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ABOUT THE AUTHOR hane Acedera is a Psychology Student from Universidad De Manila and taking the course called The Introduction of Counseling. At the age of 20, she make this magazine to know the others about Behavior Therapy. She grew up in Navotas City, daughters of Rosalie and Rafael Acedera. Shane’s has many friends in school that help her to improve and learn something that will gain her. Like her friends, she likes to play billiards. It's their bonding if they don't have classes. She also loves to eat in the side of their school because of the delicious food and free sinigang soup. Her favorite drink is Cobra energy drink that everyone else is favorite too. S She loves to Exercise and Train herself in the field of sports. She loves to read books that all about romance and also about psychological book, not only that, she also loves to watch different genres of movies and series. Loves to hear Kpop music because she's stanning boy band group called “Seventeen”.
AUTHOR’S NOTE s an author of this magazine, this magazine can lead you to more learnings, more knowledge, and more ideas. I did not make this to impress but to share some valuable lessons that we can get from this therapies and experiments. This magazine is all about behavior therapy, I made this to share what is behavior therapy and how it works. Also you will learn how other experiments are made. Enjoy reading this magazine! A
INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS Visit in Behavior Therapy what is Behavior Therapy? 01 Bandura, Skinner 03 Reinforcement 09 Current Trend 11 what’s new in behaviorism? 28 Psychological Studies 29 How does behavior therapy work? 15 BODY Classical and Operant Conditioning 17 What Behavioral Therapy Can Help With 20 Benefits of Behavioral Therapy 21 3 Step Process 23 SHANESTYLE.COM
Behavior Therapy WHAT IS BEHAVIOR THERAPY? HOW DOES BEHAVIOR THERAPY WORKS? History of Behavior Therapy Behavior Therapy is… practitioners focus on directly observable behavior, current determinants of behavior, learning experiences that promote change, tailoring treatment strategies to individual clients, and rigorous assessment and evalua- tion. Behavior therapy has been used to treat a wide range of psychological disor- ders with specific client populations. Anxiety disorders, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, eating and weight disorders, sexual problems, pain management, and hypertension have all been successfully treated using this approach (Wilson, 2011). www.shanestyle.com 9 The behavioral approach had its origin in the 1950s and early 1960s, and it LO1 was a radical departure from the dominant psychoanalytic perspective. behavior therapy movement differedfrom other therapeutic approaches in its application of principles of classical and operant conditioning (which will be explained shortly) to the treatment of a variety of problem behaviors. Today, it is difficult to find a con- sensus on the definition of behavior therapy because the field has grown, become more complex, and is marked by a diversity of views. Contemporary behavior therapy is no longer limited to treatments based on traditional learning theory (Antony & Roemer, 2011b), and it increasingly overlaps with other theoretical approaches (Antony, 2014).
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B. F. SKINNER (1904–1990) reported that he was brought up in a warm, stable family environment.* As he was growing up, Skinner was greatly interested in building all sorts of things, an inter- est that followed him throughout his professional life. He received his PhD in psychology from Harvard University in 1931 and eventually returned to Harvard after teaching in several universities. He had two daughters, one of whom is an educational psychologist and the other an artist. Skinner was a prominent spokesperson for behaviorism and can be considered the father of the behavioral approach to psychology. Skinner cham- pioned radical behaviorism, which places primary emphasis on the effects of environment on behavior. Skinner was also a determinist; he did not believe that humans had free choice. B.F SKINNER
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ALBERT BANDURA Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925, Mundare, Alberta, Canada— died July 26, 2021, Stanford, California, U.S.) Canadian-born American psychologist and originator of social cognitive theory who is probably best known for his modeling study on aggression, referred to as the “Bobo doll” experiment, which demonstrated that children can learn behaviours through the observation of adults. Bandura was the first to demonstrate (1977) that self-efficacy, the belief in one’s own capabilities, has an effect on what individuals choose to do, the amount of effort they put into doing it, and the way they feel as they are doing it.
