Revision and exam-style questions
either germinating or dead seeds. The results are 19 T able 19.1 shows the composition of 100 cm3
shown in Table 17.1. cow’s milk and goat’s milk.
Table 17.1 seeds temperature/°C relative rate of Table 19.1 cow’s milk goat’s milk
experiment respiration 290 320
germinating seeds 0 1 amount per 100 cm3 3.4 3.9
A germinating seeds 10 2 energy (kJ) 3.4 3.5
B germinating seeds 20 4 fat (g) 4.9 4.7
C dead seeds 20 0 protein (g) 110 120
D carbohydrate (g) 0.020 0.010
calcium (mg) 1.50 1.48
i Explain why it was important to include set iron (mg)
D in the experiment. [1] vitamin C (mg) 0.001 0.001
ii With reference to Table 17.1, describe vitamin D (mg)
the effect of temperature on the rates of a Using the information in Table 19.1,
respiration of germinating seeds. [2] i name two substances that are present in
iii Respiration is controlled by enzymes. Predict
and explain the rate of respiration of goat’s milk at higher concentrations [2]
than in cow’s milk
germinating seeds at a temperature of 60 °C. [2] ii name one mineral ion that is present in
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 cow’s milk at higher concentration than
Paper 21 Q5 Nov12) in goat’s milk [1]
iii suggest why goat’s milk provides more
18 Figure 18.1 shows the human skull, seen from energy per 100 cm3 than cow’s milk. [1]
the side. b i A healthy adult has to consume 90 mg of
vitamin C per day to meet their dietary
vitamin C requirement. An adult could get
all their daily vitamin C requirement from
drinking cow’s milk. Use the information
in Table 19.1 to calculate how much cow’s
milk would be needed.
mg vitamin C is present in 100 cm3
T1 cow’s milk so, mg vitamin C is
T2 present in 1 litre (1000 cm3) milk, so 90 mg
Figure 18.1 vitamin C is present in litres of milk.
milk required = litres per day [2]
ii Use your answer to state whether cow’s
a Name the type of tooth labelled T1. [1] milk is a good dietary source of vitamin C.
b D escribe how tooth T2 is different from
tooth T1 in its structure and in its function. [2] Explain your answer. [1]
iii State the deficiency symptoms that result
c Explain why it is important to chew food from a diet that does not contain enough
that we eat. [2]
d Explain how regular brushing of the teeth vitamin C. [2]
c i Milk contains no dietary fibre (roughage).
helps to prevent tooth decay. [2] State the importance of fibre in the diet. [1]
e A part from brushing the teeth, state two
other ways in which tooth decay can be ii Name a food that is a good source of
dietary fibre. [1]
prevented. [2]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 22 Q12 May 15) Paper 23 Q1 Nov 15)
20 A student used the apparatus shown in
Figure 20.1 to study the transpiration rate in a
leafy shoot. As water vapour is transpired from
486
Co-ordinated Sciences
the leaves, water is drawn through the apparatus. iii Using the three values found in aii, calculate
The rate of movement of the small bubble along the average distance moved by the bubble
the tube is used as an indication of the rate of per minute and enter this value in column 5
transpiration. The student wanted to find which of Table 20.1. [1]
surface of the leaves lost the greater amount of
water vapour. The student did two experiments, scale (cm)
the first with the leaves untreated and a second
with grease applied to the upper surface of the first reading 5 4 3 2 1 0
leaves.
scale (cm)
leafy shoot second reading 5 4 3 2 1 0
scale (cm)
third reading 5 4 3 2 1 0
grease reservoir Figure 20.2
water
scale (cm) b The student then applied grease to all of the
5 4 3 2 1 0 air bubble upper surfaces of the leaves to prevent loss of
water vapour.
• He added water from the reservoir to return
the bubble to zero.
bubble moves • He repeated the procedure as in part a and
in this direction calculated a new average distance moved by
Figure 20.1 the bubble per minute. This new value was
a The student prepared the shoot by cutting the 1.2 cm.
stem under water. i Use the average value from aiii and the
• He placed the shoot in the rubber tubing average value given in b to calculate the
at the top of the apparatus as shown in percentage of water vapour loss that took
Figure 20.1. place from the lower surface of the leaf. [2]
• He added water from the reservoir to move ii The student concluded that the rest of
the bubble to the zero mark. the water vapour was lost from the upper
• He then started timing. surface of the leaf. Describe what the
• He read the position of the bubble every student could do to confirm this. [1]
minute for three minutes and recording the c Study column 4 of the Table 20.1. The three
readings in Table 20.1. values for the distance the bubble moved per
minute are not identical to each other. Suggest
Table 20.1
condition time/ reading distance moved average distance two environmental conditions that could cause
of leaves minutes
on scale/ by bubble per moved by bubble the differences. [2]
untreated 1
2 cm minute/cm per minute/cm d i Explain why the student cut the stem of the
3
leafy shoot under water before putting it [1]
into the apparatus.
ii Suggest a possible reason why the amount of
i Take the readings from the scales illustrated water taken up by the plant shoot may not
be exactly the same as the amount lost by
in Figure 20.2 and record them in transpiration. [1]
Table 20.1. Read the value from the left
side of the bubble. [1]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
ii Calculate the distance moved by the bubble Paper 61 Q4 Nov12)
during each minute and enter the values in
column 4 of Table 20.1. [1]
487
Revision and exam-style questions
21 Figure 21.1 shows a selection through a blood i Complete the diagram of the root by
capillary. drawing in the positions of the xylem and
the phloem tissues and labelling them. [3]
Cell A Cell B
ii State the function of the phloem. [1]
Figure 21.1 d Plants absorb water from the soil. Name the
a Describe how cell A transports oxygen. [2] plant cells that take up most of this water. [1]
b Describe the function of cell B. [2] (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
c Outline the functions of a blood capillary. [2] Paper 21 Q4 Nov 14)
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 23 P art of a plant shoot was cut, and then placed
in a beaker of coloured water, as shown in
Paper 22 Q6 May 13) Figure 23.1.
leaf
22 a Define the term transpiration. [2]
b Figure 22.1 shows xylem vessels from the
stem
stem of a plant as seen in longitudinal section.
coloured water
xylem vessel cell wall Figure 23.1
After two hours, the shoot was removed.
Figure 23.2 shows what the shoot looked like.
leaf
Figure 22.1 areas stained
by the coloured
i On Figure 22.1 draw an arrow to show stem water
the direction in which water flows
through the xylem vessel. [1]
ii Name one other substance, apart from water,
that is transported through xylem vessels. [1]
c Figure 22.2 shows a stem and a root in Figure 23.2
transverse section. On the stem, the positions a N ame the main tissue that has been stained
by the coloured water. [1]
of the xylem and the phloem tissues have been b T he movement of the coloured water is
labelled.
caused by transpiration. Describe the process
of transpiration. You should use these terms in
phloem your explanation.
xylem
evaporation mesophyll stomata vapour [3]
transverse section transverse section c S uggest how the result shown in Figure 23.2,
of stem of root would have been different if the cut shoot
had been left for two hours in more humid
Figure 22.2 conditions. [1]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 23 Q7 Nov 15)
488
Co-ordinated sciences
24 Figure 24.1 shows the contents of the human b State the time in Figure 25.1 at which the
thorax (chest). carbon dioxide concentration is lowest. [1]
c During exercise, the blood flow to the
muscles increases. Explain why this increased
blood flow is important during exercise. [2]
d Training increases the number of red blood
cells in an athlete’s body. Suggest how this
affects the amount of lactic acid produced
when an athlete is sprinting. Explain
your answer. [2]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Figure 24.1 Paper 21 Q7 Nov 14)
a On Figure 24.1, name structures A and B. [2] 26 a A student wants to find out the largest volume
b Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the of air that he can breathe out in one breath.
alveoli inside the lungs. Carbon dioxide This is called the vital capacity. Describe how
diffuses into the alveoli from the blood. he could use the apparatus in Figure 26.1
i Define the term diffusion. [2] to do this. [3]
ii Name the component of blood that
transports dissolved carbon dioxide. [1] clamp
4 dm3
iii When a person is doing vigorous exercise, the rubber tubing 3
2
concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood 1
increases. Explain why this happens. [2]
iv Suggest how this will affect the rate of
diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood water
to the alveoli. Explain your answer. [2]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 23 Q10 Nov 13)
stand
25 Figure 25.1 shows the concentration of carbon Figure 26.1
dioxide in a muscle cell of an athlete before,
during and after a period of exercise. b Suggest how he could check the reliability [2]
of his results.
c i The teacher suggests that there is a
concentration of carbon period of exercise
dioxide
relationship between a person’s height and
vital capacity. Plan an experiment to test this
hypothesis. [2]
ii Describe how you would present your
results to show any relationship. You
may wish to draw a suitable table. [1]
d Another student has two gas jars. One jar
contains exhaled air and the other jar contains
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 inhaled air. She places a lighted candle inside
time/minutes each jar. Suggest and explain the difference
Figure 25.1 in results from the two samples of air. [2]
a i Name the process that produces carbon (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
dioxide in cells. [1] Paper 61 Q4 Nov 14)
ii Complete the word equation for this
process.
+ → + carbon [2]
dioxide
489
Revision and exam-style questions
27 A student is investigating respiration in yeast d She removes test-tube A from the water
cells. She uses the indicator methylene blue to bath and shakes it vigorously until it froths.
measure the rate of respiration. A solution of Describe and explain what you would
methylene blue is decolourised when oxygen expect to observe. [2]
is removed by respiration. She sets up three
test-tubes labelled A, B and C as shown in (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Figure 27.1.
Paper 63 Q1 May 15)
28 Figure 28.1 shows apparatus that can be used
to compare the composition of inspired and
expired air.
test-tube A test-tube B test-tube C air entering the air leaving the
2 cm3 yeast solution apparatus apparatus
2 cm3 glucose solution
0 cm3 distilled water 2 cm3 yeast solution 2 cm3 boiled yeast solution
0 cm3 glucose solution 2 cm3 glucose solution
2 cm3 distilled water 0 cm3 distilled water
tube P
Figure 27.1 tube Q
• She places the three test-tubes in a water bath tube R
at 35 °C for 5 minutes.
limewater
• She adds 2 cm3 methylene blue indicator to
each test-tube. test-tube A test-tube B
• She starts a stopclock. Figure 28.1
• She observes the colour of each test-tube each
a A person breathes slowly in and out of the
minute for 6 minutes.
Results
The indicator in test-tube A decolourised at
2 minutes.
The indicator in test-tube B decolourised at
5 minutes.
There is no change in test-tube C.
a E xplain why there is no change in
test-tube C. [1]
b U se all the information given above to
complete the heading for column 1 and the
observations in Table 27.1.
Table 27.1 apparatus at tube P for half a minute, as
colour in shown in Figure 28.1.
test-tube A colour in colour in i On Figure 28.1, draw two arrows to
test-tube B test-tube C show the directions of air flow in tubes
1 blue
2 blue blue
3 Q and R while the person is breathing in
and out through the apparatus. [1]
4 ii As the person breathes in and out, the
composition of the air flowing into the
5 apparatus tube P is different from the air
6
c i Explain why distilled water is added leaving the apparatus through tube P.
State two of these differences for the air
to test-tube B. [1] leaving the apparatus. [2]
ii Describe and explain the difference in
results for test-tubes A and B. [2] iii Describe what you would expect to
observe in the limewater in test-tube A
and in test-tube B after half a minute. [2]
490
Co-ordinated Sciences
iv Assume that the change that you predicted 30 a Each time a human child is born, there is an
equal chance that it will be a boy or a girl.
in aiii occurs. State what could then be Complete the genetic diagram to
concluded from this experiment. [1]
b Suggest and explain how the results of this explain why. [3]
experiment would be different if the person sex of parents female male
breathing through the apparatus had just genotype of parents XX
finished some vigorous exercise. [2]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 gametes and
Paper 31 Q3 May 15)
29 Figure 29.1 shows the structure of the human gametes from woman
eye as seen in horizontal section.
VW gametes
from man
Z
Y b Hawksbill turtles are an endangered species.
They lay their eggs in nests in the sand on a
X beach.
Figure 29.1
sand
a Name the parts of the eye labelled V sea
and W. [2]
The sex of hawksbill turtles is determined by
b Figure 29.2 shows an eye as seen from the the temperature of the sand in which the eggs
front. Label Figure 29.2 to show which parts develop.
correspond to the structures labelled, X, Y and • At 29 °C, equal numbers of males and females
Z in Fig 29.1. One has been done for you. [2] develop.
• Higher temperatures produce more females.
Z • Lower temperatures produce more males.
Figure 29.2 i Researchers measured the temperature, at a
depth of 30 cm, in two different parts of a
c Complete Table 29.1 to show what happens beach, on Antigua, where hawksbill turtles
when the eye changes its focus from a distant lay their eggs. The results are shown in
object to a near object. Figure 30.1. The tops of the bars represent
the mean temperature.
Table 29.1
structure change when starting to focus on a near
object
ciliary muscles
suspensory ligaments
lens – shape
lens – focal length decreased
d Older people often find it difficult to focus
on near objects, although they are still able
to focus well on distant objects. Suggest and
explain a reason for this. [2]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 31 Q10 May 15)
491
Revision and exam-style questions
30.0 a i Name parts C and D. [2]
ii State the functions of parts A and B. [1]
iii On Figure 31.1, use a label line and
mean temperature /°C the letter S to indicate where the male
29.0 gametes are made. [1]
b The sex of a baby is determined by
the X and Y chromosomes.
i Name the part of a cell in which
28.0
the X and Y chromosomes are found. [1]
ii Describe how the sex of a human baby is
inherited. [2]
27.0 c The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Figure 30.1 open sand forest can be transmitted during sexual intercourse.
part of beach Outline two other ways in which HIV can be
With reference to Figure 30.1, describe transmitted. [2]
the effect of the presence of trees on the (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
temperature of the sand. [2] Paper 21 Q8 Nov 12)
ii The researchers counted the proportion of 32 In an experiment to investigate some of the
male and female turtles hatching from nests conditions needed for seed germination, four
in the two different parts of the beach. The Petri dishes were set up as shown in Figure 32.1.
results are shown in Table 30.1. Each Petri dish contains some pea seeds. The
seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours before
Table 30.1 being placed in the dishes. The four Petri dishes
were treated as follows.
part of nests producing nests producing nests producing
beach more males than more females equal number of pea seeds
females than males females and males
open sand
in forest 0 16 0
36 0 0
Use information in Figure 30.1 to explain in the light dry cotton wool in the light wet cotton wool
the results for nests in open sand and in dish A dish B
forest, shown in Table 30.1. [2] light-proof cover
light-proof cover
iii Suggest why hawksbill turtles might
become extinct if all the forest by the
beaches are cut down. [2] in the dark dry cotton wool in the dark wet cotton wool
dish C dish D
c State two harmful effects to the environment, Figure 32.1
other than extinction of the species, that can • Dish A was left in the light, with the seeds on
result from deforestation. [2] dry cotton wool.
