2017-06

GALÁPAGOS: CHANGING DISCOVERING
WITH THE TIMES A NEW DINO SPECIES

WHY
WE LIE

The science behind our complicated
relationship with the truth

JUNE 2017



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I CONTENTS

. .J U N E 2 0 1 7 • VO L 2 3 1 • N O 6 • O F F I C I A L J O U R N A L O F T H E N AT I O N A L G EO G R A P H I C SO C I E T Y

FRONT F E AT U R E S

VISIONS 112 CARVED BY LAVA
EXPLORE
Progress: 3-D paintings, Centuries of eruptions have created hidden networks of caves under Hawaii’s
diverse comics, holograms YROFDQRHV %HORZ ODYD ƄRZV RXW RI RQH RI WKH XQGHUJURXQG SDVVDJHZD\V LQWR WKH VHD
By Joshua Foer, Photographs by Carsten Peter

STARTALK
Neuroscientist and TV star
Mayim Bialik on the status
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On the Cover A polygraph 30 | WHY WE LIE 52 | LIFE IN THE 70 | THE PERILS
allows its operator to compare In the age of social media, BALANCE OF PALE
a person’s physiological separating truth from lies Climate change threatens In Tanzania people with
responses—such as changes may be harder than ever. animals of the Galápagos. albinism are attacked
in breathing, blood pressure, or for their body parts.
pulse—when telling the truth By Yudhijit Bhattacharjee By Christopher Solomon
versus lying. Originally introduced Photographs by Photographs by By Susan Ager, Photographs
in 1921, these instruments may Dan Winters Thomas P. Peschak by Stephanie Sinclair
help indicate when people lie, but
scientists are still exploring the 92 | TURNED 106 | A STATE 128 | THE SIDE
question of why people lie. TO STONE OF GRIEF EFFECT
National Geographic photo illustration A Canadian mine yields Death rituals have become Entrepreneurs sell medi-
one of the world’s best a cathartic part of daily life cine on Haiti’s streets.
&RUUHFWLRQV DQG &ODULƃFDWLRQV preserved dinosaurs. in the Philippines.
Go to natgeo.com/corrections. By Arnaud Robert
By Michael Greshko By Aurora Almendral Photographs by Paolo Woods
Photographs by Robert Clark Photographs by Adam Dean and Gabriele Galimberti

PHOTO: DOUG PERRINE, LAVA OCEAN TOURS

| CONTENTS

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| FROM THE EDITOR | EARNING YOUR TRUST

FIND THE TRUTH years ago, our motto was similarly un-
AND PRINT IT ambiguous: Find the truth and print it.
That was correct then, and it is now. So
When I was a child in Ann Arbor, Mich- it astounds me today that, in the United
igan, my parents used to load my sister States and elsewhere, we’re talking about
and me into the car and drive to my Actual Facts—to say nothing of “alterna-
grandparents’ house near Detroit. tive facts,” “fake news,” and “post-truth.”
Clearly, it’s the ideal time to publish this
My grandparents were immigrants month’s cover, a scientific exploration
from Russia and Poland. They spoke of why we lie.
broken, heavily accented English with
a lot of Yiddish sprinkled in. When my grandfather distorted the
truth, it was annoying, but it didn’t really
My grandfather was a pugnacious, matter—the stakes were low. But now,
up-by-his-bootstraps businessman who when elected leaders around the world
didn’t get past fifth grade. But what he do the same thing, it’s frightening.
lacked in education he made up for in
certainty. He won every argument, big What’s even scarier, in this digital era,
or small, by trotting out what he called is how errors of fact proliferate instantly,
the “Actual Facts,” usually at top volume. and that so many people embrace the
alternate realities. The trust gap between
After each visit, on the drive home, the public and experts, after widening
my sister and I would snicker about my for decades, is now a chasm. And as
grandfather’s Actual Facts—a ridiculous, “certified” experts decline in stature,
redundant phrase. We knew that facts “self-declared” experts ascend.
were facts. Period.
This is the bad news. But there’s also
In a newsroom where I worked 35 good news—and you are a big part of it.

One of the great joys of working here is
witnessing the affection and deep trust
that readers feel for National Geographic
and the content that we publish across
platforms. I believe we keep that trust by
producing journalism that is honest and
fair, grounded in science and evidence,
designed to educate and inform.

