PART 5. CRANIAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVES
AND THE MUSCLES THEY INNERVATE
Sources reporting muscle innervations in the human Objective data for a given muscle may not be
body often cite extremely variable nerve supply to a available because the muscle is not available for thor-
given muscle. Such variability may occur because of ough study, for example, the small and deep muscles
individual differences in the distribution of peripheral of the hip, such as the obturator externus and
nerves, population differences, or the presence of injury gemellus superior. Thus assignment of specific in-
(known or unknown) in the peripheral nerve pattern, nervation levels often draws from conjecture as much
among other things. as fact.
Among individuals, the patterns of nerve branching Readers should not be distraught at differences in
can vary considerably. An injury to a nerve may occur segmental innervation sources from text to text, or
high or low along the pathway so that fibers not author to author, as these are most likely minor irrita-
"caught" in the injury, or arising above it, may not tions and not noteworthy errors.
show signs of dysfunction, leading to clinical ambiguity.
CRANIAL NERVES Facial (VII) (see Figure 9 - 1 0 )
Oculomotor (III)
1 Occipitofrontalis (posterior auricular nerve)
Superior Division Frontalis (temporal branch)
Occipitalis (posterior auricular nerve, occipital
3 Levator palpebrae superioris branch)
6 Rectus superior 2 Temporoparietalis (temporal branch)
Inferior Division 4 Orbicularis oculi (temporal and zygomatic
7 Rectus inferior branches)
8 Rectus medialis 5 Corrugator supercilii (temporal branch)
11 Obliquus inferior 12 Procerus (buccal branch)
13 Nasalis (zygomatic branch)
Trochlear (IV) 14 Depressor septi (buccal branch)
15 Levator labii superioris (buccal branch)
10 Obliquus superior 16 Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (buccal branch)
17 Levator anguli oris (buccal branch)
Trigeminal (V) (largest 18 Zygomaticus major (buccal branch)
of the cranial nerves) 19 Zygomaticus minor (buccal branch)
20 Risorius (marginal mandibular branch)
Mandibular Division 21 Mentalis (marginal mandibular branch)
22 Transversus menti (marginal mandibular branch)
28 Masseter (masseteric branch) 23 Depressor anguli oris (marginal mandibular
29 Temporalis (deep temporal branch)
30 Lateral pterygoid (nerve to lateral pterygoid) branch)
31 Medial pterygoid (nerve to medial pterygoid) 24 Depressor labii inferioris (marginal mandibular
78 Digastric, anterior belly (inferior alveolar nerve)
75 Mylohyoid (inferior alveolar nerve, nerve to branch)
25 Orbicularis oris (buccal and marginal mandibular
mylohyoid)
46 Tensor veli palatini (nerve to medial branches)
26 Buccinator (buccal branch)
pterygoid) 27 Auriculares posterior to posterior auricular branch;
Abducent (VI) auriculares, anterior and superior (temporal branch)
78 Digastric, posterior belly (digastric branch)
9 Rectus lateralis 76 Stylohyoid (stylohyoid branch)
88 Platysma (cervical branch)
Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy 4 3 9
Part 5. Cranial and Peripheral Nerves and the Muscles They Innervate
Glossopharyngeal (IX) 83 Sternocleidomastoid (spinal part and
communication with C2-C3)
44 Stylopharyngeus
124 Trapezius (with fibers from C 3 - C 4 )
Vagus (X) 49 Palatopharyngeus (via pharyngeal plexus)
36 Palatoglossus (via pharyngeal plexus) Hypoglossal (XII) (motor
41 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor (via pharyngeal nerve to the tongue)
plexus, including accessory [XI] nerve) 32 Genioglossus (muscular branch)
42 Middle pharyngeal constrictor (via pharyngeal 33 Hyoglossus (muscular branch)
34 Chondroglossus (muscular branch)
plexus, including accessory [XI] nerve) 35 Styloglossus (muscular branch)
43 Superior pharyngeal constrictor (via pharyngeal 37 Superior longitudinal (muscular branch)
38 Inferior longitudinal (muscular branch)
plexus, including accessory [XI] nerve) 39 Transverse lingual (muscular branch)
45 Salpingopharyngeus (via pharyngeal plexus, 40 Vertical lingual (muscular branch)
77 Geniohyoid (nerve to geniohyoid with fibers
including accessory [XI] nerve)
49 Palatopharyngeus (via pharyngeal plexus) from 1st cervical nerve)
46 Levator veli palatini (via pharyngeal plexus,
including accessory [XI], vagus [X], and
glossopharyngeal [IX] nerves)
48 Musculus uvulae (via pharyngeal plexus)
50 Cricothyroid (external laryngeal nerve)
51 Posterior cricoarytenoid (recurrent laryngeal
nerve)
52 Lateral cricoarytenoid (recurrent laryngeal nerve)
53 Transverse arytenoid (recurrent laryngeal nerve)
54 Oblique arytenoid (recurrent laryngeal nerve)
55 Thyroarytenoid (recurrent laryngeal nerve)
Accessory (XI) (with the vagus FIGURE 9-10 Muscles innervated by the facial nerve,
forms the pharyngeal plexus)
48 Musculus uvulae (via pharyngeal plexus)
46 Levator veli palatini (via pharyngeal plexus)
43 Superior pharyngeal constrictor (via pharyngeal
plexus)
42 Middle pharyngeal constrictor (pharyngeal plexus)
41 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor (via pharyngeal
plexus)
45 Salpingopharyngeus (via pharyngeal plexus)
4 4 0 Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy
Part 5. Cranial and Peripheral Nerves and the Muscles They Innervate
Table 9-1 THE CRANIAL NERVES
Nerve Origin Branches (Motor) Muscles Innervated
Olfactory mucosa, high Filamentous No motor innervation
Olfactory (1) nasal cavity to olfactory bulb
(All sensory) Retina (ganglionic layer) and Peripheral nerves are in No motor innervation
ends in optic chiasm layers of retina (rod and
Optic (II) cone receptors)
(Central pathway Complex of nuclei in midbrain
connecting retina gray matter Superior division Levator palpebrae
with brain) Inferior division superioris
Bilateral nerves Rectus superior
Oculomotor (III)
Rectus inferior
Trochlear (IV) Nucleus is in cerebral aqueduct Inferior oblique
gray matter just above pons Rectus medius
Trigeminal (V)
(Largest cranial Nuclei in lateral reticular Superior oblique
nerve, both motor formation of pons near floor of
and sensory) 4th ventricle Mandibular nerve Lower face and
muscles of mastication
Abducent (VI) Abducent nucleus (floor of Anterior trunk
4th ventricle) dorsal to pons Inferior alveolar nerve, Digastric (anterior belly)
Facial (VII) mylohyoid branch Mylohyoid
(Predominantly Motor nucleus lies in Medial pterygoid
motor) reticular formation of pons Nerve to medial Tensor veli palatini13
(Sensory root (lower border) pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
called nervus Motor nucleus has 3 subnuclei: Nerve to lateral
intermedius) pterygoid Masseter
(Readers should (1) Lateral (buccal) Masseteric nerve Temporalis
know that there (2) Intermediate (orbital, Deep temporal nerve Mylohyoid
are untold temporal, and zygomatic
variations in the facial branches) Posterior trunk Rectus lateralis
pattern of (3) Medial (auricular and (Mainly sensory
branching of the cervical rami) except for a few
facial (VII) nerve Motor fibers also arise in motor fibers to
and the muscles superior salivatory nucleus mylohyoid)
innervated by (to muscles around eyes and
each) forehead) Bilateral nerves
Motor root All muscles of facial
expression
Posterior auricular nerve
Occipital branch Auriculares (posterior)
Occipitofrontalis
Digastric branch (occipital belly)
Stylohyoid branch Digastric (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid
Temporal branches Auriculares (superior
Zygomatic branch and anterior)
Occipitofrontalis (frontal
belly)
Corrugator
Orbicularis oculi, upper
half
Nasalis
Orbicularis oculi, lower
half
Continued
Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy 4 4 1
Part 5. Cranial and Peripheral Nerves and the Muscles They Innervate
Table 9-1 THE CRANIAL NERVES—cont'd
Nerve Origin Branches (Motor) Muscles Innervated
Buccal branch
Note: Muscles of nose and
The buccal branches Marginal mandibular upper lip:
of nerves V and VII branch
intermingle in the Cervical branch Procerus
buccal area with No motor nerves Depressor septi
their connective Levator labii superioris
tissue sheaths, fusing Muscular branch Levator anguli oris
to form a buccal Zygomatic major and
plexus. Rarely is it minor
possible to trace Buccinator
individual motor Orbicularis oris
branches from V Levator labii superioris
or VII through the alaeque nasi
plexus to a specific
muscle. Sensory Risorius
fibers also are Mentalis
involved in the Depressor labii inferioris
plexus. Orbicularis oris
Depressor anguli oris
Vestibular (VIII) Central from groove between
(Contains two fiber pons and medulla Platysma
systems: vestibular Vestibular ganglion in outer part
and cochlear) of internal auditory meatus Maintains equilibrium
and posture; orientation
Glossopharyngeal Medulla (upper) nucleus in space
ambiguous (rostral part) No skeletal muscle
(IX) innervation
(Both motor and Medulla
sensory) Vagal portion of nucleus Stylopharyngeus
ambiguous (to striated muscle) Middle and inferior
Vagus (X) pharyngeal constrictors
(Both motor and
sensory) Recurrent laryngeal Striated muscles of
Superior laryngeal larynx
Accessory (XI) Caudal portion of nucleus External laryngeal Cricothyroid and inferior
(The accessory constrictor
ambiguous in medulla Pharyngeal plexus Muscles of palate,
part of this nerve Dorsal efferent nucleus (joins with external pharynx
is accessory to the Accessory nuclei in ventral horn pharyngeal n, and No innervation to
glossopharyngeal n. stylopharyngeus or
vagus. The cranial from medulla to C6 to form pharyngeal tensor veli palatini
plexus with contributions
part cannot be from hypoglossal n.) Pharyngeal muscles
Intrinsic muscles of larynx
distinguished from Spinal (accessory) part (few slips)
the vagus.) (ramus externus) Arytenoids
Blends especially with
Hypoglossal (XII) Medulla pharyngeal and superior Sternocleidomastoid
(All motor) Hypoglossal nuclei laryngeal branches of
vagus Trapezius
Medial division Unites with C2 and C3
Lateral division and forms plexus with Omohyoid
C3 and C4 Sternohyoid
Communicates with vagus Sternothyroid
and contributes to Descending branch Tongue muscles
Upper root (C1-C3) of
pharyngeal plexus ansa cervicalis Extrinsic and intrinsic
(No innervation to
Muscular branch palatoglossus)
Nerve to thyrohyoid Thyrohyoid
Nerve to geniohyoid Geniohyoid
(includes fibers from C1)
4 4 2 Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy
Part 5. Cranial and Peripheral Nerves and the Muscles They Innervate
PERIPHERAL NERVES
Nerves from Cervical and Brachial Plexuses (Upper Extremity Muscle Innervation)
Cervical Plexus (Figure 9-11)
1. Comprises the ventral primary divisions of the first four
cervical nerves ( C 1 - C 4 ) .
2. C 2 , C 3 , and C4 divide into superior and inferior branches.
3. The cervical plexus communicates with three motor
cranial nerves (vagus, hypoglossal, accessory).
4. Special nerves often leave both the cervical plexus and
the brachial plexus and supply motor innervation to
individual muscles. These special nerves, when named,
are usually named for the muscle they supply (e.g., nerve
to rectus capitis anterior). These nerves are listed under
the appropriate spinal nerves (myotomes) in Part 6 of
this chapter.
FIGURE 9-11 Cervical plexus.
Brachial Plexus (Figure 9-12)
1. Comprises the ventral primary divisions of the last
four cervical ( C 5 - C 8 ) nerves and the first thoracic ( T l )
nerve.
2. Supplies the nerves to the upper extremity.
FIGURE 9-12 Brachial plexus.
Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy 4 4 3
Part 5. Cranial and Peripheral Nerves and the Muscles They Innervate
The Cervical Plexus (see Figure 9 - 1 1 ) The Brachial Plexus (see Figure 9 - 1 2 )
Suboccipital Nerve (C1, first Cervical Spinal Roots
cervical dorsal ramus) 80 Scalenus anterior C 4 - C 6 (ventral rami)
81 Scalenus medius C 3 - C 8 (ventral rami)
56 Rectus capitis posterior major 82 Scalenus posterior C 6 - C 8 (ventral rami)
57 Rectus capitis posterior minor Dorsal Scapular Nerve ( C 5 , ventral ramus)
127 Levator scapulae
58 Obliquus capitis superior 125 R h o m b o i d major
126 R h o m b o i d minor
59 Obliquus capitis inferior
Greater Occipital Nerve (C1-C2,
second cervical dorsal ramus)
Medial Branch:
62 Semispinalis capitis Long Thoracic Nerve (C5-C7, ventral rami)
128 Serratus anterior
Lateral Branch:
61 Splenius capitis Suprascapular Nerve (C5-C6)
135 Supraspinatus
60 Longissimus capitis 136 Infraspinatus
62 Semispinalis capitis
Inferior Root of Ansa Cervicalis (C2-C3) Nerve to Subclavius ( C 5 - C 6 , ventral rami)
84 Sternothyroid 132 Subclavius
86 Sternohyoid
87 Omohyoid (inferior belly) Lateral Pectoral Nerve (C5-C6, ventral rami)
131 Pectoralis major (clavicular p o r t i o n )
Superior Root of Ansa Cervicalis (C1) 129 Pectoralis minor
85 Thyrohyoid
77 Geniohyoid Medial Pectoral Nerve ( C 8 - T 1 , ventral rami)
87 Omohyoid (superior belly) 131 Pectoralis major (sternocostal p o r t i o n )
129 Pectoralis minor
Muscular Branches (deep branches, medial) Subscapular Nerve (superior and inferior)
73 Rectus capitis lateralis C 1 - C 2 ( C 5 - C 6 , ventral rami)
72 Rectus capitis anterior C 1 - C 2
74 Longus capitis C 1 - C 3 34 Subscapularis C5-C6 (superior
79 Longus colli C 2 - C 6 and inferior)
138 Teres major C5-C6 (inferior)
Muscular Branches (deep Thoracodorsal Nerve (C6-C8, ventral rami)
branches, lateral) 130 Latissimus dorsi
83 Sternocleidomastoid C2-C4 Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5-C7, ventral rami)
124 Trapezius C 3 - C 4 (lower fibers)
127 Levator scapulae C 3 - C 5 140 Biceps brachii (both heads) C 5 - C 6
81 Scalenus medius C 3 - C 8 141 Brachialis C5-C6
139 Coracobrachialis C5-C7
Phrenic Nerve (C4, contributions Axillary Nerve (C5-C6, ventral rami)
from C3 and C5) 137 Teres minor (posterior branch)
133 Deltoid (anterior and posterior branches)
101 Diaphragm
4 4 4 Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy
Part 5. Cranial and Peripheral Nerves and the Muscles They Innervate
Median Nerve (C6-T1) Posterior Interosseous Nerve: C6-C7
Supplies most of the flexor muscles of the forearm 145 Supinator C7-C8
and the thenar muscles of the hand. The nerve has 149 Extensor carpi radialis
no branches above the elbow except on occasion C7-C8
when the nerve to the pronator teres arises there. It brevis C7-C8
arises from two roots: 158 Extensor digiti minimi C7-C8
150 Extensor carpi ulnaris C7-C8
Lateral (C5-C7, ventral rami) 154 Extensor digitorum C7-C8
Medial ( C 8 - T 1 , ventral rami) 155 Extensor indicis C7-C8
167 Extensor pollicis longus C7-C8
Muscular Branches in Forearm: 168 Extensor pollicis brevis
166 Abductor pollicis longus
151 Flexor carpi radialis C6-C7
146 Pronator teres C6-C7
152 Palmaris longus C7-C8
156 Flexor digitorum C8-T1
superficialis
Ulnar Nerve (C8-T1)
Anterior Interosseus Nerve: C7-C8 The ulnar nerve arises from the posterior cord to
C8-T1 supply the muscles on the ulnar side of the forearm
169 Flexor pollicis longus and hand. Its branches are the muscular, superfi-
C7-C8 cial terminal, and deep terminal.
157 Flexor digitorum
profundus (lateral part) 173 Adductor pollicis C8-T1 (deep branch)
147 Pronator quadratus 159 Abductor digiti minimi C8-T1 (deep branch)
Muscular Branches in Hand 161 O p p o n e n s digiti minimi C8-T1 (deep branch)
(lateral terminal branch):
C8-T1 160 Flexor digiti minimi brevis C 8 - T 1 (deep
171 Abductor pollicis brevis C8-T1 branch)
C8-T1
172 Opponens pollicis 157 Flexor digitorum C8-T1 (muscular
profundus (medial part) branch)
170 Flexor pollicis brevis
(superficial head) 163 Lumbricales, 3rd and C8-T1 (deep
4th branch)
Common Palmar Digital Nerves 153 Flexor carpi ulnaris C7-T1 (muscular
(four or five nerves usually present) branch)
(1st and 2nd common palmar digital nerves)
163 1st and 2nd C8-T1 162 Palmaris brevis C8-T1 (superficial
lumbricales branch)
164 Dorsal interossei C8-T1 (deep
branch)
Radial Nerve (C5-C8)
The largest of the branches of the brachial plexus, 165 Palmar interossei C8-T1 (deep
the radial nerve arises from the posterior cord, roots branch)
C 5 - T 1 . It supplies the extensor muscles of the arm
and forearm. Its motor branches are the muscular 170 Flexor pollicis brevis C8-T1 (deep
and the posterior interosseous. (deep head) branch)
Muscular Branches 172 Opponens pollicis C8-T1 (terminal
141 Brachialis branch)
142 Triceps brachii
144 Anconeus C7 Nerves of the Thoracic and
143 Brachioradialis C6-C8 Abdominal Regions
148 Extensor carpi radialis C7-C8
C5-C6 The muscles innervated by the thoracic and abdomi-
longus C6-C7 nal nerves are those that connect adjacent ribs (the
intercostals); those that span a number of ribs be-
Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy 4 4 5
Part 5. Cranial and Peripheral Nerves and the Muscles They Innervate
tween their attachments (the subcostals); and those 111 Obliquus internus T7-T12
that connect the ribs to the sternum (transversus abdominis (intercostal,
thoracis) and the ribs to the vertebrae (levator costarum, ilioinguinal, and
serratus posterior superior, and serratus posterior 112 Transversus abdominis iliohypogastric
inferior). nerves)
113 Rectus abdominis
Superior Thoracic Nerves (T1-T6, ventral rami) 109 Serratus posterior inferior T7-L1
Subcostal Nerve (T12) (ilioinguinal,
Thoracic Intercostal Nerves 114 Pyramidalis iliohypogastric)
112 Transversus abdominis T7-T12
102 Intercostales interni Tl-Tll T9-T12
103 Intercostales externi Tl-Tll T12
107 Levatores costarum T l - T l l (dorsal T7-T12
rami)
108 Serratus posterior superior T 2 - T 5
106 Transversus thoracis T2-T11
Lower Thoracic Nerves (T7-T12, ventral rami) Nerves from Lumbar and Sacral
(Including Pudendal) Plexuses
Thoracoabdominal Intercostal Nerves (Lower Extremity and Perineal
Muscle Innervation)
102 Intercostales interni Tl-Tll
103 Intercostales externi Tl-Tll Muscles Innervated Directly off
Lumbar Plexus (Figure 9-13)
104 Intercostales intimi Tl-Tll
105 Subcostales T7-T11 100 Quadratus l u m b o r u m T12-L3
174 Psoas major L2-L4
Spinal Nerves T7-T12 175 Psoas minor L1
110 Obliquus externus
abdominis
Iliohypogastric ( L 1 [ T 1 2 ] )
112 Transversus abdominis L1 (and T 7 - T 1 2 )
(and T 7 - T 1 2 )
111 Obliquus internus L1
abdominis
Ilioinguinal (L1) L1 (and T 7 - T 1 2 )
LI1(and T7-T12)
112 Transversus abdominis
111 Obliquus internus
abdominis
Genitofemoral (L1-L2) L1-L2
117 Cremaster
Accessory Obturator (L3-L4) (when present)
177 Pectineus L3 (and femoral,
L2-L3)
Obturator Nerve (L2-L4)
Anterior Branch
180 Adductor brevis L2 or L3-L4
L2-L4
179 Adductor longus L2-L3
L2-L3
FIGURE 9-13 Lumbar plexus. 178 Gracilis
4 4 6 Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy
177 Pectineus (often)
Part 5. Cranial and Peripheral Nerves and the Muscles They Innervate
Posterior Branch L2-L4 Nerve to Obturator Internus L5-S1
L3-L4 187 Obturator internus L5-S1
181 Adductor magnus 189 Gemellus superior
(superior and middle)
Nerve to Piriformis S1-S2
188 Obturator externus 186 Piriformis
180 Adductor brevis (unless
supplied by anterior
branch)
Superior Gluteal (L4-S1)
Femoral Nerve (L2-L4) L2-L3 Superior Branch
176 lliacus L2-L3
177 Pectineus L2-L3 184 Gluteus minimus L4-S1
195 Sartorius L2-L4
196 Rectus femoris L2-L4 Inferior Branch L4-S1
198 Vastus intermedius L2-L4 183 Gluteus medius L4-S1
197 Vastus lateralis L2-L4 185 Tensor fasciae latae
199 Vastus medialis longus L2-L4
2 0 0 Vastus medialis oblique L2-L4 Inferior Gluteal (L5-S2) L5-S2
201 Articularis genus 182 Gluteus maximus
Muscles Innervated via Sacral Plexus Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3)
This is the largest nerve in the body, and it inner-
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris (Figure 9-14) vates the muscles of the posterior thigh and all of the
muscles of the leg and foot. The sciatic trunk has a
191 Quadratus femoris L5-S1 tibial component and a common peroneal compo-
nent, which together innervate five muscles before
dividing to form the tibial and common peroneal nerves.
190 Gemellus inferior L5-S1 Common Peroneal Division (dorsal
divisions L4-L5 and S1-S2)
192 Biceps femoris (short head) L5-S2
Tibial Division (ventral divisions
L4-L5 and S1-S3)
181 Adductor magnus (inferior) L2-L4
192 Biceps femoris (long head) L5-S2
194 Semimembranosus L5-S2
193 Semitendinosus L5-S2
Tibial Nerve (Medial Popliteal Nerve) (L4-S3)
This larger of the two main divisions of the sciatic
nerve sends branches high in the leg to the posterior
leg muscles (triceps surae and popliteus). Lower
branches supply motor innervation to the more distal
posterior muscles. Its named branches are the lateral
and medial plantar nerves.
FIGURE 9-14 Sacral plexus. High Branches S1-S2
205 Gastrocnemius
S1-S2
(both heads) S1-S2
L4-S1
2 0 7 Plantaris
2 0 6 Soleus
202 Popliteus
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Part 5. Cranial and Peripheral Nerves and the Muscles They Innervate
Low Branches S1-S2 Common Peroneal Nerve (L4-S2)
206 Soleus L4-L5 This smaller of the two divisions of the sciatic nerve
204 Tibialis posterior L5-S2 divides into the deep and superficial peroneal nerves.
213 Flexor digitorum longus L5-S2
222 Flexor hallucis longus Deep Peroneal Nerve L4-L5
203 Tibialis anterior L5
Lateral Plantar Nerve (S2-S3) 221 Extensor hallucis longus L5-S1
211 Extensor digitorum longus L5-S1
217 Quadratus plantae (flexor S1-S3 212 Extensor digitorum brevis L5-S1
digitorum accessorius) 210 Peroneus tertius S2-S3
219 2nd dorsal interosseous
215 Abductor digiti minimi S1-S3
Deep Branch S2-S3 Superficial Peroneal Nerve L5-S1
218 Lumbricales, 2 n d , S2-S3 208 Peroneus longus L5-S1
S2-S3 209 Peroneus brevis
3rd, and 4th
S2-S3 Pudendal Plexus (Part of the Sacral Plexus)
225 Adductor hallucis
Muscular Branches (S2-S4) S2-S3
219 Dorsal interossei, 1st, 115 Levator ani S3-S4
2nd, and 3rd 116 Coccygeus S2-S3
123 Sphincter ani externus
220 Plantar interossei, 1st
and 2nd
Superficial Branch S2-S3 Perineal Branch (S2-S4) S2-S4
216 Flexor digiti minimi S2-S3 118 Transversus perinei S2-S4
brevis S2-S3 superficialis
S2-S4
219 Dorsal interossei, 4th 119 Transversus perinei S2-S4
profundus S2-S4
220 Plantar interossei, 3rd S4
120 Bulbocavernosus
Medial Plantar Nerve (L5-S1)
121 Ischiocavernosus
218 Lumbrical, 1st L5-S1
122 Sphincter urethrae
224 Abductor hallucis S1-S2
123 Sphincter ani externus
223 Flexor hallucis brevis S1-S2
214 Flexor digitorum brevis S1-S2
4 4 8 Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy
Part 6. Myotomes
PART 6. MYOTOMES FIGURE 9-15 Rami of spinal nerves.