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 • Dish B was left in the light, with the seeds on
wet cotton wool.
Paper 22 Q6 May 2012)
• Dish C was left in the dark, with the seeds on
31 Figure 31.1 shows the male reproductive system. dry cotton wool.
A • Dish D was left in the dark, with the seeds on
B wet cotton wool.
The dishes were then left for 10 days. After 10
days, when the covers were removed, the results
were as shown in Figure 32.2.
C
D
Figure 31.1
492
Petri dishes Co-ordinated Sciences
cotton wool
A
seeds B
in the light, dry cotton wool in the light, wet cotton wool C
dish A dish B pea seed
Petri dishes
cotton wool
Figure 33.1
seeds i Explain the meaning of each of the
following terms:
gamete
in the dark, dry cotton wool in the dark, wet cotton wool fertilisation [2]
dish C dish D ii Parts A and B in Figure 33.1 remain
Figure 32.2 from the flower.
a Examine Figure 32.2 and make a note of State the name of part A and function
i the total number of seeds in each dish of part B of these parts in the flower. [2]
ii the number of seeds that have begun to iii Suggest the part of the flower from
germinate as indicated by the clear emergence which structure C developed. [1]
of a radicle (young root) from any seed. b F our sets of pea seeds were placed in Petri
Record these numbers in Table 32.1. [2] dishes containing either damp soil or damp filter
paper. They were left in different conditions,
Table 32.1
petri dish AB C D shown in Table 33.1. Predict which sets of seeds
total number of seeds in will germinate. Explain your answer. [3]
the dish
number of germinating Table 33.1
seeds in the dish
set conditions
b Use the results to write conclusions about A damp soil cold dark
whether light and water are needed for the B damp filter paper warm light
germination of pea seeds. [2] C damp filter paper warm dark
c Explain why several seeds were placed in each D damp soil cold light
dish, rather than just one seed. [1] c A pea seed was planted in a pot. When the
d Suggest two other environmental conditions, seed had grown into a young plant, the pot
apart from light and water, that could be was placed on its side, in a room where light
important for the germination of pea seeds. [2] was coming in from all sides. Figure 33.2
shows the young pea plant three days after the
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 pot had been placed on its side.
Paper 61 Q1 a,b,c & d Nov 12)
33 a The ovary of a flower contains one or more
ovules. The ovules contain female gametes.
After fertilisation, an ovule becomes a seed
containing an embryo plant. Figure 33.1
shows a pea seed developing inside a pod.
Figure 33.2
493
Revision and exam-style questions
i Name the response shown by the pea i Describe how you would carry out the
plant in Figure 33.2. [2] Benedict’s test. [1]
ii Suggest how this response will help ii State the function of the petals of
the plant to reproduce sexually. [3] this flower. [1]
iii Suggest how the following features help
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 the function of the flower:
Paper 22 Q8 May 13) • the colour of the petal, before carrying
34 a Figure 34.1 shows a flower seen in out the Benedict’s test,
longitudinal section. • the lines and markings, labelled M. [2]
iv State your conclusion from the results
of the Benedict’s test. Explain the
significance of this in relation to your
answers to ii and iii. [2]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 61 Q1 May 13)
35 A student was investigating the structure of
plants. The student had a bean seedling. It is
shown in Figure 35.1.
Figure 34.1
i Make a large, clear pencil drawing of Figure 35.1
this flower. [2]
ii On your drawing, label a stamen and the
carpel. Next to each of these labels, state
(in brackets) whether the part is male
or female. [2]
b A student took a petal of a different flower
and tested it for the presence of reducing
sugar, using Benedict’s test. Figure 34.2
shows the appearance of the petal before and
after carrying out the Benedict’s test.
yellow yellow a i Make a large drawing of the seedling. [2]
ii Measure to the nearest millimetre the
brown brown complete length of the seedling in the
M photograph in Figure 35.1.
brown brown length = mm [1]
white white iii Measure to the nearest millimetre the
before Benbeedfioctr’es tBeesntedict’s test complete length of the seedling in your
green green drawing.
Figure 34.2
red red l ength of drawing = mm [1]
after Benedaifctte’sr tBeesntedict’s test iv Calculate the magnification of your
drawing.
magnification = [1]
b The student then prepared a slide of a transverse
section of the root of the bean seedling.
494
Co-ordinated Sciences
Figure 35.2 shows the distribution of the 37 F igure 37.1 shows the female reproductive system.
different tissues in this root using a microscope.
W
Figure 35.2
i Draw a clear straight line on your diagram Figure 37.1
in ai to represent the transverse section
that the student made. [1] a Name the part of the female reproductive
ii Label the xylem tissue on Figure 35.2. [1] system in which the female gametes are
c Outline a method the student could use to produced. [1]
find where the xylem tissue is distributed in
the stem of the bean seedling. [3] b i Name the tubes labelled W. [1]
ii Infertility in women can sometimes
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 be caused by the tubes W becoming
blocked. Explain why this would lead
Paper 61 Q4 Nov 13) to infertility. [1]
36 F igure 36.1 shows some of the stages in human c T he female reproductive system produces
reproduction. hormones.
i Define a hormone. [3]
body cell body cell ii On Figure 37.1, use a label line to name
in organ V in ovary and identify the part that produces
hormones. [1]
Z (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 22 Q7 May 15)
sperm cell cell W
X 38 Figure 38.1 shows a strawberry plant.
zygote X
Y
embryo new plant
developing
Figure 36.1 Y
strawberry
a N ame organ V and cell W. [2]
b N ame the process that is occurring at X. [1]
c S tate what type of nuclear division is occurring
when the cells divide at Y and Z. [2] stem growing along
the ground
d The nucleus of the cell in the ovary contains Figure 38.1
46 chromosomes. State the number of
chromosomes present in the nuclei of: a A stem of the strawberry plant is growing along
the ground, with a new plant developing at the
• cell W end of this stem.
• a cell from the embryo. [2]
i Name the type of reproduction shown
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 by this process. [1]
Paper 33 Q7 Nov 2014)
495
Revision and exam-style questions
ii Explain why the new plant will produce Figure 39.1. With the help of the scale bar on
exactly the same type of strawberries as the slide of Figure 39.1, calculate the actual
the parent plant. [1] length of the pollen tube. Show your working.
b The strawberry plant has leaves and flowers. Total length of pollen tube on image
State the main function of (X–Y–Z) = mm [2]
i the leaves [1] Actual length of X–Y–Z = mm [2]
ii the flowers. [1] b A student investigates the effect of different
c Using Figure 38.1, name strength sugar solutions on the growth of
i the part of the flower labelled X [1] pollen tubes.
ii the leaf-like structure above the • He places a drop of sugar solution on a
strawberry, labelled Y. [1] microscope slide and adds pollen grains to it.
d Figure 38.2 shows an insect called a strawberry • He leaves the slide in a warm place for an
blossom weevil. The strawberry blossom hour and then looks at the slide using the
weevil destroys some of the strawberry microscope.
flowers. Explain why these blossom weevils • He counts the number of pollen grains that he
will reduce the amount of fruit produced by a can see and then calculates the percentage that
strawberry plant. [1] have pollen tubes.
His results are shown in Table 39.1.
Figure 38.2 Table 39.1 % of pollen grains with pollen tubes
experiment 1 experiment 2 experiment 3 average
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 concentration
Paper 23 Q5 Nov 15) of sugar 0 0 0 0
solution 36 28 32
(mol/dm3) 72 68 76
0 49 41 45
0.25 10 7 13
0.50
0.75
1
Complete the last column of Table 39.1. [1]
c i U se Table 39.1 to plot a graph of average
percentage of pollen grains with tubes
39 I n a flower, ripe stigmas produce a fluid (vertical axis) against sugar concentration.
containing sugar. The sugar stimulates pollen Draw a best-fit curve. [4]
grains that land on a stigma to grow pollen ii Use your graph to suggest the best
tubes. These pollen tubes allow the nucleus from concentration of sugar for pollen
the pollen to travel to the egg (ovum) in the tube growth. [1]
ovary so that fertilisation can take place. Pollen
tubes can be observed using a light microscope. (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Figure 39.1 shows a photograph of some of
these pollen tubes. Paper 62 Q4 Nov 15)
pollen pollen 40 Figure 40.1 shows an animal cell, just before it
grain tube divides.
Z cell membrane
XY cytoplasm
0.2 mm
Figure 39.1 chromosome
a Measure and record the total length of the Figure 40.1
pollen tube as indicated by the line X–Y–Z on
496
Co-ordinated Sciences
a D efine the term chromosome. [2]
b S ome cattle have horns, but other cattle
do not. This is determined by a gene. The
allele of the gene that produces horns, h, is
recessive.
i Complete Table 40.1 to show the
phenotypes of cattle with each of the
possible genotypes for this gene.
Table 40.1 phenotype a Complete Table 41.1 to show the possible
no horns genotypes and colours arising from
genotype
HH this gene. [2]
Hh
hh Table 41.1
genotype
ii A farmer has a bull with no horns. AA colour
He wants to make sure that the bull does
not have the recessive allele, h, for horns. Aa normal
He breeds the bull with a cow that has albino
horns. Complete the genetic diagram to b State the correct biological term of the visible
show the possible offspring if the bull
does have the allele for horns. [3] appearance produced by the genotype, in this
case the colour of the snake. [1]
c i Complete the genetic diagram to explain
parents bull with no horns cow with no horns the results of crossing two snakes that
hh
genotype of parents Hh are heterozygous for these alleles. [3]
gametes and genotype of parents Aa and
gametes from cow gametes and and
gametes from one parent
gametes
from bull
iii Explain how the results of the cross can gametes from
help the farmer to decide whether the the other parent
bull has the allele h or not. [2]
iv Cows usually give birth to one or two
calves each time. Explain why the farmer
needs to cross the bull with the cow several ii State the ratio of offspring that you
would expect from this cross.
times before he can be sure whether the Ratio of normal : albino offspring
bull has the allele h or not. [2]
= : [1]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 d A breeder has several snakes with normal
Paper 22 Q3 May 13) colouring. Suggest how she can find out
41 B all pythons (royal pythons) are snakes that are whether a particular snake is homozygous or
kept as pets in many parts of the world. The heterozygous. [2]
colour of a ball python is determined by its
genes. Some ball pythons are albino (white). (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
This is caused by a recessive allele, a. The
dominant allele, A, gives normal colouring. Paper 23 Q7 Nov 13)
497
Revision and exam-style questions
42 a U se the words in the list to complete the 43 On a farm, the wheat yield from one field was
sentences, which are about evolution. You recorded over a period of sixty years. Figure 43.1
may use each word once, more than once or shows the results.
not at all.
adaptation reproduction respond 700
selection survive variation
600
Organisms show , which means that mean yield 500
no two individuals are exactly alike. Some g/m2
individuals show better to their
environment, and these individuals are more 400
likely to and reproduce. This may
lead to evolution as a result of the process
300
of natural . [4]
b Table 42.1 shows, for a species of bacterium,
the percentage of bacteria that were resistant 200
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
year
to the antibiotic penicillin. The data are for
samples of bacteria taken in two different
countries in the years 1980 and 2010. Figure 43.1
Table 42.1 a i State in which year the yield from
this field was lowest. [1]
ii Calculate how much the mean yield
country A country B
4
percentage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria 3 increased between 1950 and 2010.
in 1980 54 12 yield increase g/m2 [1]
b i It is suggested that the increase in yield
percentage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria shown in Figure 43.1 was caused by
in 2010
i Compare the incidence of antibiotic- artificial selection. Describe how artificial
selection would have been carried out. [2]
resistance in the two countries ii Suggest two other possible explanations
• in 1980
• in 2010. [2] of the increase in yield that do not
involve artificial selection. [2]
ii In both countries, antibiotic-resistance c S uggest a possible reason for the results that
increased between 1980 and 2010. Use
the idea of evolution to explain how this were obtained in 1955 and 1995. [1]
d In addition to yield, give one other characteristic
may have happened. [3] of wheat plants that farmers might try to
iii Suggest a reason why resistance to
antibiotics increased faster in country A improve through artificial selection. [1]
than in country B. [1] (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 Paper 22 Q5 May 15)
Paper 33 Q1 Nov 14) 44 Figure 44.1 shows an okapi. Okapis are rare
animals. Their habitat is in the forests of
central Africa.
Figure 44.1
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Co-ordinated Sciences
Okapis are threatened with extinction. The two respond to vibrations in the ground by
main causes of this are hunting and the cutting crawling out of their burrows onto the soil
down of trees by humans. surface.
a i State the term for the cutting down of
large numbers of trees by humans. [1]
ii Suggest two reasons why humans cut
down large numbers of trees in the
forests of central Africa. [2]
b Suggest two ways in which the extinction
of the okapi could be prevented. [2]
c Figure 44.2 shows a food chain that
includes the okapi.
tree leaves okapi leopard A student investigated the effect of different
frequencies of vibrations on the numbers
Figure 44.2 of earthworms that emerged from the soil.
Figure 45.2 shows this result.
If the okapi became extinct, explain how this
would affect 30
i the trees in the forest [1] number of earthworms
ii the leopards. [1] emerging 20
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 10
Paper 23 Q10 Nov 15)
45 a Figure 45.1 shows part of the carbon cycle. 0
carbon dioxide A 0 200 400 600 800 1000
in the air frequency of vibrations/Hz
E B Figure 45.2
carbon-containing D carbon-containing i Describe the effect of different
F compounds compounds frequencies of vibrations on the numbers
of earthworms emerging. [2]
in animals in plants
ii Fishermen catch large numbers of
earthworms to use as bait. There are
carbon-containing C concerns that too many worms are being
compounds in collected in some parts of Florida, USA.
bacteria and fungi
Figure 45.1 Suggest why it is important to conserve
earthworms. [2]
i State the letter or letters A, B, C, D, E iii Moles are predators that live underground
or F that represent and eat earthworms. When moles burrow
• photosynthesis through the ground, they produce
• respiration [2] vibrations of around 500 Hz. Explain why
ii Name one carbon-containing the genes of earthworms that respond to
compound in plants. [1] vibrations of this frequency have a strong
iii State the approximate percentage of chance of being passed on to the next
carbon dioxide in the air. [1] generation. [2]
b Earthworms play an important part in the (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
carbon cycle. They eat dead leaves, and egest
material containing plant nutrients in the soil. Paper 21 Q2 Nov12)
Explain the meaning of the term egest. [2] 46 Figure 46.1 shows a food chain. The arrows
c In Florida, USA, some people collect show how energy flows from one organism to
earthworms by vibrating the soil. Earthworms
another, along the chain.
499
ReVisiOn anD exam-style questiOns
a Fill in the empty boxes in Figure 47.1, naming
the processes involved in the carbon cycle.
Chose words from the list. You may use each
word once, more than once, or not at all.
breathing combustion decomposition
photosynthesis respiration transpiration [3]
grass sheep
man b Add an arrow to Figure 47.1 to show how [1]
animals obtain their carbon.
