Renewable Energy (Solar Energy)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (CHEMICAL SCIENCES)
WITH HONOURS

PETROCHEMISTRY (KIM4604)

RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY

Let's not wait until everything is
obliterated.

GROUP MEMBERS:

1. MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN AGUS (S55259)
2. IMRAN MOERDANI BIN MOHD SUTRIZENO (S56526)
3. MUHAMAD HAIRI HARMY BIN ABD HALIM (S55768)
4. MUHAMMAD DANIAL CHOO BIN MOHD FIRDAUSS CHOO (S54486)
5. NOOR ALIA BINTI JUSOH (S55809)

LECTURER:

ASSOCIATE PROF. TS. DR. MOHD HASMIZAM BIN RAZALI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION (PAGE 1)

•Non renewable energy (PAGE 6)
•Type of non renewable energy
•Reneable energy (PAGE 11)
•The importances of renewable energy
•Solar energy (PAGE 16)

HOW DOES SOLAR ENERGY WORKS (PAGE 22)
(PAGE 26)
•Basic princple of solar panels (PAGE 27)
•Component in a solar panels (PAGE 28)
•Photovoltaic cell
•Type of semiconductors
•Full system of solar panels.

SOLAR ENERGY VS PETROLEUM

•Differences between solar energy and petroleum
•Advantages of solar energy
•Disadvantages of solar energy
•Advantages of petroleum
•Disadvantages of petroleum

HOW TO IMPROVE SOLAR CELL (AS A USER)

•The way to improve the effecinecy of solar panels (as user)
•Avoiding placing in shady place
•Inspect cleanliness
•Weather
•Positioning

HOW TO IMPROVE SOLAR CELL ( IN MANUFACTURING)

•Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cell
•Sensor Feature
•Portabality
•Life Cycle of Solar Cell

CONCLUSION

AUTHORS

REFERENCES

WHAT IS A renewable resource, also known
as a flow resource, is a natural
RENEWABLE resource which will replenish to
replace the portion depleted by
ENERGY usage and consumption, either
through natural reproduction or
SOURCES
other recurring processes in a finite
amount of time in a human time
scale.

1. WIND 2. SOLAR

The energy in wind can be Solar energy comes from
harnessed by large blades the sun. It's the primary
source of energy for all
on wind turbines, which living things on Earth, and
use it to generate can also be converted into
electricity electricity through solar

5. GEOTHERMAL cells

Geothermal energy comes THE TYPES OF
from the heat generated
RENEWABLE
by the Earth, such as
volcanoes or geysers. It ENERGY
can be used to produce
electricity, and provide 3. BIOMASS

heat and hot water Biomass is an organic matter, such as
wood, crops, seaweed, and animal

waste. It gets its energy from the sun
and can be used to produce electricity.

4. HYDROPOWER 1

Hydropower energy comes from the force
of moving water. Hydropower plants use
dams to capture water energy and convert

it to electricity

By Hairi Harmy

WHAT IS A non-renewable
resource is a natural
NON resource that cannot be
readily replaced by
RENEWABLE natural means at a pace
quick enough to keep up
ENERGY SOURCES
with consumption

1. Electricity 2. Manufacturing

THE USE OF

NON-RENEWABLE

ENERGY

4. Transportation

3. Heating

Non-renewable energy sources can be used for all
kinds of things. Over 70% of the energy used in
industrial processes comes from non-renewable
sources, while fossil fuels are also used for many
household purposes

TYPES OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

1. Coal 2. Oil

Coal comes from the remains of plants that Oil also known as petroleum can be extracted
died hundreds of millions of years ago. It has and refined in order to make products such as
the highest level of carbon of all fossil fuels. gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.

3. Natural Gas 4. Nuclear Energy

Natural gas was formed from the remains of Nuclear energy is released when atoms' nuclei are
tiny sea plants and animals that died millions fused together (fusion) or split apart (fission).
of years ago. It is mainly composed of Nuclear power plants produce electricity through
methane. nuclear fission.

THE GOOD AND THE BAD OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

Goods Bads

Lots available: Humans have invested a lot of time, Environmental pollution: Burning fossil fuels releases
effort, and money into obtaining fossil fuels, so we carbon dioxide, which is directly linked to global
now have a ready supply. warming – so fossil fuels are very damaging to the
Easier to find: Fossil fuels can be found all over the health of our planet.
world, with many areas already identified as being Huge amounts of fuel reserves: To keep power
rich in these resources. stations working, you need truckloads of fuel. This
Very efficient: Fossil fuels can generate a lot of can make energy generation very expensive.
energy, even from just a small amount of fuel. Public health issues: Because of all their nasty air
Simpler to transport: Fossil fuels can be easily pollution, burning fossil fuels can lead to lung
transported, e.g. using underground pipes to move problems and asthma attacks in humans.
oil and gas.