THE MOTOR NERVE ROOTS AND THE The major plexuses formed by the cervical, lumbar,
MUSCLES THEY INNERVATE and sacral nerves are as follows:
In this portion of the chapter, the spinal roots for the Cervical plexus (ventral primary rami of C 1 - C 4 and
axial and trunk skeletal muscles are outlined, along connecting cranial nerves)
with the muscles innervated by each root. There are
many variations of these innervation patterns, but Brachial plexus (ventral primary rami of C 5 - T 1 and
this text presents a consensus derived from classic connections from C4 and T 2 )
anatomy and neurology texts.
Lumbosacral plexus (ventral primary rami of lumbar,
The muscles are presented here as originating from sacral, pudendal, and coccygeal
the dorsal or ventral primary rami. Each muscle is al- nerves)
ways preceded by its reference number for cross-refer-
ence. Named peripheral nerves for individual muscles Lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of L 1 - L 4 and
are listed in parentheses (e.g., thoracodorsal) after the communication from T 1 2 )
muscle. The specific muscle or part is in brackets.
Sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of L 4 - L 5 and S l -
The spinal nerves arise in the spinal cord and exit S3)
from it via the intervertebral foramina. T h e r e are 31
pairs: cervical ( 8 ) , thoracic ( 1 2 ) , lumbar ( 5 ) , sacral Pudendal plexus (ventral primary rami of S 2 - S 4 )
(5), and coccygeal ( 1 ) . These innervations are espe- Coccygeal plexus ( S 4 - S 5 )
cially variable.
Each spinal nerve has two roots that unite to form
the nerve: the ventral root ( m o t o r ) , which exits the
cord from the ventral (anterior) horn; and the dorsal
root (sensory), which enters the cord from the dorsal
(posterior) horn. This text will address only the mo-
tor roots.
Each motor root divides into two parts:
1. Primary ventral rami (Figure 9 - 1 5 )
The ventral rami supply the ventral and lateral trunk
muscles and all limb muscles. T h e cervical, lumbar,
and sacral ventral rami merge near their origin to
form plexuses. The thoracic ventral rami remain
individual and are distributed segmentally.
2. Primary dorsal rami
The dorsal rami supply the muscles of the dorsal neck
and trunk. The dorsal primary rami do not join any
of the plexuses.
THE CERVICAL ROOTS AND NERVES Dorsal Primary Ramus (of C1)
C1 56 Rectus capitis posterior major
57 Rectus capitis posterior minor
Ventral Primary Ramus 58 Obliquus capitis superior
59 Obliquus capitis inferior
72 Rectus capitis anterior
73 Rectus capitis lateralis C2
74 Longus capitis
77 Geniohyoid Ventral Primary Ramus
84 Sternothyroid
85 Thyrohyoid 72 Rectus capitis anterior
86 Sternohyoid 73 Rectus capitis lateralis
87 Omohyoid 74 Longus capitis
Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy 4 4 9
Part 6. Myotomes C4
79 Longus colli Ventral Primary Ramus
83 Sternocleidomastoid
84 Sternothyroid 79 Longus colli
86 Sternohyoid 70 Intertransversarii cervicis [anterior]
87 Omohyoid 127 Levator scapulae (dorsal scapular)
80 Scalenus anterior
Dorsal Primary Ramus2,3 81 Scalenus medius
101 Diaphragm (phrenic)
60 Longissimus capitis
62 Semispinalis capitis Dorsal Primary Ramus
65 Semispinalis cervicis
94 Multifidi 61 Splenius capitis
62 Semispinalis capitis
C3 63 Spinalis capitis
64 Longissimus cervicis
Ventral Primary Ramus 65 Semispinalis cervicis
66 Iliocostalis cervicis
70 Intertransversarii cervicis 67 Splenius cervicis
74 Longus capitis 68 Spinalis cervicis
79 Longus colli 69 Interspinales cervicis
84 Sternothyroid 70 Intertransversarii cervicis [posterior]
86 Sternohyoid 71 Rotatores cervicis
87 Omohyoid 94 Multifidi
127 Levator scapulae (dorsal scapular)
81 Scalenus medius C5
83 Sternocleidomastoid
101 Diaphragm ( C 4 ) Ventral Primary Ramus
124 Trapezius
79 Longus colli
Dorsal Primary Ramus (of C3) 70 Intertransversarii cervicis (anterior)
80 Scalenus anterior
60 Longissimus capitis 81 Scalenus medius
61 Splenitis capitis 132 Subclavius (nerve to subclavius)
62 Semispinalis capitis 101 Diaphragm
63 Spinalis capitis 127 Levator scapulae (dorsal scapular)
64 Longissimus cervicis 125 Rhomboid major (dorsal scapular)
65 Semispinalis cervicis 126 R h o m b o i d minor (dorsal scapular)
68 Spinalis cervicis 128 Serratus anterior (long thoracic)
69 Interspinales cervicis 129 Pectoralis minor (medial and lateral pectoral)
70 Intertransversarii cervicis [posterior] 131 Pectoralis major [clavicular head] (lateral
71 Rotatores cervicis
94 Multifidi pectoral)
4 5 0 Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy
135 Supraspinatus (suprascapular) Part 6. Myotomes
136 Infraspinatus (suprascapular)
134 Subscapularis (subscapular, upper and lower) 129 Pectoralis minor (medial and lateral pectorals)
138 Teres major (subscapular, lower) 136 Infraspinatus (suprascapular)
133 Deltoid (axillary) 135 Supraspinatus (suprascapular)
137 Teres minor (axillary) 134 Subscapularis (subscapular, upper and lower)
139 Coracobrachialis (musculocutaneous) 138 Teres major (subscapular, lower)
140 Biceps brachii (musculocutaneous) 133 Deltoid (axillary)
141 Brachialis (musculocutaneous) 137 Teres minor (axillary)
143 Brachioradialis (radial) 139 Coracobrachialis (musculocutaneous)
140 Biceps brachii (musculocutaneous)
Dorsal Primary Ramus (of C5) 141 Brachialis (musculocutaneous)
142 Triceps brachii (radial)
60 Longissimus capitis 143 Brachioradialis (radial)
61 Splenius capitis 144 Anconeus (radial)
62 Semispinalis capitis 145 Supinator (radial)
63 Spinalis capitis 148 Extensor carpi radialis longus (radial)
64 Longissimus cervicis 146 Pronator teres (median)
65 Semispinalis cervicis 151 Flexor carpi radialis (median)
66 Iliocostalis cervicis
67 Splenius cervicis Dorsal Primary Ramus (of C6)
68 Spinalis cervicis
69 Interspinales cervicis 60 Longissimus capitis
70 Intertransversarii cervicis [posterior] 61 Splenius capitis
72 Rotatores cervicis 62 Semispinalis capitis
94 Multifidi 63 Spinalis capitis
64 Longissimus cervicis
C6 65 Semispinalis cervicis
66 Iliocostalis cervicis
Ventral Primary Ramus 67 Splenius cervicis
68 Spinalis cervicis
79 Longus colli 69 Interspinales cervicis
70 Intertransversarii cervicis [anterior] 70 Intertransversarii cervicis [posteriori
80 Scalenus anterior 71 Rotatores cervicis
81 Scalenus medius 93 Multifidi
82 Scalenus posterior
130 Latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal) C7
132 Subclavius (nerve to subclavius)
128 Serratus anterior (long thoracic) Ventral Primary Ramus
131 Pectoralis major [clavicular head] (lateral
70 Intertransversarii cervicis [anterior]
pectoral) [sternocostal head] (medial and 81 Scalenus medius
lateral pectorals) 82 Scalenus posterior
Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy 4 5 1
Part 6. Myotomes
128 Serratus anterior (long thoracic) C8
130 Latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal)
131 Pectoralis major, sternocostal head (medial Ventral Primary Ramus
and lateral pectorals) 70 Intertransversarii cervicis [anterior]
129 Pectoralis minor (medial and lateral pectorals) 81 Scalenus medius
139 Coracobrachialis (musculocutaneous) 82 Scalenus posterior
141 Brachialis (radial) 130 Latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal)
142 Triceps brachii (radial) 131 Pectoralis major, sternocostal (lateral and
144 Anconeus (radial)
145 Supinator (radial) medial pectorals)
148 Extensor carpi radialis longus (radial) 129 Pectoralis minor (medial and lateral pectorals)
149 Extensor carpi radialis brevis (radial) 142 Triceps brachii (radial)
150 Extensor carpi ulnaris (radial) 144 Anconeus (radial)
154 Extensor digitorum (radial) 149 Extensor carpi radialis brevis (radial)
155 Extensor indicis (radial) 150 Extensor carpi ulnaris (radial)
158 Extensor digiti minimi (radial) 154 Extensor digitorum (radial)
166 Abductor pollicis longus (radial) 155 Extensor indicis (radial)
167 Extensor pollicis longus (radial) 158 Extensor digiti minimi (radial)
168 Extensor pollicis brevis (radial) 166 Abductor pollicis longus (radial)
146 Pronator teres (median) 167 Extensor pollicis longus (radial)
147 Pronator quadratus (median) 168 Extensor pollicis brevis (radial)
151 Flexor carpi radialis (median) 147 Pronator quadratus (median) ( C 8 )
152 Palmaris longus (median) 152 Palmaris longus (median)
153 Flexor carpi ulnaris (median) 156 Flexor digitorum superficialis (median)
169 Flexor pollicis longus (median) 157 Flexor digitorum profundus, digits 2 and 3
Dorsal Primary Ramus (of C7) (median)
163 Lumbricales, 1st and 2nd (median)
60 Longissimus capitis 169 Flexor pollicis longus (median)
62 Semispinalis capitis 170 Flexor pollicis brevis, superficial head
63 Spinalis capitis
64 Longissimus cervicis (median)
65 Semispinalis cervicis 171 Abductor pollicis brevis (median)
66 Iliocostalis cervicis 172 Opponens pollicis (median, ulnar)
67 Splenius cervicis 170 Flexor pollicis brevis, deep head (ulnar)
68 Spinalis cervicis 173 Adductor pollicis (ulnar)
69 Interspinales cervicis 153 Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar)
70 Intertransversarii cervicis [posterior] 157 Flexor digitorum profundus, digits 4 and 5
71 Rotatores cervicis
94 Multifidi (ulnar)
163 Lumbricales, 3d and 4th (ulnar)
164 Interossei, dorsal (ulnar)