Figure 46.1 c Use the ideas of the carbon cycle to explain
a Energy enters the food chain as sunlight. Plant why, in a deciduous (temperate) forest,
the carbon dioxide concentration in the
leaves use this energy to make food. atmosphere:
i Name the substance in the leaves of a
plant that absorbs this energy. [1] • falls slightly in spring and summer
• rises again in the autumn. [2]
ii Name the two raw materials that d In many parts of the world, large areas of
the plant uses to make food. [2]
iii Name the gas released from plant forest are being cut down. With reference to
Figure 47.1 explain why the carbon dioxide
leaves during this process. [1] concentration of the atmosphere might be
b A sheep is a herbivore. Define the term
herbivore. [2] affected by this. [2]
c Meat from the sheep contains protein. (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Describe the importance of protein in Paper 22 Q3 May 15)
the diet. [2] 48 a Figure 48.1 shows part of a food web in
d In the cells of the plant, sheep and man, useful the forest ecosystem around Chernobyl, in
energy is released from the food by respiration. Ukraine.
Some of the energy is released as heat. Explain
why the following changes occur when the
spiders dragonflies
man’s body temperature rises too high.
• T he arterioles near the surface of his skin dilate.
• His sweat glands produce more sweat. [4] bees grasshoppers
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 22 Q11 May13) plants
47 Figure 47.1 shows part of the carbon cycle. Figure 48.1
carbon dioxide i Define the term ecosystem. [2]
ii What do the arrows in the food web
represent? [1]
iii State the trophic level at which spiders
respiration feed. [1]
plants animals iv The food web shows that bees depend
death death on plants. Some species of flowering
decay plants also depend on bees and other
insects. Explain how bees help flowering
dead and plant species to survive. [3]
decaying matter
b In 1986, major errors by operators resulted
in a huge explosion of the Chernobyl
fossilisation
nuclear reactor. Radioactive substances were
released into the environment. One of the
main radioactive substances released was
fossil fuels caesium-137. When caesium-137 decays,
Figure 47.1
500
Co-ordinated Sciences
it forms barium-137. Table 48.1 shows • She adds 5 cm3 starch solution to the
information about the radioactive decay of conical flask.
caesium-137 and barium-137.
• She starts the timer as she adds 5 cm3 of the
Table 48.1 reducing agent to the conical flask.
caesium-137 barium-137 • She stops the timer when the mixture goes
blue-black.
radiation emitted β (beta) γ (gamma)
half-life 30 years 2.5 minutes • She records the time taken, to the nearest
second, for the mixture to go blue-black in
i Explain why the area around Chernobyl Table 1.1.
still has high levels of both β and γ
radiation today, more than 26 years after • She repeats the experiment four times varying
the explosion. [3] the volumes of potassium iodate solution and
ii Complete the equation to show water as shown in Table 1.1.
how caesium-137 decays to form [2] Table 1.1 volume water/cm3 time/s 1
barium-137. volume potassium time
10 0.100
15375Cs + −01e 10 0 13 0.077
8 2
iii In 2009, scientists counted the number 6 4 30 0.033
of spiders at different distances from the 4 6
Chernobyl reactor. They also measured 2 8
the radiation levels. The number of
spiders counted with different radiation a Read the stop clocks in Figure 1.1 and
levels are shown in Figure 48.2. Suggest record the times to the nearest second in
reasons for the pattern of results shown Table 1.1. [2]
in Figure 48.2. You should use your
knowledge of the effects of ionising 0:17.3 1:05.0
radiation on living organisms, and
the information in the food web in 6 cm3 potassium 2 cm3 potassium
Figure 48.1. [3] iodate solution iodate solution
number of spiders 10 Figure 1.1
per m2 8
6 b i Calculate 1 (rate) for the missing
4 time
2 values and enter the results in the last
0 column of Table 1.1. [1]
Figure 48.2 radiation level ii Plot a graph of 1 (vertical axis)
time
against the volume of potassium iodate
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 solution/cm3, drawing the best straight
Paper 32 Q4 Nov 12) line through the origin. [4]
c i State what your graph tells you about how
the rate of the reaction depends upon
Chemistry the volume of potassium iodate solution
present. [1]
1 A student is investigating how the concentration ii When the potassium iodate is reduced
of a reactant affects the rate of a reaction. In this iodine is formed. What observation made
reaction potassium iodate reacts with a reducing by the student confirms this? [1]
agent to produce iodine. The reaction can be iii Why are different volumes of water
followed using starch solution as an indicator; it used in each experiment? [1]
turns blue-black when iodine is present.
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
• She places 10 cm3 potassium iodate solution
into a conical flask. Paper 61 Q3 May 13)
501
Revision and exam-style questions
2 T he science class is making a display to show the Bunsen burner oxygen
elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table, as in element burning
Figure 2.1. A sample of each element is placed
next to a card giving its symbol and atomic
number.
Si P liquid
14 15
Figure 2.2
He places some of the powder in a spoon and
heats it in a Bunsen flame. When the element
Al S
13 16 ignites, he holds the spoon in the gas-jar of
Elements of oxygen. After the powder finishes burning, he
Period 3 of adds water to the gas-jar, places the lid on and
the Periodic
Mg Table Cl shakes the jar. Then he adds Universal Indicator
12 17 (full-range indicator) solution.
e i State the flame colour of the burning
element number 16. [1]
ii Suggest why the student adds water to
Na Ar the gas-jar. [1]
liquid 11 18 iii State the colour of the Universal Indicator
Figure 2.1 (full-rage indicator) in the gas-jar. [1]
iv The student does the same experiment
with a piece of element number 12.
a Write the names of element number 12 and Suggest the colour of the Universal
element number 14. [2]
b Elements 11 and 15 are contained in bottles Indicator in this gas-jar. [1]
and covered with a liquid to prevent the (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
element reacting with air. One element is Paper 61 Q5 Nov 13)
covered by water and the other one by oil. 3 A student is investigating the relationship
Complete the sentences. between yeast activity and temperature. Active
The name of the element covered by water yeast produces a gas which may appear as a foam.
is . • The student stirs a yeast and sugar suspension
The name of the element covered by oil and immediately measures out 20 cm3 into
is . [1] each of two large test-tubes.
c The two gas-jars holding samples of elements • He places one test-tube into beaker A
17 and 18 have lost their labels. How can a containing some water which he maintains
student tell from the appearance of the gases at about 20 °C.
which gas-jar contains element number 17? [1] • He places the other test-tube into beaker B
d Describe an experiment that a student can do containing some water which he maintains
to show that element number 13 is a metal. at about 40 °C.
State the observation that the student will
make. You may draw a diagram to help you. [2] The apparatus is shown in Figure 3.1.
Another student is doing an experiment to show
the burning of element number 16 in oxygen. test-tube
beaker
This is shown in Figure 2.2.
water yeast suspension
Figure 3.1
502
Co-ordinated Sciences
He measures the temperature of the water in Table 3.1
each beaker. time/min
The temperature of beaker A is 190.0 °C. beaker A beaker B
a T he thermometer in Figure 3.2 shows the 0 height h/mm height h/mm
temperature in beaker B. Read and record this 2 40 40
temperature. 4 40 62
b eaker B = °C [1] 6 40 75
8 41 90
ºC 10 42 98
44 105
40 c O n the grid provided, plot graphs of height h
39 for each beaker against time. Draw best-fit
38 lines and label them A and B. [4]
37
Figure 3.2 h / mm110
100
He uses a ruler to measure the height h of the
liquid (including any foam) in each test-tube at 90
regular intervals. The arrangement is shown in 80
Figure 3.3. 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time / minutes
d A teacher says that yeast activity stops when
the temperature of the yeast is too high.
Plan and describe an investigation based
on the experiment the student carried out
to find out the minimum temperature at
which yeast activity stops due to temperature
being too high. [4]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 61 Q1 Nov 14)
Figure 3.3
b O n Figure 3.3, draw a labelled arrow to show
the height h. Mark clearly the top and bottom
of the measurement. [1]
The student measures the height h in each
test-tube at 2 minute intervals for ten minutes.
During this time he maintains the temperatures
of the beakers. He records his measurements in
Table 3.1.
503
ReVisiOn anD exam-style questiOns
4 a Water is a compound which contains the 5 Figure 5.1 shows apparatus a student used to
elements hydrogen and oxygen. Describe one investigate temperature changes that occurred
difference, other than physical state, between during chemical reactions. The student added
the compound water and a mixture of the reactants to the insulated beaker and stirred the
elements hydrogen and oxygen. [2] mixture. She recorded the final temperature of
b Table 4.1 shows information about water and each mixture. At the start of each experiment,
three compounds that form mixtures with water. the temperature of the reactants was 22 °C.
Table 5.1 contains the results the student
Table 4.1 melting boiling solubility in obtained.
compound point/°C point/°C water
- thermometer
water 0 100 soluble
sodium chloride 801 1413 insoluble
silicon dioxide 1650 2230 insoluble
hexane −95
69
i State which compound in Table 4.1 insulated
could be separated from a mixture with beaker
water by filtration. [1] reaction mixture
ii Explain why the other two compounds
cannot be separated from a mixture
with water by filtration. [2] Figure 5.1
iii A student looked at a magnified image Table 5.1 reactant A reactant B final
of some sodium chloride crystals experiment temperature
through a microscope. Figure 4.1 dilute sodium /°C
shows what she observed through the 1 hydrochloric hydrogencarbonate
acid 16
2 dilute
microscope. Draw a simple diagram hydrochloric
of the structure of sodium chloride. 3 acid
Your diagram should clearly show 4 magnesium potassium hydroxide 26
the nature and arrangement of the solution
copper
particles involved and should show copper sulfate 43
why the crystals have the shape shown solution 22
in Figure 4.1. [3]
magnesium sulfate
solution
a i Explain which experiment 1, 2, 3 or 4 was
a reaction involving an alkali.
• experiment
sodium • explanation [1]
sodium chloride ii State and explain which experiment
chloride crystals
crystals
1, 2, 3 or 4 was an endothermic reaction.
• experiment
Figure 4.1 • explanation [1]
c The student is asked to use the reaction iii Suggest and explain a reason for the
between the insoluble compound copper result obtained in experiment 4. [2]
carbonate and dilute sulfuric acid to make
some crystals of copper sulfate. Describe
the main steps of a method the student
should carry out this task. You may draw
labelled diagrams if it helps you to answer
this question. [4]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 32 Q8 May 12)
504
Co-ordinated Sciences
b The student carried out two further ii Each year, millions of tonnes of sulfur are
experiments, 5 and 6, to investigate the reaction removed from petroleum, and used as a raw
between zinc and copper sulfate solution. In material in the Contact Process. Name the
experiment 5 the student used 3.25 g of zinc final product of the Contact Process. [1]
powder, and in experiment 6 she used a single (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
piece of zinc which also had a mass of 3.25 g. Paper 32 Q8 Nov 12)
The student observed the readings on the
thermometer over five minutes during each 7 a When sodium is burned in air a mixture of solid
experiment. Predict and explain any difference products, which contains the ionic compound
in the way that the temperature would change sodium oxide, is produced. Figure 7.1 shows
between experiments 5 and 6. [3] diagrams of a sodium atom and an oxygen atom as
c In the reaction in b, zinc atoms react with they exist just before sodium oxide starts to form.
copper ions. This chemical change may be
represented by the symbolic equation below.
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Explain, in terms of the transfer of electrons, Na O
why this reaction is an example of oxidation
and reduction (redox). [1]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 32 Q11 a,b,c May 12) Figure 7.1
6 Large amounts of chemical energy are stored i Describe how sodium and oxygen atoms
become bonded together. Your answer
in the world’s reserves of fossil fuels such as should explain why the formula of
natural gas and petroleum (crude oil).
a i Name the main compound in natural sodium oxide is Na2O. [3]
ii Describe two differences in the
gas. Write the word chemical equation properties of a typical ionic compound
for the complete combustion of this
compound. [3] and a typical covalent compound. [2]
b Figure 7.2 shows apparatus a student used to
ii Before it is refined, petroleum contains investigate the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric
sulfur compounds. Describe and explain
how water in rivers and lakes could acid. The variable resistor was included in the
electrolysis circuit so that the student could
become polluted if sulfur compounds are alter the current.
not removed from fossil fuels before they
are used. [4]
b i Sulfur is removed from petroleum by
combining it with hydrogen to form the
gaseous compound hydrogen sulfide, gas P
hydrogen
H2S. Complete the bonding diagram of
one molecule of hydrogen sulfide below dilute sulfuric
to show: acid
• the chemical symbols of the elements
• h ow the outer electrons in each
element are arranged. [2]
A variable
+ d.c. power − resistor
supply
Figure 7.2
505
Revision and exam-style questions
Table 7.1 shows some of the measurements the carbon
student made in his investigation. atoms
Table 7.1 current time current was volume of hydrogen covalent bonds
/A passed/seconds collected/cm3
experiment
number 0.48 400 24
1
2 0.24 400 12
i Name gas P. [1] Figure 8.1
ii Calculate the rate at which hydrogen was
produced in experiment 1. Show your c Figure 8.2 shows apparatus used to extract
working and state the units. [2] lead from lead oxide, PbO.
iii Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen lead oxide U-tube
produced in experiment 2. Assume that hydrogen excess hydrogen
the volume of one mole of a gas under the gas being burnt
conditions of the experiment is 24 dm3. heat
Show your working. [2]
iv All dilute solutions of acid contain
hydrogen ions, H+. Explain the difference water condensing cold water
inside U-tube
between the results for experiments 1 and
2 in terms of electrons, ions, atoms and Figure 8.2
electric current. [3] i Construct a balanced symbol equation
for the reaction between hydrogen
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 and lead oxide. [2]
Paper 32 Q5 May 13) ii Suggest why the method shown in
8 Most of the elements in the Periodic Table can Figure 8.2 could not be used to
be classified as either metals or non-metals. extract calcium from calcium oxide. [2]
Table 8.1 shows the elements in Group 4 of the
Periodic Table. (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 32 Q1 May 13)
Table 8.1 9 a Dutch metal is an alloy of copper and zinc that
has been formed into very thin sheets. When
C a small piece of Dutch metal is dropped into
a container filled with chlorine, it bursts into
Si flame and two compounds are produced as
shown in Figure 9.1.
Ge
Dutch metal
Sn
Pb
a Use the classification of metal or non-metal
to describe how the Group 4 elements
differ from both Group 1 (alkali metals)
and Group 7 (halogens). [2]
b Carbon occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust
as the uncombined element. Diamond mixture of
and graphite are different forms of carbon container filled products
(carbon allotropes) that have very different with chlorine
flame
Figure 9.1
physical properties. A small section of the
structure of one of the carbon allotropes is
shown in Figure 8.1.