Confidence in the integrity of our
work enables us to defend it, civilly, to
those with other beliefs. That seems like
a good place to start if we’re ever going
to agree, let alone act, on actual facts.

Susan Goldberg, Editor in Chief

In a University of Toronto study, children
were put in situations where they had to
choose between lying and telling the truth
while researchers observed their brain
activity using neuroimaging headgear.

PHOTO: DAN WINTERS

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I VISIONS

O Order prints of select National Geographic photos online at NationalGeographicArt.com.

Vietnam
Decoratively dyed
bundles of incense dry
in Quang Phu Cau, a
commune in Hanoi. The
aromatic material—
burned to mark life
events and connect
with the spirit realm—
has been a hallmark of
Vietnamese culture
for thousands of years.

PHOTO: TRAN TUAN VIET





| VISIONS | YOURSHOT.NGM.COM

DA I LY DOZEN Albert Dros
Leusden, Netherlands
EDITOR’S PICK Each day online we feature
the 12 best photos submitted to our Your Shot Dros loves to shoot in Asia, but he knew photographing from
community. This is one of our favorites. one of the highest residential towers in Busan, South Korea,
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get permission. Then one night he was escorted to the roof
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®, TM, © 2016 Kellogg NA Co.

| VISIONS | YOURSHOT.NGM.COM

#NGM ADVANCES Aya Okawa
El Cerrito, California
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when an ordinary scene can become magical. She sensed
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meaning: “I hoped to convey an optimism.”



EXPLORE

PROGRESS

COLORING OUTSIDE he says. So have shifts in popular culture,
THE LINES laws, and demographics, and the ubiquity of
the Internet.
By Jeremy Berlin
It’s not the first time superheroes have
Bam! Thwak! Pow! Diverse superheroes are evolved. In fact, the latest changes are part
giving old stereotypes a beating. of a continuum, says Ramzi Fawaz, author of
The New Mutants: Superheroes and the Radical
As comic book and graphic novel sales in Imagination of American Comics. In the 1950s
North America cracked one billion dollars in and ’60s, writers and artists—mirroring and
2015, nontraditional characters—racial and grappling with societal upheaval—began to
cultural minorities, women, LGBT figures—are feature outcasts and countercultural figures.
becoming major players. Some heroes in this In the following decades, identity politics and
inclusive pantheon are new. But well-known environmental issues joined the fray as well.
characters and brands are also getting a make-
over: Marvel now has a black Spider-Man and a Today diverse characters have diverse cre-
female Thor; Archie Comics’ multiracial char- ators. Steve Orlando, a bisexual writer, says
acter Harper is disabled; DC’s Wonder Woman his gay superheroes, Midnighter and Virgil,
recently officiated at a lesbian wedding. aren’t just trailblazers; they’re also “human
and relatable.”
Industry analyst Milton Griepp says once
marginalized groups started appearing reg- “People tell me that Midnighter gave them
ularly in mainstream comics about 10 years the strength to be who they are,” he says. “Some
ago. The rise of manga, with its heavily female had waited their whole life for a character that
readership, and the recent superhero films of looks like them. And that’s what everyone
Hollywood have been catalysts for the change, deserves—a Peter Parker–style moment where
you say, Hey, that guy’s just like me. And that
guy’s a hero. Maybe I could be a hero too.”

