) What is the m eaning of th e symbo l :;;::=::? [ l ] (Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry 0620 Paper 31
Q8June2011)

Theory

48 The alkancs arc generally unrcactive. Their (i) Name the organic product. [l ]
reactions include combustion, substitution and
cracking. (ii) This reaction docs not need increased
a The complete combustion of an alkane gives
carbon dioxide and water. temperature or pressure. What is the
(i) 10 cm3 of butane is mixed with 100 cm 3 of
oxygen, which is an excess. The mixture is essential reaction condition? [l ]
ignited. What is the volume ofunrcactcd
oxygen left and what is the volum e of (iii)Writc a different equation for a substitution
carbon dioxide formed?
reaction between butane and chlorine. [ l J

c Alkencs arc more reactive and industrially more

useful than alkanes.

They arc made by cracking alkanes.

~H 16 ----> CH rCH=CH2 + CHrCH rCH=CH2 + H 2

c,H 10(s) + 60,(g)- 4CO,(g) + SH,O(i) heptane propene but- l·ene

Volume of oxygen left= _ _ cm3 (i) Draw the structural formula of the polymer

Volume ofcarbon dioxide formed = cm3 poly(propcnc ). [2J

[2] (ii) Give the structural formula and name of

(ii) Why is the incomplete combustion of the alcohol formed when but-1-cne reacts

any alkanc dangerous, particularly in an with steam. [2]

enclosed space? [2] (iii)Dcducc the structural formula ofthe

b The equation for a substitution reaction of product formed when propcne reacts with

butane is given below. hydrogen chloride. [ 1]

CH rCH i-CH i-CH 3 + Cti ---+ (Total: 12/

CH,-CH2- CH2- CH2- C/+ HC/ [l ] (Cambridge /GCSE Chemistry 0620 Paper 31

Ql November 2008)

0 The Periodic Table of the elements

79

Li Be

23 2 4 45 48 51 52 SS 56 59 S9 64
V
Na Sc TI er Mn Fe Co NI Cu
, 2M gm 93
96 Mang• n .,... 26 1 03 28 Cop_ ,
39 4 0 Nb 10 1 1 06
Mo 25 Rh 29
K Ca 18 1 Ru Pd
Molybd om um Tc 1 92 ev~1 08
85 88 89 9' Ta 1 90 1 95
Rb S r y 42 43 lr pt 47
Zr 184 1 86 Os 1 97

'33 '37 '39 '78 vv Re Au
Cs Ba
La Hf Tungst• n
74
56 227
226
Ac
Fr Ra
Actinium

T

*58-7 1 L a ntha n o id seri es
T 90- 1 03 Actin o id se ri es

140 141 144 Pm 1 50 1 52 1 57
NeNp m
Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd
Pu Cm
232 P•• • • o dymlu N • odymlum E uropium
59
Th 60 63
Pa
238 Am
P,ot• ctl n lum
u

U,a nlum

Index

Note: page numbers in italics indicate references to suggestions for practical work.

