Geography - Course Companion - Oxford 2017

3 LOC AL AND GLOBAL RE SILIENCE

centres were also offshored, leading to  Table 6.6: Potential GDP and employment in the UK due to reshoring
a loss of about £6 billion and a further
(top ve sectors)

144,000 jobs. However, the employment Sector Total GDP Total Reasons for
loss varied throughout the country. reshoring
Losses were greater in the manufacturing (£ million) employment
heartlands of the Midlands and the
north-east, whereas the jobs available Electronic and optical 1,350 18,100 Supply and
in London grew by over 33 per cent demand of skilled
products labour

between 1996 and 2014. Motor vehicles 1,130 26,300 Supply and

Examples of reshoring include Other manufactured 1,100 25,200 demand of skilled
Bathrooms.com, which is investing £2.5 28,000 labour
million in the UK Midlands, where it will goods (incl. musical, Managing complex
manufacture 25 per cent of its products supply chains
in order to shorten delivery times for furniture, medical/
customers. Jaeger plans to return up to Reduce transpor t
10 per cent of its production to the UK dental, spor ts goods) costs
from Asia, in order to reduce delivery
Clothing 1,100

times and improve quality. Paper and paper 870 18,700 Managing complex

products supply chains

Capital-intensive sectors with complex

supply chains and rapidly changing Source: Adapted from “Reshoring manufacturing – time to seize the oppor tunity”,
markets (partly due to fashion) are http://www.ey.com/Publication/v wLUAssets/Reshoring_manufacturing_%E2%80%94_time_to_
most likely to reshore. These include seize_the_oppor tunity/$FILE/3451_EY%20Reshoring%20Repor t_V8%20Online.pdf

petroleum, chemicals and aerospace

(capital-intensive); pharmaceuticals and chemicals (R&D); and textiles, Activity 13
leather goods, tobacco and repair of transport equipment (complex
supply chains). 1. Compare the share of

manufacturing in national

There are a number of impacts of reshoring: output between China and the

USA/UK .

● direct impacts on output, GDP and employment

2. Explain why some companies

● indirect impacts in output, GDP and employment in the supply chain

in HICs are reshoring their

● multiplier effects, when the employees of the reshored industries production.
spend their earnings in the economy and increase demand for
services. 3. Identify the economic sectors

and types of company that are

The benets of reshoring are geographically diverse. In the UK, the most likely to reshore.

south-east region and the north-west benet most, partly because of

the concentration of the defence, electronics and aerospace industries

there. Although the UK’s share of global car production and output of

pharmaceuticals has decreased since 1980, reshoring has the potential to

lift production, employment and sales of both.

Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing is the process of sourcing ideas, services, nances and
information from the public via the Internet in order to benet from the
collective abilities of a large group of people. It has developed because
top-down approaches, whereby the government provides the solutions
to problems, have proved insufcient. Crowdsourcing empowers people
and builds mutual support.

643

3 UNIT 6 GLOBAL RISK S AND RE SILIENCE

Umbrella of Crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing is seen as a way
of improving a situation using a
Crowdsourcing community’s best assets, namely its
Getting a crowd of people to help you with a task that’s typically population. Crowdsourcing has been
performed by a single individual or group. used in times of natural disasters.
Following the Haitian earthquake of
Contests 2010, 650 volunteers produced digital
maps of the conditions of roads and
Can be divided into 4 groups: levels of accessibility. Following the
earthquake in Nepal, crowdfunding
Microtasks raised over $20 million in 60 days.
It also provided images of buildings,
Crowdfunding Asking a crowd for work schools and hospitals daily, to help
and only providing search, rescue and relief workers.

Breaking a large project into compensation to the

tiny, well definable tasks for a Macrotasks chosen entries.
crowd of workers to complete
Asking a crowd to donate
a defined amount of money

Great for: Presenting a project to for a specified cause, project, Great for: Logo design,
Date validation, research, the crowd & asking them to or other use within a business names
image tagging, traslation get involved with the portions predetermined timeframe. If
your goal isn’t met, all Major Platforms:
Major platforms: they’re knowledgeable in. donations are refunded 99desings, crowdSPRING,
Mturk, Microtask.com, Participants are empowered to
Squadhelp

determine the best course of action.

Great for: Project fundraising,

Clickworker, Lingotek disaster relief, artistic support,
startups, market research
Great for : R&D, product innovations.

Major Platforms: Quirly, Innocentive, Chaordix Major Platforms: Kickstarter, crowdrise, SeedUps

Figure 6.19: A model of crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing allows organizations
to tap into the creativity of large
 Table 6.7: Crowdsourcing categories numbers of people. However, there are drawbacks: plans and
expectations must be clearly stated because there is a danger that
Category Description of technology- different people may interpret plans differently.
enabled crowdsourcing
The concept of resilience refers to the ability of individuals,
Crowd wisdom Initiatives to solve communities or environments to respond to shocks and changes
innovation challenges or while continuing to operate and/or improve under the new
complex problems circumstances. Crowdsourcing allows for the creation of social
networks of experience and knowledge. It allows for the rapid
Crowd creation Initiatives to produce transmission of ideas and opportunities, which would have
marketable intellectual been more difcult in the era before the Internet. For example,
goods Wikipedia is an example of a crowdsourced effort that enables
people in most places to obtain information on most subjects very
Crowd review Initiatives to promote quickly, and at very limited cost.
knowledge sharing and
combining for decision- Crowdsourcing can be used to nd new ways of providing
making services. For example, in 2011 the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation introduced the “Reinventing the Toilet Challenge”,
Crowdfunding Initiatives to suppor t the a US$100,000 challenge to design a toilet that could dispose of
raising of funds for projects, human waste without a septic tank or an outside water system.
businesses or enterprises The winning design was a solar-powered system that could break
through the collective eor t down waste and water into fertilizer and hydrogen.
of many
Crowdsourcing offers many opportunities for people to interact
Crowd democracy Initiatives to promote open with one another and nd solutions to old and new problems.
High-speed global connections have facilitated these interactions.
government Indeed, the increased interdependence and complexity of global
interactions necessitates the involvement of many different
Citizen science Initiatives to promote stakeholders in nding solutions for problems as they arise.
involvement of non- Crowdsourcing is a high-technology, bottom-up approach to
scientists in research empowering communities around the world.
projects

Citizen journalism Initiatives to share and

aggregate content of

journalistic value

Crowdsourcing Initiatives to involve Activity 14
for crisis individuals in disaster
response and crisis response and
recovery
1. Briey explain what is meant by crowdsourcing.