2
4

5

1
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| EXPLORE | PROGRESS

BABY STEPS MRI scans of human fetuses in utero—here, THE SCIENCE
between 27 and 29 weeks of gestation—
By Catherine Zuckerman show the development of the brain and OF PROGRESS
other organs and body parts.
Water is pouring out of
Imagine if autism could be diagnosed creating a groundbreaking snapshot of the sunny sky thanks
before a baby is born. Rather than finding how well the organ is functioning. to start-up Zero Mass
out around the child’s third birthday, Water, which invented
when developmental issues usually They focus on cases where there’s dan- a solar panel system to
become noticeable, parents would get ger of premature birth, Thomason says, turn the air’s moisture
a head start on grasping the condition— because “we know that preterm children into potable drinking
and doctors would have an opportunity are at higher risk for developmental de- water. Panels can each
to strategize care in advance. lays.” Such delays are often blamed on
stress or lack of oxygen during birth. SURGXFH ƃYH OLWHUV
Diagnosis in utero is on the far hori- Thomason’s work suggests impairment of water a day, and
zon, says pediatric neuroscientist Moriah may start in the womb, possibly with an they’ve been installed
Thomason, whose research aims to solve undetected infection.
some of the mysteries of the fetal brain. LQ ƃYH WKLUVW\ FRXQWULHV
At Detroit’s Wayne State University, she A clearer understanding will take
and her team use MRI technology to time. The field moves rapidly, though, An international team
check the growth of a fetus’s brain and says Thomason. After all, it’s only in the of scientists used mo-
map the neural connectivity within it, past few decades that prenatal ultra- bile phone data to map
sounds have become routine. poverty in Bangladesh.
The type of phone,
number of sent texts,
and call minutes—all
economic indicators—
were combined with
satellite imagery to
produce a measure of
the country’s poverty.

Minuscule backpacks
may transform

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drones. Solar-powered
devices developed

IRU WKH 'UDJRQƄ(\H
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onto the insects
and steer them by
manipulating their
nervous systems.

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thousands of miles
and gather data out of
reach of standard tools.

To boost vaccination
rates, particularly in re-
mote areas, scientists
have been experiment-
ing with administering
vaccines more easily,
from an inhalable dry
powder for measles
to a disk of dissolving
microneedles for trial
HIV vaccines.

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| EXPLORE | PROGRESS

FINGER PAINTING

By Natasha Daly

To appreciate a painting, we’re taught
to look for color, composition, and light.
But how can a painting be savored by
someone who’s blind? Through touch,
the one thing gallery placards tell you
not to do. JoÙ Olson, a former photog-
rapher, and his team render paintings
into fully textured 3-D models, like this
version of Vincent van Gogh’s “Portrait
of Dr. Gachet.”

The tactile paintings work as a way to
reveal art to the blind because we don’t
see with just our eyes: We see with our
brains. Research in the field of neuroplas-
ticity—the brain’s adaptability—shows
that the visual cortex is stimulated by
touch. Blind people perceive shapes with
their existing senses, a process that broad-
lymimics that of sighted people, says Ella
Striem-Amit, a Harvard neuroscientist.

Luc Gandarias, who’s now 13, went
blind suddenly at age seven. When he
felt a 3-D rendering of Leonardo da Vin-
ci’s “Mona Lisa,” he says he noticed her
smile right away: “I could literally feel
what you see when you look at it.”

For Luc this means independence.
“The feeling of being able to see it and
form my opinion is like breaking down
another wall as a blind person.”

PHOTO: REBECCA HALE, NGM STAFF
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| EXPLORE | PROGRESS

HOLO BONES

By Nina Strochlic

In 2014 radiology professor Mark Gris- ‘I IMMEDIATELY KNEW MY WORLD
wold was looking for a new way to teach H A D C H A N G E D T H AT DAY. ’
anatomy. Running a cadaver lab can be
expensive, and corpses offer surprising- MARK GRISWOLD, CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY
ly limited views into the body. In the
midst of his search, he was invited to with teachers, peers, and a holographic Case Western students
Microsoft’s top secret testing facility. He display during a lesson. test HoloLens, a holo-
expected to be shown a virtual reality graphic augmented re-
headset, a potentially useful tool for HoloLens has already been deployed ality headset. Below, an
teaching. Instead tecÙicians outfitted to an array of fields, from aviation to illustration of the display
him with something even more ground- fashion design. Elevator tecÙicians use shows a body in 3-D.
breaking: a mixed reality headset, called it to identify problems, and architects
HoloLens, the first self-contained com- are creating holographic versions of ONLINE
puter that allows users to see holograms blueprints to help conceptualize build-
amid their surroundings. ings. A medical technology company To see a video of
recently began using it to reinvent the how the HoloLens
When Griswold put on the headset, operating room, so one day medical stu- allows students to
he was transported to a mountain on the dents who learned anatomy by hologram examine bodies, visit
surface of Mars. Standing beside him could perform surgery in a HoloLens- ngm.com/Jun2017.
was a NASA scientist. They chatted and designed room.
even made eye contact, but the scientist
was a hologram—a real person beamed In 2019 Case Western plans to open an
in from another room—and so was Mars, anatomy lab designed with the help of
built out of rover images. The experience HoloLens and using a curriculum built
was so overwhelming that he had to sit around the device. “I don’t see a class
down: “I immediately knew my world on campus that won’t be affected by the
had changed that day.” The headset, tecÙology,” says Griswold.
he realized, would be invaluable in
the classroom.