accuracy25-6, 29 structure 47, 48 biological washing powders 112
acetic acid see ethanoic acid test for gas 263 biomass 94
acid rain 120,184, 19S-9, 203 test for ions 80, 179, 262 biopolymers 242-4, 247
acids 117- 19, 132, 256-7 ammonium chloride 122 biotechnology 236-7, 247
reaction with calcium Biuret test 244, 247
concentration 121 blast furnaces 158-9, 168,208
neutralisation 121, 129-32 hydroxide 178-9 blood
reaction with alkalis 124 ammonium nitrate 122, 181, 182
reaction with carbonates 123-4 ammonium sulfate 180,201 centrifuging 19
reaction with insoluble bases 124-5 amphoteric substances 119, 156, 168, water in 184
reaction with metals 123,150,257 boiling points 4, 6, 8, 175
relative strengths 120- 1, 132 257 effect of pressure 252
acid salts 126,132 amylase 243 purity and 24,252
acid soil 208 anaerobic decay 90, 91, 100 bond energy 95-7, 100
activation energy 96-7, 105, 107, 110, anaerobic respiration 236, 247 bonding
114 anions 72, 85 covalent 45-6, 56
active sites 111 ionic 38-41, 56
addiction 247 tests for 256, 262 metallic 55, 56
addition polymerisation 226-8, 230 anodes 72, 85 bone 28, 29
addition reactions 224-8, 230 anodising 76-7 Boyle, Robert 10
aerobic decay 90, 100 aqueous acidic solutions 126 Bragg, Sir William and Sir Lawrence 40
aerobic respiration 212,215,236,247 argon 13, 38, 143-4, 173,176 brine, electrolysis of 7S-9
air171 Arrhenius, Svante 119 bromides 126-7, 262
fractional distillation 22, 174-5, 193 artificial fertilisers 180- 1, 182,192, 193 bromine 12, 141 -2, 143
reaction with metals 151 ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 120,239 test for unsaturated compounds 225,
see also atmosphere aspirin 238-9, 246
alcohols233-5, 247 Aston, Francis 36 230
alkali metals 138-40, 146,256 atmosphere 193 Bronsted, Johannes 119
alkaline earth metals 138, 140- 1, 146, Bronsted-Lowry theory 119
256 composition 173-4 Brownian motion 7,252
alkalis 117- 18, 132, 256 formation 171 -3 Brown, Robert 7
reaction with acids 124 on other planets 174 buckminsterfullerene 53
relative strengths 121 atmospheric pollution 110- 11 , 182-4, 'buckyballs' 53
see also bases 192, 193 bulk chemicals 176-7, 193
alkanes 21S-19, 230,260 atmospheric pressure 4, 8 Bunsen, Robert 157
catalytic cracking 223-4 atomic absorption spectroscopy 15 butane 219,220
chemical behaviour 220-2 atomic mass unit (amu) 33, 56 butanoicacid 237
alkenes222-3, 230 atomic number see proton number butanol 233,235
chemical behaviour 224-7 atoms 10, 29 butene 223
arrangement of electrons 37-8
production 223-4 size of 10, 12 caesium chloride 42
alkyl groups233 structure 33-5 calcite 206,207
allotropes 50-3, 56 Avogadro's constant 60 calcium 12, 35, 38,140,150
alloys 165-7, 168 Avogadro's Law 63, 69
aluminium 4, 11, 38,150,153 test for salts 80, 262
baking 236 calcium carbonate 122,206
extraction 72, 74-5 baking soda 126
reaction with halogens 256 balanced chemical equations 15 in hard water 187--8
recycling 161 barium 13,140 reaction with hydrochloric acid 105-
test for salts 80, 262 barium chloride, reaction with sodium
Thermit reaction 154 6, 211,214
uses 11, 76 sulfate 125 see also limestone
aluminium oxide 76-7, 156 barium sulfate 125,201 calcium chloride 40, 41, 122
electrolysis of 74-5 bases 118-20, 132 calcium hydrogencarbonate 187, 188,
amino acids 243-4, 247,260 211,215
ammonia 14, 176- 7, 258 reaction with acids 124-5 calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) 14,
Haber process 177-8, 193 relative strengths 120 124,153,211
lab preparation 178-9 basic oxygen process 165 manufacture 209-10
properties 124, 179-80, 202 batteries 98 reaction with ammonium
reaction with water 121, 179-80 bauxite 74, 76, 158
beryllium 38, 140 chloride 178-9
biodegradable plastics 229, 230 calcium oxide (lime) 66-7, 159,209
biogas 94 calcium sulfate 122,201