State and explain one use of the carbon
allotrope shown in Figure 8.1. [2]
506
Co-ordinated Sciences
i State the meaning of the term alloy. [1] The balanced equation below shows the
ii State the physical property of metals that conversion of glucose to ethanol.
allows them to be formed into very thin C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H6O(aq) + 2CO2(g)
sheets. [1] The fermentation reaction starts when yeast
iii Suggest the names of the two compounds
formed when Dutch metal reacts with is added to the aqueous solution of glucose.
chlorine. [1] Figure 10.1 shows apparatus that can be
b Sodium burns in oxygen gas to produce a used for the reaction.
white solid that contains the ionic compound
sodium oxide. Figure 9.2 shows a sodium
atom and an oxygen atom.
Na O mixture of yeast
and glucose
solution limewater
Figure 9.2 Figure 10.1
Predict and explain, in terms of changes i Describe how and explain why the
appearance of the limewater changes
and electronic structure, the chemical during the fermentation reaction. [2]
formula of sodium oxide. You may wish to
draw diagrams to help you to answer this ii Calculate the relative molecular mass of
glucose C6H12O6. Show your working.
question. [3] relative molecular mass = [1]
c Phosphorus is a non-metallic element
containing molecules that have the formula iii Calculate the mass of glucose that has
to be dissolved in 5.0 dm3 of water to
P4. The chemical formula of phosphorus produce a solution whose concentration
oxide shows four phosphorus atoms is 3.5 mol/dm3. Show your working
bonded with ten oxygen atoms. Construct a
balanced symbolic equation for the reaction mass of glucose = g [2]
c i Name the element present in all amino
between phosphorus and oxygen gas to form acids but not in ethanol. [1]
phosphorus oxide. [3]
ii Many different amino acids exist in
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 nature. Name the compound that is
Paper 33 Q3 May 14) formed when amino acids link
10 a A colourless gas contained in a flask is either together in a condensation
polymerisation reaction. [1]
propane or propene.
i The gas is shaken with bromine solution. (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Describe the observation, if any, that Paper 31 Q5 Nov 15)
would be made if the gas is 11 a In the Periodic Table the elements are
• propane,
• propene. [2] organised into groups and periods.
i State the total number of elements in the
ii Describe one difference between the period that includes nitrogen, N. [1]
structures of propane and propene
molecules. [1] ii Figure 11.1 shows the electron
arrangement and the numbers of protons
b Ethanol, C2H6O, is produced from glucose, in one atom of nitrogen. Name the other
C6H12O6, in a fermentation reaction. type of sub-atomic particle contained in
this nucleus. [1]
507
Revision and exam-style questions
i State the name of the industrial process
shown in Figure 11.2. [1]
nucleus ii Hydrogen gas for the process is
containing produced by reacting methane, CH4,
7 protons with steam, H2O. In this reaction each
methane reacts with one of the molecules
in steam. The reaction produces three
molecules of hydrogen. Deduce the
balanced symbol equation for this
Figure 11.1
iii Draw a diagram, similar to Figure 11.1, reaction. [3]
iii State the purpose of the solid material
to show an atom of the element containing iron that is used in the process
phosphorus, P. [2]
b Hydrogen, proton number 1, combines shown in Figure 11.2. [1]
with nitrogen to produce the covalent (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
compound ammonia, NH3. Complete the Paper 31 Q1 Nov 15)
covalent bonding diagram of one molecule
of ammonia to show: 12 Salts are produced when acids are neutralised.
• the chemical symbols of each atom. a Using only substances chosen from the
• how the outer electrons of each atom are
arranged. [2] list, complete the word equations for
the reactions that produce the two salts,
magnesium sulfate and zinc sulfate. Each
substance may be used once, more than
once or not at all.
hydrochloric acid hydrogen
magnesium magnesium carbonate
magnesium oxide sulfuric acid
water zinc
zinc carbonate zinc oxide
+ → magnesium + hydrogen
sulfate
c Ammonia is made in industry by reacting + → zinc + carbon +
nitrogen and hydrogen together on the sulfate dioxide [2]
surface of a solid material containing iron. b Figure 12.1 shows what happens
A simplified diagram of the process is shown to the temperature when sodium
in Figure 11.2. hydrogencarbonate solution reacts with
nitrogen hydrogen dilute hydrochloric acid.
solid material sodium
containing iron hydrogencarbonate
solution
mixture of gases
containing ammonia dilute
Figure 11.2 hydrochloric
508 acid
temperature of temperature of
reactants = 25 °C products = 21 °C
Figure 12.1
Co-ordinated sciences
i Complete the equation to show the type i Explain the shape of the graph between
of energy transformation that occurs in 75 and 90 seconds. [2]
this reaction. ii The student repeated her experiment
energy → energy [1] but this time she uses half of the mass
ii Explain your answer to bi. [1] of calcium carbonate used in the first
c Figure 12.2 shows the apparatus a student experiment. She made sure that all the
uses to investigate the rate of reaction other variables have the same values as
between calcium carbonate and excess dilute in the first experiment. On Figure 12.3
hydrochloric acid. sketch the graph of her results from the
second experiment. [3]
thermometer iii Explain in terms of collisions why
gas syringe
side-arm 50 100 the rate of the reaction increases
test-tube when the temperature of the acid is
piston of the syringe
slides out as gas enters increased. [2]
excess dilute
hydrochloric acid (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
calcium carbonate
Paper 31 Q12 Nov 15)
controlled Physics
temperature
water-bath 1 a A student is finding the value of an unknown
mass, M, of a fixed load by balancing it against
Figure 12.2 a range of known masses on a metre rule. The
apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 1.1.
The student obtains data using the following
method. unknown mass M x known mass m
• She pushes the piston completely into the
bench top
gas syringe.
• She adds a known amount of dilute 5.0 cm 50.0 cm pivot
mark mark
hydrochloric acid to the side-arm
test-tube and checks that the temperature Figure 1.1
is steady.
• She adds a known mass of calcium The unknown load of mass M, is fixed at the
carbonate to the side-arm test-tube, 5.0 cm position. The student places a 60 g mass,
places the bung in position and starts her m, on the ruler. He adjusts the position of mass
stopwatch. m, until the ruler is balanced. He records the
• She records the volume of gas in the gas distance, x cm, from the 50.0 cm balance point
syringe every 10 seconds for 90 seconds. in Table 1.1.
Figure 12.3 shows a graph of her results.
100
volume / cm350 Table 1.1 distance x/cm 1
mass m/g 37.4 x
0 31.9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 60
time/seconds 70 22.7
80
Figure 12.3 90
100
i Use Figure 1.2 to find the distance, x,
for masses equal to 80 g and 90 g and
complete column 2 of Table 1.1.
Measure to the centre of the mass. [2]
509
Revision and exam-style questions
x 2 a Figure 2.1 shows a diagram of a small electrical
50 70 8 0 a.c. generator producing an alternating voltage.
x mass m = 80 g S
50 70 80 N
mass m = 90 g
Figure 1.2
ii yCoaulcrualnatsewxe1rsfotro each value of x and record
3 decimal places in
Table 1.1.
b i On the grid provided, plot a graph of
1 a.c. V
mass, m, (vertical axis) against x .
Figure 2.1
Draw the best straight line. [2]
i The coil is now made to spin in the
110 opposite direction to the one shown
in Figure 2.1. What difference, if any,
would be shown on the voltmeter
100 reading? [1]
ii State two ways in which the size of the
induced voltage can be increased. [2]
b In a power station there are several large
90
m/g generators. Explain why transformers are
needed between the power transmission
cables from the power station and the cables
80
supplying homes. [2]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
70 Paper 32 Q6 Nov 12)
60 3 Figure 3.1 shows four swimmers at the start of
0.02 a race.
0.03 0.04 0.05
1
x
Figure 1.3 9
8
ii Calculate the gradient of the line. Show 7
clearly, on the graph, how you did this. [2] 6
c Calculate the value of the unknown load of
mass M¸ using the equation.
gradient
M = 45
M= g [1]
d This method of finding unknown masses is
unsuitable for very small or very large masses.
Suggest a reason for either of these. [1]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 Figure 3.1
Paper 61 Q6 May 13)
510
Co-ordinated Sciences
a The swimmers start their race when they hear a ii Name the process that releases energy
loud, high-pitched sound from a loudspeaker. within the Sun. [1]
i Describe how the loudspeaker causes the iii Energy is transferred from the Sun to the
sound to travel through the air. Use the Earth by radiation. Explain why energy
idea of compressions and rarefactions in cannot be transferred from the Sun to the
your answer. You may draw a diagram if it Earth by conduction. [1]
helps your answer. [2] c Figure 4.1 shows a torch that works without
ii Explain why sound travels at a electrical cells. To use the torch it is first
different speed through water than shaken for 40 seconds. This moves the
through air. [2] magnet backwards and forwards inside the
b Figure 3.2 shows the trace of a sound wave torch. The magnet can move between points
as it appears on an oscilloscope screen. On X and Y. Explain why shaking the torch
Figure 3.2 draw another trace of a sound produces an electric current. [4]
wave from a sound that is louder than the one
shown, but has the same pitch. [2]
electric storage device
XY
powerful large coil
magnet of wire
Figure 4.1
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Figure 3.2 Paper 32 Q7 May 13)
c Sound travels at 330 m/s in air. The 5 a An elephant of mass 5000 kg exerts a constant
loudspeaker produces a sound with a frequency
of 200 Hz. Calculate the wavelength of this force of 1400 N to push a tree trunk along at a
steady speed of 1.5 m/s.
sound. State the formula that you use and show i Calculate the work done by the elephant
your working. [2]
when the tree trunk moves 10 m. State
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 the formula that you use and show your
Paper 32 Q3 a,b,c Nov 12) working. [2]
4 a A resistor of 1200 Ω is connected in parallel ii Calculate the kinetic energy of the
elephant when it is moving at 1.5 m/s.
with another resister of 2400 Ω. Calculate the State the formula that you use and show
combined resistance of these two resisters.
State the formula that you use and show your your working. [2]
b The elephant has a weight of 50 000 N and
working. [3] stands with all four feet in contact with
b Torches (flashlights) are usually powered by
electrical cells. They can also be powered by the ground. Each foot of the elephant has
an area of 0.2 m2. Calculate the pressure
energy from the Sun (solar energy). Solar exerted by the elephant on the ground.
energy is a renewable energy resource.
i Write the energy resources below into the State the formula that you use and show
your working. [2]
table to show which are renewable and c The volume of the elephant is 5 m3. Its
which are non-renewable. [1]
mass is 5000 kg. Calculate the density of the
coal geothermal hydroelectric elephant. State the formula that you use and
natural gas oil tidal show your working. [2]
wave w ind
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
renewable resource non-renewable resource Paper 32 Q2 May 13)
511
Revision and exam-style questions
6 Figure 6.1 shows a solar-powered golf cart used ii S ometimes the golfer’s hands begin
to carry golfers around a golf course. to sweat. Explain in terms of particles
how sweating cools his hands by
evaporation. [2]
iii During the evaporation, water changes
state from liquid to gas. Complete the
diagrams to show the arrangement of
particles in a liquid and in a gas. [2]
Figure 6.1 liquid gas
a As the cart moves around the course, the (Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
motion of the cart is measured. Figure 6.2 Paper 33 Q9 Nov 13)
shows a distance/time graph for a small part
of the journey lasting 60 minutes.
100
distance / m 80 F 7 a Figure 7.1 shows a circuit used to measure the
DE current passing through a resistor when the
voltage across it is changed.
60 C
40
20 B A
A
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time/s
Figure 6.2
i S how that the speed of the cart between B
and C is 5 m/s. Show your working. [1]
ii The mass of the cart is 400 kg.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the cart
between B and C. State the formula that V
you use, show your working and state Figure 7.1
the unit of your answer. [2]
iii D escribe the motion of the cart between Complete the sentences below using suitable
D and E. [1] words.
iv Later in the journey, the cart accelerates
from 1 m/s to 3 m/s in 5 seconds. Calculate When the voltage across the resistor is
the acceleration of the cart. State the reduced, the current through the resistor
_______
formula that you use, show your working When the voltage of the supply is reduced,
the voltage across the resistor _______ [1]
and state the unit of your answer. [2] b The resistance of a piece of wire depends
b i D uring the cart’s journey, the temperature
of the air in the tyres increases by 15 °C. on a number of variables such as the
temperature of the wire and the material
The volume of the air in the tyre remains from which it is made. State two other
the same. Explain in terms of particles
why the pressure of the air in the tyre factors which affect the resistance of a piece
of wire. [2]
increases when this happens. [1]
512
Co-ordinated Sciences
c Figure 7.2 shows a circuit used to power a string
small motor. The voltage across the motor is
3 V. The current through the motor is 0.6 A. wooden direction of
stand movement
NS SN
A magnet B magnet A
M
V
Figure 7.2 Figure 8.1
i C alculate the power input to the motor. i Describe and explain what happens to
magnet B as magnet A is moved
State the formula that you use, show towards it. [1]
your working and state the unit of your
answer. [2] ii Magnet A is replaced by a piece of
unmagnetised iron C. Predict what
ii The motor is able to lift a load of happens as the unmagnetised iron
40 N through 1.2 m in 36 seconds.
Calculate the power output of the motor. C is moved towards B. Explain your
prediction. [2]
State the formula that you use, show b Figure 8.2 shows two plastic balls hanging
your working and state the unit of your
answer. [3] from threads. Both balls are electrically
charged. Ball Y is negatively charged.
iii E xplain why there is a difference
between your answers to i and ii. [1]
iv C alculate the efficiency of the motor.
Show your working. [2]
d An electric current in a wire is a flow of wooden
stand
electrons. β (beta)-radiation also consists of ball Y ball X
electrons.
i State the name of the sign of the charge
on an electron. [1]
ii α (alpha)-radiation moves in the
opposite direction to β-radiation in an Figure 8.2
electrical field. γ (gamma)-radiation
passes through an electrical field i State the charge on ball X. Give a reason
for your answer. [1]
ii Describe and explain how ball Y has been
without deviation. Explain these two given a negative charge. [2]
statements. [2]
iii There is an electric field between ball
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654 X and ball Y. State what happens to an
Paper 33 Q3 Nov 13) electrical charge placed in this field. [1]
c The mass of ball X is 3.97 g (3.97 × 10–3 kg).