2. Comment on the range of crowdsourcing activities, as shown in Table 6.7.

Source: Smith, K. “Economic resilience and crowdsourcing 3. Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of crowdsourcing.
platforms”, J. Inf. Syst. Technol. Manag. Vol. 12, No. 3, Table 1,
Ramos, I and Desouza, K. 2015

644

3 LOC AL AND GLOBAL RE SILIENCE

New technologies for the management of global
ows of data and people

A number of new technologies have been developed to manage ows of
global data and people. These include cybersecurity and e-passports.

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity, or computer security, is the protection of information
systems, hardware and software from theft or damage, as well as the
protection of information on computers and related technology. The
need for cybersecurity is increasing as more and more people and
organizations rely on computers and the Internet.
There are many threats to computer security. One of the most common
is “phishing” – the attempt to obtain personal or sensitive information
such as user names, passwords, bank account details and credit card
details. Most computers have some level of protection, but threats are
becoming more sophisticated and protection systems need to keep ahead
of the threats. Common targets are large organizations, government
departments, military computer systems and airline carriers. The most
common prevention systems are rewalls, which stop access to internal
network systems and lter out different kinds of attack.

svb o mon Cyberse c
Silicon Valley Bank m
Cybersecurity
C u
How Tech Companies
Prepare for Cyber Attacks s urce Investm r
o en it
of small and mid-size y

98% technology and healthcare so ts
e
companies are maintaining or increasing M R ng/Assessm
resources devoted to cybersecurity this year,
preparing for when, not if, cyber attacks occur. tor en
on
Are increasing their spend,
M t
50% and investing in active
18%
response, not infrastructure.
Po c es/controls

just 15% 52%

35% H r ng Are storing their
info privately
Are completely or 12% not in the public
very confident cloud.
in the security of Software
their company
information. 8%

F rewalls

76% ! 8%

Say cyber attacks 54% en cation/Access
threaten serious
business interruption. of non-security companies A
have or plan to add a
cybersecurity component 6% 46%
to their product.
ncryption Say media
attention
has increased
awareness of
the issue.

6%

78%

Say their data
and IP are threatened.

Statistics come from the results of an SVB survey about cybersecurity completed by 216 C-level executives from US-based technology and life science companies in july 2013. B-13-12992. Rev. 09-20-13

Figure 6.20: Cyber security statistics

645

3 UNIT 6 GLOBAL RISK S AND RE SILIENCE

Activity 15 One of the main issues regarding cybersecurity is that there are no
international regulations or common rules to abide by. Moreover,
Study the infographic on national security may be vulnerable to attacks from another country,
cybersecurity, Figure 6.20. making any international treaty difcult to regulate and enforce.

1. Comment on the issues In December 2016, former US president Barack Obama expelled 35
Russian diplomats over the alleged cyber-attacks on the Democratic
relating to cybersecurity National Committee, Hilary Clinton and other political organizations,
in the attempt to inuence the US election in favour of the Republican
provided in Figure 6.20. candidate, Donald Trump.

2. Outline the ways in E-passpor ts

which companies and An e-passport has a computer chip in it, which contains data about the
owner. The advantages of the e-passport include faster checking in and
individuals are responding border clearance. E-passports may also help in crime detection as some
contain biometrics such as ngerprints, which may be left at the site of a
to cybercrime. crime. In addition, if someone loses their passport, the documents should

be retrievable from a database and allow travel.
E-passports are difcult to reproduce or forge,
so security is improved. They also make it more
difcult for one person to have several passports
(unless they have dual citizenship).

E-passports have a number of disadvantages. If the
passport is stolen, the data could be used illegally.
It would be possible for someone to hack into the
system and change the data. Moreover, the person
who owns the passport does not have access to
thedata.

Activity 16

1. Identify the information contained in an e-passpor t.

2. Briey explain how e-passpor ts improve security.

Photo 6.8: E-passpor ts

Check your understanding

1. Outline the main focus of the WWF’s 6. Explain why many TNCs are reshoring.

environmental interests.

7. Outline the main advantages of

2. In what ways has the WWF been criticized crowdsourcing.

for its actions?

8. Briey explain why cyber security has

3. Outline Oxfam’s main interests in the become a major global issue.

development process.

9. Explain why it is difcult to manage cyber

4. How have Oxfam’s interests changed over security.

time?

5. Comment on the membership of Oxfam, as 10. Outline the main advantages and
disadvantages of e-passports.

shown in Figure6.17.

646

3 LOC AL AND GLOBAL RE SILIENCE

Concepts in contex t
There are emerging possibilities for managing global risks.
International civil society organizations have raised awareness
about, and found some solutions for, environmental and social risks
associated with global interactions. Strategies to build resilience
include the reshoring of economic activity by TNCs, the use of
crowdsourcing technologies to build resilience by government and
civil society, and new technologies for the management of global
ows of data and people, including cyber security and e-passports.

Synthesis and evaluation

● Many international civil society organizations aim to deal
with environmental and social risks associated with global
interactions. Some of these organizations are very large but
some are quite small. They have to deal with many stakeholders,
as well as those negatively affected by the impacts of global
interactions. All organizations require funds in order to function,
and many civil societies are criticized for the way they fundraise.

● Global interactions are also seen as having negative effects on
HICs, in particular in terms of manufacturing industry and
employment. Consequently, HICs are reshoring some industries
to increase employment, reduce travel time and improve the
quality of goods.

● New methods and new technologies are developing.
Crowdsourcing is an umbrella term for many fundraising and
information-sharing activities. High-speed global interactions
have made this possible. However, the increase in global
interactions has led to an increase in cybercrime, and there has
been an increase in the need for cyber security. The development
of e-passports has made people movement more secure,
although not completely.

● Geographers need to be aware of new, evolving technologies and
systems, and to see how they could benet communities – and,
equally, how they can be abused.