INDEX

carbohydrates 242,247,259 chloroform (trichloromethane) 221 corrosion 161-4, 168
carbon 11, 12, 35, 38 chlorophyll 212,215 covalent bonding 45-6, 56
cholesterol 235-6 covalent compounds 46-9, 253
allotropes 50-3 chromatograms 23
isotopes 36 chromatography 23, 29 properties 50, 239
reactivity 150,154 structures 49-50
carbonated drinks 213 in assessment of purity 24, 253 cross-linking 228,230
carbonates 122, 152, 211, 215, 257 chrome alum crystals 2 'cross-over method' 44-5
reaction with acids 123-4 chromium 13, 83,144,145,154, 163, crude oil 88-90, 93,218,254
test for 127,132,262 fractional distillation 22, 89-90, 223
carbon cycle 212,215 165 cryolite 74-5, 76
carbon dioxide 14, 193, 212-13, 259 test for ions 80, 156 crystal hydrates 127-8, 132,256,257
in the atmosphere 173, 174, 192 citric acid 120,239 crystallisation 29, 253
laboratory preparation 211,214 coal 90-1, 92, 93 in separation of mixtures 19
properties 5, 214-15 cobalt 35, 36 crystals 2-3, 40
structure 48-9 cobalt(II) chloride 127
test for 210,211,215,263 collision theory 105,107,108,110 Dalton, John 10, 33
uses 213-14 colloids 26-8, 29, 253 Davy, Sir Humphry 78, 119, 157
carbonic acid 120,187,211,214 combining power see valency decanting 18, 29
carbon monoxide 14,110,159,192 combustion 92, 95-7, 100 decomposition reactions 152-3, 255
carboxylic acids 233, 237-9, 247 enthalpy of 97, 100 dehydrating agents 202, 203
competition reactions 154-5, 168, 257 deliquescence 128
Carothers, Wallace 241 complete combustion 95 delocalised electrons 51, 55, 56
cars see motor vehicles composite materials 28-9 desalination plants 20
catalase 112,236 compounds 13-15, 29,253 detergents, soapless 188, 203, 240, 248
catalysts 109- 11, 114 calculating moles 61-2, 69 Devarda's alloy 127
covalent 46-50, 239, 253 diamond 50, 51-2, 253
enzymes as 111 - 13, 236, 243 ionic 42-5, 50, 239, 253 diaphragm cells 78
catalytic converters 110-11, 114, 183 mixtures compared 16- 17 diatomic molecules 12, 29
catalytic cracking 223-4, 230 organic 89, 100,218,230 dibasic acids 201,203
cathodes 72, 85 compressibility 2, 251 diffusion 6-7, 8, 252-3
cations 72, 85 concentrated sulfuric acid 202-3, 259 dilute sulfuric acid 201,259
concentration dipeptides 243, 248
tests for 80,168,257,262 of acids 67-8, 121 disaccharides 243, 248
cement 208 effect on reaction rates 107-8 displacement reactions 142, 146,
centrifuging (centrifugation) 18- 19, 29 of solutions 63-4, 67--8
ceramics 54, 56 concrete 208 154-5, 256,257
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) 10S-9, 192, condensation 4, 6, 8 dissolving 17, 97
condensation polymerisation 241-2, distillates 20, 30
221-2, 230 243,247 distillation 20, 30
chain reactions 221,230 conservation of mass, law of 66
constant composition, law of 15, 30 fractional see fractional distillation
in nuclear fission 93, 100 Contact process 110, 199-200, 203 of hard water 189
chalk 206,207 contraction 2 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 245, 248
changes of state 4-5, 252 cooling curves 5, 252 DObereiner, Johann 135
copper 11, 144, 145, 150, 151 double covalent bonds 48-9
enthalpy changes and 97-8 compounds of 43, 145 double decomposition 125, 132
cheese making 113 corrosion 164 drug abuse 246-7, 248
chemical cells 98, 100, 254-5 purification 81-3 drugs see pharmaceuticals
chemical changes 14, 29 test for salts 80, 262 dry ice 214
chemical energy 95-9, 254-5 copper(II) carbonate ductility 55
chemical equilibrium 177, 193 reaction with nitric acid 123 dynamic equilibrium 177
chemical formulae 14- 15, 29 thermal decomposition 211
copper(II) nitrate, reaction with efflorescence 128,132
calculation of 64-6 zinc155 electrical energy 98-9
of ionic compounds 43, 44-5 copper(II) oxide 124 electrodes 72, 85
chemical symbols 12, 13 reaction with sulfuric acid 125,201 electrolysis 72, 85, 254
chlor-alkali industry 78-9 copper(II) sulfate 14, 127-8, 185
electrolysis 80-1 of aluminium oxide 74-5
chlorides 122 preparation 125 of copper(II) sulfate solution 80-1
test for 126,132,262 copper pyrites 157,158,197 copper purification 81-3
extraction of reactive metals 158
chlorine 12, 141 -2, 256-7 guidelines 83
isotopes 36, 37
reaction with iodine 258
reaction with methane 221
structure 13, 38, 39, 46
test for 80, 263
uses 79,143