8 a Two bar magnets A and B are shown in Figure The volume of ball X is 4.17 cm3 (4.17 ×
8.1. Magnet A is moved towards magnet B. 10–6 m3). Calculate the density of the plastic
used to make ball X. State the formula that
you use and show your working. State the
units of your answer. [3]
(Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences 0654
Paper 33 Q5 May 14)
513
A nswers to numerical questions
●● Biology c 5 20 a i 0.5 g
d 67 ii 1 g
B5 Plant nutrition 2 a 3.00 iii 5 g
11 a 1 tonne of wheat per hectare b 5.50
c 8.70 b i 10 g/cm3
extra d 0.43 ii 3 kg/m3
b 1 .8 tonnes of wheat per e 0.1
3 a 1.0 × 105; 3.5 × 103; c i 2.0 cm3
hectare extra ii 5.0 cm3
4.28 × 108; 5.04 ×102;
●● Chemistry 2.7056 × 104 21 a 8.0 g/cm3
b 1000; 2 000 000; b 8.0 × 103 kg/m3
C4 Stoichiometry 69 200;134; 1 000 000 000
6 4.4 g 4 10 mm 22 15 000 kg
7 128 × 106 g or 128 tonnes 5 24 cm2 23 130 kg
8 a 0.1 moles 6 80 24 1.1 g/cm3
b 0.167 moles 7 a 2.31 mm 25 a 2000 N/m
c 2 moles b 14.97 mm
9 a 3.2 g 8 2 m/s2 b 50 N/m
b 160 g 9 50 s 27 40 N
c 5.75 g 10 a 6 m/s 28 50 N
10 a 0.1 moles b 14 m/s 29 a 5000 N
b 1 mole 11 4 s
c 10 moles 13 a 60 km b 15 m/s2
11 a 162 g b 5 hours 30 a 5000 N
b 8.5 g c 12 km/h
c 55.825 g d 2 b 20 000 N; 40 m/s2
12 a 0.083 moles e 1½ hours 35 a 2 J
b 10 moles f 60 km/3½ h = 17 km/h
c 8.33 × 10–4 moles 14 a 100 m b 160 J
13 a 7.2 dm3 b 20 m/s c 100 000 = 105 J
b 2.4 dm3 15 a 5/4 m/s2 36 a 20 m/s
c 48 dm3 b i 10 m b i 150 J
14 a 2 mol dm–3 ii 45 m
16 b OA: a = +80 km/h2 ii 300 J
b 0.2 mol dm–3 AB: v = 80 km/h 38 a i 25 Pa
15 a 7.975 g BC: a = +40 km/h2
b 40.4 g CD: v = 100 km/h ii 0.50 Pa
16 0.309 g DE: a = –200 km/h2 iii 100 Pa
C7 Chemical reactions c OA 40 km; AB 160 km; b 30 N
2 c 26 cm3 (± 0.5 cm3) BC (5 + 40) = 45 km; CD P2 Work, energy and power
d 1 minute and 51 seconds 100km; DE 25 km 1 180 J
d 370 km 2 1.5 × 105 J
(± 3 seconds) e 74 km/h 3 a 150 J
5 f 46 cm3 17 b 600 m b 150 J
g 43 seconds (± 1 second) c 20 m/s c 10 W
18 a 1 N 7 a (300/1000) × 100 = 30%
●● Physics b 50 N 8 a 2 J
c 0.50 N b 160 J
P1 Motion 19 a 1000 N c 100 000 = 105 J
1 a 10 b 160 N 9 a 20 m/s
b 40 b i 150 J
ii 300 J
514 10 500 W
11 3.5 kW
12 a 2%
P4 Properties of waves P5 Electrical quantities, Answers to numerical questions
1 a 1 cm electricity and magnetism
6 a 5 C 9 a 15 Ω
b 1 hz b 1.5 Ω
c 1 cm/s b 50 C
5 a 40° c 1500 C 13 a 100 J
c 40°, 50°, 50° 7 a 5 A b 500 J
9 4 m towards mirror b 0.5 A c 6000 J
13 250 000 km/s c 2 A
20 Distance from lens 8 a 12 J 14 a 24 W
a beyond 2F b 60 J b 31 J/s
b 2F c 240 J
c between F and 2F P6 Electric circuits 16 2.99 kW
d nearer than F 4 All read 0.25 A 17 a i 2 kW
21 A: converging f = 10 cm 5 a 6 V
B: converging f = 5 cm b i 2 J ii 60 W
23 1650 m (about 1 mile) iii 850 W
24 a 2 × 160 = 320 m/s ii 6 J b 4 A
b 240/(3/4) = 320 m/s 6 a 6 V P7 Electromagnetic effects
c 320 m 10 a 24
26 b i 1.0 m b 360 J b 1.9 A
7 x = 18, y = 2, z = 8 P8 Atomic physics
ii 2.0 m 8 2 Ω 4 25 minutes
515
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t = top, b = bottom, l = left, r = right, c = centre
517
Index
A extraction 283, 284 aspirin 197
and iron(III) oxide 281 assimilation 63, 69–70
abscess 65 recycling 286–7 astatine 271
absorbers 385 uses 233, 290 atheroma 85–6
absorption 62–3, 62, 65–6, 68–70 aluminium oxide 232–5, 261 atmosphere see air
acceleration 338–9 aluminium sulfate 294–5 atmospheric pressure 181
aluminium sulfide 220 atomic mass units (amu) 198
effect of force on 349–50 alveoli 95, 96, 97, 98 atomic nuclei 444–5
effect of mass on 349–50 amino acids 26, 49, 58, 66–7
of free fall (g) 341, 344 assimilation 70 unstable 446, 448
uniform 339, 340 and translocation 82 atomic numbers 445
accommodation 110–11 ammeters 415–16, 418, 420, 423–4, atomic physics 444–52
acid conditions 31, 32–3, 257, 313
acid rain 296 439 alpha radiation 446–8
acids 255–61, 458–9 ammonia 182, 208–9, 225, 304–7, 460 atoms 444
aqueous acidic solutions 263 beta radiation 446–8
and limestone 248–9 aqueous 262 charges 444
and metal reactions 279, 458 amnion 136 electrons 444–5
neutralising 257, 313 amniotic fluid 136 gamma radiation 446–8
preparing insoluble salts 261–2 ampere (A) 415 Geiger–Müller (GM) tube 446–7,
preparing soluble salts 258–60 amphoteric hydroxides 459
acquired characteristics 151 amphoteric oxides 261, 262, 459 449, 450
acquired immune deficiency syndrome amplitude 390 ionising effect of radiation 446
amu see atomic mass units isotopes 445
(AIDS) 137 amylase 31–2, 66–8, 70–1 neutrons 444–5
acrosomes 134 anaemia, iron-deficiency 59–60 nuclides 445
activation energy 244, 247 anaerobic respiration 101–2, 101, 326 protons 444–5
adaptation 48–9, 130–1, 155–8, 155 angina 55, 85 radioactive decay 448–50
addition reactions 324–5, 326–9 angle of incidence 393, 396–7 radioactivity 446–52
adipose tissue 57 angle of reflection 393 atomic structure 197–8
adrenal glands 112 animal cells 9, 16, 20–1 atoms 25, 183–4, 192–216, 444, 456
adrenaline 112 animal nutrition 53–73 arrangement of electrons in 200–2
aerobic respiration 101, 101, 302 and conduction 383
agriculture 159–60, 161, 173 absorption 62, 62, 63, 65–6, 68–70 inside 198–200
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency alimentary canal 62–3 kinetic theory of matter 373
diet 54–61 metal 278, 383
syndrome) 137 mechanical digestion 63–5, 63 and metallic bonding 278
air 292–308, 460 need for food 54 moles 222, 223
animals motion 372–3
composition 295 transport in 83–93 visualising 372
convection in 384 see also human... atrioventricular valve 86
and metal reactions 280 anions 230, 462 atrium 84, 86–7, 97
pollution 295–8 anodes 234, 236–41 audibility, limits of 405–6
resistance 340, 349 anthers 129, 130, 131, 132 auxins 118
and the speed of sound 405–6 antibodies 91 availability 366
alcohols (R–OH) 325–6, 461 anus 63 Avogadro, Amedeo 222, 225
algae 175–6 aorta 84, 86, 89 Avogadro’s constant 222
alimentary canal 62–3, 65–8 aphids 82 Avogadro’s Law 225, 228
alkali metals 269, 270–1, 272, 273, 459 aqueous humour 108, 109
alkaline conditions 31, 32–3 aqueous solutions B
alkalis 255–61, 458 acidic 263
alkanes 321–3, 324, 461 competition reactions 282 bacteria 175
alkenes 323–5, 326–9, 461 electrolysis 235–8, 293 antibiotic-resistant 158–9
alleles (allelomorphic genes) 140–1, Ar see relative atomic mass reproduction 122
archaeology 450–1 and sexually transmitted infections
140, 145–7, 151, 152, 154 area 335 138
dominant 145, 146, 152 argon 274 and tooth decay 65
recessive 145, 146, 149–50, 152 armature 436
allotropes 212–15, 309 arteriole 88, 115 barium sulfate 260–1, 263
allotropy 212–15 artery 83, 84, 86, 88, 89 bases 255, 314, 458–9
alloys 287–90 artificial selection 159–61
`tailor-made’ 289–90 asexual reproduction 122–6, 122, 161 insoluble 259–60
alpha decay 448 and oxides 261
alpha radiation 446–8, 451 soluble 259–60
aluminium 194, 223, 232–3, 258 basic 259
518
Index
basic oxygen process 288 see also covalent bonding and photosynthesis 36–8, 40–1, 44,
batteries 416–18 bones 60 47–9, 170
bauxite 233, 284 Boyle, Robert 194
beam balance 343, 351–2 Boyle’s law 375–6 and physical exercise 99
Becquerel, Henri 446 brass 287, 290, 382 and reacting masses 221–2
Benedict’s solution 26 breathing rate 98–101, 112 relative formula mass 224
benzoic acid 456 breeding true 146–7 removal from the atmosphere by
beta decay 448 brine, electrolysis 236–8
beta radiation 446–8, 450, 451 bromide 263 plants 170, 173
bicuspid valve 86, 87 bromine 271–2, 324–5 and respiration 101
bile 67 bronchiole 96 carbon monoxide 100, 253, 302
bilirubin 59–60, 90 bronchus 96 and air pollution 295–6, 298
bimetallic strip 378 Brownian motion 372–3 and iron extraction 285
biodiversity 173 brushes 436, 437, 439 carbonates 264, 303, 312–15, 461
biogas 267–8 bulbs 123 see also limestone
biological molecules 25–8 bulk chemicals 304 carcinogens 100
biology 1–176 Bunsen, Robert 283 cardiac muscle 87
butane 322 carnivores 164, 164, 165, 166
animal nutrition 53–73 Carothers, Wallace 329
biological molecules 25–8 C carpels 127, 129
cells 5–24 carriers 149–50
characteristics of living organisms cables, overheated 431 catalase 29
caesium 270 catalysts 29, 251–2
2–4 caesium chloride 205–6 catalytic converters 298
co-ordination and response 104–20 calcite 312 catalytic cracking 323
enzymes 29–34 calcium 59, 217 cathodes 230–2, 234–5, 238, 240–2
gas exchange 94–103 calcium carbonate see limestone cations 230, 459
human influences on ecosystems calcium chloride 205 aqueous 262, 462
calcium oxide 285 cell bodies 106
170–6 calcium sulfate 297 cell division 122, 125
inheritance 140–62, 140 calibration 379 meiosis 144–5, 144
organisms and their environment camels 156 mitosis 125, 143–4, 143
cancer 100 cell membranes 5, 6–7, 16
163–9 canines (teeth) 64 cell sap 7, 16, 19
plant nutrition 35–52 capillary 58, 88, 89, 97 cell walls 7, 16
reproduction 121–39 carbohydrates 25 cells 5–24
respiration 94–103 animal 9, 16, 20–1
revision questions 463–72, 478–504 dietary 54–5, 57 and biological molecules 25
transport 74–93 digestion 57 ciliated 10
biomass (vegetable fuels) 367–8 and photosynthesis 36–9, 41 and diffusion 13–15
bisexual 127 use 57 epidermal 8
Biuret test 27 carbon 25, 281 levels of organisation 9–11
blind spot 109 allotropes 212–15 movement in and out of 12–23
blood 90–1 and carbon dioxide 211 and osmosis 15–23
deoxygenated 84, 90 chemical symbol 217 plant 6–10, 16–19, 21–2
and gas exchange 95 and methane 208 size of specimens 11–12
oxygenated 83, 85, 90 and methanol 211–12 specialisation 9
and transport 83–7 and organic compounds 317 structure 5–9
blood clot (thrombus) 85 and reacting masses 221–2 surface area 13–14
blood clotting 91 and steel 287–8 cellulose 57
blood groups 151 carbon cycle 170–1, 302 cement (dental) 64
blood pressure, high 86 carbon dioxide 302–3, 460 central nervous system (CNS) 105
blood sugar regulation 115 addition to the atmosphere 171, centromeres 141
blood vessels 88–9 cervix 135–6
body fat 56, 57 172 chalk 312
body temperature chemical formula 217 changes of state 180–2, 455
control 101, 113–15 covalent bonds 210–11 cheek cells 9
core 114 diffusion 13 chemical changes 193–4
boiling 374 emissions 365 chemical digestion 63, 65–8
boiling point 181, 187, 278, 374, 455 in exhaled air 98 chemical equations 220–1
bonded 204 and gas exchange 95, 96–9 balanced 220, 222, 227
bonding and iron extraction 285 and moles 227–8
ionic 203–5, 456 moles 225
metallic 278 519
Index
word equations 220 cholesterol 85 concentration gradient (diffusion
chemical equilibrium 304–5 choroid 109 gradient) 14–15, 18, 22–3
chemical formulae 195, 217–20 chromatids 140–1, 143
chemical reactions 246–54, 457–8 chromatogram 188 condensation 181, 374–5
chromatography 187, 188, 456 condensation polymerisation 329–30
endothermic reactions 243–5 chromium 273 condensation polymers 329–30, 461
energy changes 243–5, 457 chromosomes 140–7, 140 condoms 137
exothermic reactions 243–5 conduction 206, 239, 278, 381–3, 414
factors affecting the rate of 246–52 and gamete production 144–5 conductors 381–3, 414
fast 246–7 and mitosis 143–4
oxidation 252–4 number of 142 and current flow 415
reduction 252–4 sex 141–2 metallic 381–2, 383, 420
slow 246–7 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ohmic (linear) 420
chemical symbols 217 and resistors 419–20
chemical waste 174 (COPD) 100 conjunctiva 108
chemistry 177–331 chyme 66 constipation 56
acids 255–61, 458–9 ciliary body 109, 110 consumers 164, 164
additional experimental 454–62 ciliary muscle 110–11 primary 164, 167, 168
air 292–308, 460 ciliated cells 10, 100 secondary 164
alkalis 255–61 circuit diagrams 422–3 tertiary 164
atoms 192–216 circular muscle 110 Contact process 309–11
bases 255, 259–61, 314, 458–9 circulation 11, 83–4 contraction 179
carbonates 312–15, 461 controls 36–7, 39
chemical reactions 246–54 double circulation of mammals convection 383–4
compounds 192–216 83–7 convection currents 384
and electricity 231–42, 457 converging lenses 398–400
elements 192–216 pulmonary 83 cooling, by evaporation 374
energy changes in chemical systemic 83 cooling curves 181, 455
climate 173 COPD see chronic obstructive
reactions 243–5 climate change 303, 365
experimental techniques 185–91, clinostats 116–17 pulmonary disease
clones 125 copper 273, 282
456 CNS see central nervous system
international hazard warning co-ordination and response 104–20 conduction 381, 382
homeostasis 113–16 extraction 283
symbols 454 hormones in humans 111–12 plating 242
metals 276–91, 459–60 nervous control in humans 105–11 purification 239–40
objectives for experimental skills/ tropic responses 116–20 uses 290
coal 163, 320, 365, 369 copper(II) nitrate 282
investigations 454 coastal breezes 384 copper(II) sulfate
organic chemistry 316–31, 461 cobalt chloride paper 81, 293, 294 anhydrous 293, 294
particulate nature of matter coils 434, 436–7, 438–41 electrolysis 238–40
primary 440–1 copulation 133
178–84, 455–6 secondary 440–1 cords 86
periodic table 267–75, 453, 459 collision theory 247–52 corms 124