165 Interossei, palmar (ulnar)
159 Abductor digiti minimi (ulnar)
161 Opponens digiti minimi (ulnar)
4 5 2 Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy
Part 6. Myotomes
160 Flexor digiti minimi brevis (ulnar) 171 Abductor pollicis brevis (median)
162 Palmaris brevis (ulnar) 172 Opponens pollicis (median and ulnar)
153 Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar)
Dorsal Primary Ramus (of C8) 157 Flexor digitorum profundus, digits 4 and 5
60 Longissimus capitis (ulnar)
62 Semispinalis capitis 159 Abductor digiti minimi (ulnar)
63 Spinalis capitis 160 Flexor digiti minimi brevis (ulnar)
64 Longissimus cervicis 161 Opponens digiti minimi (ulnar)
65 Semispinalis cervicis 162 Palmaris brevis (ulnar)
66 Iliocostalis cervicis (variable) 163 Lumbricales, 3rd and 4 t h (ulnar)
67 Splenius cervicis 164 Interossei, dorsal (ulnar)
68 Spinalis cervicis (variable) 165 Interossei, palmar (ulnar)
69 Interspinales cervicis 170 Flexor pollicis brevis [deep head] (ulnar)
70 Intertransversarii cervicis [posterior] 173 Adductor pollicis (ulnar)
71 Rotatores cervicis
94 Multifidi Dorsal Primary Ramus (of T l )
THE THORACIC ROOTS AND NERVES 62 Semispinalis capitis
65 Semispinalis cervicis
There are 12 pairs of thoracic nerves arising from the 93 Semispinalis thoracis
ventral primary rami: Tl to T11 are called the inter- 64 Longissimus cervicis
costals and T 1 2 is called the subcostal nerve. These 91 Longissimus thoracis
nerves are not part of a plexus. Tl and T2 innervate 63 Spinalis capitis (highly variable)
the upper extremity as well as the thorax; T 3 - T 6 in- 92 Spinalis thoracis
nervate only the thoracic muscles; the lower thoracic 89 Iliocostalis thoracis
nerves innervate the thoracic and abdominal muscles. 66 Iliocostalis cervicis (variable)
94 Multifidi
Tl 99 Intertransversarii thoracis
95 Rotatores thoracis
Ventral Primary Ramus 97 Interspinales thoracis
107 Levatores costarum T2
102 Intercostales externi
103 Intercostales interni Ventral Primary Ramus
104 Intercostales intimi
131 Pectoralis major [sternocostal head] (medial 107 Levatores costarum
102 Intercostales externi
and lateral pectorals) 103 Intercostales interni
129 Pectoralis minor (medial and lateral 104 Intercostales intimi
108 Serratus posterior superior
pectorals) 106 Transversus thoracis
147 Pronator quadratus (median)
156 Flexor digitorum superficialis (median) Dorsal Primary Ramus (of T2)
157 Flexor digitorum profundus, digits 2 and 3
65 Semispinalis cervicis (variable)
(median)
163 Lumbricales, 1st and 2 n d (median) Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy 4 5 3
170 Flexor pollicis brevis [superficial head]
(median)
Part 6. Myotomes 106 Transversus thoracis
108 Serratus posterior superior (to T5)
93 Semispinalis thoracis
64 Longissimus cervicis Dorsal Primary Ramus
91 Longissimus thoracis
92 Spinalis thoracis 65 Semispinalis cervicis
66 Iliocostalis cervicis (variable) 89 Iliocostalis thoracis
89 Iliocostalis thoracis 93 Semispinalis thoracis
94 Multifidi 91 Longissimus thoracis
95 Rotatores thoracis 92 Spinalis thoracis
97 Interspinales thoracis 94 Multifidi
99 Intertransversarii thoracis 95 Rotatores thoracis
99 Intertransversarii thoracis
T3
T7
Ventral Primary Ramus
Ventral Primary Ramus
107 Levatores costarum
102 Intercostales externi 107 Levatores costarum
103 Intercostales interni 103 Intercostales interni
104 Intercostales intimi 102 Intercostales externi
108 Serratus posterior superior 104 Intercostales intimi
106 Transversus thoracis 105 Subcostales
106 Transversus thoracis
Dorsal Primary Ramus 110 Obliquus externus abdominis
111 Obliquus internus abdominis
93 Semispinalis thoracis 112 Transversus abdominis
64 Longissimus cervicis (variable) 113 Rectus abdominis
65 Semispinalis cervicis
91 Longissimus thoracis Dorsal Primary Ramus
92 Spinalis thoracis
66 Iliocostalis cervicis 93 Semispinalis thoracis
89 Iliocostalis thoracis 91 Longissimus thoracis
94 Multifidi 92 Spinalis thoracis
95 Rotatores thoracis 89 Iliocostalis thoracis
97 Interspinales thoracis 94 Multifidi
99 Intertransversarii thoracis 95 Rotatores thoracis
99 Intertransversarii thoracis
T4, T5, T6
T8
Ventral Primary Ramus
Ventral Primary Ramus
107 Levatores costarum
102 Intercostales externi 107 Levatores costarum
103 Intercostales interni 103 Intercostales interni
104 Intercostales intimi 102 Intercostales externi
4 5 4 Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy
104 Intercostales intimi Part 6. Myotomes
105 Subcostales
106 Transversus thoracis T12
110 Obliquus externus abdominis Ventral Primary Ramus
111 Obliquus internus abdominis
112 Transversus abdominis 100 Quadratus l u m b o r u m
113 Rectus abdominis 112 Transversus abdominis
109 Serratus posterior inferior
Dorsal Primary Ramus 110 Obliquus externus abdominis
111 Obliquus internus abdominis
93 Semispinalis thoracis 113 Rectus abdominis
91 Longissimus thoracis 114 Pyramidalis
92 Spinalis thoracis
89 Iliocostalis thoracis Dorsal Primary Ramus
94 Multifidi
95 Rotatores thoracis 93 Semispinalis thoracis
99 Intertransversarii thoracis 91 Longissimus thoracis
92 Spinalis thoracis
T9, T10, T11 89 Iliocostalis thoracis
Ventral Primary Ramus 94 Multifidi
95 Rotatores thoracis
107 Levatores costarum 97 Interspinales thoracis
103 Intercostales interni 99 Intertransversarii thoracis
102 Intercostales externi
104 Intercostales intimi THE LUMBAR ROOTS AND NERVES
105 Subcostales
106 Transversus thoracis The lumbar plexus is formed by the first four lumbar
109 Serratus posterior inferior nerves and a communicating branch from T 1 2 . The
110 Obliquus externus abdominis fourth lumbar nerve gives its largest part to the lum-
111 Obliquus internus abdominis bar plexus and a smaller part to the sacral plexus.
112 Transversus abdominis The fifth lumbar nerve and the small segment of the
113 Rectus abdominis fourth lumbar nerve form the lumbosacral trunk,
which is part of the sacral plexus.
Dorsal Primary Ramus
L1
93 Semispinalis thoracis
91 Longissimus thoracis Ventral Primary Ramus
92 Spinalis thoracis
89 Iliocostalis thoracis 100 Quadratus l u m b o r u m
94 Multifidi 175 Psoas minor
95 Rotatores thoracis 112 Transversus abdominis
97 Interspinales thoracis 111 Obliquus internus abdominis
99 Intertransversarii thoracis 117 Cremaster (genitofemoral)
Dorsal Primary Ramus
90 Iliocostalis lumborum
91 Longissimus thoracis
96 Rotatores lumborum
Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy 4 5 5
Part 6. Myotomes 179 Adductor longus (obturator)
180 Adductor brevis (obturator)
94 Multifidi 181 Adductor magnus, superior and medial fibers
98 Interspinales lumborum
99 Intertransversarii lumborum (obturator)
Inferior fibers (sciatic, tibial)
L2 188 Obturator externus (obturator)
195 Sartorius (femoral)
Ventral Primary Ramus 196-200 Quadriceps femoris (femoral)
100 Quadratus lumborum 196 Rectus femoris
174 Psoas major 197 Vastus intermedius
176 Iliacus 198 Vastus lateralis
117 Cremaster (genitofemoral) 199 Vastus medialis longus
177 Pectineus (femoral) 200 Vastus medialis obliquus
178 Gracilis (obturator) 201 Articularis genus (femoral)
179 Adductor longus (obturator)
180 Adductor brevis (obturator) Dorsal Primary Ramus
181 Adductor magnus
90 Iliocostalis lumborum
Superior and middle fibers (obturator) 96 Rotatores lumborum
Inferior fibers (sciatic, tibial) 94 Multifidi
195 Sartorius (femoral) 98 Interspinales lumborum
196-200 Quadriceps femoris (femoral) 99 Intertransversarii lumborum
196 Rectus femoris
197 Vastus intermedius L4
198 Vastus lateralis
199 Vastus medialis longus Ventral Primary Ramus
200 Vastus medialis obliquus
201 Articularis genus (femoral) 175 Psoas major
179 Adductor longus (obturator)
Dorsal Primary Ramus 181 Adductor magnus
90 Iliocostalis lumborum (variable) Superior and middle fibers (obturator)
96 Rotatores lumborum Lower fibers (sciatic, tibial)
94 Multifidi 183 Gluteus medius (superior gluteal)
98 Interspinales lumborum 184 Gluteus minimus (superior gluteal)
99 Intertransversarii lumborum 185 Tensor fasciae latae (superior gluteal)
188 Obturator externus (obturator)
L3 196-200 Quadriceps femoris (femoral)
196 Rectus femoris
Ventral Primary Ramus 197 Vastus lateralis
198 Vastus intermedius
100 Quadratus lumborum 199 Vastus medialis longus
174 Psoas major 200 Vastus medialis obliquus
176 Iliacus (femoral) 201 Articularis genus (femoral)
177 Pectineus (femoral) 202 Popliteus (tibial)
178 Gracilis (obturator)
4 5 6 Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy
Part 6. Myotomes
203 Tibialis anterior (deep peroneal) 96 Rotatores lumborum
204 Tibialis posterior (tibial) 94 Multifidi
99 Intertransversarii lumborum
Dorsal Primary Ramus
THE LUMBOSACRAL ROOTS AND
90 Iliocostalis lumborum NERVES
96 Rotatores lumborum
94 Multifidi The intermingling of the ventral primary rami of the
98 Interspinales lumborum lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves is known as the
99 Intertransversarii lumborum lumbosacral plexus. There is uncertainty about any
m o t o r innervation from the dorsal primary rami be-
L5 low S3. The nerves branching off this plexus supply
the lower extremity in part and also the perineum
Ventral Primary Ramus and coccygeal areas via the pudendal and coccygeal
plexuses.