INDEX

of hydrochloric acid 80 ethanoic acid (acetic acid) 120, 235, global warming 212-13, 215
of lead(II) bromide 73 237,260 glucose 14,243, 260-1
of sodium chloride 78-9 gold 11,149
of water 77-8, 185 ethanol 4, 14,233, 234-5, 260
electrolytes 72, 85,254 fractional distillation 21 extraction 160
electron density maps 41, 45 as fuel 94,235 reacti vity of 150, 157, 164
electronic balances 25-6 production from ethene 224-5 graphite 50-1, 52,253
electronic structure (electron graphitic compounds 51
configuration) 37-8, 56 ethene 223 greenhouse effect 109, 212-13, 215,
of group O (noble gases) 144 eutrophication 192 222
of group I (alkali metals) 138, 139-40 evaporation 4, 8, 19, 30 Group O elements (noble gases) 143- 4,
of group II (alkaline earth exothermic reactions 17, 30, 95, 96, 146
Group I elements (alkali metals) 138-
metals) 138 100,128,254 40, 146,256
of group VII (halogens) 138, 142 expansion 2 Group II elements (alkaline earth
relationship to periodic table 138 metals) 138, 140-1, 146,256
electrons 33-4, 56 fermentation 236, 248 Group VII elements (halogens) 138,
arrangement in atoms 33, 37-8, 56 fertilisers 180- 1, 182,192,193 141 -2, 146, 220-1, 256-7
electron shells 33, 37-8, 56 filtrates 18, 30 groups of periodic table 135, 136, 146
electrophoresis 23 filtration 18, 30 Grove, Sir William 99
electroplating 83-4, 85, 254 fire extinguishers 213
electrostatic force of attraction 33, 56 flametests261 -2 Haber, Fritz 177
electrovalent (ionic) bonding 38-41, 56 flocculation 28, 30 Haber process 107, 110, 177-8, 193
elements 10- 11, 30, 253 flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) haematite 157,158
calculating moles 61, 69 halides 141,256
symbols 12, 13 units 184,193 Hall, Charles Martin 74
see also periodic table fluorine 141, 142, 143, 146 Hall-Heroult cells 74-5, 85
empirical formulae 65, 70 halogenation 225
emulsifiers 27, 30 structure 12, 35, 38 halogenoalkanes 220-1, 230,233
emulsions 26, 27, 30, 253 foams 26, 27, 30, 253 halogens 146
endothermic reactions 96-7, 100,254 formulae see chemical formulae
end-point of titration 124 fossil fuels 90-2, 93, 100 properties 141 -2, 256-7
energy level diagrams 95, 96, 97, 98, 'fountain flask experiment' 179-80 reactions with alkanes 220-1
105,110 fractional distillation 21-2, 30,252, structure 138
energy levels (electron shells) 33, 37-8, hardness of water 187-9, 193, 259
56 253,260 heating curves 5, 252
energy sources of air 22, 174-5, 193 heat of reaction 96
biomass and biogas 94 in oil refining 22, 89-90 helium 13, 34, 35, 38, 143- 4, 173,176
fossil fuels 90-2, 100 fractions of crude oil 89, 90, 223 Heroult, Paul 74
hydroelectric power 75, 94 Frasch process 197 hexane219
hydrogen 95 free radicals 220-1, 230 HIV 247,248
nuclear power 93-4 freezing 4, 6 Hofmann voltameter 77
renewable and non-renewable 93, froth flotation 160 homologous series 218,230
fuel cells 99, 254-5 hydrates 127-8, 132,256,257
100 fuels92 hydrocarbons 89, 100
enthalpy changes (ti.H) 96, 100 see also energy sources see also specific hydrocarbons e.g.
Fukushima nuclear plant 93-4
of combustion 97, 100 functional groups 233, 248 alkanes, alcohols etc
of fusion 97-8, 100 fusion, enthalpy of 97-8, 100 hydrochloric acid 14, 120
of neutralisation 97, 100
of vaporisation 97-8, 100 galvanising 163 electrolysis of 80
enthalpy (H) 96, 100 gases 2, 3, 8 reaction with calcium
enzymes 111 -13, 114,236,243
equations calculations 63, 67, 69, 254 carbonate 105-6, 211,214
balanced 15 changes of state 4, 5 reaction with metals 150
moles and 66-9 diffusion 6-7 reaction with sodium hydroxide 121,
equilibrium processes 177-8, 200, extraction from air 22, 174-5, 193
258-9 tests for 263 124, 129-3 1
esters 233, 237-8, 248,260 gels 26-7, 30, 253 reaction with sodium
ethane 219 genetic engineering 236, 248
ethanoates 122 giant ionic structures 42, 56 thiosulfate 107--8
giant molecular (macromolecular) hydroelectric power (HEP) 75, 94
structures 49, 50, 56 hydrogen 11, 12,146,150
glass 54, 56, 209, 253
glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) 28 as fuel 95
isotopes 36

