21 HUMAN INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEMS
The plants arc grown on mineral wool, through Conservation programmes
which the nutrient-rich water flows . This avoids
soil, which can contain pathogens. 1ltis mcthOO of If the population of a species drops, the range of
growing plants, called hyd roponics, also means that variation within the species drops, making it less
no peat is needed for soil. The removal of peat for able to adapt to environmental change. The species
use in horticulture is threatening heathland and the could, therefore, be threatened with extinction.
organisms living on it. When animal populations full, there is less chance of
individuals finding each other to mate.
As the tomato plants mmspire, the water vapou r
is condensed and recycled into the fish tanks. T he In 'Selection', Chapter 18, it was explained that
tomatoes arc han·cstcd and sold unde r the name crossing a wild grass with a strain of wheat produced
'fish tomatoes'. The scientists call the project 'The an improved variety. l11is is only one example
Tomatofish'. 111c next goal is to implement the of many successful attempts to improve yield,
system into global food production systems. drought resistance and disease resistance in food
plants. Some 25 OOO plant species arc threatened
with extinction at the moment. This cou ld result
in a devastating loss of hereditary material and a
reduction of about I0% in the genes available for
crop improvement. 'Gene banks' have been set up
to preserve a wide range of plants, but these banks
arc vulnerable to accidents, disease and human
error. The only secure way of preserving the full
range of genes is to keep the plants growing in their
natural environments.
Conservation programmes arc set up for a number
of reasons:
Flguni21.0 Thetomato.lishproJe(t Reducing extinction
Conservation programmes strive to prevent
extinction. Once a species becomes extinct its genes
arc lost forever, so we arc also likely to deprive the
world of genetic resources. Apart from the fuct that
we have no right to wipe out species forever, the
chances arc that we will deprive ourselves not only
of the beauty and diversity of species but also of
potential sources of valuable products such as drugs.
Many of our present-day drugs arc derl\'cd from
plants (e.g. quinine and aspirin) and there may be
many more sources as yer undiscovered.
Ag1. . 21.44 Tom;itots illd fish being gio,yn in the sMJM> envirmment Prot ecting vulne rable envi ronments
Conservation programmes arc often set up to
protect threatened habitats so that r.tre species living
there arc nor endangered. Some species of plant
require very special conditions to grow succcssfillly,
for instanc.e wet, acidic conditions associated with
heathland (sec Figure 21.46 ). Some animal species
have vciy limited diets or 01hcr needs: the large
heath buncrfly only feeds on one type of plant called
conongrass. If that plant was allowed to become
extinct, perhaps through drainage of the peat bog
Conserva tion
land on which the cottongrass lives, the butterflies Flgure21.46 A11S1ofSpec~SClentlflclnte1eSt.Thl$he~thlandin
would die oUt as well. SUrreyisprntectedby a m d ~ t ~reement with the IJndowner.
There are a number of organisatio ns involved with
habirat conservation in Brit.1in . English Nature, the
Countryside Council for Wales and Scottish Namral
Heritage were formed from the Nature Conservancy
Council ( NCC). They arc regulatory bodies
committed to csrablish, manage and maintain nature
rcsen·cs, protect threatened habitats and conduct
research inro matters relevant ro conservation.
The NCC esr.i.blished 195 nature reserves
(Figure 21.45 ) but, in addition, had responsibility
for notifying planning authorities of Areas of
Special Scientific Interest (ASS1s), also known as
Sites ofSpecial Scientific Interest (SSSJs). l11csc are
privately owned lands that include important habitats
or rare species (Figure 21.46). English Nature and
other conservation bodies establish management
agreemcms with the owners so that the sites arc not
damaged b}' felling trees, ploughing land or draining
fens (Figure21.47).
flgur•2 1.45 AnEngllshNiltureNatloMNatureRe:.erve~t 111c National Parks Commission has set up 15
Sridgev,/dter B;iy In SOmerset. The mudflm and ~ltmaflh ~ttrKI large National Parks covering more than 9% of England
number,;ofwinteflngwildfO'M and Wales, e.g. Dartmoor, Snowdonia and the Lake
District. Although the land is privately owned, the
l11crc arc now about 5000 ASS ls, and the Countryside Park Aurhorirics are responsible fo r protecting the
and Rigl1rs of Way Act of2000 has strengthened the landscape and wildlife, and for planning public
rules go\·erning the maintenance of ASS!s. recreation such as walking, climbing or gliding.
There arc several other, non-governmental The European Commission's Habimts Directive
organisations that have set up rese rves and which of 1994 requires member states to designate Special
help to conserve wildlife and habitats. There arc Areas ofConserv:ition (SACs) to protect some of
47 Wildlife Trusts in the UK, managing thousands the most seriously threatened habitats and species
of sires. The Royal Society for the Protection througlmur Europe. The UK has submitted a list
of Birds (RS PB) has 200 sites, the Woodland of 340 sires, though many of these arc already
Trust looks afi:er over 1100 woods and there prorccred areas, such as ASS ls.
arc abo ut 160 othe r reserves managed by other
organisa tio n s . Desirable though ASSls, National Parks and SACs
arc, they represent only rclati\'dy small, isolated
areas of land. Birds can move free ly from o ne area to
21 HUMAN INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEMS
another, but plants and small animals are confined around their coastlines reduced fish stocks, removing
to an isolated habitat so are subject to risks that the food the seabirds relied 011. As the seabird
they cannot escape. If more furmland were managed populations diminished, they deposited less guano
in a way 'friendly' to wildlife, these risks could be and tl1e guano industries fuiled.
reduced.
The term ecosystem services can be defined as the
The Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group can benefits people obtain from ecosystems, whether
advise furmers how to manage their land in ways they are natural or managed. Humans are affecting
that encourage wildlife. This includes, for example, ecosystems on a large scale because of the growth in
leaving strips of uncultivated land around the the population (Chapter 19) and changing patterns
margins of fields or planting new hedgerows. Even ofconsumption. Scientists estimate that around
strips of wild grasses and flowers bern·een fields 40% ofthe Earth's land surf.tee area is taken over
significantly increase the population of beneficial by some form offurmed land. Crops are grown for
insects. food (directly, or indirectly through tl1eir use in
feeding animals), extraction of drugs (botl1 legal and
Certain areas of furmland have been designated as illegal ) and rhe manufucrure of fuel (see details about
Environmental Sensitive Areas (ESAs), and furmers biofuels below). Crop growth has major impacts in
are paid a subsidy for managing their land in ways ecosystems, causing tl1e extinction of many species
tl1at conserve the environment. and reducing tl1e gene pool.
Maintaining ecosystem functions In theory, biofuels produced from plant sources
should have a minimal effect on tl1e carbon dioxide
There is a danger of destabilising food chains if concentration in the atmosphere and, tl1erefore, on
a single species in that food chain is removed. global warming. The carbon dioxide released when
For example, in lakes containing pike as the top they are burned derives from the carbon dioxide
predators, overfishing can result in smaller species they absorbed during their photosynthesis. They
of carnivorous fish, such as minnows, increasing in are 'carbon neutral'. However, the harvesting oftl1e
numbers. They eat zooplankton. If rhe minnows crop and the processes of extraction and distillation
eat the majority of the zooplankton population, all produce carbon dioxide. TI1e net effect on
it leaves no herbivores to control algal growth, atmospheric carbon dioxide is questionable. More
which can cause an algal bloom when there are details ofbiofuels are given in Chapter 20.
sufficient nutrients to support this growth. To
prevent such an event happening, the ecosystem Also, tl1e clearing of forests to make space for
needs to be maintained , by controlling the fuel crops removes a valuable carbon sink and the
numbers of top predators removed, or by regular burning that accompanies it produces a great deal
restocking. ofcarbon dioxide. In addition, the use ofland for
growing crops for biofuels reduces tl1e land available
Ecosystems can also become unbalanced if tl1e for gro\\ing food and increases the price of food.
nutrients tl1ey rely on are affected in some way. Currently, the benefit of deriving fuel from plant
Guano is tl1e accumulated droppings of seabirds and material is open to question.
bars. It is extremely rich in nitrogen compounds
and phosphates, so it makes a valuable fertiliser. With all these demands on resources from
In the early 1900s Peru and South Africa both ecosystems, it is a very complicated process to
de,·eloped guano industries based on sustained -yield manage tl1em effectively and this makes conservation
production from marine birds. However, m·erfishing programmes invaluable to protect species and their
habitats.
Conservation
Questions 11 What part do micro-organisms (bacteria and protoctista}
play in sewage treatment?
Core
1 Thegraphinfigure21.8!.how..thechangeinthenumbers 12 Whatdoyouunderstandby·
ofmitesandspringtailsinthesoilaftertreatingitwithan a biodiversity
insecticide. Miteseatspringtails.Suggestanexplanation b sustainabledevelopment7
for the changes in numbers over the 16-month period.
2 What are the possible dangers of dumping and burying 13 What is the difference between an ASSI and a nature
poisonousc:hemic:alsontheland7 Extended
3 ~fore most water leaves the waterworks, it is exposed for 14 a What pressures lead to destruction of tropical forest?
some time to the poisonous gas, chlorine. What do you b Givethreeimportantreasonsfortryingtopreserve
thinkisthepointofthis7 tropical forests
4 If the concentration of men::ury in Minamata Bay was very
low,whydiditcausesuchseriousillnessinhurnans7 15 In what ways might trees protect the soil on a hillside from
5 Explainwhysomerenewableenergysourcesdependon beingwa!.hedaw~bytherain7
photosynthesis 16 lfafarmerploughsasteeplyslopingfield,inwhatdirection
6 In what w~s does the recycling of materials help to save should the furrows run to help cut down soil erosion?
energyandconservetheenvironment7 17 What is the possible connection between:
7 Explain why some of the alternative and renewable energy a cuttingdowntreesonhillsidesandllex>dinginthe
valleys.and
sourcesareles.5likelytocausepollutionthancoalandoil. b dear-felling Oogging} in tropical forests and local
8 Whatkindsofhumanactivitycanleadtotheextinctionof dimatechange7
a species? 18 To what extent do tall chimneys on factories reduce
atmospheric pollution?
9 How do the roles of CITES and INWF differ? In what
respectsmightth~ractivitiesoverlap7 19 Whatarethoughttobethemaincausesof'acidrain'7
20 Whyarecarbondioxideandmethanecalled
10 Howmightthelcmofaspeciesaffect:
a ourhealth(indirectly} 'greenhouse gases'?
b the prospect of developing neY.t varieties of crop plants
resistant to drought?
Checklist Ha bi tat destructi o n
Food s up ply • There are a number of reasons for habitat destructioo, including:
- increasedareaneededforfood-cropgrowth, livestod::
• Modern technology has resulted in increased food prod1Ktionandhousing
production. -theextractionofnaturalresoun::es
- marine pollution.
• Agriculturalrnachinerycanbeusedonlargerareasoflandto
improve efficiency. • Through altering food webs and fex>d chains, humans can
negatively impact on habitats
• Chemicalfertilisersimproveyields
• lnsecticidesimprovequalityandyield. • Deforestationisanexampleofhabitatdestruction:itcan
• Herbicides reduce competition with weeds lead to extinction, soil erosion, flooding and carbon dioxide
• Selectivebreedingimprovesproductionbycropplantsand build-up in the atmosphere
livestock. • Theconversionoftropicalforesttoagriculturallandusually
• Monoculturescanhavenegativeimpactsonthe resultsinfailurebecauseforestsoilsarepoorinnutrients.
environment. • Deforestation has many undesirable effects on the
• Intensive farming has resulted in habitat deterioration and environment.
reduction of wildlife. Po llut io n
• Problems with world food supplies contribute to • Wepolluteourlakes,riversandtheseawithindustrial
difficultiesprovidingenoughfoodforan increasing waste, sewage,crudeoil,rubbish,factorywastesand
human global population. nuclear fall-out.
• Food production in developed countries has increased • Useoffertiliserscanresultinwaterpollution.
faster than the population growth. • Pesticides kill insects, weeds and fungi that could destroy
• Food production in developing countries has not kept our crops
pace with population growth. • Pesticideshelptoincreaseagriculturalproductionbutthey
• Problemsthatcontributetofamineindudeunequal killotherorganismsaswellaspests.
distribution of food, drought, flooding and an increasing
population.
21 HUMAN INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEMS
• A pesticide or pollutant that 5tarts off at a low, s.afe level • Weneedtoconservenon-renewableresourcessuchas
canbecomedangerou!.lyconcentratedasitpassesalonga fossil fuels.
food chain.
• When supplies of fossil fuels run out or become too expen'>ive,
• Eutrophication of lakes and rivers results from the excessive wewillneedtodevelopalternativesourcesofeoergy.
growth of algae followed by an oxygen shortage when the
algae die and decay. • Recyclingmetals,paper,glassandplastichelpstoconserve
thesematerialsandsaveenergy.
• We pollute the air with =ke, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides from factories, and carbon monoxide and nitrogen • Someresourcessuchasforestsandfishstochcanbe
oxides from motor vehicles maintained.
• The acid rain resulting from air pollution leads to poisoning of • Sewage can be treated to make the water that it contains
lakes and pos.siblydestructionof trees safe to return to the environment or for human use.
• The extra carbon dioxide from fos'>il fuels might lead to • Some organisms are becoming endangered or extinct due to
global warming. factors such as dimate change, habitat destruction, hunting,
pollution and introduced species
• Theprocessofeutrophicationofwaterinvolves:
- increasedavailabilityofnitrateandotherions • Endangeredspeciescanbeconservedbystrategiesthat
- increMed growth of producers indudemonitoringandprotectingspeciesandhabitats,
- increased decompo'>ition after death of the producers education, captive breeding programmes and seed banks.
-increasedaerobicrespirationbybacteria,r~ltingina
reduction in dissolved oxygen • Sustainable development is development providing for
- thedeathoforgani=requiringdissolvedoxygenin the needs of an increasing human population without
water. harming the environment
• Non-biodegradable plastics can have detrimental effects • Forestandfishstockscanbesustainedusingstrategies
onaquaticandterrestrialecosystems suc:haseducationandlegalquotas.
• Sulfurdioxide,producedbybumingfossilfuels,causes • Sustainable development requires the management of
acid rain. Thiskillsplants,aswellasanimalsinwater conflicting demands, as well as planning and co-operation
systems at local, national and international levels
• Measuresthatmightbetakentoreducesulfurdioxide • Althoogh extinction is a natural phenomenon, human
pollution and reduce the impact of acid rain include a activitiesarec.ausingagreatincreaseintheratesofextinction.
reductioninuseoffossilfuels.