H C Y S H I S T O R Y The formal development of modern psychology is usually credited to the work of German physician, physiologist, and philosopher Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920). Wundt helped to establish the field of experimental psychology by serving as a strong promoter of the idea that psychology could be an experimental field and by providing classes, textbooks, and a laboratory for training students. In 1875, he joined the faculty at the University of Leipzig and quickly began to make plans for the creation of a program of experimental psychology. In 1879, he complemented his lectures on experimental psychology with a laboratory experience: an event that has served as the popular date for the establishment of the science of psychology. P
Ivan Pavlov (born September 14 [September 26, New Style], 1849, Ryazan, Russia—died February 27, 1936, Leningrad [now St. Petersburg]) Russian physiologist known chiefly for his development of the concept of the conditioned reflex.. In a now-classic experiment, he trained a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a metronome or buzzer, which was previously associated with the sight of food. He developed a similar conceptual approach, emphasizing the importance of conditioning, in his pioneering studies relating human behaviour to the nervous system. He was awarded the Nobel Prizefor Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for his work on digestive secretions. Pavlov's theory, often referred to as Pavlovian conditioning, centers around the concept of associative learning. He sought to explore how organisms, including humans, acquire new behaviors and responses through repeated associations between stimuli. He trained a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a metronome or buzzer, which was previously associated with the sight of food.
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REINFOR CEMENT Addition of something of value to the individual. Positive reinforcement is often used to increase the frequency of the desirable behavior. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT EXTINCTION Withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response. It may increase temporarily before they begin to decrease. Can reduce or eliminate certain behaviors, but extinction does not replace those responses that have been distinguished. Escape from or the avoidance of aversive stimuli. Exhibit good behavior to avoid unpleasant N condition.
I S T O R Y Precursors to American psychology can be found in philosophy and physiology. Philosophers such as John Locke (1632–1704) and Thomas Reid (1710–1796) promoted empiricism, the idea that all knowledge comes from experience. The work of Locke, Reid, and others emphasized the role of the human observer and the primacy of the senses in defining how the mind comes to acquire knowledge. In American colleges and universities in the early 1800s, these principles were taught as courses on mental and moral philosophy. Most often these courses taught about the mind based on the faculties of intellect, will, and the senses (Fuchs, 2000). H
Contemporary behavior therapy is grounded on a scientific view of human behavior that accommodates a systematic and structured approach to counseling. The current trend in behavior therapy is toward developing procedures that give control to clients and thus increase their range of freedom. Behavior therapy aims to increase people ’ s skills so that they have more options for responding. By overcoming debilitating behaviors that restrict choices, people are freer to select from possibilities that were not available to them earlier, which increases individual freedom. Current Trend in Behavior Therapy
RELAXATION WWW.SHANESTYLE.COM MIND - MOVEMENT - BEHAVIOR
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H O W D O E S B E H A V I O R T H E R A P Y W O R K ? How well behavioral therapy works depends on factors such as the specific type of treatment used as well as the condition that is being treated.. Uniqueness Calmness Enjoyable Relaxation This does not mean that CBT or other behavioral approaches are the only types of therapy that can treat mental illness. It also doesn't mean that behavior therapy is the right choice for every situation. Anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and phobias, for example, often respond well to behavioral treatments. However, researchers found that the effectiveness of behavioral therapy, specifically CBT, in the treatment of substance use disorders can vary depending on the substance being misused.15 CBT was also shown to have beneficial effects on some symptoms of schizophrenia but showed no benefits on relapse and hospital admission when compared to other forms of treatment.