INDEX

production 177,201 kaolinite 54 mass number see nucleon number
structure 35, 38, 45 kinetic theory of matter 2-3, 4, 6, 8 mass spectrometers 36, 56
test for 78, 80, 263 Kirchoff, Gustav 157 matter 1, 8
uses 79 krypton 13,143,173, 176
hydrogenation 110,224 kinetic theory of 2-3, 4, 6, 8
hydrogen bonding 186,193 lattices 42, 56 see also states of matter
hydrogencarbonates 126,259 Lavoisier, Antoine 66,118 MAZIT metals 123
hydrogen peroxide, law of conservation of mass 66 measurements 25-6
decomposition 109- 10, 112,255 law of constant composition 15, 30 melting points 4, 5-6, 8
hydrogensulfates 126 Law of Octaves 135 purity and 24, 252
hydrogen sulfide 184 Law of Triads 135 membrane cells 78, 79, 85
hydrolysis 242-3, 248 lead 12, 34 Mendeleev, Dmitri 135-6
hydroxides 153 mercury cells 78
amphoteric 156, 168,257 properties 11,150 mesosphere 171,173
identification of metal ions 155-6 tests for salts 262 metal carbonates 152, 153
hygroscopic substances 128, 132 lead(II) bromide, electrolysis 73 metal hydroxides 153, 257-8
lead(II) oxide 124 metallic bonding 55, 56
ibuprofen 246 ' lean burn' engines 183 metalloids 137, 146
immiscible liquids 20-1, 30 Le Chatelier, Henri 178,200 metal nitrates 152, 203, 257
incomplete combustion 95 light effect on reaction rate 108- 9 metal oxides 152, 257
indicators 117- 18, 124, 132 lime (calcium oxide) 66-7, 209,215 metals 30, 137, 257
inert electrodes 72, 85 limestone 193,206 alloys 165- 7
infrared spectroscopy 15- 16 in blast furnaces 158-9 corrosion 161 - 4
insoluble bases 124-5 manufacture of calcium oxide 66-7,
insoluble salts 125,256 extraction from ores 157-60, 168
insoluble solids 17, 30 209 properties 11, 55
instrumental techniques 15- 16, 30 sulfuric acid and 198 reaction with acids 123,150,255
intermolecular bonds 49, 56 uses 207-11 reaction with air/oxygen 151
intimate mixing 6 see also calcium carbonate reaction with water 151,256
intramolecular bonds 49, 56 limewater 210,211,215 reacti vity 98, 150, 153-5, 168
iodides 126-7, 262 liquid crystals 4-5 recycling 161,166,168
iodine 12, 141 -2, 143 liquid/liquid mixtures, separation 20-2 structures 55-6
liquids 2, 3, 8 test for ions 155-6, 168,257, 261-2
reaction with chlorine 258 changes of state 4, 5 methane 4,221,222
sublimation 5, 22 diffusion 6-7 combustion 95-6, 220
ion exchange 189 lithium 38,138,140,146,256 structure 46-7, 219
ionic compounds litmus117 methanoic acid 237
formulae 43, 44-5 locating agents 23, 30, 244 methanol 233,235
properties 42, 50, 239, 253 Lowry, Thomas 119 methyldopa 246
structures42 LPG (liquid petroleum gas) engines 183 methyl orange 117
ionic (electrovalent) bonding methyl red 117
38-41, 56 macromolecular structures 49, 50, 56 miscible liquids 20, 21-2, 30
ionic equations 121, 132 magnesium 34, 35, 38, 140 mixtures 16- 17, 30,253
ionisation 39, 56 colloids 26-8
ions 34-5, 56 properties 11, 150, 151
in electrolysis 72 reaction with hydrochloric acid 150 composite materials 28-9
iron 35,145,151 reaction with nitric acid 123 liquid/liquid mixtures 20-2
compounds of 43, 44, 145 reaction with oxygen 14, 15, 64-5, separation of 17-24, 253
extraction from ore 14, 158-9, 208 solid/liquid mixtures 17- 20
properties 11,144,150 66,151 solid/solid/mixtures 22-4
reaction with sulfur 15, 16- 17 reaction with sulfuric acid 44 molar heat
rusting 149, 161 -3, 258 magnesium hydrogencarbonate 187, of combustion 97
test for salts 80, 262 188 of neutralisation 97
use as catalyst 110,177 magnesium nitrate 123,152 molar solution 63
iron(III) oxide 14,124,154 magnesium oxide 4, 40, 64-5, 66, 124 molar volumes 254
iron(II) sulfate 122, 127 magnesium sulfate 122,127,129,201 molecular formulae 65, 70
iron(II) sulfide 15, 16- 17 magnetic separation 16, 17, 22 molecules 12- 13, 30
'iron problem' 191 malleability 55
isomerase 112 maltose 243 moles 60, 70
isomers 220, 230 manganese(IV) oxide 109- 10 chemical equations and 66-9
isotopes 35-6, 56 marble 206, 207 of compounds 61-2, 69
mass of elements 61, 69
law of conservation of 66 of gases 63, 69, 254
measurement of 25-6 of solutions 63- 4, 69