• Conservation of species requires international agreements
• Methane and carbon dioxide are building up in the and regulations.
atmosphere, resultingintheenhancedgreenhouseeffect
and climate change. • Theseregulationsmayprohibitkillingorcollectingspecies
andpreventtradeinthemortheirproducts.
• Female contraceptive hormones are entering water
coursesandcancausereducedspermcountinmenand • Lossofaplantspeciesdeprivesusof{a}apos.siblesource
feminis.ationofaquaticorganisms. ofgenesand(b)apossiblesourceofchemicalsfordrugs.
Conserva ti o n • Conservingaspeciesbycaptivebreedingisoflittleuse
unlessitshabitatisalsoconserved
• A sustainable resource is one that can be removed from the
environmentwithoutitrunningout. • TheEarthSummitConferencetriedtoachieve
internationalagreementonmeasurestoconservewildlife
• Raw materials, such as metal ores, will one day run out andhabitats,andreducepollution.
• National Parks, nature reserves, ASSis and SACs all try to
preservehabitatsbuttheycoveronlyasmallproportionof
thecountryandexistasisolatedcommunities
• Incentives exist for farming in a way that is friendy to wildlife.
Q Examination questions
Do not write on these pages. Where necessary copy a A vertebrate with scaly skin and no legs could
drawings,tablesorsentences.
beeithera _ _ _ on _ _ _ . [2]
b A vertebrate with lungs and hair is a
• Characteristics and _ _ _ but ifit has feathers instead of
classification of living
hairitisa _ _ _ _ [2]
organisms
[Tota/:4]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 O1November
2012)
1 Four of the classes of vertebrates and five possible
descriptions of these classes are shown below. 4 l11e diagram below shows five mammals.
Draw a straight line ro march each class of
vertebrate to its description. [4]
desc ription
I bird l bodywilhnaked'il:in,twopaifloflimbs l
Ifish Ibodywilhhair, twopair1oflimD1
Im<immal I Ibodywilhfeathers, oriepairofwirig;
Ill'pli~
I bodywilhscales,withlim
I
1 : : z ~ ~ ~ s c a l ' j s k i n , t w o p a irsoflimbs
[Tota/:4]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2 O1 November 2006)
2 a Three characteristics ofliving org.misms and
four possible descriptions are shown below.
Draw a straight line to match each characteristic
roitsdescription. [3]
D (mammalsnotdrawntoscale) E
description I a Use the key to identify each of these mammals.
l pumpingairinandolllofthelung1
Write the letter for each mammal in
I ~i~ing =individ~als of the gme I the rabk. [4]
I ~p~ii~~(ti~=ic chemka!s for the I1 tailmorethanhalfthatofbodylength .............. goto2
tail le:s, than half that ofbody length ................ go to 4
i 1tiereleaseolel\l'l'g;from1ugars 1earsat1'.'p of head, wi.th thi~kt~il ..... Sriun" can,/iniwris
b State two other characteristics ofliving [2] 2 ear,ats,deofhead,w,thrhmta,l ...................... goto3
organisms.
nose pointed, nose length longerthanilll
[Tota/:5] 3 nose blunt, nmelength,horterth~:;;~ ...... Sorrxara""''
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology0610 Paper 2 01 June 2006)
[
depth .......... O,rhrio.,omysg/am,/u,
3 Vertebrate animals are grouped into a number of
classes.
Complete the sentences by naming each of the
,·ertebrate classes that are described.
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Getmonomys glaroolus Some vertebrates han: wings. If their body is also
orya°'aguscunkulm covered in feathers they are - - -, but if
their body has fur they are - - -·
Talpaeurnp.-xia Vertebrates that do not have feathers, fur or scales
on the outside of their body are - - - · [4]
b The diagram below shows a young deer feeding
from its mother. {Total:4}
(Cambridge /GCSE Bidogy 0610 Paper 2 O1NC!v'ember 2009)
7 Arachnids, crnstaceans, insects and myriapods are
all classified as arthropods.
Scorpions, such as Heterometr11s swammerdami
shown in the diagram below, are arachnids.
State two features , visible in the diagram, that pedlpalp
distinguish mammals from other vertebrates. [2]
a State th ree features , shown by H. swammerdami
{Total: 6] and visib le in the diagram above that arachnids
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 3 Q 1November 2006)
5 The table below shows some of the external share with other arthropods. [3]
features of the five classes of vertebrates.
b The diagram below shows seven species of
Complete the table by placing a tick (.I ) to arachnid.
indicate if each class hasrhe feature.
[5]
external scalyskln two palrs
e;rflap or fur ofllm bs
amphibians
reptiles
{Total: 5]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 02 June 2010)
6 Vertebrates can be classified by their external
features. Complete the paragraph by using the
name of a vertebrate class in each space.
Some vertebrates have scales all over their skin.
If they also have nostrils that allow air imo their
lungs and two pairs of legs they are _ _ _ .
Et' Chararterirtio and classification of living organisms
6 8 Non-living things, such as a car, often show
0 charaeteristics similar to those of living organisms.
Usc,h,k,y roldcaafymhspmcs ,:::: ::I•) a State which characteristic of a living org;mism
kttcr ofeach species (A to G) m the correct box
Key beside the key. One has been done for you [4] marches ~eh of the descriptions linked to a car.
(i) burning fuel in the engine to release
energy [ I]
(ii) headlights that switch on automatically
in the darl:. [I]
( iii )filling the car's ran!:. with fuel [I]
( iv)rclcasc: ofwaste gases [ I]
b Identify one characteristic of living things
that is no t carried out by a car. [I]
1 ,;c.,,[Tota/:5]
(Cambndge /GCSE 81ology0610 Pape, 21 QI June 2012)
9 Th, d"gr.un below shm~, b,mri,m,,
and a fungu s
'd"/5_
••
1 ii} Abdomenwithat~ A~Qdic~~ E
90 to 2
b) Abdomen without i tail goto3 (not to sc~le)
2 i) Legsmuchlonger !han abdomoo goto 4 a Complete the rable to compare the three
~l'ld ceph~lothofax organisms shown in the diagram above by
~flidomes!iQ using a tick (.I) to indicate if the organi sm
b) Legsnotmuchlon ger!han Odielusspinosus shows the feature, or a cross (1 ) ifit does not.
abdomoo.1ndcephalo!horax Cheliferlllbemibtm The first row has been completed for you . [3]
3 ~) 11alrsonlegs 90105 fw 1w, fungus
b) Nohairsonlegs
4 ii} CepNloth<nxor.b:iomen
segmented
b) CepNlothorai:.or.b:iomennot
segmented
:t::;:!Pphalolhorax5 ii} Abdo!TK:onandcephalotl"Dfax Poedlot~regRS r'"="""' - - t - - - t - - - t - - - - - - ,
b) 90106
L".::OC""=-'-----'---------'---- ----'---------"
6 ~) Bodyco.rered in long hairs b Explain how the fungus shown in the
b)BodynotcOYerndinhairs
lxodeshex~!i! diagram above is adapted to obtain
itS food. [3]
[Total: 7] c Explain how the fungus spreads to new
(C,ambti:Jge /GC5EBio/ogjOf,10Pape, 31 QI Noverrber 2012)
sources of food. [2]
[Tota/:8]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 QI November
2009)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
• Organisation and b Stitc and describe the function of two
fc:aturcs of the palisade cell that arc only
maintenance of the [4]
fow1d in plant cdls.
organism c The photograph below shows some red
blood cells, which arc animal cells.
1 Five types of animal and plant cells and five
possible li.11Ktions of such cells arc shown below.
Dr.iw one straight line from c:ach rypc ofcell to
a li.mction of that cell. [5]
typeolcell Iabsorptionolmine~ions
lredbloodcel ltra,nsportoloxygen
Irooth~rce~
I white blood cell ] movement of murn1
I xylem l protect~<19~instpathogem I
l ciliatedcell I structur~l mpport (i) Which feature no rmally present in an
animal ce ll is absent from a red
{Tota/:5] blood cell? [1]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2 05 June 2009)
(ii) State the fw1ction ofa red blood cell and
2 The diagram shows a cell from the palisade layer of describe o ne way in which the red blood
akaf.
cell is adapted to carry out its function. [2]
{Total: 10]
(CarrbridtJelGCSE Biology0610 Pape, 21 OS M:Nember 2012)
3 The diagram below shows two cells.
.1 In the tiblc below tick (/" ) the numbers that
label the three features of the palisade cell cell B
which are also found in animal cells [3] a (i) State where, in a human , a cell ofrype A
pnisent lnboth anlmal andpla ntcell s would normall y be found. [l]
(ii) State where, in a plant, a cell of type B
would be found. [ 1]
b Use only words from the list to complete the
statements about cell B. [5]
air cellulose chloroplasts membrane
mitochondria nucleus starch vacuole
wall cdlsap
Movement in and out of cells
Cell B has a thick layer called the cell You may find it helpful to study Chapter 9 before
- - - · This is made of _ _ _ . attempting this question.
The cytoplasm of cell B contains many 5 TI1e photomicrograph below is of a human blood
_ _ _ that are used in the process
of photosynthesis. The large permanent ' ••• -:•·· 11•-.
_ _ _ is full of _ _ _ and this
•I
helps to maintain the shape of the cell.
,....••..•...i.,i...••..•..••.·•~ ,.~:.-.,c TI1ediagrambelowshowsstrucmresthatproduce
I'~....s\..·.•..............,,.:.•..,,...••:,.:,,••.•·•...•,....:,...'..I,urineandexcreteitfromthebodyofamammal.
(i) Onthediagram,labelandnameoneorgan. [l] ••• ~ ·-. . . . . . . . . . . - •• 11ill
(ii) Use examples from the diagram ro explain MagnlflcatlonX800 A
the difference between the terms organ
and organ system. [3] a (i) On the photomicrograph, draw label
lines and name th ree different types of
(Total: 11] blood cell. [3]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology0610 Paper 21 01 June 2010) [2]
(ii) Name two parts of the blood that can [l]
4 a The diagram shows a partly completed diagram pass through the capillary walls.
ofa palisade cell. [2]
b (i) Measure tl1e diameter ofthe blood cell [l]
__ ,ell membrane labelled A.
(ii) TI1e photomicrograph has been
enlarged by x 800, calculate the
actualsizeofcellA.
Show yo11r working.
(iii)State tl1e function of cell A.
(Total: 9]
(Cambridge /G CSE Biology 0610 Paper 6 03 June 2009)
Complete the diagram to show the other major • Movement in and out
of cells
components of this cell.
1 TI1in slices of dandelion stem were cut and
Label all tl1e components that you have placed into different salr solutions and left for
30 minutes.
added to tl1e diagram. [4] Figure 1 shows how these slices were cut. Figure 2
shows the appearance of these pieces of dandelion
b State precisely where palisade cells are found stem after 30 minutes in the different salt
solutions.
in a plant. [2]
(Tota/: 6]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2
02 November 2009)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Longltudtn.al
s«tlonsofstem
~mpleA
O.SM s.altsolutlon ~mple B
Flgu re 2
a (i) Describe the appearance of the pieces of
dandelion srem in Figure 2. [2]
(ii) Explain what causes the two pieces of 0
0 2 4 6 8 10121416
dandelion srem to change in the way you dlstanceofbluelltmusp;aper
.alongtubet,m
have described in a(i). [4]
The rable shows the results for a third sample, C,
b Suggest how you could plan an investigation ofethanoic acid.
to find the concentration of salt solution which
would produce no change from that shown in
the original dandelion stem before being cut in distance of blue ll1mus paper 11me fOf bl ue lltmus
along1 ubelm1 paper totwnred/s
Figure I . [4]
'
[Total: 10}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 06 QI November
1009)
2 a Define diffusio11. [2]
b ll1e diagram below shows an apparatus that was
used to investigate the effect of concentration of
a chemical on the rate of diffusion.
,otton wool 10.aked Ji' (i) Complete the graph above by plotting the
,o~ ~<haook•"d
results shown in the table above. [3]
'01~~~~~~~iiil (ii) State which sample of cthanoic acid, A, B
or C, rook rhe longest time to tra\·cl 8cm
pleceiofd.ampbluelltmus alongrhe rube. [ 1]
p;aper.atlcmlntervals
(iii )Sratc and explain which sample of ethanoic
As erhanoic acid diffused along the rnbc, the
pieces of blue lim1us paper turned red. acid was the most concentrated. [2]
Two different samples of ethanoic acid, A and
B, were used in rhis apparatus. The two samples c Substances can enter and leave cells by either
had differenr concentrations. The results are
shown in the graph. diffusion or by osmosis.
State two ways in which osmosis differs from
diffusion. [2]
[Total: /OJ
(Cambridge /GCSE Biolog; 0610 Paper 2 I 03 June 2012)
Biological molecules
3 g/) 1;','!'i,;:7;';;;,.,dmdbym,nysctcm,,,. [3l e Biological molecules
'
to be a form of diffusion. Suggest two 1 TI1e sweet potato, Ipomoea batams, is a different
ways in which diffusion is different from species to the Irish potato, S0/am1m tuberosum.
osmosis. [2]
b (i) Explain how root hair cells use osmosis [2]
to take up water.
(ii) TI1e land on which a cereal crop is
growing is flooded by sea water. Suggest
the effect sea water could have on the
cereal plants. [4]
(Total: 11]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2 09 November
2009)
4 The diagram shows an alveolus in which gaseous sweet potato
exchange takes place.
"'blood
cells
a (i) Define the term diffusion. [2] lrlshpotato
(ii) State what causes oxygen to diffuse into a (i) Describe one similarity, visible in the photo,
the blood from rhe ah'eoli. [I] between the two species of potato. [I]
(iii) List three features of gaseous exchange (ii) Complete the table to show two
surfaces in animals, such as humans. [3] differences, \'isible in the photo, between
b (i) At high altitudes there is less oxygen in the two species of potato. [2]
the air than at sea level. Suggest how this •w~,1 pobw I '"'h po,a,o
might affect the uptake of oxygen in the I d>fteeoc, '
ah·eoli. [2]
(ii) In the past some athletes have cheated by _drffereoce2 . .
injecting themselves with extra red blood b Potato crops are grown for their carbohydrate
cells before a major competition. Predict content.
how this increase in red blood cells might Describe how you could safely rest the nvo species
affect their performance. [2] of potato to compare their carbohydrate content.
(Total: 10] testfarstan:h
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21
testfar reducing sugar [8]
09 November 2006)
(Total: 11}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 61 02 June 2010)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
• Enzymes 2 Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen
peroxide into water and m,1'gen.
l Enzymes are used commercially to extract fruit
2H2D2---. 2H20 + 02
juices. The use of enzymes increases the volume of
By using small pieces of filter paper soaked in a
juice produced. solution of catalase, it is possible to measure the
enzyme activity.