182 Gluteus maximus (inferior gluteal)
183 Gluteus medius (superior gluteal) S1
184 Gluteus minimus (superior gluteal)
185 Tensor fasciae latae (superior gluteal) Ventral Primary Ramus
187 Obturator internus (nerve to obturator internus)
189 Gemellus superior (nerve to obturator internus) 182 Gluteus maximus (inferior gluteal)
190 Gemellus inferior (nerve to quadratus femoris) 183 Gluteus medius (superior gluteal)
191 Quadratus femoris (nerve to quadratus femoris) 184 Gluteus minimus (superior gluteal)
192 Biceps femoris 185 Tensor fasciae latae (superior gluteal)
186 Piriformis (nerve to piriformis)
Short head (sciatic, common peroneal) 187 O b t u r a t o r internus (nerve to obturator
Long head (sciatic, tibial)
194 Semimembranosus (sciatic, tibial) internus)
193 Semitendinosus (sciatic, tibial) 189 Gemellus superior (nerve to obturator
202 Popliteus (tibial)
204 Tibialis posterior (tibial) internus)
213 Flexor digitorum longus (tibial) 190 Gemellus inferior (nerve to quadratus
222 Flexor hallucis longus (tibial)
203 Tibialis anterior (deep peroneal) femoris)
210 Peroneus tertius (deep peroneal) 191 Quadratus femoris (nerve to quadratus
211 Extensor digitorum longus (deep peroneal)
212 Extensor digitorum brevis (deep peroneal) femoris)
221 Extensor hallucis longus (deep peroneal) 192 Biceps femoris
208 Peroneus longus (superficial peroneal)
209 Peroneus brevis (superficial peroneal) Short head (sciatic, common peroneal nerve)
218 Lumbricales, 1st [foot] (medial plantar) Long head (sciatic, tibial nerve)
194 Semimembranosus (sciatic, tibial division)
Dorsal Primary Ramus 193 Semitendinosus (sciatic, tibial division)
205 Gastrocnemius (tibial)
90 Iliocostalis lumborum 207 Plantaris (tibial)
202 Popliteus (tibial)
204 Tibialis posterior (tibial)
206 Soleus (tibial)
213 Flexor digitorum longus (tibial)
222 Flexor hallucis longus (tibial)
223 Flexor hallucis brevis (tibial)
Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy 4 5 7
Part 6. Myotomes
203 Tibialis anterior (deep peroneal [often]) 219 Interossei, dorsal (lateral plantar)
210 Peroneus tertius (deep peroneal) 220 Interossei, plantar (lateral plantar)
211 Extensor digitorum longus (deep peroneal) 115 Levator ani (pudendal)
212 Extensor digitorum brevis (deep peroneal) 118 Transversus perinei superficialis (pudendal)
208 Peroneus longus (superficial peroneal) 119 Transversus perinei profundus (pudendal)
209 Peroneus brevis (superficial peroneal) 120 Bulbocavernosus (pudendal)
215 Abductor digiti minimi (lateral plantar) 121 Ischiocavernosus (pudendal)
217 Quadratus plantae [flexor digitorum 122 Sphincter urethrae (pudendal)
123 Sphincter ani externus (pudendal)
accessorius] (lateral plantar)
214 Flexor digitorum brevis (medial plantar) Dorsal Primary Rami
224 Abductor hallucis (medial plantar)
218 Lumbricales, 1st [foot] (medial plantar) 94 Multifidi
Dorsal Primary Rami S3
94 Multifidi Ventral Primary Ramus
99 Intertransversarii lumborum
217 Quadratus plantae [flexor digitorum
S2 accessorius] (lateral plantar)
Ventral Primary Ramus 215 Abductor digiti minimi (lateral plantar)
216 Flexor digiti minimi brevis [foot] (lateral
182 Gluteus maximus (inferior gluteal)
186 Piriformis (nerve to piriformis) plantar)
192 Biceps femoris 225 Adductor hallucis (lateral plantar)
218 Lumbricales, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th [foot] (lateral
Short head (sciatic, common peroneal nerve)
Long head (sciatic, tibial nerve) plantar)
194 Semimembranosus (sciatic, tibial division) 219 Interossei, dorsal (lateral plantar)
193 Semitendinosus (sciatic, tibial division) 220 Interossei, plantar (lateral plantar)
205 Gastrocnemius (tibial) 115 Levator ani (pudendal)
206 Soleus (tibial) 116 Coccygeus (pudendal)
207 Plantaris (tibial) 118 Transversus perinei superficialis (pudendal)
213 Flexor digitorum longus (tibial) 119 Transversus perinei profundus (pudendal)
222 Flexor hallucis longus (tibial) 120 Bulbocavernosus (pudendal)
214 Flexor digitorum brevis (medial plantar) 121 Ischiocavernosus (pudendal)
224 Abductor hallucis (medial plantar) 122 Sphincter urethrae (pudendal)
217 Quadratus plantae [flexor digitorum 123 Sphincter ani externus (pudendal)
accessorius] (lateral plantar)
215 Abductor digiti minimi (lateral plantar) S4 and S5
216 Flexor digiti minimi brevis [foot] (lateral
plantar) Ventral Primary Ramus
225 Adductor hallucis (lateral plantar)
218 Lumbricales, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th [foot] (lateral 116 Coccygeus (to S 4 , pudendal)
plantar) 123 Sphincter ani externus (to S 4 , perineal)
118 Transversus perinei superficialis ( t o S 4 ,
pudendal)
4 5 8 Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy
Part 6. Myotomes
119 Transversus perinei profundus (to S 4 , 22. Perry J. Muscle control of the shoulder. In Rowe CR
pudendal) ( e d ) . The Shoulder. N e w York: Churchill Livingstone,
1988, pp. 17-34.
120 Bulbocavernosus (to S 4 , pudendal)
2 3 . Ip M, Chang KS. A study of the radial supply of the
121 Ischiocavernosus (to S 4 , pudendal) human Brachialis muscle. Anat Rec 1 6 2 : 3 6 3 - 3 7 1 , 1968.
122 Sphincter urethrae (to S 4 , pudendal) 2 4 . Basmajian JV, D e L u c a C J . Muscles Alive, 5 t h e d .
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.
123 Sphincter ani externus (to S 4 , perineal)
2 5 . Basmajian JV, Travill AA. Electromyography of the
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11. Nairn RI. The circumoral musculature: Structure and 34. Janda V, Stara V. The role of thigh adductors in
function. Br Dent J 138:49-56, 1975. movement patterns of the hip and knee joint. Courier
15:1-3, 1965.
12. I.ightoller CH. Facial muscles: The modiolus and
muscles surrounding the rima oris with remarks about 35. Kaplan EB. The iliotibial tract. Clinical and
the panniculus adiposus. I Anat 6 0 : 1 - 8 5 , 1925. morphological significance. J Bone Joint Surg [Am|
40:817-831, 1958.
13. Keller JT, Saunders M C , Van Loveren H, Shipley M T .
Neuroanatomical considerations of palatal muscles: 36. Pare EB, Stern JT, Schwartz JM. Functional
Tensor and levator palatini. Cleft Palate J differentiation within the Tensor fasciae latae. I Bone
21:70-75, 1984. Joint Surg [Am] 63:1457-1471, 1981.
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paralysis. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 4 1 : 3 7 - 6 0 , 1 9 5 9 . 89:550-553, 1955.
15. Movers RE. Electromyographic analysis of certain 38. Lieb FJ, Perrv J. Quadriceps function: An anatomical
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16. deSousa O M . F,studoelectromiografico do m. platysma. 39. Lieb FJ, Perry J. Quadriceps function: An
Folio Clin Biol 33:42-52, 1964^ electromyographic study under isometric conditions.
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17. Jones DS, Beargie RJ, Pauly JE. An electromyographic
study of some muscles of costal respiration in man. 4 0 . Last RJ. The Popliteus muscle and the lateral
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18. Soo KC, Guiloff R F , Pauly JE. Innervation of the 41. Cummins EJ, Anson BJ, Carr BW, Wright RR.
'Trapezius muscle: A study in patients undergoing neck Structure of the calcaneal tendon (of Achilles) in
dissections. Head Neck 12:488-495, 1990. relation to orthopedic surgery; with additional
observations of the Plantaris muscle. Surg Gynecol
19. Basmajian JV. Muscles Alive, 2 n d ed. Baltimore: Obstet 83:107-116, 1946.
Williams & Wilkins, 1967.
42. Lewis OJ. The comparative morphology of m. flexor
2 0 . S o d e b e r g G L . Kinesiology: Application to Pathologic accessorius and the associated flexor tendons. J Anat
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Chapter 9 / Ready Reference Anatomy 4 5 9
Index
Note: Page numbers followed by b indicate boxed material; f figures; p, plates; t tables
A Ankle plantar flexion Axillary nerve, 4 4 4
illustration, 99f, 107f
Abdomen grades/grading, 228-232
hints, 232 Azygos uvulae, 374-375
ground resting, 2 5 7 f
illustration, 2 2 6 f B
hand placement, 5 7 f motion, 436
muscles, 356, 391 muscle, 227t Back, deep muscles, 384-385
Abdominal regions, nerves, 4 4 5 - 4 4 6 Back muscles, 357
Abducent nerve, 439 substitution, 232 Biceps brachii
Ansa cervicalis
Abduction, 62f. See also Scapular abduction illustration, 114f, 123f
Abductor digiti minimi, 152t inferior root, 444 information, 402
superior root, 444 long head, 115t
illustration, 152f Antebrachial fascia, 129t muscle, 115t, 124t
information, 408, 425 Anterior abdominal wall, hand placement, short head, 115t
Abductor hallucis, 244t, 427 substitution, 98
Abductor pollicis brevis, 168t, 174t 52f Biceps femoris
information, 418
illustration, 168f Anterior deltoid, 86-89 long head, 189t, 210t, 217t
information, 412 Anterior foot
test, 170 illustration, 188f, 216f
Abductor pollicis longus, 168t hand control, 2 4 8 f short head, 217t
weight transfer, 2 8 4 f Bicipital aponeurosis, 115t
illustration, 168f Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), 52, Bilaminar common tendon, convergence,
information, 411
palpation, 169f 215 lilt
Bilateral muscles, 36f
test, 169 origin, palpation, 184 Bilateral paresis, 320
Accessory muscles, 307t Anterior throat, examination, 335f Bipennate muscles, 152t
Accessory nerve, 4 4 0 Anterior tongue, grasping, 322f Body
Accessory obturator, 4 4 6 Anterolateral walls, 391
Acetabulum, 223t Anteroposterior axis, 291f, 2 9 2 f skeletal muscles, 360-427
Aponeurosis, 44t. See also Transverse weight bearing, 260f
Achilles tendon, tension (monitoring), 2 3 0 f Body/pelvis symmetry, maintenance, 2 7 6 f
Acromion, 96t abdominis Bolus, formation, 336
Brachialis, 114f
Active resistance test, 2 anterior, 2 2 7 f information, 402
Adduction, 6 2 f muscle, 115t
posterior, 227t palpation, 117f
Adductor brevis, 181t, 206t Arises, 59t Brachial plexus, 4 4 3 - 4 4 5 , 4 4 3 f
illustration, 205f Arms Brachioradialis, 114f
information, 415 information, 403
abduction, 106f, 120f, 122f muscle, 115t
Adductor hallucis, 244t support, 116f, 117f Break test, 2
Buccinator, 307t. See also Cheek
information, 427 adduction, 126f
Adductor longus, 181t, 206t, 210t cradling, 9 8 f compression
cross section, 127p illustration, 305f
illustration, 2 0 5 f deep fascia, l i l t information, 369
dorsal muscles, 8 5 f usage, illustration, 3()9f
information, 415 elevation, 94t Bulbar testing, precautions, 290
extension, 83f Bulbospongiosus, information, 395
(position-dependent), 213t Bum's eye, 294
Adductor magnus, 206t external rotation, 109f, 126f Buttocks, lifting, 92f
hand resistance, 96f. See also Posterior
illustration, 2 0 5 f c
(inferior), 189t arm
C1-C4 vertebrae, 70t
information, 415 internal rotation, 9 3 f C2-C4 vertebrae, 27t
(position-dependent), 21 Ot, 2 1 3 t leading, 260f C2-C6 vertebrae, 18f
lifting, 2 6 4 f C3-C6 vertebrae, 23t
(superior fibers), 181t C4-C6 vertebrae, 14t
tendon, 223t movement, willingness, 2 6 2 f C4-C7 vertebrae, 37t
Adductor mass, palpation, 2 0 8 f C5-C6 vertebrae, 27f
Adductor pollicis neutral position, 113f C6-T4 vertebrae, 37t
C7 (spinous process), 18t
information, 413 off table position, 9 1 f C7-T1 vertebrae, 81t
outstretching, 46f, 5 I f C7-T6 vertebrae, 14t
oblique head, 171t, 171f Calcaneus
palpation, 173f range of motion, 9 6 f
Alternate rhomboid test, 84f incomplete movement, 232f
Anatomical snuffbox, 167f manual resistance, absence, lOOf tuberosity, 247t
side position, 9 1 f
radiomedial wall, 164t
support, 97f
ulnar wall, 164t
Anconeus, 119t support, 68f, 75f
table, support, 106f
illustration, 118f
ventral muscles, 8 5 f
information, 403 weight bearing, 2 6 6 f
Anger, expression, 31 Of Articularis genus, 421
Ankle. See High ankle Articulation, 334
Aryepiglottic folds, 334
dorsiflexion, motion, 4 3 6 ASIS. See Anterior superior iliac spine
extension, 349 Assisted forward lean, 4 8 f
Atlas transverse process, 23t
test, 349f Auditory tube, 325t
flexed limb, support, 2 2 0 f inferior cartilage, 330t
flexion, 345 Auriculares, information, 369
Axilla, subscapularis tendon (palpation),
motions, 436-437
muscles, 359, 421 113f
resistance, 211 f
stabilization, 238f, 241f, 244f, 2 4 5 f
Index 461
Calf, circumference, 233p Contiguous vertebrae, spinous processes, 37t Distal phalanges (DIP), 248
Capital extension, 17p Contractile activity muscle, palpation, 2 3 6 f test, 248f
Coracobrachialis, 86-89
grades/grading, 15-16 Dominant foot, weight bearing (increase),
hints, 16 illustration, 85f, 8 6 f 283f
motion, 428 information, 401-402
muscle, 14l muscle, 87t Dorsal extensor expansion, 155t
Capital extensor muscles, 3 7 6 - 3 7 7 Coracoid process, 87t Dorsal interossei, 142