EX AM PRACTICE
(a) Examine the geopolitical and economic risks as a result of new

technology. (12 marks)

(b) Examine the success of international civil society in raising
awareness and nding solutions to the risks associated with
global interactions. (16 marks)

647

INDE X

atmospheric energy balance 427 political change in Myanmar/Burma

Index

atmospheric energy budget 427–8 610–11

A incoming solar radiation 428–9 Shell and Ogoniland, Nigeria 601–3

abrasion 10, 70, 116, 125 long-wave radiation 429 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

acid rain 627 attrition 10, 70 639–40

acid rain in Canada 629 cliffs 71–2

critical load 629 cliff failure 79–80

dry and wet acid deposition 627–8 B climate 112

reducing the impacts of acid deposition backwash 66 arid environments 112

619 barchan dunes 126 urban microclimates 360–1

adaptation 163, 425 barriers 265 climate change 436–7

emission reduction 463–4 base ow 5 African Sahel 156–7

geophysical hazard adaptation 202–3 basins 118 biomes 443–5

additive manufacturing 614 bazaar economies 347 C40 cities and climate change 380–1

adventure tourism 237–8 beaches 75 changes in carbon stored in ice, oceans and

Greenland 238–9 behavioural thinking 181 the biosphere 441–3

aesthenosphere 165 bid rent 340 changes in sea ice 438–9

afrmative action 568 biocapacity 468 changes to agriculture 445

afforestation 24 bioconstruction 14 changes to the hydrosphere 437–8

ageing populations 282–3, 409–12 biodiversity 86 civil society and corporate strategies 464–6

ageing ratios 402–3 land-use change and loss of biodiversity climate change and the UK 448–9

Japan 411 635–6 cold environments 158–9

agribusinesses 634–8 biological weathering 69 coping strategies adopted in Senegal 156

agriculture biomes 443–5 corporate change mitigation efforts in the

drought-resistant fodder 129–30 biomimicry 47 USA 465–6

essential oils 130–1 biosphere 442 destruction of forests in the USA 443–5

hot, arid areas 128–9 bird’s foot deltas 14 disparities in exposure to climate change

semi-arid areas 129–31 bogs 43 451–7

sustainable farming in Egypt 152–3 Boserup, Esther 505 environmental effects 156–7

aid 533–4 browneld sites 350 extreme weather events 446–9

aid and Bangladesh 535 buttes 127 food security 155–56

Aid for Trade 532–3 Ghana 456–7

development aid 534–5 C glaciers and icecaps 439–40

disaster aid 25, 206–7 calorie intake 270–1 government-led action on climate change

remittances 539–40 carbon dioxide 62–4, 430 457–9

air pollution 235 carbon capture and sequestration (CSS) impact of climate change in the Himalayas

management and control 460 462 159–60

reducing emissions 365 carbon offset schemes 464 impact on alpine ski industry 160

urban air pollution 363–7 carbon taxes 463–4 impact on people and places 445–6

urban trees and green spaces 365 carbon trading 464 mitigation strategies 425, 459–63

albedo 425, 428, 430 changes in carbon stored in ice, oceans and Mount Everest 139–40

alternative energy sources 461, 482–4 the biosphere 441–3 potential impacts of temperature increase

anoxia 31 carbon footprints 631–2, 633 447–9

anthropogenic processes 425 carrying capacity 508 social problems 446

anti-immigration groups 603–6 cars 222, 382 sociopolitical effects 157

anti-natalist policies 412–16 central business districts (CBDs) 342 “three amigos” summit 459

China’s one-child policy 412–13 channels 8, 9, 23, 25 water–food–energy nexus 489–96

aquaculture 97 child and infant mortality rates 276–7 water shortages in dry areas 158

characteristics of aquaculture 99 chlorouorocarbons (CFCs) 430 closed drainage basins 2

global aquaculture 97–9 cholera 300 coastal deposition 72–3

aquifers 6–7, 35–6 domestic prevention and control measures beaches 75

arable farming 285 301 Palisadoes, Jamaica 74, 82

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) 135 risk factors 300 sand dunes 75, 76–7

arcuate deltas 14 role of WHO 301–2 spits 74

arêtes 118 treatment 301 coastal environments 65–70

arid environments 106 cinder volcanoes 166 coastal erosion 69–70

climate and human discomfort 112 circular economy 509, 510 cliffs 71–2

dunes 126 cirques 117–18 stacks 72

features of the arid landscape 126–7 city design 375–8 wave-cut platforms 70–1

hot, arid environments 123–7, 128–9, eco-city design 378–82 coastal management 79

131–3 Lagos, Nigeria 378 coral reefs 85–7

inaccessibility 112 managing hazard risk 377–8 cost-benet analysis of coastal defence

rainfall 112 urban waste management schemes 376 80–2

relief 112 urban water supplies 376 mangrove swamps 87–9

remoteness 112 civil societies 464–6, 568 Soufrière Marine Management Area

tourism in hot, arid areas 140–2 Arab Spring 611–12 (SMMA) 83–5

arroyos 127 Oxfam 640–2 coastal margins 51

atmosphere 426–7 People’s Global Action (PGA) 609–10 coastlines 51, 65–6

648

INDE X

advancing and retreating 75–6 debt relief 536–7, 538 drainage basins 1, 2–3

cold environments 107–8, 108–9 decarbonization 460 erosion, transportation and deposition

impacts of climate change 158–9 deation 125 10–13

tourism 137–40 deforestation 22–3 ows 5

cold upwelling currents 108 deindustrialization 357–9 inputs 4

commercial development 336 Detroit, USA 358–9 integrated drainage basin management

commercial farming 285 deltas 14–15 41–3

commercial land use 342–3 democracy 587 major ows and stores 3

industrial activity 342–3 demographic dividend 418–19 outputs 4–5

planning urban economic activity 344 after the democratic dividend 423 river discharge 7–10

communications 564–6 benets 419 river landforms 13–15

composite volcanoes 166 challenge of attaining the demographic stores 6–7

composting 500 dividend 419 drones (UAVs) 614, 623–4

conduction 427 Ethiopia 421 drought 29

contagious diffusion 295 family planning 419–20 drug trafcking 543–4

container transport 563–4 improved health, education and gender drumlins 119

continentality 108 equality 420 dual economies 347

continuum 334 recommended actions 420 dunes 75, 76–7, 126

conurbations 334 South Korea 421–2 Durkheim, Emile 506

convection 427 dependency ratios 402 dynamic equilibrium 67

coral reefs 85 older dependency ratio (ODR) 410

coastal protection 86 deposition 12–13 E

environmental and economic value 85–7 acid deposition 627–9 e-passports 614, 646

new medicines 86 coastal deposition 72–5 e-waste 502–3

products 86 glacial deposition 119–20 Earth’s atmosphere 426–9

tourism 86 desalination (desalinization) 46–7, 153–4 earthquakes 168–9, 176

corporate functions 340 desert environments 108, 109 building design 204–5

corporate missions 340 wind action in deserts 124–6 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes

corporate social responsibility (CSR) 580–2 work of water in deserts 124 2010–2012 189–91