Griswold and his colleagues at Case
Western Reserve University and Cleve-
land Clinic set out to design a program
for HoloLens that would revolutionize
anatomy lessons. Last year they released
HoloAnatomy, a demonstration appli-
cation that transforms images into 3-D
models of the human body’s bones and
organs and enables students to ex-
plore their shape and movement from
every angle.

Virtual reality immerses users into
an alternate world, removed from their
surroundings. HoloLens is different:
“Physical and holographic objects coex-
ist and interact in real time,” says Micro-
soft’s Lorraine Bardeen. In classrooms
this means students can communicate

PHOTO: CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY
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| EXPLORE | PROGRESS

H IG H - FLYI N G H ELP and conservation tasks in the world’s -DQH *RRGDOO ,QVWLWXWH VWDƂ
hard-to-reach areas. Drones are mon- launch a drone to map
By Nina Strochlic itoring vultures on the steppes of forests in the Republic of
Mongolia, delivering medical supplies the Congo’s Tchimpounga
Drones were created as a tool of combat: in Rwanda, and searching for lost Nature Reserve.
Militaries use them to spy and even to civilizations in Brazil.
assassinate. But as with so much military
tecÙology, unmanned aerial vehicles One week after the Amazon delivery,
are becoming consumer items. Recently UNICEF and the government of Malawi
consultancy firm PwC estimated that announced a plan to open Africa’s first
the global drone industry may be worth testing site for humanitarian drones
$127.3 billion. In December, Amazon in 2017. On the 25-mile-wide airfield,
made its first delivery by drone, bring- companies can examine how drones
ing a TV streaming device and a bag of fare on a range of assignments—tracking
popcorn to a customer in the U.K. people fleeing disasters, for instance, or
bringing cell phone networks to remote
Among the most eager to harness the areas. “A company testing drones in a
power of remote-controlled aircraft are warehouse in San Francisco is not facing
aid and service organizations—those the same challenges,” says UNICEF’s
performing dangerous humanitarian Andrew Brown. “What’s produced
here will work anywhere in the world.”

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Elsewhere in Malawi, UNICEF has ex- with thermal imagery. His colleague DO-GOOD
perimented with sending drones to pointed out that the same algorithms DRONES
assess flash flood damage and trans- used to look for and measure warm
port HIV blood tests from rural medical objects in space could likely be applied Health care delivery,
centers to laboratories. to drone footage. They struck upon the Rwanda. Medical centers
idea of using star-detection software to in the hilly country can
Alreadydronesarebecomingvitaltools begin detecting wildlife. order emergency blood
in the intensifying fight against poachers. supplies by text message
“We want a drone to help us see things The long-term project will start with and receive them via
we can’t see standing by the jeep,” says scientific surveys of animal populations drone within 30 minutes.
Colby Loucks, who leads WWF’s Wild- and then expand to allow the public to
life Crime Technology Project. Drones upload drone footage and run it through Vulture monitoring,
can show rangers whether poachers are the detection software. Mongolia. Drones watch
armed and where they’re hiding. “Drones the nests of the world’s
will help keep rangers safe,” says Loucks. Wich predicts that drones—cheaper largest vulture species to
He hopes to outfit the drones with ther- and less dangerous than planes or ensure that the popula-
mal cameras and snare-identifying radar. helicopters—will become a widely used tion is healthy.
conservation tool. “Their flexibility
Scientists at Liverpool JoÙ Moores and high-resolution images are a huge Coral mapping, Amer-
University in the U.K. plan to employ advantage for data gathering,” he says. ican Samoa. In 2013
drones for a truly ambitious conserva- “I think we will have swarms of drones a Stanford University
tion project: documenting much of the flying over forests.” student created a drone
world’s wildlife. In 2015 biology pro- WR PDS FRUDO UHHIV RƂ 2IX
fessor Serge Wich was taking the train In Zanzibar, Tanzania, villagers learn how island to assess climate
home with an astrophysicist colleague. a drone is being used to map the Jozani change’s impact.
Wich, who monitors animal popula- Forest. The organization that provided this
tions, mentioned that he was looking drone, WeRobotics, co-creates “Flying Peacekeeping,
for a way to identify animals and humans Labs” around the world. Democratic Republic of
the Congo. The United
PHOTO: PATRICK MEIER, WEROBOTICS 1DWLRQV ƃUVW GHSOR\HG
drones in a peacekeep-
ing mission here in 2013
and has since used them
in Mali and the Central
African Republic.