An investigation was carried out to determine The pieces are placed in a solution of diluted
hydrogen peroxide in a rest-tube.
the volume of apple juice produced at different The filter paper rises to the surface as oxygen
bubbles are produced.
temperatures. The time taken for these pieces of filter paper to
rise to the surfuceindicatestheactivityofcatalase.
Mixtures ofapple pulp and enzyme were left for
15 minutes at different temperatures.
After 15 minutes, the mixtures were filtered and
the juice collected.
The diagram shows the volume ofjuice collected
GBB'from each mixture.cm 3 cm3 hyd,og• J
20 20 peroxide 00
o " fllterpapersoaked
lncatalase
0
ill 8 8'1o·c 1s·c 2o·c An experiment was carried out to find the effect of
20 20 pH on the activity of catalase.
100 10 Five test-tubes were set up as shown in the
diagram, each with a different pH.
The same volume and concentration of hydrogen
peroxide was used in each test-tube.
The table shows the results obtained for the
experiment as described.
a (i) Record the \'olume of juice in each pH t lmetakenforfll terpape r tor1se/s
measuring cylinder in the table.
"[3]
temperature/"( volumeofJu lceoollected/cm•
a (i) Plot a line graph to show the time taken
for the filter paper to rise against pH. [4]
(ii) Describe the relationship between pH
(ii) Present the data in a suitable graphical and the time taken for the filter paper
form.
to rise. [2]
(iii)Describe the results.
b Describe an investigation to show the effect [5] b Suggest four ways in which this experiment
[2]
of pH on the activity of the enzyme that is could be improved. [4]
usedtoextractapplejuice. [6]
c Suggest how this experiment could be changed
to investigate the effect oftemperature on the
activityofcatalase. [6]
[Total: 16] [Total: 16]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 61 01 November (Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 06 03 November
2010) 2009)
Enzymes
3 a All organisms depend on enzymes. Define An investigation was carried out to study the
effect of pH on catalase, using pieces of potato as
the term enzyme and describe the function of a source of the enzyme.
Oxygen is formed when catalase breaks down
enzymes in living organisms. [3] hydrogen peroxide, as shown in the equation.
b Samples ofan amylase enzyme were incubated
with starch at different temperatures. The rate of
starch digestion in ead1 sample was recorded and
points plotted on the graph shown below. hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen
The rate of reaction can be found by measuring
"§ 50 how long it takes for 10 cm3 oxygen to be
;>; collected.
40 b (i) State the independent (input) variable in
130 thisilwestigation. [l]
a (ii) Suggest two factors that would need to
ii-520 be kept constant in this investigation. [2]
''.! 10 The table shows the results of the investigation,
but it is incomplete.
pH tl metocollect 10crn• rateofoxyge n
oxygen/m ln productlon/cm•ml n-•
temperaturerc
(i) Complete this line graph to show the c Calculate the rate of oxygen production
effect of temperature on rate of digestion
of starch by the amylase enzyme by adding at pH 8. Show your working. [2]
the most appropriate line to the points. [l] d Complete the graph by plotting the rate of
(ii) Using your graph estimate the optimum
oxygen production against pH. [4]
temperature for this enzyme. [ 1]
(iii)Suggest the rate of starch digestion
at37°C. [l]
(iv) Describe the effect of temperature on
the rate of starch digestion. [2]
(v) 111c enzymes originally incubated at
15 °C and 75 °C did not digest any starch.
TI1ese samples were later incubated at the
optimum temperature.
Predict what resulrs could be expected in
each sample and suggest reasons for your
predictions. [3]
{Total: 11}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 08 June 2012)
4 Catalase is an enzyme found in plant and animal
cells. It has the function of breaking down
hydrogen peroxide, a toxic waste product of
metabolic processes.
a (i) State the term used to describe the
removal ofwaste products of
metabolism. [l]
(ii) Define the term enzyme. [2]
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
e (i) Using data from the graph, describe the • Plant nutrition
changes in the reaction rate between
pH4 and pHS.
(ii) Explain the change in the reaction rate rempcrarure.
between pH6 and pHS. [3]
{Total: 17] i'"""'"i'""•"-i i~:::~u,oofbo,
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 03 June 2008)
shrimp -
5 a The graph shows the activity of an enzyme
produced by bacteria that live in very hot water. pondw,1ter
wlthlndl(,1tor
35
0 ,0
2S A IC 0
!-.e 20 pood
! 5 15 ="
t ,0
H yd rogencarbo natc indicator (bicarbonate
'
0 10203040S060708090100110 indicator) changes colour depending on the pH of
temper,1turel"C
gases dissol\"ed in it, as shown below.
cor1Centr.it1onofc,1rbondloxld11dlssolved
high
Using the information in the graph, describe ,..,_'lndlator , '" ,.lndk.1tor
the dkct of increasing temperature on the lndk.ltor
activiry of the enzyme. [3J pinky red purple
Enzymes extracted from bacteria are used in Afi:er 6 hours the colour of the indicator in all four
rubcs had changed.
biological washing powders.
a (i) Complete the table to predict rhe colour
b Describe how bacteria arc used to produce
ofrhe indicator after 6 hours. [4]
enzymes for biological washing powder. [4 J
c Food and blood stains on clothes may colouroflndlcator colou r of lndlator,1fter6hours
cont'.lin proteins and f.us.
Explain how enzymes in biological washing
powders act to remove food and blood stains "'""""
[4 J
from clothes.
d When blood dots, an enzyme is activated to
change a protein from one form into another.
[3J
Describe the process of blood dotting. (ii) Suggest the reason for the change in colour
ofthcindicatorineachofrubcsAand D. (4J
{Total: 14]
(Cambn"dge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 03 June 2009) b The diagram shows a fifth tube, E, set up at the
same rime and in the same conditions as tubes C
and D.
Suggest and explain the possible colour of the
indicator in tube E after 6 hours. [3]
{Total: 11]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biolor;y 0610 Paper 2 06 June 2009)
2 The diagram shows a section through a leaf. Plant nutrition
3 A student set up the apparatus shown in the
diagram to in\'estigate the effect of light intensity
on the rate of photosynthesis of a pond plant.
stop<lock
a On the diagram, label a stoma, the cuticle mO'lement
of,lr
bubble
and a vascular bundle. Use label lines and the lamp
words "stoma', 'article' and 'vascular bundle' on
the diagram. [3]
b (i) TI1e upper layers ofa leaf arc transparent.
Suggest an advantage to a plant ofthis
feature. [l] The student maintained the temperature
at 20 °C and measured the distance travelled by
( ii) The cuticle is made of a waxy material. the air bubble in the capillary tube for a period
of 5 minutes on three occasions for each light
Suggesr an advantage to a plant of this intensity.
feature. [l ) T he student's results arc shown in the table.
(iii)Sratc two fi.mcrions of vascular bundles
in leaves. [2)
c Most photosynthesis in plants happens
in leaves. dlstana! of duantt tr~elltd rate of photO'lyntheslsJ
(i) Name the rwo raw materials needed for l amp from pond by air bubble/mm mm pe r minute
phorosymhcsis. [2] planU=
(ii ) Photosynthesis produces glucose.
Describe how plants make use of this
glucose. [3]
{Total: 12] a (i) Explain why the student included the glass
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 04 November
rank and the syringe in the appararns. [2]
2010)
(ii) Explain why the air bubble moves down
the capillaryrube. [3]
b (i) Calculate the rate of photosynthesis
when the lamp was 50 mm from the
pond plam. [I]
(ii) Plot the srndcnr's results from the table
on the axes below. Draw an appropriate
line on the graph to show the relationship
bcrwecn distance of the lamp from the
pond plant and the rate of
phorosymhcsis. [2]
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
a Use letters from the diagram to identify the
structures described. Each letter may be used
once, more than once, or not ar all.
(i) One structure where digestion of protein
occurs.
(ii) One structure where bile is stored.
(iii )Onc structure where peristalsis h:ippcns.
( iv) One structure where starch digestion occurs.
(v) One structure where amino adds arc
absorbed into the blood. [5]
b Srate two functions of each of the srrucmres
labelled C and E on the diagram.
(i) structureC [2]
(ii) structure E [ 2]
[Total: 9]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 09 November
2011)
c (i) Using the gra ph to help yo u, predict the 2 a (i) State what is meant by the rerm
results that the student would ger if the ba/a11ced diet. [3]
lamp was positioned 15 mm and 70 mm (ii) Balanced diets should include fut, fibre,
from the pond plant. [2] mineral salts and viramins. Name two
(ii) Explain why the rare ofphorosymhesis other types of nutrients that should be
decreases as the distance of rhe lamp from present in a balanced diet. [ I]
the pond plant increases. [3] b Suggest and explain the effects on a person
{Tora/: 13] of a diet with:
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610Paper31 Q3 November
(i) too little fibre, [2]
1009)
(ii) too much an imal fat. [2]
• Human nutrition c Calcium, a mineral salt, is needed in rhe diet.
1 The diagram shows the human digestive system Explain the role ofc:1kium in the body and
and associated organs.
the effi:ct of calcium deficiency. [3]
{Tora/: 11]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 02 June 2011)
3 The diagram shows three different rypcs of recrh
from a human .
a (i) Name the types of teeth la belled A and B. [2]
(ii) State where in the jaw to0th type C is
found. [I]
b Explain how regular brushing helps to
prevent tooth decay. [3 ]
e Explain the roles ofchewing and ofenzymes
in d1e process ofdigestion. [4 ]
{Tora/: 10]
(Cambridge/GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 Ql June2010)
Transport in plants
4 a Micronutrients are food materials that are • Transport in plants
only needed in very small quantities in the
human diet. Draw one straight line from each 1 a Phloem and xylem are two types oftissue in plants.
micronutrient to its deficiency symptom. [4] The diagram shows a section through a plant
stem, A, and a plant leaf, B.
def ic iency symptom
'=~I=""=m====I I~~m•
'='I'="m='"='===="I Irides
'="I="m='"="===="I I"""'
b Explain how iron, in the diet of humans, [3]
is used in the body.
[Total: 7}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2
03 November 2009)
(i) Label the phloem (P) and the xylem (X)
5 a Enzyme activity is viral in human digestion. on both A and B on the diagram. Write
Complete the rable by choosing appropriate
words from the list. the letters P and X on both A and B. [2]
amino acids amylase cellulose
futty acids hydrochloric acid lipase [6] (ii) Describe two functions of the xylem. [2]
protein srarch
b Translocation takes place in the phloem tissue.
(i) State which materials are translocated in
the phloem. [2]
(ii) TI1e diagram shows a plant in the sunlight.
TI1e three lines are arrows, with no arrow
heads, showing the translocation of materials
within parts of the plant.
b Maltose is changed into glucose.
(i) Which part of the blood carries glucose? [l]
(ii) Which process, happening in all living cells,
needs a constant supply of glucose? [l]
(iii)Excess glucose is stored. Which
carbohydrate is glucose changed into for
storage? [l]
(iv)Which organ is the main store of this
carbohydrate? [ 1]
(v) Name a hormone that causes glucose to
be released from storage. [l]
[Total: 11} Add arrow heads to each of the three lines
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2
to show the direction of rranslocation in
04 November 2009)
the organs shown. [3]
[Total: 9}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 09 June 2012)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
2 An im·estigation of the uptake and loss of water by 4 The photograph is of a root of radish covered in
a plant was carried out over 24 hours. The results many root hairs.
arc shown in the table.
time of day/hows water 11ptakelg water loss/g per
per ho11r ho11r
a (i) TI1c d:ita for w:iter uptake ha\·e been plcxtcd
on the grid below. Plot rhc data for water
Joss on the s:ime grid. La.be) both curves. [4]
a Using the term water potmrial, explain
how water is absorbed into root hairs from
the soil. [3]
0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 2400 A potomcter is a piece of appantus that is used
tlme/hou~ ro measure water uptake by plants. MoSt of rhe
water taken up by plants replaces warer lost in
transpiration. A student used a potometer to
investigate the effi:ct of wind speed on the nte
of water uptake by a leafy shoo, . As rhe shoot
absorbs water the air bubbk moves upwards. The
srudcnt's apparatus is shown in the diagram.
(ii) State the two times at which the uptake
and lossofwarcrwerctbcS.1mc. [l]
b Explain how a decrease in rcmpcrarnrc and
humidity would affect the water loss by this plant.
(i) Temperature [2]
(ii) Humidity [2]
{Tora/:9] capillary tube
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 Q6 November
air bubble
2011)
The student used a fun with five differe nt settings
3 a Explainwh.'\tismcantbyrhetermmmspirari,m. [3] and measured the wind speed. The results are
b Describe the cfkcr that two named enviromncmal shown in the table.
fuctors can have on the rate oftr.mspiration. [4]
{Total: 7]
(Cambridge/GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21Q9June2011)
Transport in animals
wlndspeed/ dtsunc, rate of water a (i) NamerheheanchambersAandB. (2]
uptake/lT'JTI
meuesp« 1r.1velie.dbylht pl!fmlnute ( ii ) Use information shown in the diagram to
HCOnd air bubblt/lT'JTI identify rhe type of blood vessel C as either
an anery or a vein. Give a reason for your
choice. [2]
b (i) Stare and explain rwo differences between
rhe comems of the blood flowing in
vessels C and E. (2]
b Calculate the r;ite of water uptake at the (ii) Suggest and explain which of the four
blood vessels contains blood at the
highesr wind speed and write your answer highest pressure. [2]
in the table. ( 1] [Tota/:8]
c Describe the effect ofincrcasing wind speed on (CiJmbridge /GCSE Biology 0610Paper21 08 June 2010)
the r;i1e ofwater uptake. You may use figures
from the rab[e to support your answer. [2] 2 As the heart pumps blood around the human body,
a pulse may be felt at certain sites, such as the one
d Stare two cnvironmenral fucrors, other than shown in the diagram.
wind speed, that the student should keep
constant during the i,westigation. (2]
e Some ofthe water absorbed by the plants
is not lost in transpit'.ltion. State two other
wa}'s in which water is used. (2]
f Water moves through the xylem to the tops
ofvery tall trees, such as the giant redwoods
of North America. The movement of warer in
rhe xylem is caused by transpiration. Explain
how transpiration is responsible for the
movement ofw:ucr in the xylem. [4]
g Plants that live in ho1, dry environments
show adaptations for survival. State three
struenir:. 1adaprations of these plants. (3]
[Total: 17]
(Cambridge /GCSE 8iology0610 Paper 31 Q4 June 2009)
• Transport in animals a (i) Label on the diagram, one other site
1 l11e diagram shows the route taken by blood where a pulse may be felt. [1]
around the body.