INDEX

monatomic molecules 13, 30 oxidation states 43-4, 57 polar molecules 234
monel 145 oxides pollution 193
monomers 226, 230
monosaccharides 242, 248 amphoteric 156, 257 atmospheric 110- 11, 182- 4, 192, 193
Montreal Protocol 109,222 of metals 152 ofwater76, 190,192,193
mortar211 oxidising agents 14, 30, 44, 56,202 polyamides 241,248
Moseley, Henry 33.136 oxygen polyesters 242
motor vehicles in the atmosphere 172, 173-4 poly(ethene) (polythene) 226, 228
isotopes 36 polymerisation 226, 230
atmospheric pollution 182-3 properties 4, 11 addition 226-8, 230
catalytic converters 110- 11 reaction with metals 151 condensation 241-2, 243,247
structure 12, 35, 37, 38 polymers 226, 230, 260
nanotubes 222 test for 263 biopolymers 242-4
national grid 92 uses 175,176 see also plastics
natural gas 91, 92, 93 ozone 172,193 poly(propene) 228
neon 13, 143-4, 173 ozone depletion 108-9, 172-3, 221-2 polysaccharides 242, 248
polystyrene 228
structure 35, 38, 144 paracetamol 246 potassium 138-9, 256
uses 12,176 particles reactivity 13S-9, 150, 151
neutralisation 120, 121, 129-32 structure 35, 38, 138, 140
enthalpy of 97, 100 Brownian motion 7 potassium dichromate(VI) 235
neutrons 33-4, 56 collision theory 105, 107, 108, 110 potassium hydroxide 124
Newlands, John 135 diffusion 6 potassium nitrate 122
nickel kinetic theory 2-3, 4 power stations 92, 183- 4
as catalyst 110,177,224 particulates 183,192,193 pressure
properties and uses 11, 144, 145, 165 penicillin 246 effect on boiling points 252
nitrates122,152 pentane 219 effect on equilibrium processes 178,
test for 127,262 peptide links 241,243
nitric acid 14,123, 199 percentage purity 6S-9 200
nitrogen 35, 38,173,177 percentage yield 68, 70 effect on reaction rate 107
properties 11, 12 periodic table 146,294 products 60
uses 175 development 135-6 propane 219,220
nitrogen cycle 181 -2, 193 electronic structure and 138 propanoic acid 237
nitrogen fixation 181, 193 structure 136-7 propanol 233,235
nitrogen(IV) oxide, test for 263 trends 137 propene 223
nitrogen monoxide 182-3 periods of periodic table 135, 137, 146 proteases 112, 236
noble gases 143-4, 146 permanent water hardness 187, 189, proteins 243-5, 248
non-electrolytes 72, 254 259 proton number (atomic number, Z) 34,
non-metals 11, 30, 137 perspex 228 35, 56
non-renewable energy sources 93, 100 pharmaceuticals (drugs) 24, 246-7, 248 protons 33-4, 56
normal salts 122,132 phenolphthalein 117,124,129 PTFE (poly(tetrafluoroethene)) 226-7,
nuclear fission 93, 100 phosphorus 13, 38 228
nuclear power 93-4 photochemical reactions 108 purity of substances 5, 24, 68-9, 252
nucleon number (mass number, A) 34, photodegradable plastics 229, 230 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 226-7, 228
35, 56 photographic film 109 Pyrex 54
nucleus 33, 37, 56 photosynthesis 97,109,172,193,212,
nylon 241 215,242 qualitative analysis 261-3
'nylon rope trick' 260 pH scale 118, 132,255 quartz 50
physical changes 4
Octaves, Law of 135 pig (cast) iron 159, 165-6 radioactive waste 93
Oersted, Hans Christian 74 planets, composition of radioactivity 35, 56
oil 91, 92 atmospheres 174 radioisotopes 35, 56
oil refining 89-90, 100,223 plastics 50, 260 radon 13, 143
'OIL RIG' mnemonic 75 addition polymers 226-8, 230 Ramsay, Sir William 143, 144
oleum 200, 203 condensation polymers 241-2, 243, Rayleigh, Lord John William Strutt 143,
optimum temperature 178,193,200
ores 157--8, 168 247 144
disposal 229 reactants 60
extraction of metals from 157-60 electroplating 84 reacting masses 59-60
organic compounds 89,100,218,230 thermosottening and reaction rates 104, 114,255
oxidation 14, 30, 39, 56
thermosetting 228, 230, 260 effect of catalysts 109- 11
in electrolysis 73, 75, 85 platinum 110,150,164 effect of concentration 107-8