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| EXPLORE | PROGRESS 3

10 TOP 10
INNOVATIONS
BIG ADVANCES
1. Printing press
By Daniel Stone 2. Light bulb
3. Airplane
Thomas Edison liked to 4. Personal computer
say that he never failed. 5. Vaccines
He succeeded every now 6. Automobile
and again with an inven- 7. Clock
tion that would change the 8. Telephone
world. The rest of the time, 9. Refrigeration
he tried thousands of other 10. Camera
things with only one fault—
that they would never work. 2
1
That’s the sort of spirit and
tenacity that leads to progress, says 6
Carla Hayden, the U.S. librarian of Con-
gress. The library keeps archives of many
of America’s copyrights and blueprints,
so National Geographic asked Hayden
to list what she considers 10 of the most
meaningful advances in history—the
inventions and innovations responsible
for the trappings of modern life.

Ranking innovations is more art than
science. Can you really compare a camera
to an airplane? But while progress is in-
cremental, it’s also exponential; it builds
on itself. The printing press allowed liter-
acy to spread and thinkers to share ideas
and, thus, invent more things.

Modern inventions tend more toward
improving than transforming: an app
that connects the world in a better way,
planes that fly farther, faster. But there’s
still room, every so often, for dramatic
advances like, say, 3-D printing or the In-
ternet. “There will be more great leaps,”
says Hayden. “We have a momentum
and acceleration I think we can all feel.”

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| EXPLORE | FIELD NOTES

SAVING OCEAN vulnerable by the International Union Conservation biologist
SPECIES, FROM for Conservation of Nature. Kerstin Forsberg is trying to
TOP TO BOTTOM protect manta rays by em-
Forsberg is a Rolex Awards for En- powering the communities
By Daniel Stone terprise laureate and a co-founder and that interact with them.
director of Planeta Océano, a marine
The old proverb about not giving a man conservation nonprofit. In addition to ONLINE
a fish but teaching him how to fish tends protecting giant manta rays, her team
to apply literally to matters of ocean conducts extensive studies on threat- FACEBOOK.COM
conservation. Rather than try to solve ened marine environments, helps / PLANETAOCEANO
developing communities’ problems for schoolteachers build networks to ex- ROLEXAWARDS.COM
them—polluted coastlines, for instance, change information and compare lesson
or depleted fisheries—many conserva- plans, and offers financial and tecÙical
tionists find that more lasting solutions help to fishermen and businesses that
come from giving people the tools they could fuel a growing ecotourism sector.
need to tackle the issues themselves.
The approach appears to be working.
Biologist Kerstin Forsberg is taking Manta rays are now legally protected
that approach to coastal and marine in Peru, and their image has gotten a
conservation, particularly regarding boost too. Last year one of the coun-
Peru’s giant manta rays. “They are flag- try’s magazines made a manta ray its
ship species,” she says, “and indicators cover model.
of ocean health.” Often incidentally
caught by fishermen, they are listed as National Geographic produced this article as
part of a partnership with the Rolex Awards
for Enterprise.

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by

| EXPLORE | PROGRESS

A Thought Experiment

David Byrne’s recent virtual reality project was based on cutting-edge
neuroscience research. His immersive installation took visitors on a
theatrical journey through the mind and body.