(ii ) Suggest why it is possible to fed the
pulse at these sites. (2]
b A srudem coumed the number of pulses felt
in 15 seconds at the sire shown on their wrist.
The srudcnr did rhis three rimes.
The results are recorded in the table.
pul$esper1Sse<onds pu lses per minute
2ndcount
( 1) Complete rhe nght -hand column m the
rabk ro show the number of pulses per
minute for each count and the mean pulses
per minute. (2]
0
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
(ii) Explain why it is advisable to repeat 3 The diagram shows an external view of the heart.
readings at least three times. [l]
(iii)State two fuctors that may affect heart
rare. For each fuctor explain its effect on
heart rate. [4]
c Body mass and heart rates for a number of
different mammals are shown in the table.
body mass/kg hea rt rate/beatspe rmlnu te
a A blood clot is stuck at X. Explain what
will happen ro the heart muscle cells in the
elephant shaded area. [3]
Copy the mean pulses per minute from the first b List t hree actions people can take to reduce
table into the second table. the risk of having a blood clot in the coronary
(i) Plot the data in a bar chart to show heart arteries. [3]
rareforallsixmammals. [5] (Tota/:6}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 03 November
201 2)
4 a The human circulatory system contains valves.
(i) State the function of these vah'es. [l]
(ii) Complete the table by placing a tick (.I)
against two structures in the human
circulatory system that have valves. [l]
str ucture ln d rcul atorysystem
capillaries
rabbit dog human horse elephant b Describe how you would measure rhe heart rates
of some students before they start running. [2]
1.0~ 1.5~ S.Okg 60.0kg 1200.0~5000.0kg
c The bar cl1art (opposite) shows the results of an
(ii) Describe the general rrend shown by this investigation of the heart rates of some students
before and immediately after running. Each
student ran the same distance.
data plotted on the bar chart. [l]
d An elephant can live for 70 years, a car for
15 years and a rabbit for 9 years.
Suggest how heart rate and body mass might
affect life expectancy of mammals. [I ]
[Total: 17}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 61 02 June 2009)
Diseases and immunity
5 1hc: diagram shows a section through the hc:an.
a (i) Name: the h\'O blood vessels, shown on the
diagram, that carry oxygc:nacc:d blood. I l J
(ii) State the: letter that idc:ntific:s the: Il J
tricuspid valve.
students (iii)State the: letter that identilic:s a semilunar
(i) State: which student hu the lowest heart val\"c:, {I]
rate: immediately after running. {I] b Describe how the: heart forces blood into the:
(ii ) State: which student hu the: largest change: aorta. [3)
in heart rate from bc:forc: to immc:diatdy c (i) Name: the: blood vessel that ddivc:rs blood
aftc: r r u n n i n g. [I) to the: muscles of the walls of the: atria
( iii )Dc:scribc any trc:nds that you can sc:c: in and vc:mriclc:s. [ I)
the results. {2 ) ( ii) Name: the: nvo blood vessels that deliver
d Explain why heart rate changes whc:n you run. I4 J blood to the liver. [2)
{Total: 12} {Total: 9}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 02 November (Cambridge /GCSE Biology0610 Paper 21 QBJune 2011)
2011) • Diseases and immunity
1 a Many communities treat their sewage: and
release non-polluting water into a local river.
What is meant by the term sewage? [2]
b Sometimes the sewage treatment works cannot
deal with all of the sewage and untreated
material is rc:leasc:d into the ri\'er. Suggc:st the:
likdy effects of rdeasing untreated sewage: into
a river. [4]
{Tota/: 6}
(Cambridge IGC5E Biology0610 Paper 2
Q2 November 2006)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
2 The lymphatic system consists of:
• thin -walled lymph vessels that drain tissue fluid
from many organs of the body
• lymph nodes that contain the cells of the
immune system.
The fluid in the lymph vessels is moved in a way
similar to the movement of blood in veins. The
diagram shows part of the lymphatic system.
c (i) Name the type of nuclear division shown
at Pin the diagram. [l]
Idirection of (ii) Name the molecules labelled Qin the
lymphflOYI
diagram. [l]
(iii)Describe how bacteria are destroyed by
cell R. [3]
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.
An investigation was carried out into the effect of
prescribing antibiotics on antibiotic resistance in
20 countries. The graph shows the results ofthis
investigation. Each point represents the result for
a country.
a Suggest how lymph is moved in the lymph [2]
vessels. [2]
b After a meal rich in funy foods, the lymph
leaving the ileum is full of fut droplets.
Explain why there are fut droplets in the
lymph leaving rhe ileum.
Lymph flows through lymph nodes. The diagram
(above right) shows the action of white blood
cells in a lymph node when bacteria are present.
percent.1geofpopulatlon [3]
t.1klngantlblotlcs
d Describe the results shown in the graph.
Credit will be given for using figures from
the graph to support your answer.
Gas exchange in humans
e Many different antibiotics are used.
Suggest why some antibiotics are used less
frequently than others. [3]
[Total: 15] ribcage ls raised diaphragm ls ...
(Cambridge 1GCSE Biology 061 0 Paper 31 Q4 November
2010)
3 a Describe the function of the immune system,
including antibody production and
phagocytosis. [9]
b Outline cl1e problems of organ transplantation
and how they can be overcome. [6]
[Total: 15] pressureofalrlnthelungs
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 3 Q6 November
2003)
• Gas exchange in atmospheric pressure ls ......................
humans thanalrpressurelnthelungs
1 Gaseous exd1ange takes place while air flows in and I •"mw~ .. ........... thelungs I
our ofthe lungs.
a State three ways in which inspired air is
different from expired air. [3]
b List three features of gaseous exchange
surf.tees that help to make cl1em more I al~r:":~:\~: I
efficient. [3]
[Tota/:6] a Complete the flow chart by writing appropriate
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 08 November
words in the spaces provided. [6]
2009)
b The photograph shows part of cl1e epithelium
that lines the trachea.
2 TI1e ribcage and diaphragm are involved in the
breathing mechanism to ventilate cl1e lungs.
TI1e flow chart shows the d1anges that take place
when breathing in.
Explain how the cells labelled A and Bin the
photograph protect the gas exchange system. [4]
[Total: 10]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31
Q3 November 2012)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
3 a Define the term aerobic respiration. [2] (ii) Explain the role of yeast in brewing. [2]
During exercise the movement of the ribcage [Total: 10]
enables air to enter the lungs. (Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 05 November
b Describe how the ribcage is moved during 2010)
inspiration (breathing in) and explain how 2 a State, using chemical symbols, the equation
this causes air to enter the lungs. [4] for aerobic respiration. [3]
c Explain how the ribcage returns to its resting A student compared the respiration of
position during expiration (breathing out). [2] germinating mw1g bean seeds with pea seeds
Some smdents carried out an investigation on a using the apparatus shown in the diagram.
16-year old athlete. The table shows the results
of their im·estigation on the athlete's breathing at .,o,,,.,a« h ~
rest and immediately after 20 minutes ofrunning.
Ventilation rate is the volume of air taken into the oil droplet syringe
lungs per minute.
\ 'T'~"'' ::::~:
Immediately after
20mlnutesofrunnlng I•: l l : , , l • ,I
bag of seeds
soda -II me
averagevolumeofairtakenin The soda-lime absorbs any carbon dioxide
witheac:hbreatWdm•
released by the germinating seeds. TI1e student
venlilation rateidm•perminute
recorded the position of the oil droplet every
d (i) Calculate the ventilation rate of the minute over a period of 6 minutes.
athlete immediately after 20 minutes
ofnuming. b State three variables that should be kept
(ii) Explain why the athlete has a high [l ] constant in this investigation. [3]
ventilation rate after the exercise has [5]
fini shed. c TI1e table shows the student's results.
[Total: 14] ~"'germlnatlngmungbean germlnatlngpeaseeds
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 03 November position of position of
dropleUmm moved/ mm dropleUmm moved/mm
2010)
per minute per minute
• Respiration [2] (i) State which way the droplet moves and
[3]
1 a (i) State the word equation for aerobic
respiration.
(ii) Complete the table to show three
differences between aerobic respiration
and anaerobic respiration in humans.
aerobkresplratlonln anaerobkresplratlonln explain your answer. [3]
humans hum ans
(ii ) Stare what happens to the movement of
the droplet after 3 minutes and suggest
an explanation. [2]
b Yeast is used in making some rypes ofbread and [Total: 11]
in brewing.
(i) Explain the role ofyeast in bread·making. [3] (Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 03 November
2011)
Co-ordination and response
• Excretion in humans (i) Where are excess amino acids broken
down? [l]
l a The kidney is an excretory organ. (ii) Which waste chemical is formed from the
Name two other excretory organs in humans breakdown of excess amino acids? [ 1]
and in each case state a substance that the {Tota/:9]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology0610 Paper 2 02 June 2009)
organ excretes. [4]
b The table shows the amounts of some substlnces
in the blood in the renal artery and in the renal 3 a Define the term excretion. [3]
b The figure below shows a section through
vein of a healthy person. a kidney.
amou nt In bl ood In renal amount In blood In renal
artery(a rbltrary unlts) veln (arbl t rary unlts)
glucose
Suggest what happens in the kidney ro bring
about rhe differences in the composition of
the blood shown in the table. [4]
[Tota/:8} (i) Using label lines and the letters given, label
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 09 November
2010)
the following on a copy of the figure:
2 a \Vhydo most waste pnxiucts of metabolism F where filtration occurs
have to be removed from the body? [ 1] R the renal artery
b The diagram shows the human excretory system. U where urine passes to the bladder [3]
(ii) Describe the process of filtration in the
kidney. [3]
(iii )Name the processes resulting in the
reabsorption of
1 glucose
2 water. [3]
(Total: 12]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 3 03 November
2007)
Name the parts that fit each of the following • Co-ordination and
descriptions. response
(i) TI1etubethatcarriesurinefromthe g~ 1 a Define the rerm homeostasis. [2]
(ii) that stores urine.
(iii )TI1e blood vessel that carries blood away b It has been suggested by some scientists that
from the kidneys. [l] the iris reflex is an example ofhomeostasis.
c Outline how the kidneys remove only waste Describe this reflex and explain why it might be
materials from the blood. [3] considered to be a homeostatic mechanism. [3]
d Excess amino acids cannot be stored in the {Total: 5]
body and have to be broken down. (Cambridge /GCSE Biologj 0610 Paper 21 010 June 2008)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
2 a Complete the following paragraph using 4 a The diagram shows the structures involved in a
appropriate words. reflex arc.
Sense organs are composed of groups of
_ _ _ cells that respond to specific
- - - · TI1e sense organs that respond
to chemicals are the _ _ _ and the
[4]
b The eye is a sense organ that focuses light rays
by changing the shapes of its lens. It does this by
conrracting its ciliary muscles.
(i) What links the ciliary muscles ro the lens? [I]
(ii) Describe the change in shape of the lens
when a person looks from a near object to
,o,\::r..,hLfeeding on necttr.
adisttntobject. [l] (i) On the diagram label structures A, B, C
c The graph shows changes in the contraction and D. [4]
of the ciliary muscles as a person watches a (ii) Name the two types of tissue in the body
humming bird move from flower to flower while that can act as effectors. [2]
b (i) Describe the characteristics of a reflex
action resulting from the activity of
structures A, B, C and D [2]
(11) Sttte one example of a reflex action [l]
clllary 1 (Total 9]
co~~~~on 4 (Cambridge /GCSE 810/ogy 0610 Paper 21 04June 2011)
fully 2 5 a ::::~·el~:~~~::1:•;~:i;~~~;::;muh Tropisms
relaxed 3
(1) Define the termgeotroptsm. [2]
In whicl1 period of time, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, was the (ii) Suggest the advanttges ofgeotropic responses
bird for a seed germinating in the soil. [ 3]
(i) feeding from a flower \·ery near to the b State three external conditions necessary
person [l] for the germination of a seed in the soil. [3]
(ii) flying away from the person [l] (Tota/:8]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 03 November
(iii)flying towards the person. [l]
2011)
[Total: 9]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 07 June 2009)
3 a Name two sense organs and an environmental • Drugs
stimulus that each detects. [2] 1 The first diagram shows an organism \V and the
second diagram shows how the reproduction of
b (i) Tropisms occur in plants. State the this organism is affected by an antibiotic.
meaning of the term tropism. [2] organlsmW
(ii) Complete the ttble abour tropisms in
plants. [4]
nameoftroplsm effectonplantshoot
gravity
light
[Total:B]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 09 June 2010)
Reproduction
'&2 &2 Q T\o;,mQ 2 TI1e diagram shows the male reproductive system.
@)fgj).I
a Using a label line and the letters given, label the
a (i) What type of organism is W most likely diagram.
to be? [l] (i) G where gametes are formed [l]
(ii) State three reasons for your ans,ver. [3] (ii) S the sperm duc.t [l]
b Name the type of reproduction shown by (iii)T where testosterone is formed [l]
organism W. [l] (iv) Uthe urethra [l]
b Describe two secondary characteristics
Q is the only organism surviving the antibiotic regulated by testosterone. [2]
treatment. c Choose words from the list to complete eacl1
c Suggest an explanation for the survival of of the spaces in the paragraph. Each word may
Q and its offipring. [2] be used once only and some words may nor be
d Explain why patients who are treated with used at all.
antibiotics are always advised to take a complete four diploid double half
course of treatment, rather than stop the haploid meiosis mitosis two
treatment as soon as they feel better. [3] Gametes are formed by the division of a nucleus,
[Total: 10] a process called _ _ _ . This process
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 3 09 June 1998) produces a total of _ _ _ cells from the
original cell. Each of these cells has a nucleus
described as being _ _ _ and each
nucleus contains _ _ _ the number
• Reproduction of chromosomes present in the original
nucleus. [4]
1 Choose words from the list to complete each of the (Total: 10]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 08 June 2009)
spaces in the paragraph.
Each word may be used once only and some words
are not used at all. 3 The diagram shows a section through parts of the
male reproductive and urinary systems.
bright dry dull heavy large
light sepals small
sticky style
Flowers of plants that rely on the ,vind to bring
about pollination tend to have _ _ _ petals
that have a _ _ _ colour. TI1eir pollen is
normally _ _ _ ,nd _ _ _ . ln these
flowers,the _ _ _ andthe _ __
both tend to be long. [6]
(Tota/:6]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 02 June 2008)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
a (i) Name the tubes labelled M, N and 0. [3] d The graph shows the changes in the dry mass ofa
(ii) Explain the roles of the testes, the prostate ,:~broad bean seed in the first 5 days after planting.
gland and the scromm. [4]
b Humans use a variety of methods of birth
conrrol.