INDEX

effect of light 108-9 sodium chloride 4, 122 extraction from cane 23-4
effect of pressure 107 electrolysis 78-9 reaction with concentrated sulfuric
effect of surface area 105-6 extraction from sea water 19
effect of temperature 108 ionic bonding 39-40 acid 202
reactivity series 150, 153-5, 168, 257 structure 2, 3, 41, 42 sulfates 122,201,203
recycling 161,166,168,229
redox reactions 14, 30, 39, 44 sodium hydrogencarbonate 126,215 tests for 126,132,201,262
examples 44, 154, 155, 215, 251 sodium hydrogensulfate 127 sulfites, test for 262
reducing agents 14, 30, 44, 56 sodium hydroxide 14,121,124 sulfur 12,197,259
reduction 14, 30, 39, 57
in electrolysis 73, 75, 85 reaction with hydrochloric acid 121, properties 4, 11, 197
relative atomic mass (A,) 37, 57, 59, 61 124, 129-3 1 reaction with iron 15, 16- 17
relative formula mass (RFM) 59, 70 structure 35, 38
relati ve molecular mass (M,) 62, 70 reaction with sulfuric acid 131-2, sulfur dioxide 183-4, 197-9
renewable energy 93, 100 test for 263
residues 18, 30 201 sulfuric acid 14,259
respiration 172,212,215,236,247 tests for metal ions 80, 155-6, 262 manufacture 199-200
reversible reactions 120,128,177, 193, uses 79 as oxidising agent 44
200,258 sodium nitrate 152 properties 201, 202-3
R1values 23, 30 sodium stearate 122, 188,239 reaction with copper(II) oxide 125,
rock salt 158 sodium sulfate 125,127
rubidium 138,157 sodium thiosulfate, reaction with 201
rusting 161,168,258 hydrochloric acid 107-8 reaction with sodium hydroxide 131-
prevention of 161 -3, 168 solid/liquid mixtures, separation 17-20
solids 2, 3, 8 2, 201
Rutherford, Ernest 33, 136 changes of state 4, 5 uses 200-1
solubility 17, 30 sulfurous acid 120
sacrificial protection 163-4 solid/solid mixtures, separation 22-4 supercooled liquids 54, 57, 253
safety251 sols 26, 27, 30,253 surface area, effect on reaction
salicylic acid 238 solubility 30,125,129,132 rate 105-6
salt see sodium chloride of salts 129,256 suspensions 18
salt hydrates 127-8, 132, 256, 257 of solids 17, 30
salts 122,256 soluble bases 124 tapping off 159
soluble salts 123-5 temperature
preparation 123-5 solutes 17, 30
solubility 129,256 solutions 17, 30 during changes of state 4, 5
tests for 126- 7 calculating moles 63-4, 67-8, 69 effect on equilibrium processes 178,
saponification 239, 248 concentration of 63-4, 67-8
saturated hydrocarbons 218,230 solvent extraction 23-4 200
saturated solutions 19, 30 solvents 17, 30 effect on reaction rate 108
scum 188,240 Sorenson, Soren 118 measurement of 25
separating funnels 20-1 sparingly soluble substances 125 temporary water hardness 187, 188,
separation of mixtures 253 spectator ions 121 259