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What was the inspiration for this? one eye, and you see your nose intruding 7HFKQRORJLVW DQG LQYHVWRU
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ence lab in Sweden did an experiment eye, and you realize your nose is always SDUWQHUHG ZLWK DUWLVW DQG
that they referred to as “Being Barbie,” there. Yet unless you really look for it, PXVLFLDQ 'DYLG %\UQH
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point of view. When I read about that, but it’s there.
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their experiment. what our brain is deciding at the mo- 1 . -HPLVLQ ; 3UL]H
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where we are when we’re moving about.
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big we think we are, how small we think your perception of yourself?
we are, where we are. We use streaming VR so that all the
participants are streaming their vision,
It’s also surprising to experience things their view of the doll’s point of view.
that aren’t there. You know they’re not There’s no avatar in the sense that the
real, but you still experience them, which doll doesn’t move when you move. So
is a fun way to get across the idea that we ask people not to move their limbs.
our perception of the world is not really If you sense yourself moving and the
based on reality. It’s based on something thing doesn’t move, you get nauseous
we construct in our heads. when those things don’t match up.

Like how we see our nose.
Yeah, we demonstrate in a supersimple
way that your brain is filtering out part of
reality for you, because it’s decided you
don’t need to see this. There’s censor-
ship going on. You put your hand over

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Experiences in VR actually form
memories, as opposed to watching
afilmorreadingabook.Canyouwalk
us through the Barbie experiment?
We duplicated an experiment from the
Ehrsson lab in Stockholm. They didn’t
actually use a Barbie doll—Barbies are
a little too small—and we didn’t either.
We have a semicircle of chairs, and ev-
erybody sits on them. They put their feet
up. A curtain parts in the middle of the
room, and they see a little doll in a chair
facing them. They’re told to imitate her
body language—to put their arms and
legs in the same positions that she’s in.

Then they put on some VR goggles,
and they’re seeing from the doll’s point
of view. You look down at where your
body would be, and instead you see the
doll’s arms and legs and little dress.

Then you see the doll’s knee touched
with a little foam ball. The odd thing is
that at the same time, you feel your own
knee being physically touched. What
you’re seeing is the doll’s knee being
touched, but what you’re feeling is your
own knee being touched.

When you feel what you’re seeing
even though it doesn’t make any logical
sense, that’s when you really feel like
your body is a doll’s body.

How do these experiments challenge $ GROO ZLWK FDPHUDV LQVWHDG RI D KHDG RƂHUHG YLVLWRUV D YLUWXDO QHZ YLHZ RI
our perceptions? WKH ZRUOG DW 3DFH $UW 7HFKQRORJ\ LQ 0HQOR 3DUN &DOLIRUQLD
One of the reasons that the doll thing
works is because you have different ‘OUR PERCEPTION OF THE WORLD IS NOT
senses reinforcing one another, telling R E A L LY B A S E D O N R E A L I T Y. I T ’ S B A S E D O N
you the same thing, even though you SOMETHING WE CONSTRUCT IN OUR HEADS.’
know it can’t be real or true. But as more
senses start to reinforce that, you can’t
mentally dispute the evidence. And you
start to go with it. What you’re seeing is
coupled with what you’re feeling. The
touch aspect really helps cement it.
You can add smell or something else
in there too.

It’s amazing. To me it works every
time, no matter how many times I’ve
done it. It’s like a magic trick. You know
how it’s done, and it still fools you.

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| EXPLORE | PROGRESS

A Look at 2017, From 1917

One hundred years ago Alexander Graham Bell gave a speech about
progress that was published in National Geographic. In it he reflected
on life before the telephone—and he predicted changes in the world that
have come to pass, from the finite supply of oil to commercial aviation.

“Even more wonderful than the dizzy heights of the buildings is the blaze of electricity radiating from them,”
National Geographic VDLG RI WKH 1HZ <RUN &LW\ VN\OLQH LQ Ţ3HRSOH QRZ OLYLQJ UHPHPEHU WKH WLPH ZKHQ
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By Nina Strochlic