Capital extensors, 14f Corrugator supercilii, 296t. See also
palpation, 16f illustration, 152f, 4 1 0 f
Capital flexion, 17p, 2 4 - 2 6 Frowning information, 410, 426
grades/grading, 24-25 action, observation, 302f muscle, 244t
hints, 25 information, 362 palpation, 154f
motion, 428 Costal cartilages, 56t test, 153f
muscle, 23t, 380 Costal groove, 56t Dorsal muscles. See Arms
Capitate bone, 171t Costoxiphoid ligaments, 59t Dorsal primary ramus, 4 4 9 - 4 5 8
Cardinal directions, looking, 2 9 4 f Cough Dorsal scapular nerve, 4 4 4
Carpal bones, palmar ligaments, 171t assessment, 59 illustration, 69f, 73f, 8 0 f
Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint, angle, movement, 48f Dorsal wrist surface, tendon palpation, 140f
Coughing, functional anatomy, 60, 334 Dorsitle.xion, 345
160 Cranial nerve innervation score/criteria, 345t
assessment. See Muscles Downward rotation, 62f. See also Scapular
Carpometacarpal (CMC) motion, 4 3 2 - 4 3 4 effects, 439
Center of gravity Cranial nerves adduction/downward rot at ion
impact, 439-442 Drooling, 338t
lowering, 259f information, 441t-442t Dysarthria, 335
maintenance, 275f Cremaster, 394
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, Cricoid cartilage, 330t E
Cricopharyngcus, 329f
344 Cricothyroid Ear
Cervical extension, 17p illustration, 332f extrinsic muscles, information, 369
information, 375 muscles, 356
grades/grading, 19-22 muscle, 333t
illustration, 18f Crural intermuscular septum, 2 4 1 t Early Kendall examination, 3
motion, 428 Cuneiform bones, 238t Elbow
muscle, 18t Curl-up, emphasis, 4 5 f
Cervical extensor muscles, 378 counterforce, 112f
Cervical flexion, 17p D cradling, 124f
combination, hints, 31 joint, capsule, 119t
grades/grading, 28 29 Deep back muscles, 4 9 t motions, 432
illustration, 26f Deep peroneal nerve, 2 3 4 f muscles, 358
motion, 428 Deep transverse fascia, 238t
muscle, 27t Deltoid, information, 400 action, 402
substitutions, 29 Deltoid (anterior fibers) resistance, 78f
Cervical nerves, 4 4 9 - 4 5 3 straight position, 91f
Cervical plexus, 4 4 3 , 4 4 4 illustration, 8 6 f support, 79f, 129f
muscle, 87t, 94t, 103t, l i l t Elbow extension
illustration, 4 4 3 f Deltoid (middle fibers), 87t, 94t, 96t abduction, 122f
Cervical roots, 4 4 9 - 4 5 3 illustration, 9 5 f accomplishment, 122f
Cervical rotation lateral surface, palpation, 9 8 f grades/grading, 120-121
palpation, 97f hints, 122
grades, 33 Deltoid (posterior fibers), 91t, 99t, l()8t illustration, 118f
muscles, participation, 33 illustration, 9 9 f motion, 432
Cervical spinal roots, 4 4 4 palpation, 101f muscle, 1 19t
Cervical spine, motions, 4 2 8 - 4 2 9 Deltoid tuberosity, 87t, 96t range of motion, manual resistance
Cervical spine flexors, information, 382 Depression, 62f
Cervical vertebrae, palpation, 2 0 f Depressor anguli oris, 3 1 1 , 368 (absence), L20f
Channeling test. .See Tongue Depressor labii inferioris, 307t, 3 1 1 , 368 substitutions, 122
Cheek compression (buccinator), 309 Depressor septi, 305t, 365 thrust, impact, 122f
Diaphragm Elbow flexion
grading criteria, 309 grades/grading, 115-117
Cheek distension, 3 0 9 f grades/grading, 57 illustration, 74f, l()3f, 114f
Chest illustration, 544', 3 8 9 f motion, 432
information, 388-389 muscle, 115t
arm muscles, cross sections, 8 5 f muscle, 56t Electromyography (EMC), 64
arms, crossing, 46f, 5 I f quiet inspiration, 56 Elevation, motion, 62f
extremity, horizontal adduction, l()5f substitution, 57 EMG (Electromyography), 64
wall, sternal fibers (palpation), 104f Digastric muscle, 312t, 381-382 Environmental objects, acquisition, 269f
Chest-level support, 2 6 4 f Digastric suprahyoid, 23t Environmental restrictions, impact, 268f
Chin, tucking, 25f, 30f Digastricus, 313 Erector spinae, 385
attempt, 25f Dilator nares, 364-365
Chondroglossus, 319t DIP. See Distal phalanges common tendon, 385
information, 371 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) motion, tendon, 37t
Clavicle, 26f, 27t, 70t, 87t, 94t Expiration, motion, 430
Clavicular head, 26f, 27t 433-434 Extension
Closed jaw, opening (attempt), 3 1 5 f combination, 17p, 22
CMC. See Carpometacarpal Distal leg, medial-anterior surface, 186f control test, 346
CNS. See Central nervous system Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 138t, 4 0 4 4 0 5
Coccygeus, information, 394 Extensor carpi radialis longus, 115t, 138t, 404
Coccyx, 210t Extensor carpi ulnaris, 138t, 4 0 5
Common peroneal nerve, 448
Compressor nares, 364
4 6 2 Index
Extensor digiti longus, 235t Facial muscles, commentary, 366 Flexor carpi radialis (continued)
Extensor digiti minimi, 138t, 150t, 152t Facial nerve, temporal branch, 3 0 0 f palpation, 136f
Facial (VII) nerve, 299p, 4 3 9 sheath, 171t
illustration, 149f
information, 408 buccal branch, 3 0 4 f test, 133
Extensor digitorum, 150t, 152t innervation, 366 Flexor carpi ulnaris, 115t
illustration, 138f, 149f
information, 406 marginal mandibular branch, 3 1 1 f information, 405-406
Extensor digitorum brevis, 250t peripheral/central lesions, contrast, 298
illustration, 2 4 9 f zygomatic branch, 300f palpation, 135f
information, 424 tendon, 152t
Extensor digitorum longus, 241t, 250t Fascia, 198t Flexor digiti minimi brevis, 244t
illustration, 2 4 9 f Fascia cruris, 2 4 I t
information, 423-424 information, 408, 425
Extensor hallucis longus, 235t, 2 3 8 t , 2 5 0 t Fascia lata, 213t Flexor digitorum accessorius, 425
illustration, 2 4 9 f Femoral nerve, 447 Flexor digitorum brevis, 244t, 247t
information, 426 Femur
Extensor indicis, 138t, 150t, 155t illustration, 2 4 6 f
illustration, 149f greater trochanter, 198t, 213t
information, 407 illustration, 180f, 185f, 2 2 3 f information, 424
Extensor pollicis brevis, 164t, 168t lesser trochanter, 181t Flexor digitorum longus, 227t, 238t, 244t,
illustration, 163f
information, 411-412 muscle, crossing, 187f 247t
radial side, palpation, 169f Fibula, 226f, 237f, 240f
Extensor pollicis longus, 164t Fifth metacarpal, resistance, 138f illustration, 246f
illustration, 163f Fifth metatarsal, 241t
information, 411 information, 424
ulnar side, palpation, 167f base, proximal position, 2 4 2 f substitution, 232
External intercostals, 389-390 Finger abduction
External rotation/flexion substitution, 201 tendon, slip, 247t
Extraocular muscles, 291-295 grades/grading, 153-154 Flexor digitorum minimi, 142t
actions, 293f Flexor digitorum profundus, 142t,
illustration, 291f hints, 154
information, 362 illustration, 152f 407-408
Eyebrow motion, 434
deep skin, 296t Flexor digitorum superficialis, 142t,
drawing together, 3 0 2 f muscle, 152t 407
muscles, 360 Finger adduction
skin, 296t Flexor hallucis brevis, 244t
Eyebrow raise (occipitofrontalis) grades/grading, 156-157 illustration, 2 4 3 f
grading criteria, 303
illustration, 303 hints, 157 information, 427
Eye closing (orbicularis oculi), 300-301 illustration, 155f Flexor hallucis longus, 227t, 238t, 244t,
grading criteria, 301
illustration, 300f motion, 434 247t
observation, 301f muscle, 155t
Eyelid muscles, 2 9 6 - 3 0 3 , 356 illustration, 246f
hints, 301 resistance, 156f
illustration, 2 9 6 f substitutions, 157 information, 426-427
information, 361 Finger metacarpophalangeal (MP) extension substitution, 232
muscle, 296t Flexor pollicis brevis, 159t, 174t
Eyelids, opening (attempt), 3 0 1 f grades/grading, 150-151 illustration, 158f
Eyelid tarsi, 296t hints, 151
Eye motions, 293-294 information, 412
anteroposterior axis, 2 9 2 , 2 9 2 f illustration, 149f palpation, 160f
axes, 292, 2 9 2 f muscle, 150t
transverse axis, 2 9 2 , 2 9 2 f tendon, palpation, 165f
vertical axis, 292, 2 9 2 f substitution, 151 Flexor pollicis longus, 159t
Eye opening (levator palpebrae superioris), Finger metacarpophalangeal (MP) flexion
illustration, 158f
297 grades/grading, 143-144
grading criteria, 297 illustration, 141f information, 412
observation, 301f muscle, 142t
upper eyelid, raising, 2 9 7 f substitution. See Thumb MP/1P flexion
Eye tracking, 294-295 substitutions, 144 Flexor retinaculum, 159t
illustration, 295f Finger PIP/DIP flexion Food
F grades/grading, 146-148 breakdown, ability (decrease), 338
hints, 147 ingestion, 336
Face muscles, 2 9 6 - 3 0 3 , 306-311
hints, 301 illustration, 145f ingestion safety, clinical determination
illustration, 296f, 299p procedures, 339-340
muscle, 296t substitutions, 147, 148
tests, 146f-148f Foot
Fingers
dorsomedial aspect, 2 3 5 f
extension, motion, 433-434 dorsum
flexion, motion, 433 hand contour, 2 4 4 f
metacarpals, stabilization, 173f hand control, 2 4 5 f
midline, testing, 154f medial surface, floor contact,
motions, 433-434
muscles, 358 274f
motions, 436-437
action, 406 table rest, 2 0 3 f
Foot dorsiflexion/inversion
resistance, 153f
end position (holding), resistance
stabilization, 167 (absence), 236f
testing, 146f
First dorsal interosseus, 171t grades/grading, 235-236
First metacarpal, stabilization, 164f hints, 236
First metatarsal, 241t illustration, 234f
Flexion. See Shoulder flexion muscle, 235t
combination, 17p, 32 resistance, providing, 2 3 5 f
substitutions, 236
control test, 344-345 Foot eversion, motion, 436-437
Flexor carpi radialis, 115t, 129t Foot eversion, plantar flexion (inclusion)
information, 405 grades/grading, 241-242
tendons hints, 242
illustration, 2 4 0 f
muscle, 241t
Index 4 6 3
Foot eversion, plantar flexion (inclusion) Gastrocnemius (continued) Great toe (hallux) (continued)
(continued) medial, 2 2 6 f muscles, 359
action, 426
range of motion, resistance tolerance medial head, 227t
(absence), 241f Grief, expression, 311 f
substitution, 221
Foot inversion H
grades/grading, 238-239 upper portion, 233p
illustration, 237f Gemellus inferior, 210t Half-kneel position, 273f
motion, 436 stability, increase, 2 6 7 f
muscle, 238t illustration, 2 0 9 f
range of motion, 2 3 8 f information, 417-418 Hallux
substitution, 239 thigh flex, 198t base, thumb control, 251f
Gemellus superior, 210t distal phalanx, index finger control,
Forced expiration, muscles, S9t 247f
Forced inspiration, motion, 430 illustration, 2 0 9 f IP, stabilization, 2 4 8 f
Forearm information, 417 IP joints, flexion, 247t
motions, 437
cross section, 127p thigh flex, 198t MP flexion, 244-245
dorsal aspect, radius head, 126f Genioglossus, 321-323 grades/grading, 244-245
dorsal surface, downward resistance, MP joints
illustration, 318f flexion, 244t
120f information, 371 resistance, 251f
flexion, 120f muscles. See Great toe
flexor surface, resistance, 116f muscle, 319t
grasping, 9 2 f Geniohyoid Hallux/toe DIP/PIP flexion
midposition, 115f, 116f grades/grading, 248
motions, 432 illustration, 313f hints, 248
muscles, 358 illustration, 246f
support, 133f information, 381
volar side, resistance, L12f muscle, 312t Hallux/toe MP flexion
Forearm pronation Geniohyoid suprahyoid, 23t hints, 245
amount, 285f Genitofemoral muscle, 446 illustration, 2 4 3 f
Glenohumeral joint
complete range of motion, 130f Hallux/toe MP/IP extension
grades/grading, 129-131 articular capsule, 94t, 96t grades/grading, 250-251
hints, 131 hints, 251
illustration, 115f, 124f, 128f capsule, 108t, 115t, 119t, 124t illustration, 2 4 9 f
motion, 432 Glenohumeral motions, 431-432
muscle, 129t Glenoid labrum, capsule, 115t Hamstrings
range of motion, resistance (absence), Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve, 4 4 0 muscles, aggregate, 218
palpation, 191f
129 motor parts, 330 substitution, 208f
substitutions, 131 Gluteal tuberosity, 223t test, 218
Forearm supination Gluteus maximus, 37t, 181t, 189t, 210t
grades/grading, 124-126 Hand
illustration, 115f, 116f, 123f illustration, 188f abduction, 162p
midposition, 285 information, 415-416 bones/joints, 406f
motion, 432 isolation, 192-194 elevation, 139f
muscle, 124t lower, 2 0 6 f fingers/digits, illustration, 4 0 5 f
grip, resistance, 124f
partial range of motion, 125f posterior, 189t intrinsic muscles, 4 0 9
range of motion, resistance (absence), motions, 432
upper fibers, 198t testing, judgment/experience, 144
125f Gluteus medius, 198t, 202t ulnar side
substitutions, 126 resistance, 172f
Forefoot anterior fibers, 213t support, 166f
dorsum/lateral border, resistance, 2 4 1 f weight bearing, 2 5 8 f
plantar flexion, 2 3 2 f illustration, 198
Forehead Hands
muscles, 360 information, 416 balance/stability, 265f
resistance, 28f palpation, 199f
Forward lean. See Assisted forward lean Gluteus minimus, 198t, 202t Hard palate, 325t
Fourth metacarpal, resistance, 138f Head
Frontal bone, 292t, 296t anterior fibers, 213t
Frontalis, 300f extension, 17p, 21f
muscle, 360 illustration, 198f, 2 1 3 f flexion,21f
Frowning (corrugator supercilii) information, 416 leading, 2 6 0 f