RELAXATION WWW.SHANESTYLE.COM MIND - MOVEMENT - BEHAVIOR
CONDITIONAL& OPERANT Classical Conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli. Previously neutral stimuli are paired with a stimulus that naturally and automatically evokes a response. After repeated pairings, an association is formed and the previously neutral stimulus will come to evoke the response on its own. CONDITIONING
Classical conditioning is one way to alter behavior. Several different techniques and strategies are used in this approach to therapy. Aversion therapy: This process involves pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus in the hope that the unwanted behavior will eventually be reduced. For example, someone with an alcohol use disorder might take Antabuse (disulfiram), a drug that causes severe symptoms (such as headaches, nausea, anxiety, and vomiting) when combined with alcohol.3 Flooding: This process involves exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly. It is often used to treat phobias. During the process, the individual is prevented from escaping or avoiding the situation. Systematic desensitization: In this technique, people make a list of fears and then learn to relax while concentrating on these fears. Starting with the least fear-inducing item and working their way to the most fear-inducing item, people systematically confront these fears under the guidance of a therapist. Systematic desensitization is often used to treat phobias and other anxiety disorders CLASSICAL & OPERANT Operant conditioning focuses on how reinforcement and punishment can be utilized to either increase or decrease the frequency of a behavior. Behaviors followed by desirable consequences are more likely to occur again in the future, while those followed by negative consequences become less likely to occur. THATS’ LIFEWORKS A BEYOND ULTIMATE ehavior therapy techniques use reinforcement, punishment, shaping, modeling, and related techniques to alter behavior. These methods have the benefit of being highly focused, which means they can produce fast and effective results. B DOES ITWORKS? Contingency management: This approach uses a formal written contract between a client and a therapist (or parent or teacher) that outlines behavior-change goals, reinforcements, rewards, and penalties. Contingency contracts can be very effective in producing behavior changes since the rules are spelled out clearly, preventing both parties from backing down on their promises. • Extinction: Another way to produce behavior change is to stop reinforcing behavior in order toeliminate the response. Time-outs are a perfect example of the extinction process. During atime-out, a person is removed from a situationthat provides reinforcement. By taking awaywhat the person found rewarding, unwantedbehavior is eventually extinguished. Behavior modeling: This technique involves learning through observation and modeling thebehavior of others. Rather than relying simply onreinforcement or punishment, modeling allows individuals to learn new skills or acceptablebehaviors by watching someone else performthose desired skills
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WHATBEHAVIORAL THERAPYCANHELPWITH Behavioral therapy can be utilized to treat a wide range of psychological conditions and disorders, including: Bipolar disorder Alcohol and substance use disorders Anxiety Attention-Deficit/HyperActivity Disorder (ADHD) Autism Spectrums Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Depression Eating disorders Panic disorder Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Behavioral therapy is problem-focused and actionoriented. For this reason, it can also be useful for addressing specific psychological concerns such as anger management and stress management.
Behavioral therapy is widely used and has been shown to be effective in treating a number of different conditions. Cognitive behavioral therapy, in particular, is often considered the "gold standard" in the treatment of many disorders, and cognitive behavioral play therapy, specifically, can be effective for children where other types of therapy aren’t. Behavioral therapy has a number of advantages. However, behavioral approaches are not always the best solution. It's Not Enough for Complex Mental Health Conditions When treating certain psychiatric disorders such as severe depression and schizophrenia, behavioral therapy often must be used in conjunction with other medical and therapeutic treatments. Behavioral therapy can help clients manage or cope with certain aspects of these psychiatric conditions, but should not be used alone. It May Not Account for Underlying Problems Behavioral treatments tend to focus on current problems with functioning and may not fully appreciate or address the underlying factors that are contributing to a mental health problem. It May Not Address the Whole Picture Behavioral approaches are centered on the individual working to change their behaviors. Some of these approaches, however, often don't address how situations and interpersonal relationships might be contributing to a person's problems. Treatments that incorporate behavioral techniques are usually focused on producing results in a relatively short period of time. A magazine is a periodical publication, which can either be printed or published electronical y. Benefits of Behavioral Therapy
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3 STEP PROCESS T H E U L T I M A T E L I S T O F R E L A X A T I O N T R A I N I N G D E V E L O P A G R A D U A T E D A N X I E T Y H I E R A R C H Y S Y S T E M A T I C D E S E N S I T I Z A T I O N
I S T O R Y Abraham Maslow first introduced the concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper, titled "A Theory of Human Motivation," and again in his subsequent book, "Motivation and Personality." This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. While some of the existing schools of thought at the time—such as psychoanalysis and behaviorism— tended to focus on problematic behaviors, Maslow was more interested in learning about what makes people happy and what they do to achieve that aim. H