3

THE IMPORTANCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
1st 2nd 3rd

It reduces global warming Renewable energy sources Renewable energy helps to
emissions, which makes for a reduce air and water pollution, keep energy prices stable
safer, greener environment so are better for our health

4th 5th

As there is more work involved in Being renewable, we have an abundant
harnessing renewable energy, the industry supply of these energy sources – they're
creates more employment opportunities unlikely to ever run out, even in a billion
and other economic benefits years from now!

THE GOOD AND THE BAD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Goods Bads

They'll never run out. These natural energy sources Unreliable weather can affect energy supply. As
can replace themselves, making them sustainable renewable energy often relies on certain weather
and abundant natural resources. conditions, this can impact the reliability of a constant
They don't damage our planet. These clean energy energy supply. For example:
sources are non-pollutant, produce minimal or no
waste products, and don't contribute to global i) Hydro generators need enough rain to fill dams for
warming. their supply of flowing water.
They're low-maintenance energy sources. ii) Wind turbines need wind to turn their blades.
They're good news for regional areas. As most iii) Solar panels need clear skies and sunshine to get
renewable energy projects are located in regional the heat needed to generate electricity.
areas - away from the big cities - they can bring
economic benefits to these places. It's hard to produce the same amounts as non-
renewable sources. It can be difficult to generate
quantities of electricity that are as large as those
produced by traditional fossil fuel generators.

SOLAR ENERGY!

Solar energy is heat and light that Active solar technologies use
comes from the sun's rays. This is electrical or mechanical devices to
known as radiant energy, because
actively convert solar energy into
the sun radiates (or sends out) a another form of energy, most
huge amount of this energy every often heat or electricity.

day. Passive solar technologies do not
use any external devices. Instead,
they take advantage of the local
climate to heat structures during
the winter, and reflect heat during

the summer.

Two main types of solar energy The benefits of solar energy
technology
It's renewable, which means we will
01 Solar thermal is when sunlight is turned never run out of it.
into thermal energy, or heat. Most solar It's easy to generate – once solar panels
thermal systems use solar energy to are installed and are running at
heat up space or water. An example of maximum efficiency, they only need a
this is a solar hot water system. small amount of maintenance.
It's silent – PV cells make no noise at all
02 Solar photovoltaic (PV) is when sunlight as they turn sunlight into usable
is converted directly into electricity, electricity. So we can enjoy the peace
using photovoltaic cells. For an example and quiet!
of a PV system, just look up the solar It's non-polluting. Solar electricity power
panels on the roof of houses that used plants produce zero emissions when
solar panels. they're up and running.

5

How Does Solar Panel
Works?

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) The electrons migrate to the
cells generate electricity by front surface of the solar cell,
absorbing sunlight and which is manufactured to be
using that light energy to more receptive to the free
create an electrical current. electrons. When many
When the photons strike electrons, each carrying a
a solar cell, some are negative charge, travel toward
absorbed while others are the front surface of the cell, the
reflected. When the resulting imbalance of charge
material absorbs sufficient between the cell's front and
photon energy, electrons back surfaces creates a voltage
within the solar cell potential like the negative and
material dislodge from their positive terminals of a battery.
atoms. When the two surfaces are
connected through an external
load, electricity flows.

By Syafiq Agus

Component of a
Solar Panel System

Solar Photovoltaic Solar photovoltaic A Solar Panel is
(PV) cells generate (PV) is the made up of many

electricity by generation of solar cells.
absorbing sunlight electricity from the
and using that light sun's energy, using A Solar Panel is
energy to create an made up of many
electrical current. PV cells.
solar cells.
A single solar Component of
panel can a Solar Panel

generate up to System
250 watts of
power at peak A Solar array is a
collection of
capacity. multiple solar
panels that
generate
electricity as a
system.

7

inside a
photovoltaic cell

Type of
semiconductor

n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor

❖ Pentavalent impurities ❖ Trivalent impurities are
are used. used for doping.

❖ The impurity is called ❖ The impurity is called
donar impurity. acceptor impurity.

❖ The electrons act as ❖ The holes act as a
majority charge carrier. majority charge carriers.

❖ Conductivity is mainly ❖ Conductivity is mainly due
due to electons, which to holes, which are
are negatively charged. positively charged.

9

Solar Panel System

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOLAR ENERGY AND FOSSIL FUELS

SOLAR ENERGY (PETROLEUM)

FOSSIL FUELS (PETROLEUM)

ENERGY ENERGY
✓ Energy derived directly from the ✓ Energy derived from fossil fuel
sun.

ENERGY DENSITY DIFFERENCES ENERGY DENSITY
✓ Have lower energy ✓ Have higher energy
density.
density.

AVAILABILITY AVAILABILITY
✓ Sunlight is readily ✓ mining and extracting
fossil however it is time
available during the day. consuming, expensive,
and dangerous task.