(i) On the diagram, put an X where a
vasectomy could be carried out. [l]
(ii) Explain one method of birth control,
used by males, that can also protect
against infection by a sexually rransmitted
disease. [2]
(iii)Name one sexually transmitted disease. [l]
[Total: 11] 12 34 5
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 03 June 2011) tlmeafterplantlngldays
4 Reproduction in humans is an example of sexual Describe and suggest an explanation for the
changes that happen to the dry mass of the
reproduction. Outline what occurs during:
a sexualinrercourse [2] seed in the first 5 days after planting. [3]
b fertilisation [3] [Total: 10]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 QSJune 2010)
c implantation. [2]
[Total: 7] 6 a Using straiglu lines, match the names of
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 QB Nov 2011) flower parts with their fimctions. One has
been completed for you.
5 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate [4]
the conditions needed for germination. Tubes A,
B, C and Dare at room temperature and tube Eis
in a freezer.
A B CD E
U.~,.u :,,.,a~:::Ll~I =====Ipetal Hattfac:t1insect1lorpollinatioo l
dry ;,;:, moist -- -- water ; , ;:, cotton.,;:,
:::>:e=p,=I I produces~lengraim
pratl'{tstl\eHcmerwhen
I.mbud
cotton cotton wool I"''"
wool wool thepolk>nlaodsduring
pollination
room temperature In freezer
a Stare three of tl1e environmental conditions
tl1is experiment is investigating. [3] b Describe how the stigmas ofwind -pollinared
b Predict in which two mbes the seeds \\ill flowers differ from the stigmas ofinsect-
germinate. [2] pollinated flowers. Relate tl1ese differenc.es
c Nuclear and cell dhision happen during
to the use ofwind as the pollinating agent. [3]
germination. c Discuss tl1e implication to a species ofsdf-
(i) Name tl1e type of nuclear division that takes
pollination. [3]
place during the growth of a seedling. [ I ] [Total: 10]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 QI June 2008)
(ii) State how tl1e number of cl1romosomes
in each of the new cells compares with
the number of cl1romosomes in the
original cells. [I]
7 TI1e diagram shows the structure of the placenta Reproduction
and pan:s of the fh:al and maternal circulatory
systems. 8 The diagram shows a human egg cell and a
human sperm cell.
8v
humaneggc11II hum~nspermcell
a (i ) Complete the table by listing the blood a (i) What is the name gl\·en to the release of [IJ
vessels that carry oxygenated blood. eggs from the ovary?
Use the letters in the diagram to ( ii ) Sperm cells and egg cells arc haploid.
identify the blood vessels. [2) State the meaning of the term IJnploid. [ I )
,..c.-cubiory syJtffl'I b Complete the table to compare egg cells I4]
blood vessels that uny with sperm cells.
OJl~tedblood
sptrm ce lls
(ii) Name structure T and describe what numbersproduO!d
mobility
happens to it after birth. [2)
(iii)TI1c placcnr.1 is adapted fo r the exchange
of substances between the maternal c Three hormones that control the menstrual
blood and the for.1! blood. Describe the cycle arc:
exchanges that occur across the placenta follicle srimul:iring hormone (FSH)
t0 keep the fetusalive and well. [4) lutcinising hormone (LH)
b The placenta secretes the ho rmones oestrogen • oestrogen.
and progcsrerone. Describe the roles of these (i) Name the site of production and release of
hormones during pregnancy. [3) oestrogen. {I]
{Total: 11] (ii) Describe the role of oestrogen in
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology0610 Paper 31 05 June2012)
controlling the menstrual cycle. {2)
d Artificial insemination is sometimes used as
a treatment for female infertility. Outline
how artificial insemination is carried out in
humans. {2 )
{Total: 11]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 03 June 2010)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
• Inheritance T p; o'"2 The diagram shows a fumily tree for a condition
known as nail-patella syndrome (NPS ).
l Flowers from three red-flowered plants, A, Band
femalewlthoutNPS
C , ofthesamespecieswereself-pollinated. . femalewlthNPS
O malewHhout NPS
a ;::;1;:ti:~~-at is meant by the term [2 ] • male with NPS
b Seeds were collected from plants A, Band C.
The seeds were germinated separately and were
allowed to grow and produce flowers. The
colour ofthese flowers is shown in the table. 89
seeds from plant colour of flowers grown from the seeds a (i) State whether NPS is controlled by a
A
dominant or a recessive allele.
(ii) Explain which evidence from the fumily tree
confirms your ansv,,er to (i). [3]
(i) State the recessive allele for flower b Explain what the chances are for a third child
colour. [l] of parents 6 and 7 having NPS. You may use a
(ii) State which plant, A, B, or C, produced genetic diagram to help your explanation. [3]
seeds that were homozygous for flower [Tora/:6}
colour. [l] (Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 07 June 2008)
(iii )Suggest how you could make certain that 3 There is a variation in the shape ofhuman thumbs.
The diagram shows the two forms referred to as
self.pollination took place in the flowers 'straight' and 'hitch hikers'.
of plants A, Band C. [2]
c Complete the genetic diagram to explain how
two red -flowered plants identical to plant B
could produce both red-flowered and white-
flowered plants. Use the symbols R to represent
the dominant allele and r to represent the
recessive allele. [4]
parent1 parent2
parental phenotypes straight
parental genotypes
A survey of thumb shapes was carried out on 197
gametes
0 0 •0 0 smdents. The results are shown in the table.
,,-"_'_fy_" _" .._'"s="tmr~ablgoh~•~t'otfh=u"m";c'b~'s"-" _w'_'"_,_"'=h"lmt=cbhoh~•l=koefcr".'-th="u'='m"=bs"-w'_'" ,
offspring genotypes a Describe the results shown in the table. [3]
offspring phenotypes b Scientists think that thumb shape is conrrolled
[Total: 10} by a single gene. What evidence is there from
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 010 November
the table to support this idea? [3]
2011)
[Tora/: 6}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 61 03 November
2010)
Inheritance
4 Complete the sentences by writing the most a Describe one method a scientist could use to
appropriate word in each sp3Cc. Use only words
show that zebras shown in the diagram are
from the list below.
diploid dorrnoaot gene different species. (l]
h.ipbd hl!terol)90US homozygous genotype b Studies have shown that the hotter the
meio~
mito~ phenotype recessiVe environment, the more stripes zebras h,we.
Wing length in the fruit fly, Drosophila, is (i) S~tc the type of variation which would
controlled by a singk _ _ _ that has two
result in different numbers of stripes. [I]
lorms, one for long and one for short wings. The (ii ) Study the diagram. Suggest which
sperm and ova of fruit flies arc produced by rhe species of zcbr.l li\'cS in 1hc honeSt
process of _ _ _ _ When fertilisation occurs
the gametes fuse to form a _ _ _ zygote. environment. [I]
When r,vo long-winged fruit flies were crossed
c Occasionally, zebras arc born that arc almost
with each other some of the offipringwere short-
wingcd. TI1c _ _ _ of the rest ofrhc completely black. The change in appearance is
offspring was long-winged. The short-winged form the result ofmu~tion.
is _ _ _ to the long-winged form and each
(i) State the term that is used to describe rhe
appearance ofan organism. [I]
(ii) Define the term m1untio11. (2]
oftheparentsmusrhavebeen _ __ . [6] d Tsetse flies attack animals wirh short fur,
sucking their blood and spreading diseases. The
{Tota/:6] diagram shows a tsetse fly. This fly is an insect,
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 06 November belonging to the arthropod group.
2010)
5 The diagram shows three species of zebra.
(i) S~tc o ne fi::amrc, visible in the diagram,
which is common to all arthropods. [ I ]
( i.i) S~tc two features, visible in the diagram,
which distinguish insects from other
arthropod groups. (2]
e Scientists have discovered that zebras with
more horizontal stripes attract fewer tsetse flies.
(i) Suggest why the stripes on the head
and neck of the zebra would be an
advan~ge when it feeds on rhe grass on
the ground. (2]
(ii) Describe how a species of zebra could
gradually de\·clop more horizontal
stripes. (3]
{Total: 14]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology0610 Paper 31
Q4 June 2008)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
6 The Aowcrsofpca plants, Pinim s11tiv11m, arc phenotyptollffds r;1Uo ofroc..ndto
produced for sexual reproduction. The flowers arc ..........rllhe~pods Wl1nldll!dseeds
naturally self-pollinating, but they can be cross- round Wl1nkled
pollinated by insects.
a Explain the difference between self-pollination 1 purebred kr
round'leedsxpurt
and cross-pollinnion. [2J bredforwrinklll!d
b Explain the disadv.mtages for plants, such
as P. san·vum, of reproducing sexually. [4] 2 offspring1self-
pollinated
Pea seeds develop inside pods after
fertilisation. TI1ey contain starch. A gene controls 3 offspring1xpure
the production of an enzyme involved in the bredforroond
synthesis of starch grains. lltc allele, R, codes for
an enzyme that produces normal srarch grains. 4 off~ringlxpure
This results in seeds that arc round. l11c alklc, r, bred for winkled
docs nor code fo r the enzyme . The starch grains suds
arc nor formed no rmally. This results in seeds
that arc wrinkled. The diagram shows round and d Complete rhe table by indicating
wrinkled pea seeds.
• the type of seeds prese nt in the pods with a
tick [.I] or across [.K]
• rhe ratio of round to wrinkled seeds. [3]
e Seed shape in peas is an example of
discontinuous variation. Suggest one reason
why seed shape is an example of discontinuous
variati on. [I]
Plants have methods ro disperse their seeds over a
roundpea$ol!9d wrlnkledpu§ftd wide area.
f Explain the advantages of having seeds that arc
Pure bred plants arc homozygous for the gene dispersed over a wide area. [3J
concerned. A plam breeder had some pure bred [Tora/: 14]
(Cambridge/GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31
pea plants that had grown from round seeds
06 November 1011)
and some pure bred plants that had grown from
wrinkled seeds.
c Srarc rhe gen0typcs o f the pure bred plants • Variation and selection
that had grown from round and from
wrinkled seeds. [l]
These pure bred plants were cross-pollinated
(cross 1) and the seeds collected. All the
seeds were round. These round seeds
were gcrmin:ued, grown into adult plants
(offspring I ) and self-pollinated (cross 2 ). The
pods on rhe offipring I plants contained both
round and wrinkled seeds. Further crosses
(3 and 4 ) were carried out as shown in the
table.
Organisms and their environment
Afi:er 2 weeks as many of the moths were caught • Organisms and their
as possible. The results are shown in the table. environment
wing colour of modi numbtr released number QUghl 1 a The chart shows the flow of some of the energy
through a food chain in an ocean .
a (i) Suggest and explain o ne reason, related
t0 the colour of the bark, for the
difference in num bers of the varieties
of moth caught. (1] ·--~
(ii) Suggest and explain how the results
may have been different if the moths had
been released in a wood where the trees
were blackened with carbon dust from About 1% of the light energy reaching the
air pollution. [2] ocean is convened to chemical energy by the
The table below shows the appearance ph}'toplankron. The phytoplankto n prod uce
and genetic make- up of the different \'arieties sugars, furs and proteins.
ofrhis species. (i) Name the process that changes light
w ing colour g1n1Ucmak e- up energy to chemical energy. [I]
~~.sped~ GG;Gg
(ii) Name the chemical in the phytoplankron
rhar absorbs light energy. [I]
(iii )Cakulare, using information from the
b ( i ) State the appropriate terms fur the table flow chart, how much energy passes from
headings. [2] the phytoplankron to the decomposers. [ I]
( ii) State and explain which wing colo ur is (iv) Name two groups ofdecomposers. [2]
dominam. [2] (v) Calculate, using information from the
c Srate the type of genetic va riation shown by flow chart, the pcrcenngc o f energy passed
these moths. Explain how this variatio n is from the phytoplankron to the primary
inherited. [3] consumers. [2]
d Heterozygous moths were interbred. Use a (vi)About 889' of the energy in the primary
genetic diagnm to predict the proportion consumers does not become part of the
of black-winged moths present in the next secondary consumers. Explain how this
generation. [5] energy is lost from the food chain. [3]
e (i) Name rhe process that can gh·e rise to b The organisms in this food chain fo rm a
different alleles fo r wing colour in a commw1ity in the ocean. This community is
population of moths. [ l] formed of many populations. Explain what is
(ii) Suggest one fucto r which might meant by the term pop11la rio11. [2]
increase the rate of this process. [l ] [Total: 12]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology0610 Paper 21 Q6June 2011)
[Total: 17]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 Q5 June 2007)
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
2 The diagram shows part of a food web for the a Explain the difference betv,,een a food web
South Atlantic Ocean.
and a food chain. [2]
KIiier b From the food web name:
"~1',r( :~:,,:'·\ (i) acarnivore
(ii) a producer
(iii)a consumer from cl1e 2nd trophic level. [3]
;'''I" c In some regions, molllltain lions ha,·e been
hunted and fuce extinction. Suggest how the
Adele coyotes might be affected if the mountain
,,..--•""''\'" lion became extinct. [3]
, ' , ___.->rcrabeater [Tota/:8]
' k r i l l__..-- seal (Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21
09 November 2012)
r
4 The diagram shows a carbon cycle.
;lgae
a (i) Name cl1e top camivore in this food web. [l]
(ii) Name a member of this food web that
is both a secondary and a tertiary
consumer. [l]
b Use cl1e information from the food web to
complete cl1e food chain of five organisms.
algae ~ - - - - - - - -
[2]
c In cl1e future cl1e extraction of mineral
resources in cl1e Antarctic might occur on a
large scale. This could destroy the breeding
grounds of the Ross seal.
(i) State and explain what effects this might a (i) Name the process represented by
have on the population of Leopard seal. [2] arrow A. [l]
(ii) State and explain what effects cl1is might (ii) Name the process represented by
have on the population offish. [4] arrow E. [l]
[Total: 10] b (i) Name one group of organisms
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 09 June 2008) responsible for process B. [l]
(ii) List two environmental conditions
3 The diagram shows a food web. needed for process B to occur. [2]
c (i) Which arrow represent:5 photosyncl1esis? [l]
(ii) Complete the word equation for
photosyncl1esis. [2]
- - - •- - - -
oxygen+ _ _ _
(iii)This process needs a supply of energy.