liquid/liquid mixtures 20-2 spectroscopy 15- 16 Terylene 241-2
solid/liquid mixtures 17-20 spot tests 126-7 theoretical yield 68
solid/solid mixtures 22-4 stalactites and stalagmites 188 thermal cracking 223, 230
sewage treatment 191 -2 starch 242-3, 260-1 thermal decomposition 97,209,211,
silver 11,150,157, 160 states of matter 1-3, 8, 15, 251 215,256
silver bromide 109,122 changes of state 4-5, 97-8, 252 Thermit reaction 154, 257
silver oxide 152 steam re-forming 177 thermometers 25
simple molecular structures 49, 57 steel thermosoftening and thermosetting
slag 159,208 production 165-6, 208 plastics 228, 230, 260
slaked lime see calcium hydroxide recycling 166 thermosphere 171,173
soapless detergents 188,203,240,248 rust prevention 161 -3 time, measurement of 25
soaps 239-40, 248, 260 types 166 tin(II) fluoride 122
hard water and 188,259 stopwatches 25 titration 124, 129-32, 256
soda glass 54, 209 stratosphere 171,172,173,193 transition elements 136, 137, 144-6, 257
sodium 12, 138-9, 149,256 strong acids 120, 132 transpiration 187, 193
extraction by electrolysis 158 strong alkalis 121,132 trends 137, 138-9
reactivity 138-9, 150,151,153 strontium 36, 140 Triads, Law of 135
structure 35, 38, 39, 138, 140 structural isomerism 220 troposphere 171,173,193
sodium carbonate 14,122,127 sublimation 5, 8, 22, 252
substitution reactions 221,230 universal indicator 118
sugar (sucrose) unsaturated fats 224
unsaturated hydrocarbons 223, 230, 260

test for 225,230
uranium 35, 36, 93

INDEX

valency (combining power) 43, 44-5, hardness 187-9, 193,259 xenon 13,143, 173
57 properties 4, 185-6 X-ray diffraction (crystallography) 2-3,
reaction with ammonia 121, 179-80
Valium246 reaction with metals 151,256 40- 1, 57
vanadium(V) oxide, as catalyst 110 structure 13-14, 47, 48
van der Waals' bonds (forces) 49, 51, test for 185,263 yeast 236
water of crystallisation 127-9, 132 yoghurt production 113
218 water cycle 186-7, 193
vaporisation, enthalpy of 97-8, 100 water pollution 76,190,192,193 zinc 35, 145
verdigris 164 water treatment 28, 190--1 extraction from ore 160
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 120,239 weak acids 120- 1, 132 properties 11, 144, 150
volume, measurement of 26 weak alkalis 121,132 reaction with copper(II) nitrate 155
von Liebig, Justus 119 weak electrolytes 72,254 reaction with sulfuric acid 201
vulcanisation of rubber 197 Wiener, Norbert 7 test for salts 80, 262
Winkler, Clemens 136
washing soda 189 WOhler, Friedrich 74, 157 zinc blende 158,197
water 1,171, 184-5, 259 wood 28, 29 zinc hydroxide 156
zinc oxide 156, 160
electrolysis 77~, 185 zinc sulfide 160
extraction from salt water 20