practical work/assessment colon 73 cornea 108, 109
combining power 219 coronary artery 84, 85
suggestions 454–61 combustion 171, 243–5, 321, 326 coronary heart disease 55, 85–6, 100
qualitative analysis 461–2 complete 243, 322 coronary thrombosis 75
revision questions 472–5, 504–12 enthalpy of 244 cortex 76, 77
safety issues 454–5 fossil fuels 365 cosmic rays 451
salts 255 commutators 436, 437 coulomb (C) 415, 417
stoichiometry 217–29, 457 compasses 409, 410 count-rate 446
sulfur 309–11, 460–1 competition 154 couples 436
water 292–308, 460 competition reactions 281–2, 460 covalent bonding 207–15, 322–3, 456
chlor-alkali industry 236–8 complementary 29 and allotropy 212–15
chloride 263 compounds 192–216, 456 double covalent bonds 211, 324,
chlorine 207, 236, 271–2 definition 195–6
chemical symbol 217 and mixtures 196, 456 327
isotopes 445 and moles 223–5 properties of covalent compounds
reduction 254 compressible 179
chloroethene 327, 328 compressions 405 212
chlorophyll 7, 36, 37, 41, 302 concentration 250–1 coverslips 8–9, 12
chloroplasts 7, 9, 46 cramp 87, 102
of guard cells 48 crenated 20
and photosynthesis 36, 41, 48 crests of waves 391
chlorosis 50
520
Index
critical angle 396–7 and diffusion 14–15 resistors 419–20
`cross-over’ method 220 and work 360 static 413, 414, 415
crown 64 distance-time graphs 340 see also electrolysis; electroplating
crude oil 317–19 distant object method 398 electrodes 230–2, 234–5, 238–9
cryolite 233 distillation, simple 189–90, 456 active 239
crystallisation 189, 456 dominant 145, 146, 152 electrolysis 230–42, 283–4, 457
cubic centimetre (cm3) 335 double decomposition 260 of aqueous solutions 235–8, 293
cubic metre (m3) 335 draught 374 of copper(ii) sulfate solution
Curie, Marie 446 dry weight 51
cuticle, leaf 46, 47 ductile 278 238–40
cystic fibrosis 149–50 ducts 62 and electroplating 241–2
cytoplasm 5, 6, 16–17 duodenum 63, 67, 68 and extraction of aluminium oxide
D E 232–5
guidelines 241
Dalton, John 183, 197 echoes 405 of lead(ii) bromide 231–2
damp conditions 430 ecosystems, human influences on electrolytes 230–1, 242, 457
Darwin, Charles 153, 154 weak 230
Davy, Sir Humphry 235, 283 170–6 electromagnetic effects 433–43
decay, anaerobic 320 effectors 105 alternating current 439–40, 441
deceleration 339 effervescence 258–9, 264 direct current 436, 439
decomposition 171, 251–2 effort 352 electromagnetic induction 438
deforestation 171, 172–4 egestion 62 Faraday’s law 438–9
degrees Celsius (°C) 379 egg cell (ovule), plants 10, 126, 128, field due to a circular coil 434
demagnetisation 409, 411 field due to a solenoid 434–5
dendrites 106 129, 132 field due to a straight wire 433–4
density 345–6 elastic limit (`limit of proportionality’) Fleming’s left-hand rule 436
dental decay (dental caries) 65 motor effect 435–6
dentine 64 347 mutual induction 440–1
dermis 113 electric cells 416, 417–18 Oersted’s discovery 433
destarching 37 electric charge power losses in transmission cables
deuterium 445
Devarda’s alloy 264 negative 413–14, 415 442
diamond 212–15 positive 413–14 practical motors 436–8
diaphragm cells 236 transfer during electrolysis 231 and the transformer equation 441
diatomic molecules 184 electric circuits 415–18, 422–32 electromagnetic induction 438
dicotyledons 46 circuit diagrams 422–3 electromagnetic radiation 403–5
diet 54–61 and the dangers of electricity 430–1 electromagnetic spectrum 402
and electronic systems 426–9 electromagnetic waves 385
balanced 54 model 417 electromagnets 411–12, 437
and coronary heart disease 85–6 in parallel 416, 418, 424 electromotive force (e.m.f.) 417–18
and energy requirements 55 power in 429–30 electron microscope 372
and food classes 57–60 resistors 424–6 electron shells 198
and overweight 56 in series 416, 418, 423, 424 electronic structure 201–2, 270, 272,
special needs 55–6 symbols 423
diffraction 392–3, 405 voltages around 424 274
diffusion 13–15, 13, 48, 95, 182–3, electric current 415–18, 422–6 electronic systems 426–9
alternating current (a.c.) 439–40, electrons 198–200, 444–5
455–6
rates of 13–15 441 arrangement in atoms 200–2
diffusion gradient 95 and the dangers of electricity 430 charge 444
digestion 62–3, 62 direct current (d.c.) 439 and competition reactions 282
chemical 63, 65–8 and magnetisation 411 and conduction 383, 414
mechanical 63–5, 63 measurement 416 and covalent bonding 207–15
digestive enzymes 62, 66–8, 70–2 electric fields 414–15 delocalised 214, 231, 278
diploid 126, 144 electric forces 343 and electrical currents 416
nucleus 142, 142 electric motors see motors and electrolysis 231–2, 234
dispersal 125, 127 electric shock 430 free 383
displacement (motion) 338, 346 electrical conductivity 206, 239, 278, high-energy 447
displacement reactions 272, 282, 306 and insulators 414
displacement–distance graphs 390 414 and ionic bonding 203–5
dissolve 189, 197, 244 electrical quantities 408–21 metal 278, 383
distance electricity 408–21 and metallic bonding 278
see also electronic structure
and chemistry 231–42, 457 electroplating 174, 241–2, 457
generation 365–9
and potential difference 416
resistance 419–20
521
Index
electrostatic force of attraction 198 epidermis, plant 8, 46, 47 field lines (lines of force) 409–10,
electrovalent bonding see ionic epididymis 134 433–5, 438–9
epithelium
bonding `fight or flight’ reaction 112
elements 192–216, 456 of the alimentary canal 62, 68 filaments 129
and gas exchange 95 filtering 189
definition 194–5 equilibrium 352–4 filtrate 189
electrons of 201–2 chemical 304–5 filtration 189, 456
and moles 223 conditions for 353–4 fire alarms 378
of the Periodic Table 267–9 dynamic 305 fire risks 430–1
transition 273–4 erectile tissue 135 fission 122
embryos 132, 133, 136–7 erosion 172 fixed points 379
e.m.f. see electromotive force ester links 330 flaccid 19
emitters 386 ethanol 190, 224, 324, 325–6 flame colours 262–3, 462
emulsification 67 ethene 323, 324–5, 327 Fleming’s left-hand rule 436, 447
enamel 64–5 ethyl ethanoate 218 flooding 172
end-point 259 eutrophication 175–6 flourmills 249
endocrine glands 105, 111 evaporation 180, 374 flower structure 128–9
endocrine system 105, 111 evolution, theory of 153–4, 158–60, flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) 297
endothermic reactions 243–5 fluorine 271
energy 359–70 158 focal length (f) 398
chemical 361–2 excretion 2, 3 food, energy from 60–1
and chemical reactions 243–5, 457 exhalation 97–8 food chains 164–5, 164, 168
consumption 369 exhaust fumes 298 food classes 57–60
dietary requirements 55 exothermic reactions 193, 196, 243–5, food storage, plants 125
electrical 361, 361–2, 365–9 food tests 26–7
electromagnetic radiation 361 281 food webs 164, 165–6, 168
forms of 361 expansion 179, 377 force constant (k) 347–8
from food 60–1 experimental techniques 185–91, 456 force-extension graphs 347–8
heat (thermal/internal) 361–2 forces
kinetic (K.E.) 13, 31, 251, 361–4, accuracy 185–8
mixtures 187–8 `action-at-a-distance’ 343, 414
368, 379 objectives in chemistry 454 conditions for equilibrium 353–4
light 361–2 separating mixtures 188–91 definition 347
losses in transformers 442 expiration 98 direction 348
non-renewable sources 368 explosions 249–50 effect of mass on acceleration
nuclear 361 explosives 281
potential (P.E.) 361–2, 363–4 external factors 43–4 349–50
and respiration 101 extraction, metals 282–6 electric 343
sound 361–2 Exxon Valdez (tanker) 174 and electric charges 414
energy conservation, principle of eye(s) 108–11 electromotive force (e.m.f.) 417–18
electrostatic force of attraction 198
262–3 F forces of attraction (van der Waal’s
energy density 366
energy flow 163 falling objects 340–1 forces) 213
energy levels 198, 202, 243–4 Fallopian tube 135 friction 348–9
energy sources Faraday’s law 438–9 and the kinetic theory of matter
fats
non-renewable 365–6, 369 373
and nutrition 54 assimilation 69–70 magnetic 409–10
renewable 365, 366–9 and diet 26, 54–5, 57 magnitude 348
energy transfer 166–8, 361–5, 368, digestion 66, 67 moment of a force 351, 352
hydrogenation 324 and motion 347–9
416, 429 test for 27 pressure 356–7
efficiency 362–3 fatty acids 26, 66, 68, 69 turning effect of a force 351
enhanced greenhouse effect 302 fermentation 101, 326 unit of 344
enthalpy of combustion (molar heat of ferro-magnetics 409, 411 and work 360
fertilisation fossil fuels 170, 171, 320–1, 368
combustion) 244 in humans 126, 133–4, 141, 144–5 combustion 365
environment 163–9, 368–9 in plants 126, 132 and electricity generation 369
enzymes 6, 26, 29–34 fertilisers 19, 175, 304–7 non-renewable nature 365
fetus 136–7 fossilisation 170
action 29–30 FGD see flue gas desulfurisation fractional distillation 190–1, 318
definition 29 fibre 56 fractions 318
denaturing 30, 31 fibrinogen 91 francium 270
digestive 62, 66–8, 70–2
and pH 31, 32–3
and temperature 30, 31–2
522
Index
free fall 340–1, 344 glucose 25 dissection 87
freezing 181, 374 absorption 66 heart attack 55
frequency (f) 336 assimilation 69 heart disease 55, 85–6, 100
friction 348–50 blood levels 115 heart rate 87, 112
molecular joining together of heat
friction-compensated runways 364 29–30
sliding/dynamic 349 and photosynthesis 42 conduction 381–3
starting/static 349 and respiration 101–2 convection in air 384
fruit 129 convection in liquids 383–4
fuel 321 glycerol 26, 66, 68 radiation 385
fulcrum 351 glycogen 25, 57, 58, 105 heating curves 181, 455
fuses 431 GM (Geiger–Müller) tube 446–7, 449, `held in forceps’ 446
fusion 126–7, 133, 144, 374 helium 198–9, 274
450 HEP see hydroelectric power
G goblet cells 100 heptane 218
gold 277, 283, 286 herbivores 164, 164, 165, 166
Galileo 340, 349 gold-leaf electroscope 414 heredity 140
gall bladder 73 gonads 144 see also inheritance
galvanising 290, 300 graduation 379 hermaphrodite 127
gametes (sex cells) 122, 126–8, 132–4, graphite 212–15, 234, 238 hertz (Hz) 390
gravitational fields 343, 344 heterozygous 145, 146–7, 149
141, 149 gravitropism (geotropisms) 116–17, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
production 144–5
gamma emission 448 116 137
gamma radiation 446–8, 450, 451 negative 116, 118 Hofmann voltameter 235
gas exchange 43, 94–101 positive 116 homeostasis 101, 113–16, 113
gaseous exchange 96–7, 100 gravity homologous series 321, 323
gases 178–9, 180–3, 455, 457 and acceleration of free fall 341, homozygous 145, 146–7, 149
diffusion 182–3, 455 Hooke, Robert 347
expansion 377 344 Hooke’s law 347–8
greenhouse 302–3 and gravitational fields 343, 344 hormones 105, 111–12, 111, 117
identifying 261–4 and weight 343, 344
and the kinetic theory of matter grazing, effects of 165–6 see also growth substances
greasing 300 horticulture 50, 161
373, 376, 377 greenhouse effect 365 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
and moles 225 enhanced 302
motion 376 greenhouse gases 302–3 137
natural gas 320, 365, 369 growth 2, 3, 54, 143 human influences on ecosystems
noble (inert) 202, 269, 274 see also tropic responses (tropisms)
pressure of 375–6 growth substances (plant hormones) 170–6
tests for 264–5, 462 carbon cycle 170–1
volumes 228, 229 117–18 deforestation 171, 172–4
gastric juice 66 guard cells 46, 47–8 water pollution 174–6
Geiger–Müller (GM) tube 446–7, 449, gums 64, 65 human sexual reproduction 133–8
humidity 81
450 H Hydra 125
generators, alternating current hydration 324
Haber, Fritz 304 hydrocarbons 295, 317, 318, 321, 323
439–40 Haber process 251, 304, 305 hydrochloric acid 66, 68, 229, 458
genes 140–1, 140, 152 haemoglobin 59–60, 90, 97 and calcium carbonate 248–9
haemolysis 20 limiting reactant 229
mutant 158 haemophilia 137 and magnesium 279
see also alleles half-life 448–50 neutralising 257
genetic diseases 149–50 Hall-Héroult process 233 and sodium thiosulfate 250–1
genetic predisposition 86 halogenation 324–5 hydroelectric power (HEP) 234, 367,
genetic variation 127 halogens 269, 271–2, 459
genetics 140 hand lenses 11 368
see also inheritance haploid 144 hydrogen 195, 228–9, 235, 237,
genotypes 145, 147, 149
geothermal energy 367 nucleus 142, 142 279–80
geothermal power stations 367 hare 158 and ammonia 208–9, 304
germination 127, 132–3 hazards 454–5 atomic structure 444
glands 62, 105 conversion to helium 366
glass 395–7 international hazard warning covalent bonds 207
gliding 384 symbols 454 electron densities 207
global warming 173, 303, 365 isotopes 445
glucagon 115 heart 83–4 and methane 208
control of blood flow through the
86–7 523
Index
and methanol 211–12 definition 202–6 leaf structure 41–2, 44–9
reacting masses 222 and electrolysis 230–2, 234–40 epidermis 46, 47
and water 209 metal 261–4, 278, 281, 284, 459, functions of the leaf parts 47–8
hydrogen peroxide, decomposition leaf adaptations for photosynthesis
462 48–9
251–2, 457–8 and metal extraction 284 leaf surface and water loss 81
hydrogenation 324 and metallic bonding 278 mesophyll 46
hydrogencarbonate indicators 44 and moles 222 stomata 46, 47–8