Rana Plaza disaster, Bangladesh 581 desertication 106, 113–15, 143 controlling earthquakes 205

corrasion 10 causes of desertication 144–5 epicentre 168

corrosion 11 combating desertication 145–6 focus 168

counter-urbanization 330, 351–2 consequences of desertication 145 frequency and magnitude 180

counterfeit goods 541–2 development gap 387 Haiti’s earthquake, 2010 188–9

counterfeit food and drink 543 diasporas 568 hazards 172–3

fraudulent medicines 542 Chinese diaspora 595 human triggers 171–2

crowdsourcing 614, 643–4 diaspora tourism 260–1 liquefaction 173

cryosphere 7 Irish diaspora 595–6 plate boundaries 170

cultural diffusion 568 Syrian diaspora 596–7 predicting by animal behaviour 201

changing urban cultural landscape 593–4 diͿusion 265 safe houses 205

cultural change in the Andaman Islands disease diffusion 295 tsunamis 173

589–90 Hägerstrand’s diffusion curve 294 wave types 169–70

cultural change in Tibet 588 disasters 163, 196 eco-city design 378–9

Seoul, South Korea 594 disaster aid 25, 206–7 Beddington Zero Energy development

cultural imperialism 568, 586–7 identifying areas at risk 199 (BedZED) 379

criticisms 587 impacts of extreme events 198–9 C40 cities and climate change 380–1

culture 568 megadisasters 196–8 Chicago, USA 380

cultural traits 583 population growth and urban growth 199 managing waste 381

emerging global culture 583–6 predictions, forecasts and warnings 200–1 Masdar City, UAE 379

curative medicine 310 reconstructing Haiti 208 Tokyo, Japan 380

cybercrime 614 rescue, rehabilitation and reconstruction trafc management 381–2

hacking 616–17 207 urban ecological footprint 379

identity theft 617–19 using phones to track missing children ecological footprints 468, 471–3

implications of surveillance for personal 209 calculating ecological footprints 473

freedom 619–20 disease 280 high-income and low-income countries

threats to individuals and businesses cholera 300–2 474–5

615–16 degenerative diseases 280 economic development 336–7

cybersecurity 614, 645–6 diabetes pandemic 325–7 economic activity in cities 340–4

cyclones 58 disease diffusion 295 economic classications 390–1

Typhoon Haiyan 60–2 Global Burden of Disease, 2013 280–3 global patterns and classication 388–91

malaria 296–300 informal economic activities 330, 347–8

D national governments 310 reshoring of economic activity by TNCs

dams 24 prevention and treatment 325–7 642–3

Aswan Dam, Egypt 39–41 roles of organizations and governments Vietnam 470

Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) 308–10, 311–12 economic growth 35–6

36–7 Zika virus 295–6 ecosystem types 66

data ow patterns and trends 559–61 disintegration 123 ecotourism 212, 216, 256

new technologies 645–6 distance decay 295, 561 El Niño and La Niña 51, 56

649

INDE X

El Niño conditions in the Pacic Ocean international competition for resources food miles and a Christmas dinner 636

56–7 146–7 gender and food production in the

La Niña 57 oil conicts in the Middle East 150–1 developing world 315–16

managing the impacts of El Niño and La people 109–12 genetically modied food 322–3

Niña 57–8 sustainability 152–5 improved yields and environmental

normal conditions in the Pacic Ocean 56 Yamal megaproject and the Nenets of impacts 635

electricity generation 365 Siberia 148–9 in vitro meat 324

embedded water 468 land-use change and loss of biodiversity

emission reduction 365 F 635–6

agriculture 462 fair trade 579–80 photosynthetic efciency 288–90

carbon capture and sequestration (CSS) People Tree 580 vertical farming 323–4

462 famine 317–18 water footprints 290, 291

geo-engineering 461 famine in Ethiopia 318–19 food security 265, 468

ocean fertilization 462–3 farming 285–6 climate change 155–16

UN-REDD Programme 461–2 intensive commercial farming 287 Global Food Security Index 266–7

using alternatives to fossil fuels 461 intensive subsistence farming 287 improving food security in South Africa

endorheic drainage basins 2 vertical farming 323–4 494–6

energy consumption 479–80 feedback loops 431 national and multi-government

changing global energy demand 485–6 negative feedback 432 organizations 305–7

non-renewable energy sources 480–2 negative feedback in Greenland 432 non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

reduction 460–1 positive feedback 431–2 307–8

renewable energy sources 480, 482–4 female carers 316–17 roles of organizations and governments

energy e΀ciency 460 female carers in the USA 317 304–5

energy efciency ratio (EER) 288–90 fens 43 forced migration 406

energy security 468 eld capacity 6 Nigeria 408

ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) 51, 56 shing 92–3 Syria 407

environment 566–7 decline of sh stocks 94–5 types of forced migrant 406–7

environmental impacts of global ows Grand Banks, USA 95 foreign direct investment (FDI) 515, 544–50

630–8 illegal shing 97 formal activities 330

global agribusinesses 634–8 strategies for the European shing industry fossil fuels 461, 481–2

transboundary pollution (TBP) 627–9 95–6 freeze thaw weathering 69, 116, 120

epidemics 265, 280 occulation 14 freshwater 1, 6

epidemiology 265 ood 1, 10, 16 human pressures on 35–6

comparing changes in the USA, China and channel modications 23, 25 see also water

Afghanistan 282 deforestation 22–3 frictional effect of distance 295, 561

epidemiological transition 280–3 factors affecting ood risk 19–23 frictional resistance 8

implications of aging population 282–3 ood abatement 24 fuel shift 461

erosion 106, 109 ood hydrographs 1, 16–17

coastal erosion 69–70 ood mitigation 23–5 G

glacial erosion 116–18 ood plains 13, 19 G7 and G8 387, 524

river erosion 10–11 ood prediction and forecasting 25–6 G10 (Paris Club) 387

erratics 119–20 ooding in Bangladesh 452–5 G20 (Group of Twenty) 524–5

ethnicity 345 hydrological impact of urbanization 20–2 gender 261–2

European Union Common Agricultural Policy Mississippi, USA 26–7 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