Name the form of energy needed. [l]
d In an ecosystem the flow of carbon can be
drawn as a cycle but the flow ofenergy cannot
be dr.i.wn as a cycle. Explain cl1is difference. [3]
[Total: 12]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21
05 November 2012)
Organisms and their environment
5 1l1e diagram shows the water cycle. (ii ) Name o ne type: of organism chat brings
about decomposition. [ I]
b Over the last few decades, the carbon dioxide
concentration in the atmosphere has been
rising. Suggest how this has happened. [3]
{Total:BJ
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2 1
07 November 2008)
7 Rabbiis :ire primary consumers. The graph shows
changes in the popul:ition of rabbiis :ifter a small
num ber were released on an island where none had
previously lived.
:i (i) llte arrows labelled P represent evaporation.
Which type of energy is needed for this
process? [ 1]
(ii) State what causes the formation of clouds
atQ. [I]
b (i) \rVhat process is represented by the [I]
arrows labelled ru
( ii) Name three factors th:it could alter the
rate at which process R luppens. [3]
c A logging company wanes ro cur down the
forest area.
(i) Suggest what effects this deforestation
might ha\·e on the climate further inland.
Explain your answer. [2]
(ii) Srate two other effects deforestation
could have on the environment. [2]
[Total: 10} a Which stage, A, B, C, D or E, shows when the
(Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2 04 June 2009)
binhr:m:was [I]
6 :i The diagram shows the carbon cycle. (I) equ:il to the death rate
(ii ) slightly greater d1an the death rate~ [ 1]
b (i) Suggest two fuctors that allowed the [2]
change in the rabbit population during (2]
sr:igc B.
(ii) Suggest two re:isons for the ch:inge in
the rabbit population during sr:ige E.
{Tota/:6}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2
05 November 2009)
(I) Name the proccs.sc:s that cause the [4]
changes shown by d1e arrows.
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
8 TI1e graph shows a population growth graph for
a herbivorous insect that has just entered a new
habitat.
/.3)nodules of clover
(73.2) nltrogenfertlllsers
cattle feed
\
a (i) Which of the four phases, labelled A, B, C
and D, represems the stationary phase and
which the lag phase? [2]
(ii) During which phases will some of this
insect population die? [2]
b (i) State two factors that could affect the rate
of population growth during phase C. [2]
(ii) Suggest how these two factors might
change. Explain how each change would a (i) Name the process in which bacteria convert
affect the rate of population growth. [4] atmospheric nitrogen into a form that is
{Total: 10} available to clover plants. [ 1]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 21 02 November
(ii) Name two processes that convert
2010)
nitrogen compounds in dead plants
into nitrate ions that can be absorbed
9 An agricultural student investigated nutrient cycles by grass. [2]
on a farm where cattle are kept for milk. The farmer
grows grass and clover as food for the cattle. Gover b The total quantity of nitrogen added to the
is a plant that has bacteria in nodules in its roots.
farmer's fields is 120 kg per hectare per year.
The diagram shows the flow of nitrogen on the funn
as discovered by the student. The figures represent Calculate the percentage of this nitrogen that
the flow of nitrogen in kg per hectare per year.
is presem in the milk. Show your working. [2]
(A hectare is 10000m2.)
c State two ways in which the nitrogen
compounds in the cattle's diet are used by
the animals other than to produce milk. [2]
d The student found that a large quantity of
the nitrogen compounds made available to
the farmer's fields was not presem in the milk
or in the cattle. Use the information in the
diagram to suggest what is likely to happen to
the nitrogen compounds that are eaten by the
cattle, but are not present in compounds in
the milk or in their bodies. [5]
e The carbon dioxide concentration in the
atmosphere has increased significantly over
tl1e past 150 years. Explain why this has
happened. [2]
[Total: 14}
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 06 June 2009)
Biotechnology and genetic engineering
• Biotechnology and b (i) State the time interval over which the
genetic engineering
fungus grew at the maximum rate. [ l]
1 Penicillin is an antibiotic produced by the fungus
Pwicil/ium chrysogenum. l11e diagram shows the (ii) As the fungus grows in the fermenter,
process used to produce penicillin.
the nuclei in the fungal hyphae divide.
State the type of nuclear division that
occurs during the growth of the fimgus
in the fermenter. [l]
(iii) Explain why the growth of the fungus
slows down and stops. [ 3]
c Penicillin is not needed for the growth of P.
chrysogenum.
(i) State the evidence from the graph that
shows that penicillin is not needed for
this growth. [2]
(ii) The people in charge of penicillin
production emptied the fermenter at
160 hours. Use the information in the
graph to suggest why they did not allow
the fermentation to continue for longer. [ l]
d Downstream processing refers to all the
processes that occur to the contents of the
fermenter after it is emptied. This involves
making penicillin into a form that can be
used as medicine. Explain why downstream
processing is necessary. [3]
a Enzymes in the fimgus are used to make e Explain why antibiotics, such as penicillin,
penicillin. Explain why there is a water jacket kill bacteria but not viruses. [2]
around the fermenter and why acids and [Total: 19]
alkalis are added to the fermenter. [6] ~·'".,.:r a(Cambridge/GCSEBiology0610Paper31
04 November 2011)
l11e graph shows the mass of fimgus and the yield
2 l11e chart shows the change in percentage of
of penicillin during the fermentation process. disease-causing bacteria that were resistant to the
antibiotic penicillin from 1991 to 1995.
penlclllln of bacteria
,"''g''2"5' ,'p~en'l"cl'll"ln" ',s
10
fungus
0 1993 1995
1991 tlmetyeus
a (i) Describe the change in percentage of
bacteria resistant to penicillin bet:v.·een
1991 and 1995. [2]
20 40 60 80 100 G
1
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
(ii ) Explain how a population of antibiotic- [4J • Human influences on
ecosystems
resistant bacteria can de\·dop.
b Although bacteria can cause disease, many
species arc useful in processes such as food 1 Deforestation occurs in many parts of the world.
production and maintaining soil fertility. a State t wo reasons why deforcsration is carried
(i) Name o ne type of food produced using out. [2)
bacteria. [I) b (i) Explain the effects dcforesration can have
(ii) Outline the role ofbacrcria. in on the carbon cycle. [4]
maintaining soil ferti lity. [3) ( ii) Describe two effects dcforesration can
c Bacteria arc also used in generic engineering. have on the soil. [2]
The diagram outlines the process of inserting ( iii ) ForestS arc important and complex
huma.n insulin genes into ba.ctcria. using generic ecosystems. State two likely effects of
engineering. deforestation on the forest ecosystem. [2]
Hum11nce11 1 O N A t h" rBellcte/rlludm ~ {Total: 10]
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2 02 June 2006)
ONApl11smld
chromosomes 5 2 The diagram shows an Arctic food web.
lnnucleus lsol11ted o 0
pl11smlds6 b
e1-__1sot11ted /
--.........6/Insulin gene
1[6<>-o]
/1,1"---.
ll~o] ~o~]~.~"D]l[o;"'ij
1
oflnsulln
Complete the table below by identifying
one of the stages shown in the diagram that
ma.tches each description. ...,. [5) a (i) The phytoplankton arc the producers
deKr1pl1onofstage
in this food web. Name the proccs.s by
which phytoplankton build up stores of
the plasmids are removed from the chemical energy. [I ]
b.:ic:terialceu
(ii) Name a secondary consumer in the food
11chromosomelsrell10'Jedfrom11
heJlthyhum..ncell web above. [I]
plasmids11fl!returnedtotheb.lcteil11lcell
(iii )Complete the food chain using orga.nisms
restrictionendonucleaseenzymelsused
shown in the food web.
_phy_topl_ank_ton-________ killer
b.Kte~~sare/llloY,ledtoreproduce whale [I]
in~ femlenter b The polar bear has been listed as a.n
[2 J
{Total: 15] endangered species. E:i:plain what the term
mda11gertd speeies means.
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology0610 Paper 31
Q4 November 2006)
Human influences on ecosystems
c Suggest how the loss of the polar bear [3) 5 The bar graph shows crop productivity for a range
from the Arctic ecosystem could affi:ct the of plants but it is incomplete.
population of kilkr whales.
[Tota/: 8} "&c 7.0
a(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 061 Paper 21 6.0
05 November 2011) "§ 5.0
3 Modern technology can be used to increase the ! 4.0
yield of crops. ! 3.0
•1! 2.0
a The use of chemicals, such as fertilisers,
herbicides and pesticides, is one of the
developments used .
(i) Name n\'O mineral ions commonly
included in fertilisers. (l ]
(ii) Explain the dangers to the local
en\'ironmem of the overuse of fertilisers
on farmland. (4]
(iii )Suggcst how the use of herbicides can be
ofbendir ro crop plants. (3]
(iv) Suggest n\'O dangers of using pesticides
on farmland. (2]
b Anificial selection :md genetic engineering can
also be used to increase crop yields. Explain
the difference between these two techniques. (2]
[Total: 12} o~ts m~tz, rte, pot~toes sug;1r
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Pape, 21 Q9June 2009)
typeolcrop '"'
4 Alter an accident at a nuclear power plant in 1986, a Completcthcgraphusingthelollowingd1ta. (2]
particles containing radio.,cti\·c strontium were productlvltyptr~olgrowlngSNSOfl/gperm'
carried like dust in the atmosphere. l11csc landed world av..-age highest yleld
on gr.i.ssland in many European countries. When potatoes 2.6
sheep fed on the grass they absorbed the strontium
and used it in a similar way to calcium. b Stare which crop has
a Explain where in the sheep you might (i) the highest average productivity
upccr the radioacti\'e strontium to become (ii) the greatest difference between the
concentrated. (2] average yield and the highest yield. [2]
b Suggest the possible effects of the radiation, c Outline how modem technology could be
gi\'en off by strontium, on cells in the body used ro increase the productivity of a crop
ofrhe sheep. (3] from the average yield to a high yield. (3]
[Tota/:5] d When rhe yield is measured, dry mass
(Cambridge /GCSEBiology 0610 Paper 21
is always used rather than fresh mass.
03 November 2008)
Suggest why dry mass is a more reliable
measuremenr than fresh mass. [I]
e Maize is ofi:en used to feed cows, which are
grown to provide meat for humans. Explain
why it is more efficient for humans to cat
maize rather than meat from cows that have
been fed on maize. (3]
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
f (I) Complete the equation for photosynthesis. ,.. 0·":'~. Qj'°"'.'..,,
6C02+6H1D 1igh,~n~rgy C,sHnO,s+-- natural ,·· ··.·,·
[I]
dl~r;teB 80% 73%
(Ii) Describe how leaves are adapted ro trap
light. [2]
(Ui)With reference to water porcmial, ,M,ttof.,.• •
explain how water is absorbed by roots. [3]
(Iv) Explain how photosynthesising cells
obrain carbon dioxide. [2] human
[Total: 19} action 98,. &9% 73%
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 06 I OPaper 3 I
key
02 November 2008) [lwddenonr;et
• economic factors
6 TI1e Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Or;lcwonr;et
collects dara on food supplies worldwide. The
FAO classifies the causes of severe food shortages [;3 w;r ;nd conflict
as either by natural disasters or as the result of a (i) St:1re two types of natural disaster that [2]
human action. Natural disasters arc di\•idcd into occur suddenly and may lead to severe (I]
those that occur suddenly and those that rake a food shorragcs. [51
long time to develop. Human actions arc divided
into those that arc caused by economic f.tctors (ii) State one type of natural disaster that [31
and those that arc caused by wars and other may take several years to develop.
conflicts. The graph shows the changes in rhc
number of severe food shortages between 1981 b Use the information in the graph and pie
and 2007. charts to describe the changes in food
shortages between 198 1 and 2007.
c Explain how rhe increase in the human
population may conaibmc to severe food
shortages.
The quality and quantity offuod available
worldwide has been improved by artificial selection
(sclecti\·e breeding) and genetic engineering.
d Use a named example to outline how artificial
selection is used to impro\·c the quantity or
quality of the food. [4]
e Definethetcrmgmeticrngi,urri,ig. [ IJ
[fora/: 16/
(Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 Q6June 2010)
TI1e pie charts show the causes of severe food 7 The table shows some information about air
shortages in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. pollution.
polluhnt soun:eofalrpollutant effectofpolluUnton
the environment
sulfUf
di<»:ide combustion offossifuels inal!.fiedgree,nhouse
elfect;indglob.ll w; rmlng
~""nitrogen
inal!.fiedgreenhouse
elfect ;ind glob;il w; rrni ng
combustion of high
sulfUf fuels
feftilisers
Human influences on ecosystems
a Complete the table by writing ans,vers in a (i) State one cause of acid rain other than
that shown in the diagram.
the spaces. [2] [ l]
(ii) Describe two effects ofacid rain on [2]
b Explain how the increased greenhouse effect forest ecosystems. [2]
is thought to lead to global warming. [ 3] b Describe two different ways to reduce
pollution so that there is less acid rain.
c The graph shows changes in the emissions of
sulfitr dioxide in Europe between 1880 and 2004.
The chart shows tl1e pH ranges tl1at some
animals that live in lakes can tolerate.
example, 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5
per<h
frogs
amphlbj an, oalamanden
<rayfhh
mayfly ~ Nae
blacHly~Na.e
c State one feature of molluscs that is not a
feature of crustaceans. [l]
(i) Use the information in the graph to describe d Using the information in the chart
the changes in the emissions ofsulfirr dioxide (i) name an animal that could be found in
in Europe between 1880 and 2004. [4] alakewithapHof4.0 [l]
(ii) Describe the effects of acid rain on the (ii) name the animals that are most
environment. [3] sensitive to a decrease in pH [ l]
(iii) Outline the methods that have been used (iii)suggest why some animals cannot
to reduce tl1e emissions ofsulfur dioxide. [3] tolerate living in water of pH as
lowas4.0. [2]
[Total: 15] [Total: 10]
(Cambridge /GCSE Bio1ogy0610 Paper 31 QS November (Cambridge /GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 31 Q4 June 2010)
2012)
8 Acid rain is a serious environmental problem in
some areas of the world. Lakes in Canada, Norway
and Scotland are higl1ly acidic. as a result of acid
rain. The diagram shows a cause of acid rain.