LONG-TERM AVAILABILITY BETWEEN LONG-TERM AVAILABILITY
✓ It is renewable resources ✓ Limited and non-renewable
as long as the sun exist. resources that is quickly
diminishing.

EMISSIONS EMISSIONS
✓ Does not produce any carbon ✓ Produce large amount of carbon
emission and completely clean. dioxide and environmental toxins.

COST COST
✓ Once the solar panel was ✓ Expensive to extract and prices can
fluctuate dramatically
installed, producing power
does not cost anything and
can utilize free.

By Alia Jusoh 11

ADVANTAGES OF
SOLAR ENERGY

✓ Low maintenance cost.

✓ Solar energy is clean ✓ Reduces electricity bills.
and did not cause any
pollution. ✓ Used in diverse
application such as
✓ Renewable energy sources. materials for building,
generate electricity or
✓ Reduced dependence on heat.
foreign oil and fossil fuels.
✓ The development of solar
technology in the solar
power industry.

✓ It helps the economy by providing
employment opportunities for
solar panel manufacturers and
solar installers.

DISADVANTAGES OF
SOLAR ENERGY

The initial cost of
purchasing a solar
system is fairly high.

Solar panels are Solar energy
dependent on sunlight storage
to effectively gather (batteries) is
solar energy and expensive since it
cannot be collected need to be use
during the night. during the night.

Pollution like Uses a lot of
heavy smog can space. The more
reduce energy energy needed to
production from be produced, the
solar panels. more solar panels
are needed.

The size of solar panels varies
depending on the geographical
location, even for the same
amount of power generated.

13

We can extract Petroleum is
petroleum from rock extremely easy to
strata with little extract.
difficulty.

Petroleum transports
better than other fuel
resources.

It helps the direct and ADVANTAGES Petroleum has a high
indirect employment OF energy density, allowing
opportunities that it to produce a large
related to hydrocarbon PETROLEUM amount of energy from a
consumption. small amount.

Petroleum provides us The discovery of petroleum
with a stable resource resulted in technological
for multiple industries. developments in a wide
range of sectors of the
global economy, including
sports, construction, and
health.

DISADVANTAGES OF
PETROLEUM

Destruction of
habitats and
extinction of
biodiversity.

The impact of
petroleum on public
health as well as the
health of workers in
these industries is
jeopardised.

15

By Danial Choo

17



19



21

HOW TO IMPROVE SOLAR CELL

01

One of the high quality solar cell which
can offer high efficiency.

Made of monocrystalline Efficiency rating of monocrystalline
silicon solar cell. solar cell range from 17% to 22%.

By Imran Mordani A single crystal silicon on solar cell
able the electrons flow easily
throughout the cell.

Also have the highest power capacity
ratings.

Have a power output rating of at least
320 watts and can go higher around

375 watts.

02

Applied sensor feature

Overheating is the main Solar cell starts to lose
problem for most solar efficiency when the

cell. temperature rises above 77
degrees celsius.

This sensor functions as an Apply the temperature
overheating detector on solar sensor on solar cell can

cell. solves this major
problem.
The solar cell will switch
of when the sensor Advantage: it can maintain
the life cycle of the solar cell.
detects high temperature
on the solar cell. 23

Great for outdoor Can be a significant
activities and very contributor to keep
useful to anywhere your devices charge
where direct sunlight is when doing hiking or

available. camping.

Design it portable

03

Design it foldable

Can be adapt for Can be taken
different functions or anywhere and easily fit

activities. on any size of roofs.

SOLAR CELL

Made of monocrystalline silicon
Provide with thermal sensor
Portable and foldable

MATERIAL LIFESPAN

Raw Material: Silica, LIFE CYCLE OF Generate solar power for 20 or
Cadmium, Gallium, SOLAR CELL more years
Phosphorus & Boron.
Synthetic material: Ethelene

Vinyl Acetate

RECYCLING

95% glass, 100% metal & 85%
silicon are reused from old
modules of solar cell.

25

WHY WE MUST CHANGE TO RENEWABLE ENERGY?
Renewable energy is frequently at the top of any list of measures the world can make to
prevent the worst effects of rising temperatures in any argument about climate change.
This is due to the fact that renewable energy sources like solar do not generate carbon
dioxide or other greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming.

Renewable energy is currently supplying affordable electricity across the country and has
the potential to help keep energy prices stable in the future. Furthermore, the costs of
renewable energy technologies have gradually decreased and are expected to continue
to do so. Between 2010 and 2017, the average cost of installing solar panels dropped by
more than 70%. As markets mature and enterprises increasingly take advantage of
economies of scale, costs are projected to decrease even further.

Last but not least, our country should focus on developing renewable energy such as
solar, wind and biomass. Since energy is important, the government or any non-
government organizers should plan to bring together designers, engineers, architects and
policy makers to use on developing for implementing renewable energy projects. By doing
so, we can prevent any pollutions released in our country by non-renewable energies,
also we can improve our economies and marketing in the future.



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