(CAP) 306 planning 25 573–4

concentration 306 Thames Barrier, UK 82 Gender Inequality Index (GII) 574–5

demand 307 ows 5 Gender-related Development Index (GDI)

guaranteed markets 306 stream ow 8–9 573

guaranteed prices 306 food availability decit (FAD) 290 gender, food security and nutrition

intensication 306 food consumption 290–1 314–17

need for reform 307 changing dietary patterns in Brazil 313 literacy and gender equality policies in

specialization 306 factors affecting food consumption 292 Kerala, India 414–16

surpluses 307 global value chains 313–14 genetically modied food 322–3

eutrophication 31–2 impact of TNCs on food consumption gentrication 330, 350

dealing with eutrophication 32–3 313–14 gentrication and relocation in Cape Town,

stakeholders 33 Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa 292 South Africa 351

evaporation 4 Middle East 293 geo-engineering 461

evapotranspiration (EVT) 4–5 patterns and trends 478–9 geographic isolation 567

exclusive economic zones (EEZs) 89 targeting obesity 293–4 geology 11, 17

Ascension Island 89–90 food entitlement decit (FED) 291 coastal environments 65

exfoliation 123 food insecurity 304 geopolitics 614

expansion diffusion 295 Bangladesh 321 geopolitical constraints 606–9

extensive farming 285 food waste 321–2 glacial deposition 119–20

extreme environments 106, 107 long-term measures 320–1 glacial erosion 116–17

changing distribution 113–15 medium-term measures 320 landforms 117–18

climate change 155–61 short-term measures 320 glaciers 113, 439–40

conditions 108–9 food production 285–8 retreat of Swiss glaciers 440

global distribution 107–8 carbon footprints 631–2 Glastonbury Festival, UK 234–5

650

INDE X

environmental impacts 235 274–5 isostasy 51, 75

global brands 587 market orientation of care services 311

Coca-Cola 592 maternal mortality rates 277–9 J

McDonald’s restaurants 590–1 heat island effect 362–3 jet engines 563

global commons 51, 91, 212 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)

tragedy of the commons 509 initiative 538 K

global dimming 430–1 heritage tourism 239 KOF Index of Globalization 516–17

global village 515 Macchu Picchu 239–42 measures of economic globalization 517

global warming 425 hierarchical diffusion 295 measures of political globalization 518

changes in the global energy balance high-altitude environments 107–8, 108–9 measures of social globalization 517–18

430–2 environmental degradation around Mount Kyoto Protocol, 1997 458

feedback loops 431–2 Everest 137–40

globalization 515, 551, 613 tourism 137–40 L

alternatives to globalization 599–606 high-order functions 334 lakes 35–6

emerging global culture 583–6 high-order goods 334 land use 635–6

environmental impacts of global ows high-pressure conditions 108 urban land use 331–3, 341–4

630–8 hotspots (tourism) 225–30 land values 344–5

foreign direct investment (FDI) 515, hotspots (volcanoes) 177 landll sites 500–1

544–50 human development 568 landslides 178–9

geopolitical constraints 606–9 empowering indigenous people and managing landslides 194, 203–4

global lending institutions 526–9 minority groups 577–8 Nepal landslides, 2015 175

global organizations and groups 524–6 empowering women 576–7 language 584, 586

global trade in materials, manufactured Human Development Index (HDI) 571–2 leisure 212

goods and services 530–3 Human Poverty Index (HPI) 573 BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and

globalization indices 516–19 measuring gender inequality 573–5 China) 219

illegal ows 540–4 social entrepreneurship 578–82 changes in China’s leisure activities 221

increased globalization and renewed UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) changes in leisure in the USA 219–20

nationalism 625–6 510–13, 569–71 changing leisure patterns 213–15

international aid, loans and debt relief human impacts 11, 66 children combining work and leisure in

533–40 hunger 265 Sudan 218–19

multi-government organizations 552–8 Global Hunger Index (GHI) 267–70 costs and benets of large-scale events

patterns and trends in communication stunted growth/stunting 271 234–6

infrastructure 564–6 undernourished people 272–3 economic development and participation

physical environment 566–7 wasting 271–2 in leisure activities 217–20

rejection of globalized production 598–9 hurricanes 58–9 Glastonbury Festival, UK 234–5

“shrinking world” data ow patterns and impacts 59–60 participation rates 220–4, 258

trends 559–61 hydrates 91 levees 13–14, 25

transport developments over time 561–4 hydration 69 life expectancy 399–400

glocalization 568, 590–2 hydraulic action/impact 11, 70 Limits to Growth model 506–7

government and militia control 606 hydraulic radius 9 liquefaction 173

gradient 11 hydrographs 1, 16–17 lithology 65, 68

gravity 8 hydrological cycle 1, 3 littoral cell system 67

greenhouse effect 425, 429–30 load 11

enhanced greenhouse effect 425, 433–5 I loans 536

groundwater 6–7 ice 442–3 soft loan facilities 537

gyres 52 glaciers and icecaps 439–40 longshore drift 67

sea ice 438–9 loss-sharing 25

H identity theft 617–19 low-order functions 334

hacking 616–17 forms of identity theft in the UK 618 low-order goods 334

hanging valleys 118 in vitro meat 324 low-order services 334

hazards 163 indigenous peoples 106, 110

geographic factors 184–5 cultural change in the Andaman Islands M

hazard events 163, 183 589–90 Machu Picchu 239–40

hazard magnitude and recurrence 179–81 Mapajo Lodge, Bolivia 577–8 managing tourist pressure 241–2

human factors 181–3 industrial development 336 malaria 296–7

post-event management strategies 206–10 infant mortality rate (IMR) 277 antimalarial drug resistance 299

pre-event management strategies 203–6 infertility 106 cost of treating 298

preparation 202–3 inltration 5, 46 diagnosis and treatment 299

spatial distribution of geophysical hazard informal economic activities 330, 347–8 environmental preferences of Anopheles

events 176–9 exploitation of the informal sector 348 297

using phones for hazard mapping 209 insolation 427 insecticide resistance 299

health 265 insurance 25 life cycle of Plasmodium 297

access to health services 280, 310–11 intensive farming 285 population groups at risk 298

access to sanitation 279–80 interception 6 prevention 298–9

calculating HALE 275 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 527–8 surveillance 299

child and infant mortality rates 276–7 irrigation 33 symptoms 298

HALE in Canada 276 impacts 33–4 transmission 298

health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) precision irrigation systems 47 vaccines 300