,-"~'"""' "''°"'"'"""
and factories r.ilnbecomes.icldl
rele.isesulfur ha,
dioxide
Answers to numerical questions
2 Organisation and maintenance 6 Plant nutrition 11 Gas exchange in humans
of the organism 3 b (i) 1.4 3 d (i) 70
5 b (i) 5+/- 0.Smm C (i) 6.0----7.0 12Respiration
(ii) 5/800 - 0.00625 or 0---0.6 14 a (i) 8616.2 kJ
6.25 X lQ-3
19 a 1 tonne ofwheat per hectare (ii) 49.248 kJ
5 Enzymes mn
19 Organisms and their
1 a(ri).,.=m=,,=.,~.,,~.,=-cT,~01=,m~, ~of7J,i=" b 1.8 tonnes of wheat per environment
beet.ire extra
col lected/cm• 1 a (iii) 12 OOOkJ
8 Transport in plants (y) 8000/lOQQQQ X 100
3 b (ii) 55 (0 C) if point to point 4 b 20.0 - 8 (%)
curve (+/- half square )
9 Transport in animals 9 b 28.8/120 X 100 - 24 (%)
(iii) 24 or 25 (+/- half 2 b (i) calculation x 4 for rare
square )
per minute (72 , 76, 68 )
4 C 0.57 mean calculated: 72
Index
A classification 6, 7-8, 11 - 15 biological washing powders
abioticfactors 301-2 transport in 124-39 307,308
absorption 95, 97, 103-5 antenatalcare237
anthers222,224,225,258,259 biomass 290,291
accommodation of the eye 188, 189 antibiotics 205--7 biosphere 298
acidrain330,331 bacterial resistance to 205--6,281, biotechnology 305
acquiredcharacteristics270 biotic factors 30 1-2
activatedsludgeprocess336-7 314 birdsB,14-15
active immunity 149 production 305, 309-10 birth238-9
antibodies 53, 149,151 birthcontrol 243-4
activesites43,61 antigens53, 149 bisexuality221
active transport 48-9, 116 anus97 bladder177
adaptation 274-8, 281 aorta 126,133,134 blindspot186,187,189-90
aqueous humour 186, 187 blood 124, 136--7
flowering plants 225-6 arachnids7, 12
leaves80-1 archaea6 circulatory system 3 1, 32, 125-35,
adaptivefeatures274,277 Areasof5pecia1Scientificlnterest 138-9
adenine54,56,252 (ASS1s) 343 clotting 137-8
adipose tissue 91 arteries 124,132, 134 concentration of 41,175
adolescence241 arterioles 124,132,134-5 gaseous exchange and 156,1 57
adrenalglands191 arthropods 7, 11- 12 inplacenta240
adrenalineB0,174,180,191-2 artificialinsemination(AI) 244 red blood cells 29,3 1,93,94, 136
adrenal medulla 191 white blood cells 53,136,137,149
adrin318 artificial propagation 217-18 blood groups 264,272
adventitious roots 16, 114 artificial selection 280-2 blood pressure 128,130, 133-4
aerobic respiration 156, 165-9 asexual reproduction 19,213- 19,254, blood sugar 194, 196
agricultural machinery 316 blood vessels 124, 132-5
agriculture 258 blubber 289
assimilation 95,97,105,175 Blymphocytes 150
energytransferin290-1 atheroma 127,128 bodytemperature 13
intensification of 316- 18 ATP 168 control of 45,135, 193--4, 195,
reproductionin217,219,220 atria125,129
world issues 88-9,293,299,300 atrioventricularvalves129 196--7
AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiency autoimmune diseases 152 botulism 146
auxin199-201 brain182,194,195
syndrome) 245-6,297,298 bread306
air B breastfeedingBB,151,240-1
back-crosses264 breathing156,158,161-3
breathing and 158,159,163 bacteria
pollution 330-4 exerciseand158,160-1
alcohol208-9,237-8,240 a n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n c e 2 0 5 - 6 , 2 8 1, 3 14 breedingincaptivity339
alimentary canal 96-8 biotechnologyand 305,3 13- 14 'breedingtrue'26 1
in decomposition 291-2,293,294
alleles259,260-5,272-3 mutations in 205-6,273,281 bronchi 157
alveoli 157 innitrogen cycle294,295 bronchioles 157
amino acids 53, 73,81,92, 105,1 75 pathogenic 142 bronchitis 209
ammonium nitrate 82 reproduction19,213 buccalcavity101
amnion 237 structure 18 bulbs216
bacteriocidalantibiotics 309 by-passsurgery 131
amniotic fluid 237 bacteriostaticantibiotics309
amoebic dysentery 148 balanceddiets86,87,91 cacti277
amphibia 8, 13-14, 15 basallayer192 calcium 93
amylase 61,307 basal metabolism 87,171 calculus 100
anabolic steroids 21 1- 12 'thebends'37 callus2 18
anabolism/anabolic reactions 60, camels 274-5
bicuspid valves 129 cancer209,2 11 ,272-3
61,171 bile102 capillaries 124, 132-3, 134
anaemia 93,94 bilirubin136,174 capsids 19
anaerobic respiration 169-7 1 binomial system of naming 2-3 capsomeres 19
anatomy 3-4 biochemical oxygen demand carbohydrates5 1-2,55
angina88,128
angioplasty131 (BOD) 329 indiet91,92
biodiversity 287,324 in photosynthesis 66
animal cells biofuels 305-6,335 carboncycle292-3
cell division 254 biogas 335,337
osmosis in 40-1,44-5
structure24-5,27,29
animals
asexual reproduction 218
Index
carbon dioxide dadistics 5 cuttings217
intheatm05phere 322,328,332-4 dassification systems 2-5, 20 cytopl.um 25,27,41
inthecarboncyde 292-3 dimate cytosine 54,56,252
in exhaled air 159,160,163
from rMpiration 36-7, 293 change 328, 332-4, 338 D
in photosynthe1is 37, 68-9, 7 1, 72, deforestation and 323 DOT 324-5
dtnortats 197-8 deamination 97,175,294
74, 75,292 clones 218 death r,te 293-9
carbon monoxide 209,2 10,330 dotting of blood 137-8 decomposers 285,291-2,293
'carbon neutral' 335 co-dominance 264 decomposition 293,294
carcinogens 209 'cold-blooded' 13, 166, 195 decomprestionsickness 37
carnivores 285 defecationseeegestion
carpels 221,222 coleoptile 201 deforestation 89,293,306,316, 322-4
collectingducts176 dehydration 148
catabolismlcatabolicreactions 60, colon97,103 dehydrogenase 61
61,171 colostrum 241 denaturation 54,62
colourblindness265 dendrites181
catalase62 denitrifyingbacteria295
catalysts59 combustion 293 dentaldecay(caries)99-100
catalytic converters 332 communities 297,298 dentine99
cell bodies 181 compensation point 74 dermis 192
competition 279,298,301 diabetes151 -2, 196
cell division 25~.213,254-5 compoundeyes 11 dialysis37,43,177-8,179
seealsomeiosis;mitosis concentration diaphragm 157,161
diarrhoea 45,97-8
cell membrane 25,27,40,43,48 of the blood 41,175 dichotomous keys 21-2
cells diffusion and 36 dicotyledons10, 17
osm05isand 47-8 di eldrin3 18
movementintofoutof 36-49 concentrationgradient37,38,39, diet86-95,128
specialisation29-31,254
48-9 balanced 86,87, 91
structure24-9 condensation 294 diffusion 36-40, 116
synthesi5/conversion in 53, 66, diffusion gudient - concentration
cones 188
72-4 conjunctiva 186,187 gr~ient
cellsap26 cons.et"Vation 334-44 di9(!rtion 93, 95, 97, 98-103
cellularrespiration 165 constipation 90 di~stive enzymes 96
cellulose51,52,59,91 consumers 285 di~rtive system 33, 96..a, 100-5
continuous variation 27 1,272 diploid nuc leus 253
cellwall 26,27,4 1,51,52,254 diploid number 220,258
cement 99 contraception 2434, 245, 334 directevidence172
central nervous 5ystem 31, 32, 180, contraceptive pills 2434, 334 disaccharides51
contractile vacuoles 44 discontinuous variation 270-1,272
181-5, 190,210 controlled diffusion 38,48 disease142,296
centromere 250 controls 60, 67, 69, 168-9
cervix233 co-ordination 180,190 coronary heart disease 88, 127-9,
130-1,209- 10
Chain, Ermt 207 copulation 233,234, 235-6
chemical di~stion 95, 97, 100-3 corms216 defencesagainst148-51,163
chemicalfertili$ers 44,82, 317 cornea186, 187 sexuallytransmittedinfections 143,
chemical waste 326 coronaryarteries 126
children, dietary requirements 88 coronary heart disease 88, 127-9, 245-6
chlorophyll26,67,68,72 transmission 143-8
130-1,209-10 'division of labour' 29-30
chloroplasts26,27,29,72,78,80,254
cholera 98 coronary thrombosis 128 DNA
cholesterol 90,128 corpuslute um 242 in classification 4-5
choroid 186, 187 cortex(kidneys) 175 geneticengineeringand313-14
chromatids 250,256 corte~ (plants) 113 structure54-5,56-7,252
chromosomes 25,250-1,256 see also chromosomes; genes
cotyledons227,228,23 1
function of 257 crenatedcells45 dominant alleles 259,260-1, 272
number of 220,253 dopamine 210
chronic obstructive pulmonary Crick,Francis56,57 dormancy 228
critical pH 99 dorwol root 184
disorder(COPO) 209 cross-breeding 220-1 double circulation 125
chyme 100 cross-pollination 230-1, 264 Down'i iyndrome 272, 273
ciliary body 186,187,188 crown 99
crurtacea7,1 1,12
ci1iarymu5Cte 187,188 cutide{arthropods) 11
ciliated cells 30,148,163 cutide{leaves) n,78,79
circular musde 188
,,._.circulatory system 31,32, 125-35,
cirrhosis 208
Index
droplet infection 148 excretion 1, SS, 174-9 needfor66,86
drugs205 exercise sources and sinks 112,121,122
supply of 296,300, 316-20
medicinal 205-7 effectonbreathing158,160-1 world issues 88-9,319-20
misused 44-5,207-12,238 effectonheartlpulserate127,130, food chains 285,290,298
dry weight 84 food pyramids 285-6
ducts96 131-2 food tests 57-8
duodenum 97,101,103 heartdiseaseand129,130 foodwebs 285,286-7
respiration and 169,170 foramenovale 129-30
ecosystems 297-8, 344 extinction 337-8,342 foreignspecies289,319
effectors181 extracellular enzymes 61,306 forests89,293,306,316,322-4,
egestion 95,97, 103 eyes186-90
egg cells 340-1
F-1 generation 220-1, 261-2,266 fossilfuels292,293,320,334
animal/human 31,220,232-3, 'factoryfarming' 319,329 fossils292,337
234-5,236,239 faeces103 fovea187,188,189
Fallopiantubes233 Franklin,Rosalind56,57
plant 220 family planning 243-4,299 fraternaltwins238
ejaculation 234,236 Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group fruits223,231-2
electrocardiogram(ECG) 127 fungi6,17-18
(FWAG) 320,344
embryonicstemcells 257-8 fats52-3,SS asexual reproduction 213-14
embryos decomposition and 293,297
indiet90,91,92,105 pathogenic 142,147
human 233,236-7 emulsification 102
plant 231-2 testfor57,58 G
emphysema 209 fattyacids52,90,100,104 Galen 138-9
emulsificationoffats 102 female reproductive system gallbladder97
enamel 99 gametes 219,226,255,258
endangeredspecies337-9 233,234
endemic diseases 151 fermentation 169,305-6 seealsoeggcells;sperm
endocrine glands 174,180,190 fermenters 313 ganglion184
endocrine system 180,190 ferns9,16-17 gaseous exchange
energy fertilisation219,226,258
alternativesources334 in humans 156-63
from food 87,95, 165 flowering plants 226,231 inplants74-S
from sunlight 284-5,289-90 human reproduction 232-3, gastricjuice101,103
kinetic37 gene mutation 272-3,281
pyramids of 291 236,260 genera2
in respiration 165, 166-7, 168,169 fertilisers44,76,82,317,327 genes250,252,257,272
transfers of 289-91 fertilitydrugs244 expression of 253,257
enterokinase103 fertilityrate299 gene-splicing313
enzymes 25,53,59-60 fetus236 geneticcode252
indigestion 100-1, 103 fibre90,91,93 geneticengineering282,305,310-14
pH and 60-1, 62,63-4, 103 fibrousrootsystems 114 genetics250,254
production 306-7 filaments222 geneticvariations270,272
rate of reactions 60-4, 194 fish8,13,15,124 genotypes 259,261-3
in respiration 165-6, 168, fishstocks340-2 geotropismseegravitropism
fission 213 germination 168,227-30
169,170 fitness277,279 gestation period 238
temperature and 60,62,63 flaccid44,119 gingivitis100
epidermis(plants) 38, 78, 79,111 flagella18 glands96
epidermis(skin) 192 Fleming,SirAlexander 206-7,309 globalwarming 328,332-4,338
epididymis 234 Florey,Howard 207 glomeruli 176
epiglottis 101,157 flowering plants 10, 17 glucagon 196
epithelial cells 49,102 glucose51,91,100,105
epithelium adaptations 225--6 in the blood 194,196
digestivesystem 96,104,105 reproduction17,215-18,220 inplants72
respiratory system 156,157 structurell0,221-4 testfor57,58
erectiletissue234 follicles235 gluten306
eubacteria6 follicle-stimulating hormone glycerol 52,100,104
eukarya6 glycogen 51, 52,180,196
eutrophication 319,327-9 (FSH) 191,242 GM crops/food 89,310-11, 312,314
evaporation 294 gobletcells 163
evolution 279,281 food
classes90-3
energy from 87, 95,165
geneticallymodified 89,310-11,
312,314
Index
gonads 255 images 187,188,189 structure73,77-81,110
gravitropism 197-201 immunity 149,151 waterlossfrom 118-19
greenhouse effect 328,332-4 implantation 236 see a/so plants
grey matter 183 impulses 181-2, 185 leguminous plants 294,295
growth 1,254 incomplete dominance 265 lens186,187
indirectevidence172 life expectancy 297,298
inplants199-201 infant mortality 297 light
growth substances 199-201 inflorescences 223-4 effectoneyes 187-8
guanine54,56,252 ingestion95,97,101 germination 228
guardcells77,78,79-80 inheritance250,259-65,270 photosynthesis and 68,69-71,
gullet97,101
gum disease 100 of sex 250-1 73-4,75
gums 99 inheritedcharacteristics270 plant growth and 200-1
innate immunity 149 transpiration and 120-1
H inoculation see vaccination light microscope 33-4
habitats 298 insecticides310,318,324-5 lightning295
insect-pollinated flowers 222,223, lignin78,111
conservation of 340,342-4 limiting factors 75-6
destruction of 320-4 224,225-6 population growth and 301-2
Habitats Directive 343 insects7,11-12 Linnaeus,Carl20
haemoglobin 31,93,94, 136,252 insulin190,191,196,252,310,313, lipase102,107,307