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Anna Freud did more than live in her father's rather long shadow in the field of psychology. Instead, she became one of the world's foremost psychoanalysts. She is recognized as the founder of child psychoanalysis, despite the fact that her father often suggested that children could not be psychoanalyzed. She strongly believed that psychoanalysis was not appropriate for children under the age of six, who she thought could be better served through other methods, Freud Museum of London. Anna Freud and child psychoanalysis. but still applied psychoanalysis to a wider age range than her father. H C Y S H I S T O R Y P
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BEHAVIOR THERAPY NEW THERAPY? WHAT’S NEW IN BEHAVIORISM? www.shanestyle.com roots, evolution, and reflection on the relevance of behaviorism in the clinical context Psychology, by simple translation of the two Greek words it is composed of (psycho- and -logy), is defined as the science that studies the mind. However, other authors, such as Watson (1947), define it as the science that studies human behavior. Sometimes the definition may vary depending on the philosophical current that is attempting to define it (psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitivism, etc.), but there is broad agreement in defining it as the science that studies human behavior and mind. This paper presents a review of the empirical validity of the model that, to date, has the most scientific support: behavior therapy and its three generations. To distinguish between them, the first generation will be called behavior therapy (BT), the second generation will be called cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and the third generation will be called contextual therapies Behavior Therapy-as well as its three generations-has been shown to be the psychotherapeutic technology with the most empirical evidence in clinical and health psychology. However, each of its generations is based on different philosophical foundations. In this paper, we briefly present their historical background, their strengths, and the possible drawbacks that we find in each one. First, behaviorism (methodological and radical) and its various techniques based on the principles of learning, followed by the emergence of cognitive-behavioral therapies in a historical context marked by cognitivism and, today, the most effective technique for a wide variety of cases. Finally, those known as third generation (or contextual) therapies, a technology derived from functional contextualism that is the basis of these therapies. As conclusions, the relevance of the debate surrounding the object of study of psychology and the adherence to evidence-based psychological treatments is highlighted.
BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT In his groundbreaking study he separated participants into three groups: one was exposed to a video of an adult showing aggressive behavior towards a Bobo doll; another was exposed to video of a passive adult playing with the Bobo doll; and the third formed a control group. Children watched their assigned video and then were sent to a room with the same doll they had seen in the video (with the exception of those in the control group). What the researcher found was that children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior towards the doll themselves, while the other groups showed little imitative aggressive behavior. For those children exposed to the aggressive model, the number of derivative physical aggressions shown by the boys was 38.2 and 12.7 for the girls. During the early 1960s a great debate began regarding the ways in which genetics, environmental factors, and social learning shaped a child’s development. This debate still lingers and is commonly referred to as the Nature vs. Nurture Debate. Albert Bandura conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment to prove that human behavior is largely based upon social imitation rather than inherited genetic factors.
HAWTHORNE EFFECT S T U D Y C O N D U CTE D B Y : H E N R Y A . L A N D S B E R G E R Landsberger performed the study by analyzing data from experiments conducted between 1924 and 1932, by Elton Mayo, at the Hawthorne Works near Chicago. The company had commissioned studies to evaluate whether the level of light within a building changed the productivity of the workers. What Mayo found was that the level of light made no difference in productivity, as the workers increased their output whenever the amount of light was switched from a low level to a high level, or vice versa. The researchers noticed a tendency that the workers’ level of efficiency increased when any variable was manipulated. The study showed that the output changed simply because the workers were aware that they were under observation. The conclusion was that the workers felt important because they were pleased to be singled out, and increased productivity as a result. Being singled out was the factor dictating increased productivity, not the changing lighting levels, or any of the other factors that they experimented upon. The Hawthorne Effect has become one of the hardest inbuilt biases to eliminate or factor into the design of any experiment in psychology and beyond The phenomenon is named after the location where the experiments took place, Western Electric’s Hawthorne Works electric company just outside of Hawthorne, Illinois.. While the Hawthorne effect has often been overstated, the term is still useful as a general explanation for psychological factors that can affect how people behave in an experiment. The Hawthorne Effect came from a 1955 study conducted by Henry Landsberger. This effect is a simple premise that human subjects in an experiment change their behavior simply because they are being studied.