651

INDE X

WHO strategy 300 negative segregation 345 P

malnutrition 265 network diͿusion 295 Panama Papers 623

indicators 271–3 New Development Bank 528–9 pandemics 265

Malthus, Thomas 504–5 nexus 468 diabetes pandemic 325–7

mangroves 87–8 climate change and the nexus 489–96 Paris Agreement, 2015 459

ow restoration 89 food, water and energy security in South Paris Club (G10) 387

generic protection 89 Asia 491–4 participation rates 220–4, 258

managed realignment 89 improving food security in South Africa pastoral farming 285

managing mangrove forests 88 494–6 patterned ground 122–3

pressures on mangroves 88 water–food–energy nexus 487–8 peaks 118

protected areas 89 nitrate vulnerable zones 47 peasant farming 285

restoration and afforestation 88 nitrogen 462 peatlands 43

mantle plumes 177 noise pollution 235, 367–8 people trafcking 416, 540–1

market forces 210 nomadic farming 285 criminal justice response 417–18

marshes 43 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) people with disabilities 417

mass movements 120–1, 173–4 307–8 refugees and migrants 417

causes 174–5 Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) 311–12 sexual and religious minorities 417

Nepal landslides, 2015 175 rise of NGOs 599–603 stateless people 417

meanders 13 non-renewable energy sources 480–2 trafcking of Nigerian women to Europe

media 587 North-South divide 387 418

megacities 334, 335–6 nuclear power 482–3 People’s Global Action (PGA) 609–10

megacity growth 404–5 nutrition transition 273–4 percolines 5

Mumbai, India 404–5 periglacial environments 106, 108, 110, 120

megalopolis 334 O exploitation 133–4

membrane chemistry 46 obesity 293–4 fragility 134

mesas 127 oceans 51 frost heave 134

methane 430, 462 abiotic resources 91–2 human impact 134–6

micronance 578–9 aquaculture 97–9 landforms and processes 120–2

migration 632 Arctic 103–4 permafrost 106, 120, 121

anti-immigration groups 603–6 Chinese expansion in the South China Sea building on permafrost 110

circular migration 394–5 102–3 transport 111

Denmark’s immigration laws 604 El Niño and La Niña 56–8 water supplies 111

forced migration 406–8 hurricanes and tropical cyclones 58–62 pH values 11

immigrants to the USA 633 hydrates 91 pH of seawater 63–4

internal migration in China 392 ocean acidication 63–4 photosynthetic efciency 288–90

internal migration in South Africa 393–5 ocean conveyor belt 54–5 pingos 122

“Jungle” in Calais, France 605–6 ocean currents 52–4 places 1, 27, 55

migrant labourers 393 ocean fertilization 462–3 climate change 425, 436

migration control in the USA 557–8 oil 91–2 coastal environments 51, 78

push and pull factors 350 overshing 92–7 extreme environments 106, 115

military-industrial complex 521–2, 523 plastic 101–2 ood risk 16

international arms sales 522 pollution 99–104 food and health 265, 266, 284

millionaire cities 334 radioactive waste 100 geophysical hazards 163, 185

hot, arid areas 131–3 source and store of carbon dioxide 62–4, globalization 515, 614

periglacial areas 133–4 441–2 human development 568, 583, 597

Rosemont Copper, Arizona, USA 132–3 specic heat capacity 54 leisure activities 212, 236

moisture availability 5 OECD (Organisation for Economic population 387

Moment Magnitude Scale (M) 180 Cooperation and Development) 525 resource consumption 468, 503

moraine 119 offshoring 515 urban environments 330, 348

movie location tourism 239 oil planetary albedo 428

multi-government organizations 552 Deepwater Horizon, Gulf of Mexico 92 plastic waste 101

economic migration controls and rules oil conicts in the Middle East 150–1 effect on wildlife 102

556–8 oil in Libya 151 photodegradation of plastics 101

export processing zones and free trade oil mining in Alaska 135 plate tectonics 164–5

zones 555–6 oil spills 91–2 earthquakes 170

Incheon free economic zone (IFEZ), South resource security in the Middle East 151 plucking 116

Korea 555–6 trans-Alaska pipeline 135 political developments 310, 336

NAFTA (North American Free Trade OPEC (Ofce of Petroleum Exporting pollution

Agreement) 553–5 Countries) 387, 526 manufacturing industries 633–4

trading blocs 552–5 open drainage basins 2–7 maquiladora development in Mexico 634

music 585 optimum population 508 noise pollution 235, 367–8

outsourcing 515 oceanic pollution 99–104

N over-population 508 transboundary pollution (TBP) 627–9

nanotechnology inÀltration 46 overshing 92–7 see air pollution

nationalism 625 overland ow 5 population 35–6, 387

Japan and China’s changing relationship Oxfam 640–2 contrasting views of population and

625 resources 504–8

Ukrainian crisis 626 factors affecting population distribution

652

INDE X

388 food and health 265, 303 resources 36–8, 146–7

optimum, over- and underpopulation 508 geophysical hazards 163, 164, 175 natural resource availability 566–7

population distribution in China 391–3 globalization 515, 552, 567, 614, 615 retail land use 341–2

population distribution in South Africa human development 568, 582 retail parks 341

393–5 leisure activities 212, 224 shopping areas and high streets 341

population potential 504 oceans 51, 52, 64 superstores 341

population change 396–7 population 387 return periods 179

ageing populations 409–12 resource consumption 468, 469, 486 risk management 163, 187, 195

anti-trafcking policies 416–18 subaerial and wave processes 68–70 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes

demographic dividend 418–23 urban environments 330, 359 2010–2012 189–91

doubling time 397 prot repatriation 614, 621 city design 377–8

life expectancy 399–400 protectionism 568, 607–8 disease 298, 300

natural increase 397 push and pull factors 350 earthquakes 204–5

population momentum 398 Haiti’s earthquake, 2010 188–9

population projections 398 Q managing landslides 194, 203–4

pro-natalist and anti-natalist policies quarrying 70 Mount Sinabung, Sumatra, Indonesia 193