hydroponics 50 and oxidation 253–4 and transport 75
hydroxide ions 237 spectator 257
hypothalamus 114, 115 see also anions; cations leaf veins (vascular bundles) 46, 48–9,
hypotheses 36, 39 iris 109, 110 75, 78–9
iron 59–60, 90, 258, 273, 277
I alloys 287–8 length 334–5
extraction 284–5 lenses 108–11
I–V graphs 420 magnetisation of 409
ileum 63, 68, 69 pig/cast 285, 288 converging 398–400
images 109–10 primitive use of 282 hand 11
recycling 286 lever balance 343
virtual 399 rusting 299–302, 460 levers 352, 363
implantation 136 iron filings 410 Liebig condenser 190
incisors 64 iron(II) sulfate 253 light
indicators 256 iron(II) sulfide 196, 220 bending 395
induction motors 437 iron(III) chloride 261 intensity 39–40, 43, 110, 427
inert 230 iron(III) oxide 252–3, 281, 299 monochromatic 403
infrared radiation 385, 403 irrigation 19 and photosynthesis 36, 36–40, 37–8,
ingestion 62, 63, 66 isotonic drinks 20–1
inheritance 140–62, 140 isotopes 199–200, 445 39–40, 43
and phototropism 116, 116, 117
and chromosomes 140–7, 140 J principle focus 398
and genes 140–1, 140, 152, 158 reflection 393–5, 397
and meiosis 144–5 joule (J) 360, 362 refraction 395–7
and mitosis 143–4 speed of 402
monohybrid 145–50 K see also sunlight
and mutations 153 light pipes 397
patterns of 145 karyotype 142 light waves 393–8, 403
and pedigree diagrams 149–50 kilogram (kg) 343 light-dependent resistors (LDRs) 427
recording results 152 kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m3) 345 lignin 47
and selection 153–61 kilowatt (kW) 365, 429 lime (calcium oxide) 227–8, 257, 288,
and variation 150–2 kinetic energy 13, 31, 251, 361–4, 368,
inherited characteristics 151 314
input sensors (input transducers) 379 lime kilns 314
kinetic theory of matter 179–80, 373, limestone (calcium carbonate) 248–9,
426–9
insect pollination 129, 130–1 376–7, 379, 383 257, 285, 312–14, 461
insoluble 189 Kirchhoff, Gustav 283 and acid rain 296
insoluble salts, preparation 261–2 krypton 274 and lime production 227–8
inspiration 98 kwashiorkor 60 and the neutralisation of acid soil
insulation, damaged 430–1 kymographs 98–9
insulators 382–3, 414 Kyoto Protocol 303 257, 313
insulin 115 limiting reactants 229
interdependence 164 L line of force (field line) 409–10, 433–5,
interference 405
intimate mixing 183 La Grande I project, Canada 367 438–9
involuntary actions 108 laboratory experiments 185–8 linear scales 379
iodine 26, 32–3, 37, 271–2 lactation 55 linearity 379
ionic bonding 203–5, 456 lacteals 68 lipase 67, 71–2
ionic compounds 206, 219, 234, 284 lactic acid 87, 102 lipids 26, 57
latent heat 374 liquids 178–9, 180–3, 455
see also aluminium oxide lateral inversion 394
ionic equations 221, 257, 260, 261, 282 lattice 205, 206 convection 383–4
ionic structures 205–6 Lavoisier, Antoine 227 density 346
ionisation 203, 446 Le Chatelier, Henri 305 diffusion 183, 456
ionising effects of radiation 446 lead 217, 295 expansion 377
ions 184, 446 lead stalk 44 and the kinetic theory of matter
lead(ii) bromide 231–2
common 203 leaf blade (lamina) 44, 49 373, 377
separating 190–1
volumes 335–6
lithium 270
524
Index
litmus 256 measurement 186, 334 metre (m) 334, 335
liver 63 and weight 343, 344 see also cubic metre (m3); square
living organisms, characteristics of 2–4 mastication 63, 66 metre (m2)
load 352 matter
long-eared bat 158 kinetic theory of 179–80, 373, micro-organisms 171, 294
loudness 406 micrometer screw gauge 337
loudspeakers 362 376–7, 379, 383 micrometers 337
lung cancer 100 and mass 343 microphones 361–2
lung structure 96 particulate nature 178–84, 455–6 microscopes (electron) 372
lymphatic system 68 states/phases of 178–80, 373, 374, microscopes (light)
M 455 calculating magnification 12
visualising 372 cells 8–9, 11–12
macromolecules 25 MAZIT metals (magnesium, aluminium, microvilli 13, 68
magnesium 253–4, 258, 458 microwaves 403–4
zinc, iron and tin) 258 midrib 44
and hydrochloric acid 279 measurement apparatus 185–6 mineral deficiency symptoms
ions 49, 50–1 mechanical digestion 63–5, 63 animal 59–60
limiting reactant 229 mechanical waves 389 plant 50–1
and steam 280 medicine 450, 451 mineral salts 49–51, 59, 68
magnesium chloride 219, 279 megawatt (mW) 365, 429 mining 250
magnesium fuse 281 meiosis 144–5, 144 mirrors, plane 393, 394
magnesium nitrate 219 melanin 113 mitochondria 134
magnesium oxide 204–5, 220, 225, melting 374 mitosis 125, 143–4, 143
melting points 180, 187, 278, 374, 455 mixtures 187–8
227, 252–4, 280 membrane cells 236, 238 and compounds 196, 456
magnetic fields 409–10, 433–5 Mendeleev, Dmitri 267–8, 274 separating 188–91, 456
magnetic forces 343 meniscus 335 molar gas volume (Vm) 225
magnetic poles 409 menstrual cycle 136 molars 64–5
menstrual period 136 molecules 183–4
law of 409 mercury cells 236 biological 25–8
north 409, 412 mercury poisoning 174 diatomic 184
south 409 mercury-in-glass thermometers 379, diffusion 13
magnetisation 409, 411 and the kinetic theory of matter
of iron 409 380
of steel 409 mesophyll 46 373
magnetism 408–21 and moles 222
electromagnets 411–12 palisade 7, 10, 46, 48, 49 moles 222–8, 229, 457
induced 412 spongy 46, 48, 49 calculating 223–6
magnets transport 77 and chemical equations 227–8
bar 438 metal oxides 260, 261 and compounds 223–4, 223–5
hard 409 basic 259 and elements 223
properties 409 see also specific oxides and gases 225
soft 409 metallic bonding 278 and solutions 225–6
U-shaped 438 metallic conductors 381–2, 383, 420 moles per cubic decimeter (mol/dm3)
magnification 12 metals 194–5, 276–91, 459–60
magnifying glasses 400–2 and acids 279, 458 225–6
malleable 278 alkali 269, 270–1, 272, 273, 459 moments 353
malnutrition 55–6, 59–60 alloys 287–90
maltase 68 bonding 278 law of moments (law of the lever)
Malthus, Thomas 154 conduction 381–2, 383 352
maltose 29, 31–2, 68 discovery 282–6
mammals, double circulation 83–7 extraction 282–6 moment of a force 351, 352
manganese(IV) oxide 251–2, 457–8 free 283 monochromatic light 403
marasmus 60 ions 261–4, 278, 281, 284, 459 monocotyledons 46
marble 312–13 properties 277, 278 monomers 25, 327, 328–9
mass 343 reactions 279–80, 459–60 motion 333–58
centre of mass (centre of gravity) recycling 286–7, 289
uses 290 acceleration 338–9
354–5 waste 286–7 acceleration of free fall (g) 341, 344
and density 345 methane 208, 244, 250, 303, 322 area 335
effect of mass on acceleration methanol 211–12 atoms 372–3
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus balancing a beam 351–2
349–50 basic quantities 334
and kinetic energy 363 aureus (MRSA) 159 centre of mass 354–5
Law of conservation of mass 227–8 methylated spirits 326 conditions for equilibrium 353–4
and density 345–6
525
Index
distance-time graphs 340 neon 274 OIL RIG mnemonic (Oxidation Is Loss,
equations 340 nerve cells (neurones) 105, 106 Reduction Is Gain of electrons)
falling objects 340–1 234
and force 347, 348 relay 106
friction 348–9 sensory 106 oiling 300
and gravity 343, 344 nerve fibres 106–7 oleum 311
Hooke’s law 347–8 nerve impulses 105, 107 omnivores 64
length 334–5 nerves 105–6, 106–7 one to one ratio 149
levers 352 nervous system 11, 105–11 optic nerve 109
mass 343 neutron number 445 optical fibres 397
micrometers 337 neutrons 198–200, 444–5, 448 optimum temperature 305
moment of a force 351, 352 newton (N) 344 ores 282–4, 286
and the newton 344 Newton, Issac organ systems 11
Newton’s first law of 349–50 first law of motion 349–50 organelles 6, 7, 46, 143
Newton’s second law of 350 second law of motion 350 organic chemistry 316–31, 461
pressure 356–7 newton metre (Nm) 351
resultants 348 nickel 273 alcohols (R–OH) 325–6
speed 338 nicotine 100 alkanes 321–3
speed-time graphs 339–40 nitrate ions 49, 50–1, 219 alkenes 323–5, 326–9
time 334, 336 nitrates 175–6, 264 condensation polymers 329–30
toppling 355–6 nitrogen 98 fossil fuels 320–1
uniform acceleration 339, 340 and ammonia 208–9, 304–5 substances from oil 317–19
units 334 relative formula mass 224 organic compounds 317, 318
velocity 338 nitrogen oxides 295, 296, 298 organisms 11
vernier scales 337 noble gases 202, 269, 274 and their environment 163–9
volume 335–6 noise 406 organs 11
weight 343, 344 non-electrolytes 230 oscillation 336
motor effect 435–6 non-metal oxides 261 osmosis 15–23, 18, 47–8, 78
motor impulses 105 non-metals 194–5, 277 osteo-malacia 60
motor neurones 106 normal, the 393 output transducers 426
motor rule 436 NTC see Negative Temperature ovary 129, 135–6
motors 361 overheated cables 431
induction 437 Coefficient overweight 56
model 437 nuclear fuels 366, 369 oviduct 135–6
practical 436–8 nuclear fusion 366 ovule (egg cell), plants 10, 126, 128,
simple d.c. electric 436 nuclear power 366, 368, 369, 451
mouth 63, 66 nucleon number 198–9 129, 132
movement 2, 3 nucleons 444 ovum (egg), animal 133–4, 136, 141,
Mr see relative molecular mass nucleus (atomic) 198
MRS GREN mnemonic 2–3 nucleus (cell) 5, 6 144, 147
MRSA (methicillin-resistant oxidation 101, 252–4, 326
diploid 142, 142 oxidation state 219
Staphylococcus aureus) 159 division 143 oxides 195–6, 261
mucus 62, 100 neurone 106 oxidised 101, 252–3
muscle and plant reproduction 132 oxidising agents 253
nuclides 445 oxygen
antagonistic 110 nutrition 2, 3
cardiac 87 see also animal nutrition; plant and carbon dioxide 211
ciliary 110–11 diffusion 13
circular 110 nutrition in exhaled air 97
radial 110 nylon 329–30 and gas exchange 95, 96–9
musical notes 406 in inspired air 98
mutagens 153 O and metal reactions 280
mutation 153, 153, 158 and methanol 211–12
mutual induction 440–1 obesity 56 and oxides 195–6
octaves 406 and photosynthesis 38–41,
N Oersted’s discovery 433
Ohms 419 48, 49
natural gas 320, 365, 369 Ohm’s law 420 and physical exercise 99
natural selection 153–5, 158, 160–1 oil 320, 365, 369 and respiration 101
negative feedback 115 and rust 299
Negative Temperature Coefficient crude 317–19 and water 209
pollution 174 oxygen debt 87, 102
(NTC) 426 refining 318–19 oxyhaemoglobin 90, 97
substances from 317–19
526
Index
P pH scale 256–7 plastic coating 300
soil 257 platelets 91
p (rho) 345 phagocytosis 91 plating 300
Pa see pascal phenolphthalein 72 `plating baths’ 241
paint, rust-preventing 299 phenotype 145, 147 plumb lines 355
pancreas 62, 63, 67 phloem 47, 48, 75, 77, 82 polar bears 156–7
pancreatic amylase 67, 68 phosphates 174, 175–6 pollen 126, 128, 129–32
pancreatic juice 67 phosphorous 288 pollen sac 129, 130
parallax error 334 photosynthesis 35–44, 35, 163, 164, pollen tube 131
Paris Agreements 303 pollination 126, 128, 129–32, 129
partially permeable membranes 15–16 302
particle size 15 and carbon dioxide 36–8, 40–1, 44, agents of 129
particles 179 pollution 368
particulate nature of matter 178–84, 47–9, 170
chemical equation 41 air 295–8
455–6 and chlorophyll 7, 36, 37, 41, 302 water 174–6, 294–5
atoms 183–4 effect of external factors on the polyamides 329
changes of state 180–2, 455 polyesters 330
diffusion 182–3 rate of 43–4 polymerisation 327
ions 184 and energy transfer 167 polymers 25
kinetic theory of matter 179–80 leaf adaptations for 48–9 addition 326–9
molecules 183–4 and light 36, 37–8, 39–40, 43 condensation 329–30, 461
pascal (Pa) 356–7 limiting factors 43 polypropene 329
pathogens 99–100 and oxygen 38–41 polystyrene 329
p.d. see potential difference plants use of photosynthetic poly(tetrafluoroethene) (PTFE)
P.E. see potential energy
pedigree diagrams 149–50 products 42–3 monomer 327, 328–9
pendulums 336 process 41–2 polythene 326–7, 329
penis 135 and temperature 41, 43
peppered moth 154–5 phototropism 116, 116, 117 strips 413–14
pepsin 67, 71 positive 118 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 327, 328–9
peptidase 67 physical activity potassium 270, 271
peptide links 329 and breathing 98–101
peptides 67 lack of 86 ions 47–8
period (T) 336 and pulse rate 84, 87–8 potassium hydroxide 226
Periodic Table 202, 267–75, 277, 453, physical changes 181, 193–4 potassium manganate (VII) 253
physics 332–453 potential difference (p.d.) 416,
459 atomic physics 444–52
development 267–9 electrical quantities 408–21 418–19, 425, 427, 440, 442
and electronic structure 270, 272, electricity 408–21 potential energy (P.E.) 368
electromagnetic effects 433–43
274 energy 359–70 change to kinetic energy 364
Group I (alkali metals) 269, 270–1, magnetism 408–21 gravitational 363
motion 333–58 potentiometers 419
272, 273, 459 power 359–70 power 359–70
Group VII (halogens) 269, 271–2, revision questions 475–8, 512–16 definition 364–5
thermal 371–87 in electric circuits 429–30
459 waves 388–407 losses in transmission cables 442
Group VIII (noble gases) 269, 274 work 359–70 measurement 365
groups 268, 269 pitch 406 power stations 367, 368, 369, 451
period trends 269–70 placenta 136–7 predators 164
periods 268, 269 plane mirrors 393, 394–5 pregnancy 55, 136–7
transition elements 273–4 plant cells 6–10, 16–19, 21–2 premolars 64
peripheral nervous system 105 plants pressure 356–7
peristalsis 66 asexual reproduction 122–6, 161 and temperature 375