Alexander Graham Bell hated few things INSIDE THE MIND
more than summertime in Washington, OF AN INVENTOR
D.C. He usually escaped to his estate in
Nova Scotia, but one year obligations :KLOH VWLOO ZRUNLQJ RQ WKH WHOHSKRQH %HOO JUHZ
forced him to stay in the humid capital. LQWHUHVWHG LQ GHVLJQLQJ D Ƅ\LQJ PDFKLQH )RU WKUHH
Sweltering in 100°F heat, he wondered GHFDGHV KH H[SHULPHQWHG ZLWK DHURQDXWLFV LQFOXGLQJ GHVLJQV
why humans had figured out how to DERYH IRU EXLOGLQJ ŢWHWUDKHGUDO NLWHV ţ ZKLFK XVHG WULDQJXODU
warm a house but not how to cool one— FHOOV IRU VWDELOLW\ ,Q 'HFHPEHU ŞWKH \HDU DIWHU WKH :ULJKW
until now. Nearby, President Woodrow EURWKHUV SDWHQWHG WKHLU SODQHŞRQH RI %HOOŠV NLWHV ƄHZ ZLWK D
Wilson had installed an ice plant that KXPDQ LQ LW IRU WKH ƃUVW WLPH ,WV SDVVHQJHU /W 7KRPDV 6HOI-
lowered the temperature in the White ULGJH EHFDPH WKH ƃUVW SHUVRQ WR GLH LQ D SODQH FUDVK ZKHQ KH
House to 80 degrees. By the time Bell WHVWHG WKH :ULJKW 0LOLWDU\ )O\HU WKH IROORZLQJ \HDU
read about it in the newspaper, he had al-
ready outdone the president. The cold air schools “made scholars rather than sci-
pumping–contraption he’d devised had entists,” he told the students at McKinley
brought the temperature in his room that when he took the stage. But the past cen-
day down to a chilly 65 degrees “with a tury had birthed extraordinary discover-
delicious feeling of freshness in the air.” ies, from the telegraph to the photograph.
“I, myself, am not so very old yet, but
When 69-year-old Bell told this tale I can remember the days when there
in a speech to the 1917 graduating class were no telephones,” said the inventor
of McKinley Manual Training School, of the telephone to thunderous applause.
the students went wild with applause.
The clapping became “so insistent,” a
local paper reported, that he was forced
from his seat to deliver a surprising
encore. “Could postage stamps be used
in transportation of persons?” Bell asked.
He’d thought of charging a flat rate for
public transport, but the cost of building
additional roads was too high. Perhaps,
he ventured, according to the paper, “the
flying machine will be the solution.”

Bell’s speech—called “Prizes for the
Inventor: Some of the Problems Await-
ing Solution”—reflected on a century of
progress and looked ahead with remark-
able foresight. In it he marveled at the
advances made in the past century: Gas
lighting had evolved into electric bulbs,
humans could “see our own hearts beat,”
and automobiles replaced horse-drawn
vehicles. He then went on to predict
the commercial airplane, solar panels,
and the need for renewable resources.
Gilbert Grosvenor, Bell’s son-in-law and
the editor of National Geographic mag-
azine, asked for the text and published
a revised version in the February issue.
Now, one hundred years later, Bell’s pre-
dictions and warnings remain prescient.

Bell had been raised in an era when

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As America’s entry into World War I FROM NOTEBOOK SCRIBBLES
loomed, he promised that “the man of TO INVENTIONS
science will be appreciated in the future
as he never has been in the past.” 7ZR PHQ VXSSRUW RQH RI %HOOŠV WHWUDKHGUDO NLWHV
+ROGLQJ WKH VLJQ LV ƃYH \HDU ROG 0HOYLOOH *URVYHQRU
By his own measure Bell was at his future editor of National Geographic.
intellectual peak. In the previous dec-
ade he’d worked on building the world’s consumption, he foresaw a day when
fastest ship (it set the record in 1919), the supplies would run dry.
proposed renewable energy sources, and
endlessly sketched flying machines (the While other scientists believed that
device he described in an 1892 article dirty air would block the sun’s rays and
resembled the helicopter invented 40 cool down the planet, Bell was ahead of
years later). The year after the Wright his time when he said he was “inclined
brothers received their patent, Bell’s to think we would have some sort of
kite lifted an associate to over 160 feet. greenhouse effect.” As a solution, he
proposed alcohol as an alternative fuel
In 1915 he’d made the first coast-to- and sketched rooftop devices for collect-
coast phone call; soon after, a man in ing solar power from the sun.
Virginia spoke to a man on the Eiffel
Tower in the first transatlantic trans- “The most remarkable thing about
mission. Bell predicted a day when Doctor Bell is that he is younger, in
calls—and “any mechanical opera- mind, than most men of half his age,” a
tion”—could be made without wires. friend of his was quoted as saying in 1921.
He also foresaw the devices someday The next year, and a few months after
displacing their makers: “On every hand receiving his last patent, Bell died at
we see the substitution of machinery age 75. During his funeral all 14,346,701
and artificial motive power for animal phones in America went silent for one
and man power.” minute in tribute to their inventor.