412–16 risks to global supply-chain ows 620–2

total fertility rate 398–9 R Soufrière Hills, Montserrat 192–3

population ows see migration radiation 427 river deposition 12–13

population growth 199 incoming solar radiation 428–9 river discharge 1, 5, 7–8

population pyramids 401–2 long-wave radiation 429 channel roughness 9

ageing ratios 402–3 variations in solar radiation 430 channel shape 8, 9

dependency ratios 402 radioactive waste 100 inuence of geology 17

triangular graphs 402 rain-shadow effects 108 mean annual discharge 10

positive segregation 345 rainfall 112 river regimes and seasonality 18

possibilities 1 rainwater harvesting 48–9 stream ow 8–9

climate change 425, 466 Ramsar Convention 44–5 river erosion 10–11

extreme environments 106, 161 range 230, 334 river landforms 13–15

food and health 265, 328 re-urbanization 330, 350 river transportation 11–12

geophysical hazards 163, 209 recreation 86, 212, 216 rivers 35–6

globalization 614, 639, 647 recurrence intervals 179 rubbish tips 498–9

leisure activities 212, 263 recycling 499–500 run-off, surface 5

oceans 51, 104 water management 47

population 387, 409, 423 relief 112 S

resource consumption 468, 513 religion 584–5 salinization 33, 34

urban environments 330 relocation diffusion 295 salt crystallization 123

water management 39, 49 remittances 539–40 salt weathering 69

potential evapotranspiration (P.EVT) 5 renewable energy sources 480, 482 saltation 76

poverty advantages and disadvantages 483 sand dunes 75

Human Poverty Index (HPI) 573 biofuels 484 development 76–7

poverty reduction and the global middle hydroelectric power (HEP) 483 sanitation 279–80

class 469–71 solar power 484 scientic improvements 307

see also urban poverty tidal power 484 sea levels 51, 65–6

powers 1 wastes 484, 501 eustatic changes 51

climate change 425, 466 wind power 484 isostatic changes 51, 75

coastal management 51, 90 reservoirs 24 seafood 85

extreme environments 106, 142 reshoring 614 seawater desalination 46–7, 153–4

food and health 265, 319 reshoring of economic activity by TNCs sedentary farming 285

geophysical hazards 163, 195 642–3 sediment supply (coastal) 67–8

globalization 515, 516, 519, 613 residential areas 344–6 semi-arid environments 106, 108, 109,

human development 568, 569598 cities in Latin America 345 129–31

leisure activities 212, 251 ethnicity 345 shear strength 174

population 387, 409, 423 land values 344–5 shear stress 174

resource consumption 468, 513 physical factors 344 shield volcanoes 166

urban environments 330, 373 urban residential planning 345–6 shipping 630

water management 28, 38 resilience 163, 425, 614 shopping 341

precipitation 4 resilient city design 375–8 shore platforms 70–1

predatory sh 92 strategies to build resilience 642–4 slums 346–7

printing, 3D 614, 624 resource consumption 468, 471–5 contested land in Dharavia 369

pro-natalist policies 412–16 contrasting views of population and slum clearance in Rio 368

Russia 413–14 resources 504–8 smart cities 382–5

processes 1 resource nationalism 106, 568, 608–9 Songdo, South Korea 383–4

climate change 425, 426 Greenland 136 social development 336

coastal environments 65, 78 resource stewardship 509 social entrepreneurship 578–82

drainage basins 2, 15 circular economy 510 soil 6

erosion, transportation and deposition IB and the circular economy 509 solar power 154–5, 484

10–13 resource use in three industries 511 Sahara Desert project 154–5

extreme environments 106, 127 tragedy of the commons 509

653

INDE X

soliÁuction 73 data ows 645–6 transport developments over time 561–4

solution 11, 70 technological innovations, disruptive 623–4 transportation 11–12

Soufrière Marine Management Area (SMMA), television 585 troughs 118

St Lucia 83–5 temperature increase 447–9 tsunamis 173, 206

sovereignty rights of nations 89–90 thermokarst 122 turbulence (water ow) 8–9

new and emerging threats 621–4 threshold 230, 334 typhoons see cyclones

spatial interactions 466 throughfall 6

sphere of inÁuence 230, 334 throughow 5 U

spits 74 tides 67 UN Framework Convention on Climate

sports 212, 213, 585 till 119 Change, 1992 457–8

categorization of sporting activities 216–17 time–space convergence 561–3 UN-REDD Programme 461–2

changing gender roles 261–2 TNCs (transnational corporations) 243–4, 546 under-population 508

factors affecting participation 220–4 Apple Inc. and its supply chain 550 urban areas 330

factors affecting the geography of a power 546–7 urban circular system 330

national sports league 232–4 reshoring of economic activity by TNCs urban crime 370–1

Gaelic Games, ireland 233 642–3 managing urban crime 372–3

hosting international sporting events Tata Group 547–50 urban crime in Zanjan, Iran and Kaduna,

247–51 total fertility rate (TFR) 398 Nigeria 371

London 2012 Olympic Games and factors affecting family size 398–9 urban deprivation and regeneration in

Paralympic Games 248–50 tourism 212, 586 Barcelona 372

Paralympic Games 262 adventure tourism 237–9 urban ecological footprints 330

political and cultural inuences on Brecon Beacons, Wales, UK 253–4 urban growth 199, 338–40

international sport participation 258 carbon footprints 633 eco-city design 378–82

rugby in South Africa 232–3 categorization of activities 215–16 economic development 336–7

socio-economic factors 222–4 costs and benets as national development resilient city design 375–8

sport participation in the UK 223–4 strategy 244–7 smart cities 382–5

variations in the sphere of inuence diaspora tourism 260–1 urban growth projections for 2050 374–5

230–32 factors affecting participation 220–4 urban microclimates 360–1

squatter settlements 346–7 future international tourism 256–8 air pollution in Delhi, India 364