grading criteria, 302 GM (Gravity minimal), 3 muscles, 356, 306f, 366f
illustration, 302f Gracilis, 206t, 217t raise, 21f, 4 8 f
Functional (F) grade, 255 stabilization, 314f, 316f, 317f
illustration, 2 0 5 f support, 53f
G temporal area, resistance, 32f
information, 414-415 turning, 71f
Gag reflex, 322f substitution, 221 Head/upper trunk, prone position, 39f
Gastrocnemius, 217t, 241t Grade 0 (zero) muscle, 7 Heel
Grade 0 (zero) triceps, 122f hands, cupping, 196f
illustration, 226f Grade 1 (trace) muscle, 7 raise
information, 422 Grade 2 (poor) muscle, 7
lateral, 2 2 6 f Grade 2+ (poor+) muscle, 7 attempt, 229f
lateral head, 2 2 7 t Grade 2- (poor-) muscle, 7-8 full raise, 2 3 f f
Grade 3 (fair) muscle, 6-7 High ankle, 233p
4 6 4 Index Grade 3+ (fair+) muscle, 7
Grade 4 (good) muscle, 6
Grade 5 (normal) muscle, 6
Grades. See Minus grades; Plus grades
Grading system, 2
numerical/qualitative score, 2
Gravity minimal ( G M ) , 3
Greater occipital nerve, 4 4 4
Greater tubercle, 108t
Great toe (hallux)
abduction, motion, 437
adduction, motion, 437
flexion, motion, 437
Hip Hip flexion/abduction/cxtcrnal rotation, Infants (0-12 months) (continued)
external rotation, 2 1 2 f knee flexion (inclusion) (continued) muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 6 4
external rotation/abduction, 184f support base, 264
flexion/abduction/external rotation, movement completion, resistance
186f (absence), 186 hands to feet activity ( 1 8 - 2 4 weeks), 2 5 9
joint, fibrous capsule, 198t, 2 I 3 t , 223t muscle, 186t functional activity, 2 5 9
motions, 434-435 substitution, 187
muscles, 359 Hip flexors muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 5 9
Hip abduction muscular contraction, 2 5 9 f support base, 259
grades/grading, 199-201 substitution, 208 maturity, increase, 262
hints, 201 Hip-hike substitution, 201 milestones, 263, 287
illustration, 198f Hip internal rotation modified four-point kneeling activity
motion, 435 end position (holding), resistance
muscle, 198t (34-46 weeks), 258
(absence), 214f
range of motion, resistance (absence), grades/grading, 214-215 functional activity, 258
hints, 215 muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 5 8
L99f illustration, 2 1 3 f support base, 258
substitutions, 201 motion, 435 prone position, 256-259
support, necessity (absence), 20()f muscle, 213t pulls to stand, stands with support
Hip abduction, flexed position Hip strength, 38f
grades/grading, 203-204 Humeral tendon, 99t activity (32-40 weeks), 2 6 5
illustration, 2 0 2 f Humerus
muscle, 202t illustration, 69f, 73f, 77f, 85f, 86f, 95f functional activity, 2 6 5
intertubercular sulcus, floor, l i l t
range of motion, resistance (absence), muscle, 87t, 94t muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 6 5
203f shaft support base, 265
pulls to sit activity (13-27 weeks), 261
Hip adduction anterior, 115 t
grades/grading, 206-208 oblique ridge, 119t muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 261
hints, 208 Hyoglossus, 319t support base, 261
illustration, 205f illustration, 318f reciprocal crawling activity (30-37 weeks),
motion, 435 information, 371
muscle, 2()6t Hyoid bone, 312t, 330t 257
Hypoglossal nerve, 4 4 0
range of motion, resistance (absence), Hypothenar muscles, 358-359 functional activity, 2 5 7
207f action, 408 muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 257
support base, 257
substitutions, 208 I reciprocal creeping activity (34-44 weeks),
Hip extension, 347
Iliac crest, 41t, 44t, 49t, 181t 259
grades/grading, 190-197 Iliac fossa, 181t
Iliacus, 180f, 18It, 4 1 4 functional activity, 259
hand, posterior thigh placement, 190f Iliocostalis cervicis, 18t muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 259
hints, 191, 193 support base, 259
illustration, 188 illustration, 18f rolling prone to supine with rotation
information, 379
modification, 190f Iliocostalis column, 385 activity (28-36 weeks), 2 5 6 - 2 5 7
motion, 435 Iliocostalis lumborum, 37t, 41t
illustration, 36f functional activity, 2 5 7
muscle, 189t information, 385 muscle activity pattern, 2 5 6 - 2 5 7
Iliocostalis thoracis, 37t muscle activity spectrum, 257
range of motion, resistance (absence), illustration, 36f
190f, 194f information, 385 support base, 2 5 6
Iliohypogastric muscle, 446 rolling supine to prone with rotation
resistance, 197f Ilioinguinal muscle, 4 4 6
Iliolumbar ligament, 4 I t , 18It activity (25-36 weeks), 2 6 0
test, 192-194. See also Supine hip Ilium, 37t
extension test functional activity, 2 6 0
crest, hand stabilization, 2 0 3 f
illustration, 347f outer surface, 213t muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 6 0
Hip external rotation Incisivus labii inferioris, 3 0 7 t support base, 260
Incisivus labii superioris, 307t side-step cruising activity (36-56 weeks),
end position (holding), resistance Infants (0 12 months), 256-272
tolerance (absence), 211f behaviors, observation, 2 6 3 , 287 266
case studies, 2 6 3 , 2 7 1 - 2 7 2
grades/grading, 211-212 functional activity, 2 6 6
hints, 212 analysis, 2 6 3 , 2 8 7 - 2 8 8 muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 6 6
illustration, 209f comments, 254-255 support base, 266
controlled lowering with support activity sitting position, 261-270
motion, 435 sitting without arm support—unsustained
(36-45 weeks), 267
muscle, 210t functional activity, 2 6 7 (21-27 weeks), 262
Hip flexion, 345 muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 6 7
support base, 267 functional activity, 262
angle, excess, 197f dynamic sitting without arm support—
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 262
buttock, rise, 221f sustained (25-32 weeks), 2 6 4 support base, 262
grades/grading, 182-184 functional activity, 2 6 4 sitting with propped arms activity
hints, 182, 184
illustration, 180f (10-25 weeks), 261
motion, 434-435 functional activity, 261
muscle, 181t
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 261
range of motion, resistance (absence), 182f support base, 261
score/criteria, 345t, 347t squatting (52-59 weeks), 270
substitutions, 184 functional activity, 269
tightness, 190f
Hip flexion/abduction/external rotation, muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 6 9
support base, 270
knee flexion (inclusion) stand from modified squat (46-60 weeks),
grades/grading, 186-187
hints, 187 268
illustration, 185f"
functional activity, 268
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 6 8
support base, 268
stand without support activity ( 4 2 - 5 6
weeks), 268
functional activity, 268
Index 465
Infants (0-12 months) (continued) Intcrtransversarii, 387 Lacrimal fascia, 296t
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 268 Intertransversarii cervicis, 18t, 380 Laryngeal muscles, paralysis, 3 3 4
support base, 268 Intcrtransversarii lumborum, 37t Larynx elevation, swallowing, 335
supine position, 2 5 9 - 2 6 0 information, 387-388 grading criteria, 335
supported standing (18-30 weeks), 264t lateral, 388 Larynx muscles, 3 3 2 - 3 3 5 , 357
medial, 388
functional activity, 2 6 4 Intertransversarii thoracis, 37t, 387-388 illustration, 332f-333f
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 6 4 Intertubercular sulcus, floor. See Humerus
support base, 264 Intrinsics, information, 375 information, 375
swimming activity (19-32 weeks), 2 5 6 Intrinsic tongue muscles, 3 1 8 f muscle, 333t
function activity, 2 5 6 IP flexion, 162p Lateral arcuate ligaments, 56t
muscle activity pattern, 2 5 6 IP joints, flexion, 150f Lateral bending, motion, 4 2 8
muscle function, spectrum, 2 5 6 Irony, expression, 311f Lateral cricoarytenoid
support base, 256 Ischial tuberosity, 191f
testing, references, 288 inferolateral, 206t illustration, 332f
walks alone activity (46-57 weeks), 2 6 9 upper part, 210t
functional activity, 2 6 9 Ischiocavernosus, information, 395-396 information, 375-376
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 6 9 Ischium (inferior ramus), 206t
support base, 269 muscle, 333t
Inferior constrictor J usage, 335
components, 330 Lateral epicondyle, 124t
illustration, 329f Jaw closure (mandibular elevation), 315 Lateral fibers, 44t
muscle, 330t grading criteria, 315
Inferior longitudinal muscle, 319t, 372 Lateral hamstring tendon, palpation, 220f
Inferior oblique head, 27t Jaw muscles (mastication), 356, 369 Lateral intermuscular septum, 115t, 119t,
Inferior oblique muscle, 291f, 364f Jaw opening (mandibular depression), 314
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, 373 217t
Inferior rectus muscle, 291f, 363f grading criteria, 314
Inferior sclera, 292t Jaw protrusion (lateral/medial pterygoids), Lateral jaw deviation (lateral/medial
Infrahyoids, 27t, 333t pterygoid), 316
Intranuclear lesions, contrast. See 317
grading criteria, 317 grading criteria, 316
Supranuclear lesions Lateral mass, 23t
Infraspinatus, 99t, 108t K Lateral muscles, 37t
Lateral pectoral nerve, 102f, 4 4 4
C5-C6, 107f Knee Lateral plantar nerve, 4 4 8
illustration, 85f, 107f external rotation, motion, 4 3 6 Lateral pterygoid, 3 1 4 . See also Jaw
information, 401 internal rotation, motion, 4 3 6
Infraspinous fascia, 108f medial surface protrusion; Lateral jaw deviation
Infraspinous fossa, 108t support, 206f illustration, 313f
Inguinal ligament, 41t, 44t, 49t, 59t motions, 436
Inspiratory stridor, 334 muscles, 359, 419 information, 370
Intercostales externi underside, support, 2 2 5 f muscle, 312t
illustration, 54f, 55f Lateral rectus muscle, 291f, 363f
information, 389-390 Knee extension, 348 Lateral sclera, 292t
muscle, 56t grades/grading, 224-225 Lateral sulci, pocketing, 338t
Intercostales interni illustration, 222f-223f Lateral superior margin, 94t
illustration, 54f, 55f motion, 436 Lateral tongue motion, resistance, 321f
information, 390 muscle, 223t Latissimus dorsi, 4 I t , 59t, 78t, 91t, l i l t
muscle, 56t, 59t oblique direction, resistance, 2 1 8 f
Intercostales intimi range of motion, resistance (absence), 224f fibers, palpation, 9 2 f
information, 390 score/criteria, 348t illustration, 85f, 90f
muscle, 56t substitution, 225
Intercostal externus (externi), illustration, test, 348f information, 399
palpation, 93f
54f Knee flexion, 345
end range position (holding), resistance- tendon, 11 Of
Intercostal internus, illustration, 54f tolerance (absence), 219f Laughing, expression, 310f
Intercostal intima feet/buttock position, 261f Left external obliques, testing, 50f
grades/grading, 218-221 Left internal obliques, testing, 50f
illustration, 54f, 55f hints, 221 Leg
Intercostals, 58, 453 illustration, 193f, 216f
motion, 436 cradling, 191f
grades/grading, 58-59 muscle, 217t
illustration, 54f, 85f resistance, 2 1 9 f cross sections, 233p
information, 389 substitutions, 221 deep fascia, 217t
quiet inspiration, 56 holding, 225f
Intermuscular septa, l i l t , 223t, 238t Knee joint, 206f
Internal intercostal membrane, 59t capsule, 227t posterior surface, 2 1 8 f
Internal intercostals, 41t, 44t, 390 oblique popliteal ligament, 217t posterior view, 2 3 7 f
Interossei, 141f. See also Dorsal interossei;
L support, 220f
Palmar interossei Leg/pelvis, leading, 260f
Interosseous membrane, 247t L1-L4 vertebrae, 41t Legs, external rotation, 265f
Interphalangeal (IP) motion, 433 Lacrimal bone (crest), 296t
Interspinales, information, 387 decrease, 268f
Interspinales cervicis, 18t, 379-380 Lesser toes, muscles, 359
Interspinales lumborum, 37t, 387 Lesser trochanter, 195p
Interspinales thoracis, 37t, 387 Levator anguli oris, 307t, 310
Interspinal-intertransverse group, 387
illustration, 305f
4 6 6 Index
information, 367
Levator anguli superioris-alaeque nasi,
305f
Levator ani, information, 393-394
Levator costarum, 56t, 391
Levator labii superioris, 307b, 307t, 310
alaeque nasi, 307b, 307t, 310
information, 365
illustration, 305f
information, 365
Levator palati, 374
Levator palpebrae superioris, 2 9 6 t . See also Lower thoracic nerves, 4 4 6 Metacarpals
Eye opening Lumbar extension, motion, 429 resistance. See Fifth metacarpal; Fourth
Lumbar forward flexion, motion, 429 metacarpal
grading criteria, 297 Lumbar lateral bending, motion, 4 2 9 stabilization, 169f, 170f, 172f
illustration, 296f Lumbar lordosis, increase, 2 5 9 f
Lumbar nerves, 455-457 Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints,
information, 361 Lumbar plexus
Levator scapulae, 18t,70t, 74t, 81t stabilization, 286
illustration, 4 4 6 f Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) motion, 432-
illustration, 6 9 f nerves, 448-450
information, 398 Lumbar roots, 455-457 434
Levator veli palatini, 327 Lumbar spine- Metacarpophalangeal (MP) flexion, 162f.