McKinley’s students were mesmer-
ized. “He took the audience into his con-
fidence and made them feel that he was
unrolling to them the secrets of his scien-
tific notebooks,” a newspaper reported.

Bell made daily additions to the
legendary notebooks: sketches of in-
ventions, musings, press clippings. At
home in Nova Scotia, more than 30 men
worked to make Bell’s ideas reality. Some
were small comforts: a system of ropes to
open and close the windows so he didn’t
have to get out of bed while reading.
Others were huge undertakings: Bell
spent decades trying to breed sheep with
more than two nipples.

In 1912 Bell had written in a note-
book: “You can say that man has con-
quered the mystery of nature.” But just
five years later at McKinley, he voiced
concern about the abuse of nature.
“We can take coal out of a mine, but
we can never put it back. We can draw
oil from subterranean reservoirs, but
we can never refill them again,” he told
the students. Given the world’s great

3+272 %(// &2//(&7,21
1$7,21$/ *(2*5$3+,& &5($7,9(

HER FUTURE
CAN BE YOUR
LEGACY

You can leave the world better than
you found it. When you leave a gift to
the National Geographic Society in your
will, trust, or by beneficiary designation,
you can protect critical animal species
for generations to come. There is no
minimum amount and your gift costs
you nothing now. It’s an easy way to
make a lasting difference.

COPYRIGHT © 2017 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY / MICHAEL NICHOLS/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE

CREATE A LEGACY OF YOUR OWN

Yes! Please send me information on leaving a Mail to: National Geographic Society
gift to the National Geographic Society. Office of Planned Giving
1145 17th Street, N.W.
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| STARTALK | WITH NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON

From TV to Lab, and Back

Onetime child star Mayim Bialik earned a Neil deGrasse Tyson: So in your child-
Ph.D. in neuroscience, then returned to acting hood, were there any science influences?
on TV hit The Big Bang Theory—playing Mayim Bialik: There were a few. In ju-
a scientist. It’s given her a unique view of nior high school I had a physics teacher
women’s roles, in STEM fields and in general. who was very eccentric and would some-
times fall asleep while showing us slide
shows, but he was a brilliant physicist. I
went to a very unusual school: The 1980s
sitcom Head of the Class, about a group
of very smart and precocious children,
was actually based on the school I went
to. After junior high I had tutors on set
because I was on this show Blossom from
the time I was 14 to 19—

NT: No, you were not “on the show”—
you were Blossom, to make that clear.
MB: Um, yes. OK. [Laughs]

In junior high I had no natural affinity
for math and science—and all the boys
in my classes worked so much faster
than I did that I just assumed I must not
be good at it. I didn’t really understand
the beauty of science and math and that
whole world until later in high school,
when this woman who was my biolo-
gy tutor gave me the confidence that I
could be a scientist. And after that, pur-
suing it in college, it was a party.

NT: This saddens me. That one single
person made a life difference to you—
but how many students are missing that
one person?
MB: The first answer is: Many girls are.
I’m sure we could run the statistics on it.
And that’s because of a historical differ-
ence in the representation of women in
these STEM [science, tecÙology, engi-
neering, and math] fields and probably
a cultural bias on the part of teachers
and administrators. I think there’s been
a shift in education since I was in school
in the ’70s and ’80s, but then it was like,
Oh, you’re not naturally good at math?
Better try English—how’s your Chaucer?

NT: There are people who presume
that unless something comes easily to
them, they should never pursue it as a
career—without realizing that some of
the greatest achievements you ever at-
tain are because you busted ass to reach
that point.

PHOTO: ROBERT MAXWELL

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