Occupy movement 369 heritage tourism 239–42 air pollution management strategies 365–7

stacks 72 high-altitude environments 137–40 air pollution patterns 363–4

stemow 6 human factors 222 depletion of urban green space 370

stores 6–7 impact of social media 259 managing air pollution in Mexico City

storm hydrographs 1, 16–17 international security 259–60 366–7

stream ow 8–9 intra-urban spatial patterns 232 Seoul, South Korea 363

velocity 9, 11 Killarney National Park, Ireland 228–30 urban heat island 361–3

street economies 347 Maldives 245–7 urban trees and green spaces 365

structural adjustment programmes 537 Monteverde cloud forest, Costa Rica urban places 331

structuralist thinking 181–2 257–8 factors affecting pattern of economic

subaerial processes 68–70 Mount Everest 139–40 activity in cities 340–4

subduction 165 movie location tourism 239 factors affecting the location of urban

subsistence farming 285 niche tourism 212, 237–42 residential areas 344–6

suburbanization 330, 351 Oxford, UK 226–7 function and land use 331–2

superpowers 515, 519, 523–4 physical factors 220 function of urban settlements 337–40

China 522–3 political, social and cultural factors 222 hierarchy of settlements 334–5

rising superpowers after 1991 520–2 primary recreational resources 216 land use in New York 332–3

USA 521–2 role of transnational corporations (TNCs) megacities 335–6

USA, the USSR and the Cold War, 1947–91 243–4 retail land use 341–2

519–20 rural and urban tourism hotspots 225–30, sites and situations 331

superstores 341 252–3 trafc congestion patterns 367–8

supply-chain ows 620–2 secondary recreational resources 216 urban poverty 346

surveillance 619–20 sustainability 212, 252, 254–6 contested land 368–9

sustainability 106, 265 tourism facilities in urban areas 232 informal economic activity 347–8

extreme environments 152–5 tourism in Nepal 138–9 measuring deprivation 346

sustainable utilization 45 tourism in small island developing states slums and squatter settlements 346–7

tourism 212, 252, 254–6 (SIDS) 245–7 see also poverty

UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Venice 252–3 urban renewal 330, 350

510–13, 569–71 Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico, USA 140–2 urbanization 16, 349

swamps 43 trade 530–3 deindustrialization 357

swash 66 expanding market access 538–9 hydrological impact of urbanization 20–2

national trade restrictions 607–8 natural increase 349–50

T trafc congestion 367–8 population movements 351–6

tax avoidance 621–2 trafc management rural–urban migration 350

Apple Inc. 622 Bolivia’s cable cars 381–2 Shanghai 352–6

Panama Papers 623 car-free Helsinki and Hamburg 382 urban sprawl 352

tax avoidance by the wealthy 622–3 social equity and transport planning 382 urban system growth 352

technological improvements 307 transboundary pollution (TBP) 627–9

transport 111

654

INDE X

V water ow in rivers 8–9 waterfalls 13

vegetation 6, 70 water footprints 290, 291 watershed 1

climax vegetation 77 water shortages in dry areas 158 waves 66

sand dune development 76–7 water table 6 subaerial and wave processes 68–70

velocity 9, 11 water vapour 430 wave refraction 66

vertical farming 323–4 water–food–energy nexus 489–96 wave-cut platforms 70–1

virtual water 468 work of water in deserts 124 wealth 222

water problems and ower farming in see also freshwater weathering 106, 116

Kenya 636–7 water layer weathering 69 coastal weathering 69

volcanoes 166, 176–7 water management 39 weathering in deserts 123

controlling volcanoes 205–6 community-level responses 45–9 wetlands 43–5

lava eruptions 167 costs and benets of dams 39–41 WHO (World Health Organization) 300,

measuring volcanoes 180–1 customer pricing 46 301–2

Mount Sinabung, Sumatra, Indonesia 193 integrated drainage basin management wilting point 6

predicting eruptions 201–2 41–3 wind

preparing for eruptions 202–3 mobile water treatment and recycling sand dune formation 76

pyroclastic eruptions 167 facilities 47 wind action in deserts 124–6

Soufrière Hills, Montserrat 192–3 new technologies 46–7 wind power 484

volcanic hazards 167–8 rainwater harvesting 48–9 women 261–2, 314–15

vulnerability 163, 182–3, 186–7, 425 smart monitoring 47 empowering 576–7

water purication 48 empowering women in Colombia 576–7

W water saving 45–6 female carers 316–17

wadis 127 wetlands 43–5 gender and food production in the

waste disposal 235, 496–7 zoning 47 developing world 315–16

composting 500 water quality 29, 30–1 inequality and discrimination against

energy from waste (EfW) or waste to eutrophication 31–3 women 315

energy )WTE) 501 human pressures on 35–6 total fertility rate (TFR) 398, 399

export of waste 501–3 irrigation 33–4 World Bank 526–7

global comparison of garbage 498 water scarcity 28–9 world sheries 92–3

hazards of working with rubbish 498 drought 29 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 639–40

incineration 501 economic water scarcity 1, 29

landll sites 500–1 internationally shared resources 36–8 Y

recycling 499–500 physical water scarcity 1, 29 yardangs 126

reduce and reuse 500 water diversion in China 37–8

rubbish tips 498–9 water problems and ower farming in Z

types of solid domestic waste 497–8 Kenya 636–7 zeugens 126

water 111 water quantity and water quality 29, 30–1

groundwater 6–7 water stress 30 Z

volume 8 water use 30 Zika virus 295–6

water consumption 475–7 water security 468

655

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GEO GR A PH Y 2 N D E D I T I O N

Fully addressing the latest syllabus at SL and HL , this 2017 edition, developed with the Authors
IB, includes all the core and optional themes. The focused approach simplies complex Garrett Nagle
ideas and provides clear explanations of concepts and conceptual connections. Briony Cooke
A range of visual materials builds and reinforces data analysis skills, and clear
language and denitions of key terms suppor ts EAL learners. Current, international FOR FIRST ASSESSMENT
case studies connect learning to global issues, fostering globally-aware learners. IN 2019
Practice questions develop assessment condence. Suppor t material available at
O xford course books are the only DP resources developed with the IB. www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/
This means that they are: 9780198396031
➜ The most comprehensive and accurate match to IB specifications
➜ Written by exper t and experienced IB examiners and teachers What's on the cover?
➜ Packed with accurate assessment suppor t, directly from the IB Tankers on the Paraná River
➜ Truly aligned with the IB philosophy, challenging learners with fresh and topical TOK in Santa Fe Province,
Argentina

Build critical and independent thought,
strengthening assessment potential

Global case studies keep learning fresh and
develop out ward-looking learners

Also available, 978 0 19 839604 8
from Oxford
978 0 19 839607 9

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