perspex 329 leaf structure 41–2, 44–9 and volume 375–6
petals 128 mineral requirements 49–51 Pressure law 375
petrol 218 nutrition 35–52 principle focus 398
low sulfur 297 sexual reproduction 126–33 processed foods 56
petroleum 163 transport 75–82 processors 426
pH water uptake 19, 77–8, 80–1 producers 164–5, 164, 168
and enzymes 31, 32–3 see also photosynthesis products 220, 222, 227, 228
mouth 65 plasma 90, 91 progressive waves 389–90
optimum 31 plasmolysis 20, 21–2 longitudinal 389, 390
pH meter 256 transverse 389
propane 322
prostate gland 135
527
Index
protease 66, 67 radiotherapy 450 measurement 420
protein 26 radium 446–7 skin 430
radon 274, 451 and temperature 426–7
and diet 54–5, 57, 58 Ramsay, Sir William 274 resistors 419–20, 429
digestion 66, 67 ranges 380 in parallel 424–6
pepsin and 71 rarefactions 405 in series 424
structural 26 ratemeters 446 variable 419–20
test for 27 ray diagrams 399 respiration 2, 3, 101–3, 171
see also enzymes Rayleigh, Lord John William Strutt 274 aerobic 95, 101, 101, 302
protein-energy malnutrition 60 reactants 220, 222, 227, 228 anaerobic 101–2, 101, 326
proton number 198–9 internal 97
protons 198–9, 200, 444–5, 448 limiting 229 plants and 43
PTFE (poly(tetrafluoroethene)) reacting masses 221–3 respiration rate 97
reactivity respiratory surfaces 95
monomer 327, 328–9 respiratory system 97
pulmonary artery 84, 86, 88, 89 of metals 277, 279, 280–6 resultants 348
pulmonary circulation 83 order of 279 retardation 339
pulmonary vein 84, 89, 97 reactivity series 279, 281–3 retina 109–10
pulp cavity 64, 65 real images 394 reverberations 405
pulse recessive 145, 146, 149–50, 152 reversible reactions 193, 304, 310–11,
recording results 152
carotid artery 84 rectum 63 324, 456
radial artery 84 recycling, metals 286–7, 289 Rf values 188
pulse rate 84, 87–8 red blood cells 10, 90 RFM see relative formula mass
pulses (physics) 391 haemolysis 20 rhizomes 123–4
`Punnett square’’ 149 and iron 59–60 rickets 60
pupil 109, 112 redox reactions 252–4, 281, 282, 455 right angles 389
pupil reflex 110 reducing agents 253, 285 right-hand grip rule 434
purification, copper 239–40 reduction 232, 252–4 right-hand screw rule 434
purity criteria 187, 455 refining 318 ripple tanks 390–1
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) monomer reflection
law of reflection 393 continuous ripples 391
327, 328–9 light waves 393–5, 397 pulses 391
pyloric sphincter 66 sound waves 405 root (plant) 77–8
total internal 397 root (tooth) 64, 65
Q water waves 391 root hairs (plant) 10, 19, 77–8
reflectors 385 rootstocks 123
qualitative chemical analysis 461–2 reflex actions 107–8 rubbish 174–5
quicklime 314 reflex arcs 107–8 rubidium 270
refraction rust 299–302
R of light waves 395–7 Rutherford–Bohr model 445
of water waves 391–2
radar 404 refractive index 396 S
radial muscle 110 relative atomic mass (Ar) 221–2, 223
radiation 385 scale 223 sacrificial protection 300–1
relative formula mass (RFM) 221–2, safety issues, chemistry 454–5
absorption 385 saliva 66
alpha 446–8, 451 224 salivary amylase (ptyalin) 66, 68, 70
background 446 relative molecular mass (Mr) 224 salivary glands 62, 63
beta 446–8, 450, 451 renal artery 89 salt see sodium chloride
emitters 385 renal vein 89 salt water 190
gamma 446–8, 450, 451 repair 54, 143 salts 59
ionising 153, 446 replacement, cellular 54, 143
reflectors 385 replication 143–4 formation 458
ultraviolet 385, 403 reproduction 2, 3, 121–39 testing for 263
see also radioactivity see also soluble salts
radio waves 403 asexual 122–6, 122, 161 saturated 189, 321
radioactive 200 sexual 126, 127–38 scalers 446
radioactive decay 448–50 and sexually transmitted infections scavengers 164
decay curves 449 sclera 108
random nature 449–50 137–8 scrotum 134
radioactive waste 366 residue 189 scurvy 55, 56
radioactivity 446–52 resistance 419–20, 429, 442 second (s) 336
dangers of 451–2 seeds 127, 129
uses of 450–1 and air 340, 349
see also radiation and light intensity 427
radioisotopes 200, 445, 450, 451
radionuclides 445
528
Index
selection 153–61 solidification 374, 374–5 stem tubers 124
natural selection 153–5, 158, 160–1 solids 178–81, 227–8, 455 stems 75–6
sterilisation 450
selection pressures 154 competition reactions 281 stigma 129, 130, 131, 132
selective breeding 159–60 density 346 stimuli 107
semi-lunar valve 86 expansion 377 STIs see sexually transmitted infections
sensitivity 2, 3, 113, 380 irregularly shaped 346 stoichiometry 217–29, 457
sensory impulses 105 kinetic theory of 373, 377
sepals 128 regularly shaped 346 chemical equations 220–1
septum 84 solubility 187 chemical formulae 217–20
sewage 175–6 soluble 189, 197 chemical symbols 217
sex chromosomes 141–2 sparingly soluble 261 limiting reactant 229
sex determination 141–2 soluble salts, methods of preparing moles 222–8
sexual reproduction 126, 127–38 reacting masses 221–3
258–60 relative atomic mass 221
female reproductive system 135–6 acid + alkali (soluble base) 259–60 stolons 123
male reproductive system 134–5 acid + carbonate 259 stomach 63, 66–7, 68
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) acid + insoluble bases 260 stomata 41, 46, 47–8, 49
acid + metal 258 stress 86, 112
137–8 solute 189, 197 stroboscopes 391
shivering 114 solutions 189, 197, 225–6, 228 stroke 85
shoots 11 see also aqueous solutions style 129
shunt vessels 115 solvents 189, 197 sub-atomic particles 198, 268
SI (Système International d’Unités) Sørensen, Søren 256 substrates 29, 31
sound waves 390, 404–6 sucrose 42, 57, 82
334, 345 echoes 405 sugar 25, 57
sieve tubes 75 limits of audibility 405–6 storage in plants 43
silicon 288 musical notes 406 test for reducing sugar 27
silicon(IV) oxide 215 origin and transmission 404–5 and tooth decay 65
silver 283, 286 reflection 405 sulfate 263
silver bromide 263 speed of sound 405–6 sulfur 309–11, 460–1
skin, functions 113–14, 115 sparingly soluble 261 allotropes 309
slag 285 specialisation, cells 9 sulfur dioxide
slides 8–9 speed 338 and air pollution 295, 296, 297
slip rings 439 and acceleration 338–9 and the Contact process 310
small intestine 63, 67, 68, 69 average 338 extraction 365
smoking 86, 100 of light 402 and low sulfur petrol 297
social issues 368–9 of sound 405–6 sulfur trioxide 310–11
sodium 270, 277 uniform 339 sulfuric acid 228, 235–6, 253–4, 309–11
waves 390 Sun, nuclear fusion 366
chemical symbol 217 speed-time graphs 339–40 sunlight, energy of 163, 167, 303
extraction 283, 284 sperm duct 134–5 surface area
oxidation 254 sperm (spermatozoa) 10, 126, 133–4, and diffusion 13–14
reacting mass 222 and evaporation 374
and water 280 141–2, 144, 147 and gas exchange 95
sodium chloride 19, 203–4, 206, 234 spirometers 98–9 and rate of reaction 248–50
chemical formula 219 springs 347 `survival of the fittest’ 154
electrolysis 236–8 square metre (m2) 335 survival value 154
redox reaction of 254 stamens 127, 129 suspensory ligament 108, 111
sodium hydrogencarbonate 67 starch 25, 57 sweating 114
sodium hydroxide 226, 228, 237, synthesis 36
and amylase 70
261–2, 280 breaking down 31–2 T
aqueous 262 destarching a plant 37
use as neutraliser 257 digestion 66, 67, 68 tapped off (run off) 285
sodium sulfate 220 formation during photosynthesis target organs 111
sodium thiosulfate 250–1, 458 teeth 64–5
soil 36–9, 42–3 temperature
acid 257, 313 storage 43
erosion 172 testing for 26, 36–8 boiling 374
solar cells 366 starvation 55 and diffusion 14
solar energy 366, 369 static electricity 413, 414, 415 and enzymes 30, 31–2
solar furnaces 366 steam 280 and evaporation 374
solar panels 366 steel 285–6, 287–9
solenoids 409, 411 magnetisation of 409 529
solid/liquid mixtures, separation 189
Index
and germination 132–3 measurement 185 vegetable oils 324
measurement 185–6, 379–81 speed-time graphs 339–40 vegetative propagation 122–4, 161
and melting points 374 tin 258 vein
optimum 305 tissues 11, 97
and photosynthesis 41, 43 titration 259 animal 83, 84, 88–9, 97
and pressure of a gas 375–6 tooth structure 64 leaf (vascular bundles) 46, 48, 49,
and rate of reaction 251 top-pan balance 343
and resistance 426–7 toppling 355–6 75, 78–9
scale of 379 tracers 450 velocity 338, 363
and the speed of sound 405 trachea 96 vena cava 84, 89
and transpiration 82 transformers ventilation 95, 96
tendons 86 energy losses 442 ventricle 84, 86–7
Terylene 330 step-down 441 venule 88
testes 134–5 step-up 441 Venus flytrap 157–8
tetrafluoroethene 328 transformer equation 441 vernier calipers 337
thermal cracking 323 translocation 82, 82 vernier scales 337
thermal decomposition 303 transmission cables, power losses in vessels 75
thermal physics 371–87 vibrations 404
absorbers 385 442 villi 68, 69
bimetallic strip 378 transpiration 47, 77–82 virtual images 394
boiling 374 viruses, sexually transmitted 137, 138
condensation 374–5 rate of 81–2 vision 109–11
evaporation 374 stream 79 `Visking’ dialysis tubing 17–18, 21, 71
expansion of solids, liquids and transport 74–93 vitamin C 58
in animals 83–93
gases 377 in plants 75–82 deficiency 55
freezing 374 trays 319 vitamin D 58
gases and kinetic theory 376 tricuspid valve 86, 87
kinetic theory of matter 373 tritium 445 deficiency 60
melting 374 trophic levels 168, 168 vitamin deficiency diseases 55, 58, 60
pressure of a gas 375–6 tropic responses (tropisms) 116–20 vitamins 58, 68
scale of temperature 379 trypsin 67 vitreous humour 108, 109
solidification 374–5 tubers 82 voltage 416, 418, 424–6, 441
temperature measurement 379–80 turgid 19 voltmeters 418, 420
thermometers 379–80 turgor pressure 19, 21, 47–8 volts (V) 416, 417, 429
thermal power stations 368 volume 335–6
thermal theory U
conduction 381–3 and density 345–6
convection in air 384 ultraviolet radiation 385, 403 measurement 186, 457
convection in liquids 383–4 umbilical cord 136 and pressure 375–6
emitters 386 universal indicators 256–7 voluntary actions 108
radiation 385 unsaturated compounds 323, 324 vulva 135
thermals 384 uranium 366
thermistors 381, 426–7 urethra 135 W
Thermit reactions 281 uterus 135–6
thermochromic liquids 381 Wallace, Alfred Russel 153
thermocouple thermometers 380–1 V waste
thermometers 185–6, 379–81
clinical 380 vacuoles 7, 16–17, 19 disposal 174–5
constant-volume gas 381 vacuums 402 metals 286–7
liquid-in-glass 379 vagina 135–6 radioactive 366
resistance 381 valency 219–20 water 292–308, 460
thermocouple 380–1 valves 86–7 as biological molecule 26
thermostats 378 van de Graaff machines 415 chemical formula 195
thickness gauge 450 van Helmont, Jean-Baptiste 35–6 conductivity 235
thoron 449 vaporisation 374 covalent bonds 209–10
three to one ratio 147–9 variables 133 diffusion 13
tidal barrages (barriers) 367 variation 150–4, 150 drinkable 294–5
tidal energy 367, 369 electrolysis of 235–8
time 334, 336 continuous 151–2 and germination 132
distance-time graphs 340 discontinuous 151 loss by plants 79–81
genetic 150 and metal reactions 280
phenotypic 150, 152 and moles 223–4
vasoconstriction 115 pollution 174–6, 294–5
vasodilation 115 properties 293
vectors 338–9 reacting mass 222
and respiration 101
530
and rust 299 optical fibres 397 Index
and sodium 280 plane mirrors 393, 394–5
testing for 293–4 principle focus 398 wind turbines 367
treatment 294–5 progressive 389–90 wind-pollinated flowers
uptake by plants 19, 77–8, 80–1 properties 388–407
water cultures 50–1 ray diagrams 399 129–31
water potential 19–23, 47–8 real images 394 Winkler, Clemens 268
water tension 77 reflection of light 393–5, 397 wires, straight 438
watt (W) 365 reflection of sound waves 405 wiring, faulty 430–1
watt per ampere 429 reflection of water waves 391 Wöhler, Friedrich 283
wave energy 367 refraction of light 395–7 work 359–70
wave equation 390–1, 402 refraction of water 391–2
wavefronts 391 sound 390, 404–6 definition 360–1
wavelength 390 speed 390 and energy transfers 362
waves straight 391 and power 364
amplitude 390 and types of electromagnetic
and converging lenses 398–400 X
crests of 391 radiation 403–5
critical angle 396–7 types of 389–90 X chromosome 141–2
describing 390 and virtual images 394, 399 X-ray diffraction 205
diffraction 392–3 wave equation 390–1 x-rays 404
electromagnetic spectrum 402 wavefronts 391 xenon 274
frequency (f) 390, 406 weight 343 xylem 46, 75, 77–9
lateral inversion 394 and gravity 343, 344
and the law of reflection 393 and mass 343, 344 Y
light pipes 397 weight potometers 79–81
longitudinal 405 white blood cells 91 Y chromosome 141–2
magnifying glasses 400–2 wilting 19 yeast 101–2, 326
mechanical 389 wind 374 yield 304
wind energy 367, 369
Z
zinc 258, 273, 282, 290, 300–1
zinc nitrate 282
zinc oxide 261
zygotes 126, 128, 132–3, 136, 141,
143, 145
531
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Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences
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Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences
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