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Shane News SELECTIVE ATTENTION INVISIBLE GORILLA EXPERIMENT MORE INFORMATION INFORMATION In 1999 Simons and Chabris conducted their famous awareness test at Harvard University. Participants in the study were asked to watch a video and count how many passes occurred between basketball players on the white team. The video moves at a moderate pace and keeping track of the passes is a relatively easy task. What most people fail to notice amidst their counting is that in the middle of the test, a man in a gorilla suit walked onto the court and stood in the center before walking off-screen. www.shanestyle.com January 20, 2024 The study found that the majority of the subjects did not notice the gorilla at all, proving that humans often overestimate their ability to effectively multi-task. What the study set out to prove is that when people are asked to attend to one task, they focus so strongly on that element that they may miss other important details. In The invisible gorilla, Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons, creators of one of psychology's most famous experiments, use remarkable stories and counterintuitive scientific findings to demonstrate an important truth: Our minds don't work the way we think they do. We think we see ourselves and the world as they really are, but we're actually missing a whole lot.
THEASCHCONFORMITY EXPERIMENTS S H A N E SHANESTYLE.COM SHANESTYLE.COM Researchers have long been interested in the degree to which people follow or rebel against social norms. During the 1950s, psychologist Solomon Asch conducted a series of experiments designed to demonstrate the powers of conformity in groups. The study revealed that people are surprisingly susceptible to going along with the group, even when they know the group is wrong. In Asch's studies, students were told that they were taking a vision test and were asked to identify which of three lines was the same length as a target line. HOW CONFORMITY AFFECT OTHERS KNOW WHAT YOUR WANT MOST AND WHAT YOUR SELF DOES BEST. FOCUS ON WHERE THOSE TWO MEET. When asked alone, the students were highly accurate in their assessments. In other trials, confederate participants intentionally picked the incorrect line. As a result, many of the real participants gave the same answer as the other students, demonstrating how conformity could be both a powerful and subtle influence on human behavior.
Cognitive Dissonance Experiment R E A L L Y S H A N E S T Y L E # | J AN 2024 W E L COME TO OUR enjoy reading Belief or Fact? The concept of cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This conflict produces an inherent feeling of discomfort leading to a change in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to minimize or eliminate the discomfort and restore balance. Cognitive dissonance was first investigated by Leon Festinger, after an observational study of a cult that believed that the earth was going to be destroyed by a flood. Out of this study was born an intriguing experiment conducted by Festinger and Carlsmith where participants were asked to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). Participant’s initial attitudes toward this task were highly negative. They were then paid either $1 or $20 to tell a participant waiting in the lobby. that the tasks were really interesting. Almost all of the participants agreed to walk into the waiting room and persuade the next participant that the boring experiment would be fun. When the participants were later asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. Being paid only $1 is not sufficient incentive for lying and so those who were paid $1 experienced dissonance. They could only overcome that dissonance by coming to believe that the tasks really were interesting and enjoyable. Being paid $20 provides a reason for turning pegs and there is therefore no dissonance. HE Y , HO W ARE YOU?
My journey in this course was really enjoyable, I learned something that I didn't know I would learn. From the start of our class, I know that I will be comfortable in this course and have an exciting air when in the room. It's really good that all of us learned something that in the future we will use, in the past course we took some of our professors didn't teach the important part of that course, that's why I'm happy that this course went to amazing professor Mr. Jomar Hulleza. My Journey