haemolysis44 lipids52-3,91
half-life325 314 liver97,102,174,175,193,208
handlens33 intercostalmuscles 157,161 longitudinal sections 24,26,
haploid nucleus 253 internalrespiration158,165
haploid number 220,255,258 internodes 110 111,112
Harvey.William 139 intestines49 low density lipoproteins (LDLs) 90
heart125-7,129-30,131 intoxication208
heartattacks88,130 intracellularenzymes61,306 lungcancer209,211
hepatitisBvaccine 312 invertebrates 7 lungs156-8,159-60,161-3,174,195
invitrofertilisation244-5 lupin flowers 223-4
herbicides 311,318,325 involuntaryactions185 luteinisinghormone(LH) 191,242
herbivores 285 iris186,187,188 lymph 133,135
heredity250,265-7 iron 93,94, 136 lymphaticsystem 103,135
isotonic drinks 45 lymphnodes 135
see also inheritance IWC(lnternationalWhaling lymphocytes 53,135,136,137,149,
hermaphrodites 221
heroin 185,207,210,240 Committee) 339 150,246
heterozygosity259,261 lysozyme 149,186
HIV(humanimmunodeficiency Jenner.Edward 152
'junk DNA' 272 M
virus)143,240,245-6 magnesium 81
K magnification 33-4
homeostasis 192-7 karyotypes 250,251 malaria 143-4,151,273,297
homiothermy 13,165,195 kidneys37,49,174,175-7,194 malereproductivesystem 233-4
homologous chromosomes 253, 258 kidneytransplants178-9 malnutrition 88
homozygosity 259,261 kineticenergy37 maltase 103
hormones 180,190 'knee-jerk'reflex182-3 maltose 100,103
kwashiorkor 94 mammals8,15
growth and 199
in humans 190-2,241-2,244,245 L marasmus 94
performance-enhancing 211-12 lactase308-9 marine pollution 321-2
pollution by 334 lactation see breastfeeding marramgrass 278
sex hormones 191,241-2,244,245 lacteals103,104 mastication 98
horticulture, propagation in 217,219 lacticacid170 mating 235-6
houseflies 147 lactoseintolerance308 mechanical digestion 95,97,98-100
human population 296-7,298-300 lamina 77 medulla 175
human reproductive system 233-4 largeintestine103 meiosis 219,251,255,258-9
hydrochloric acid 101,103 lateral buds 110 melanin 192
hydrophytes278 leaching295 memorycells 150
hydroponics82,342 'leanburn'engines332 Mendel.Gregor 265-7
hypocotyl 227,228 leaves menopause 242
hypothalamus 194,195 menstrual cycle 241-2
hypotheses 66, 171-2 adaptation 80-1 menstrual period 242
photosynthesis in 73,80-1
I
identical twins 238
ileum 97,103,104-5
Index
mesophyll 77, 78,80 0 peripheral nervous system 181
metabolism 170-1 obesity 90 peristalsis96--7,101
micro-organisms293 oesophagus97,101 pesticides310,31S-19,324
oestrogen 191,240,241,245 petals221-2
seealsobacteria;fungi oil pollution 320,321,322,326,327 pH
micropyle 231,232 optic nerve 186
microvilli 38,104 optimum pH 60 critical99
midrib 77,78 oral rehydration therapy 148 enzymes and 60-1,62, 63-4, 103
minerals organelles25 phagocytes53,135,136,137
organisms 1,6,33 phagocytosis 137,149
indiet92-3 organs31 pharynx101
inplants37,73,81-4,115-16,295 organ systems 31,32 phenotypes259,261-3
mining 320-1 osmoregulation 175 phenotypicvariations270
mitochondria 27,49,168,254 osmosis40--8,115,119 phloem 78,111,113, 121-2
mitosis 19,254-5,256-7,258--9 osteo-malacia 93,94 phosphorus 73
MMRvaccine 150 ovaries photomicrographs 24
monocotyledons 10, 17,231-2 photorespiration 75
monoculture 317-18 flowering plants 222-3 photosynthesis 66-7, 292
monohybrid inheritance 259--65 human 191,233,235,258 chemical equation 67,71
monosaccharides 51 overfishing288-9 limitingfactors75-6
morphology 3-4 over-harvesting287-8 process 71-2
motor impulses 181 rate of 69--71, 75-6
motor neurones 181,182 oviducts233,234 phototropism 197-201
mouth 97,101,103 ovulation234-5 physicaldigestion97,100
movement 1 ovules220,222,258 pinetrees277
mRNA 252-3 oxidation165 pith113
MRS GREN mnemonic 1 oxygen pituitarygland191,242
mucus96,148,163 placenta237,239,240
mutagens 271 inbreathing159,163 plant cells
mutation 205-6,271,272-3, 281 from photosynthesis 37,69, 74 active transport 4S-9, 116
myriapods 7,12 ingermination 228,229 cell division 254-5
in respiration 36, 166-7 osmosis41,43--4
narcotics207--8 oxygen debt 170
natural selection 279--80,282 oxyhaemoglobin 136,158 plants
negativefeedback134,195 oxytocin239 asexual reproduction 215--18
nephrons176 ozonelayer332 classification 4, 6,9-10, 16--18
nerve cells see neurones gaseous exchange in 74-5
nervefibres 181 p growth 199--201
nerves181,182 minerals in 37,73,81-4,115-16,295
nervoussystemseecentralnervous 'pacemaker' 130 photosynthesis see photosynthesis
propagation 215-18
system palisademesophyllcells 26, 30, 77, 78, respiration 72, 74-5
neurones 30,181,182 79,80 sexual reproduction 221-31
nicotine 209-10,240 structure110-14
nitrates73,81,116,294,295 pancreas96,97,102,191 translocation121-2
nitrification 294 pancreatic amylase 102,103 transpiration116--21,294
nitrifyingbacteria294 pancreaticjuice102 tropicresponses 197-201
nitrogen37,73 pandemics 296 water in 43-4,55,114-15,116--19
nitrogencycle294-5 partially permeable membranes 40,
nitrogenfixation294 plaque100
nitrogenouswasteproducts 174 43,48 plasma 55,137,150,177
nitrogen oxides 331,332 passive immunity 151 plasmids 305,313
nodes 110 Pasteur,Louis152-3 plasmolysis 45,46--7
non-disjunction 273 pathogens 53,142 plastics330
non-renewable resources 335 plastids26,51
NPKfertilisers 82 see also disease platelets136,137
nuclear fall-out 325-6 pectinase307-8 pleuralfluid162
nuclei25--6,27 pelvis175 pleural membrane 162
nucleotides54,252 penicillin205,207,309--10 plumule 227,228
nutritionl penis234,235 poikilothermy 13,166,195
peppered moths 280 polar bears 275
human 86-95 pepsin102,107 pollen 222,223
plant 66--84
pepsinogen 103
peptidase103
peptides 100
performance-enhancing
hormones 211-12
peridontitis100
Index
pollensacs 222 relayneurones181 semi-lunarvalves 129
pollen tubes 226,231 renalartery133,134,175,176 seminal vesicle 234
pollination 220,221,222,223, renal capsules 176 senseorgans 186--90
sensitivityl
224-6,231 renal tubules 175,176 sensory impulses 181
pollution 321-2,324-34 renalvein133,134,175,176
polymers 51 renewable resources 335 sensory neurones 181,182
polysaccharides 51 sepals222
populations 296,298--9 repair254 septum 125,129
replacement 254 sewage disposal 305,327,329,335-7
population growth 296-7, 299-302 replication256 sex cells see gametes
potassium nitrate 82 sex chromosomes 250-1,265
potometers 116--18 reproduction
precipitation294 asexual19,213-19,254,258 sex-linkedcharacteristics265
predators/predation285,296,302 in humans 232-41 sexually transmitted infections 143,
pregnancy88,208,236--8 sexual219-41,254
primaryconsumers 285,290 245--6
producers 285 reptiles8,14,15 sexual reproduction 219-41,254
products 61 respirationl,165
progesterone 240,242,245 in humans 232-41
prokaryotes 6, 18- 19,27 aerobic156,165--9 inplants221-31
propagation 215--18
prophylactics 144,151 anaerobic 169-71 shivering194
prostategland 234 effect of temperature 168,171 shoots 24,31, 110
protease 61,101,102,307 energyand165,166--7,168,169
proteins 53-4, SS, 175 growth 200-1
inplants72,74-5 tropic responses 19S-9
indiet87-8,91-2 respiratorysurfaces156 shuntvessels135
digestion of 102-3 respirometers 166,167 sickle-cell anaemia 265,273
manufacture 252-3
testfor57,58 restriction enzymes 313 sieve tubes/plates 77, 78,111,113
protoctista 6, 19 retina186,187,188 sigmoid population growth curves 301
protophyta 19 rhizomes 16,215--16,217 single circulation 124
protozoa 19 sink,food112,121,122
ptyalinseesalivaryamylase ribosomes 6,27,252 size of specimens 33-4
puberty241 rickets93,94-S skin174,192-3,195,196-7
pulmonary artery 126,133,134 rods188
pulmonarycirculation 125 slimecapsules 18
pulmonary vein 125,133,134 rootcap 113 small intestine 102,103
pulpcavity99 root hair cells 29,30,44 smallpox 151,152,299
pulse/pulserate126,127,131-2 root hairs 113-14, 115 smoking 128,209-10,211,237-8
Punnettsquare262,263 soil erosion 322,323
pupil186,187,188 root nodules 294,295 somatic cells 250,256
pyloricsphincter101 roots(plant) 16,110, 113-14
pyramids of biomass 290,291 source,offood 112,121,122
pyramids of energy 291 tropic responses 197-8, 199 Special Areas of Conservation
pyramidsofnumbers 286,287 roots(teeth) 99
(SACs) 343
R rootstocks 215,216
radial muscle 188 roughendoplasmicreticulum(ER) species2
radicle197-8,227 spermcells 31,220,232-3,234,235,
Ray,John20 6,27
receptacles223 rubella238,240 236,239
receptors186
recessivealleles259,260-1,272,273 s sperm duct 234
recombinant DNA 313 sphincter177
rectum 97,103 saliva101 spinalcord183-4
recycling spinalreflexes184
salivaryamylase 101,103,105-6 spongymesophyll 78, 79,80
in ecosystems 291-2 salivaryglands96,97,181 sporangia 16--17
wastematerials335,336 Sa/mone//afoodpoisoning 144-6
red blood cells 29,31,93,94, 136 stains24
reflex actions 182,184 salts see minerals stamens 221,222
reflexarcs182-3,184 saturatedfattyacids90 starch51
scavengers285,293
indiet91
sclera186,187 enzymesand 100-1,103,105-7
scrotum 233,234 inplants67-8,72
scurvy88
secondary consumers 285,290,298 testfor57,58
starvation88
secondarysexualcharacteristics241 stemcells254,257-8
seed banks 340 stems 110- 11,112
seeds223,231-2 stem tubers 216--17
selection 279-80
selection pressures 280
selectivebreeding280-2,319
selectivereabsorption 177
self-pollination 230,264
Index
stethoscopes 126 tinea('ringworm') 142,147 venacava125,133,134
stigma 222 tissueculture217-18 ventilation156,158,161-3
stimulus 182,186 tissuefluid41,133,138,193,195 ventral root 184
stolons215,216 tissuerespiration158,165 ventricles125,129
stomach 97,101-2,103 tissues31,32 venules124,132
stomata 76,77,78,79-80,120 Tlymphocytes 150 Venusflytraps 275-6
streptomycin 205,309 tomato fish project 340,341-2 vertebrates3-4,8,13-15
structural proteins 53 toxins142,149,150 vessels111,113
style222 toxoids 150 villi49,102,104,105
substrates61 traceelements73 viruses6,19,142,206
sucrose 90,91 trachea157 vitamins 53,92
sugar90,91,103 translocation 121-2
transmissible diseases 142 vitamin A 88,89,311,314
see also glucose transpiration 116-21,294 vitaminC 53,57,88,93
sulfanilamides 206 transversesections24,26,112 vitamin D 93, 94,104
sulfates73 tricuspidvalves129 vitreous humour 186,187
sulfur73 trophiclevels290 voluntary actions 185
sulfurdioxide330,331 tropisms 197-201 vulva233
sunlight284-5,289-90 trypsin102
superphosphates 82 trypsinogen 103 w
surface area turgid43
turgorpressure43-4,45-6,115,119 'warm-blooded' 13,165,195
diffusionand37-8,38-9 twins 238 wastedisposal 147,326-7
gaseousexchangeand 156 Type 1 diabetes 151-2, 196 water 53,55
survivalvalue280
suspensory ligaments 186,187 u contamination 146
sustainable development 340,341-2 germination and 228,229
sustainableresources334 ultrafiltration 177 inhuman bodies 93,175
swallowing 101 umbilical cord 237,239,240 osmosis40-8
sweating 45,174,194 unsaturatedfattyacids90 plant adaptations to 278
sympatheticnervoussystem 192 uracil252 inplants43--4,55,114-15,
synapses184,185,210 urbanisation 320
synthesis53,66,72-4 urea174,294 116-19
systemic circulation 125
urethra177 watercultures82
taproots 114 uricacid174 water cycle 294
target organs 190,192 urine174,177 water potential 43-5,47
tearglands186,187 uterus233,236-7 Watson,James56,57
teeth98-100 weaning 241
temperature V weedkillers 201
vaccination149,150 whaling 28S-9,339
body 13,45, 135, 193-4, 195, 196-7 vacuole26,27,41,254 white blood cells 53,136,137,149
diffusionand38,39 vagina233,235-6 white matter 183
enzymesand 60,62,63 valves Whittaker five-kingdom scheme 6
germination 228,229-30 Wilkins.Maurice 56,57
photosynthesis and 71, 75, 76 intheheart124,126,127,129 wilting 41,44, 119,120
respiration and 168,171 inveins124,133 wind-pollinated flowers 222,223,
transpirationand121 variables 169,230
terminal buds 110 variation2,220,270-1,272 224-6
tertiary consumers 285 vascularbundles78,79,00,111,112,115 WorldO,arterforNature 321
testa227,232 vasoconstriction135,196-7 The World Ethicof5ustainability 321
test-crosses264 vasodilation 196-7,208
testes191,233--4,258 vectors(disease) 143 X
testosterone 191,211,241 vegetarian/vegandiets87--8 xerophytes 277
three-domain scheme 6 vegetative propagation 215-18 xylem vessels 30,77,78,111,113,114,
thrombus 127--8 vehicleemissions 330,331,332
thymine 54,56,252 veins 115,121
thyroid gland 190-1 human 124,132,133,134
thyroxine 190-1 inplantsseevascularbundles yeast170,171,306
z
zona pellucida 235
zygotes220,226,232-3,236,254
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Cambridge IGCSE Biology 3rd Edition
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