illustration, 324f grades, 38, 39
motions, 429-430 See also Finger metacarpophalangeal
information, 374 palpation, 4of flexion
muscle, 325t response, 38f one finger resistance, 16()f
Ligamentum nuchae, 14t, LSt Lumbar vertebrae, 37t Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints,
Lumbosacral nerves, 457-459 extension, 143f, 150f
C7 vertebrae, 70t Lumbosacral roots, 457-459 attempt, 144f
lower, 81t Lumbricales, 142t, 244t test, 146f
Limbs illustration, 141f, 2 4 3 f
information, 409, 425 Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints, motion,
abduction, 259f palmar view, illustration, 409f 164f
Lungs, illustration, 85f, 9 5 f
friction, decrease, 4 2 f Metacarpophalangeal (MP) motion, 433
grasping, 4 2 f M Metacarpophalangeal (MP) muscle, 146t
horizontal position, 1 2 I f Metatarsal area, stabilization, 251f
motions, 428 Magnetic resonance imagine, ( M R I ) , 64 Metatarsals, stabilization, 2 5 0 f
Mandible, 312t Metatarsals 2-4, 238t
muscles, 428 Middle constrictor
support, elbow location, 9 8 f resistance, 24f
weight, excess, 197f Mandibular depression. See law opening illustration, 329f
Linea alba, 41t, 44t, 49t, 59t Mandibular elevation. See Jaw closure muscle, 330t
Linea aspera, 206t Manual muscle testing, literature Middle pharyngeal constrictor, information,
Lip closing (orbicularis oris), 308
(validation/reliability), 4-5 373
grading criteria, 308 Manual resistance, 7 8 f
Lip compression/protrusion, 3 0 8 f Manubrium, 27t, 85f Middle trapezius, substitution, 84
Liquid ingestion (safety), clinical Masseter, 313, 315 Mid leg, 233p
Minus grades, 7-8
determination procedures, illustration, 312f Modiolus, 307, 307t
339 340 information, 369-370
Little finger. See Opposition muscle, 312t disposition, 306f
Mastication muscles, 311-317 Motion, available range, 8
abduction, 434 illustration, 311t Motor function, assessment, 2 5 4
adduction, 434 muscle, 311t Motor nerve roots, 449
flexion, 286f, 434 Maxilla, 292t Mouth muscles, 306-311, 356, 365
frontal process, 296t Mouth opening, resistance, 311
motion, 434 MCP. See Metacarpophalangeal Moving limb, abduction, 2 7 4 f
muscles, 358-359 Mechanical soft diet, usage, 340 MP. See Metacarpophalangeal
Medial acromial margin, 74t MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging), 64
action, 408 Medial arcuate ligaments, 56t Multifidi (multifidus), 18t, 37t
Medial cuneiform, 241t
opposition, 434 Medial epicondyle, 159t illustration, 36f, 851
Little toe Medial hamstring tendon, palpation, information, 386 387
Muscles
abduction, motion, 438 220f
alphabetical list, 3 5 2 - 3 5 5
adduction, motion, 438 Medial hamstring test (semitendinosus/ aponeurosis, 138t
extension, motion, 438 semimembranosus), 218 cranial nerve innervation
flexion, motion, 438
motions, 438 Medial malleolus, 2 3 9 f assessment, references/readings, 341
Longissimus, 85f Medial pectoral nerve, 4 4 4 general grading procedures, 290
Longissimus capitis, 14t grading, introduction, 290
illustration, 102f grading criteria, 295
illustration, 14f Medial plantar nerve, 246f, 448 testing, introduction, 290
Medial pterygoid, 3 1 3 , 3 1 5 . See also Jaw
information, 377-378 examination, documentation, 9f -10f
Longissimus cervicis, 18t protrusion; Lateral jaw deviation position, holding, 15f
information, 370-371 reference (ID) numbers, 352
illustration, 18f muscle, 312t region, listing, 356-359
Medial rectus muscle, 291f, 3 6 3 f Muscle tesi
information, 378-379 Medial sclera, 292t examiner/value, 3 4
Longissimus thoracis, 37t Median nerve, 445 grade, 59t
illustration, 1 14f, 128f, 158f
illustration, 36f Median popliteal nerve, 4 4 7 - 4 4 8 assignation, criteria, 6-8
Melancholy, expression, 311f patient, influence, 5-6
information, 385-386 Mentalis, 307t, 311 preparation. 8
Long thoracic nerve, 444 procedures, overview, 2-6
Longus capitis, 2 3 f information, 367 references/readings, 1 1
Metacarpal bones, 142t, 152t Muscular branches, 4 4 4
illustration, 23f Musculocutaneous nerve, 444
information, 381
Longus colli, 27t illustration, 86f, 1 14f
Musculus uvulae, 327
information, 382
Lower extremities, stabilization, 37f illustration, 324f
Lower extremity motions, 434-435 information, 374-375
Lower extremity muscles, 359 muscle, 325t
information, 413 Index 4 6 7
references/readings, 252
Lower leg, 233p
anterior aspect, 273f
Lowermost hip/knee, flexion, 193f
Lower ribs, inner surface (palpable
contraction), 57f
Mylohyoid, 312t, 313, 381 Obturator membrane, 210t Palmar interossei, 142t, 155t
Mylohyoid suprahyoid, 23t Obturator nerve, 446-447
Myotomes, 449-459 Occipitalis, 360 adductor pollicis, muscle separation, 156f
Occipitofrontalis. See Eyebrow raise illustration, 4 1 0 f
N
muscles, 360 information, 410-411
Nasalis, 305t Occiput, 23t, 70t Palmaris brevis, 4 0 9
alar part, 3 6 4 - 3 6 5 Palmaris longus, 168t, 4 0 5
illustration, 300f, 305f jugular process, 23t Parieto-occipital area, hand placement, 211
information, 364-365 resistance, providing, 15f Patellar tendon, palpation, 2 2 5 f
transverse part, 364 Ocular muscles, 356 Patterned motion, 344
information, 362 Pectineus, 181t, 206t
Nasal regurgitation, 338t Oculomotor nerves, 439
Nasopharynx, occlusion, 328 Olecranon, 118f fascia, 206t
process, 119t illustration, 205f
grading criteria, 328 proximal position, 121f
Navicular bone, 238t, 2 3 9 f Omohyoid information, 414
Neck illustration, 313f Pectoralis major, 56t, 64t, 78t
information, 384
extension, 17p, 21f muscle, 27t, 333t activity, checking, 104f
combination, 22 Opponens digiti minimi, 142t, 174t clavicular fibers, palpation, 104f
illustration, 174f
flexion, 17p, 28f, 30f information, 408-409 clavicular part, 102f, 103t, l i l t
motions, 428 palpation, 176f illustration, 85f, 102f
muscles, 357, 428 resistance, 175f
Opponens pollicis, 168t, 174t information, 399-400
illustration, 306f, 366f illustration, 174f
information, 376-377 information, 412-413 sternal part, l i l t
references, 34 palpation, 176f sternocostal part, 102f, 103t
Neutral motion, 62f resistance, application, 175f
No function (0) grade, 255 Opposite side lumbar rotation, 4 3 0 C 6 - T 1 , 11 Of
Nonfunctional (NF) grade, 255 Opposite side rotation, 4 2 9 upper, 87t
Nose, bridge (wrinkling), 305 Opposition (thumb to little finger) Pectoralis minor, 78t
grading criteria, 305 grades/grading, 175-176
resistance, 305f illustration, 174f illustration, 85f
Nose, wrinkling (distaste reason), 305f muscle, 174t
Nose muscles, 304-305, 356 substitutions, 176 information, 398-399
hints, 305 Oral cavity, resistance (application), Pelvic elevation
illustration, 304f
information, 364 3081" grades, 42-43
muscle, 304t Oral muscles, 310-311 illustration, 41f
Orbicularis oculi, 2 9 6 t . See also Eye closing
o muscle, 41t
illustration, 300f substitution, 43
Objects, reaching, 268f information, 361-362 Pelvis
Oblique arytenoid Orbicularis oris, 307t. See also Lip closing
illustration, 305f alignment, stabilization/maintenance, 192f
illustration, 3321" elevation, motion, 430
information, 376 pars marginalis, disposition, 3 0 6 f motions, 429-430
muscle, 333t pars peripheralis, disposition, 3 0 6 f Perineum, muscles, 358, 393
Oblique extraocular muscles, 364f information, 368-369 Peripheral/central lesions, contrast. See
Obliquus capitis inferior, 14t Orbital septum, aponeurosis, 296t
illustration, 14f Facial (VII) nerve
information, 377 P Peripheral nerves, 443-448
Obliquus capitis superior, 14t
illustration, 141f Palate. See Hard palate; Soft palate innervation effects, 439
information, 377 illustration, 3261" Peroneus brevis, 227t, 241t
Obliquus externus abdominis, 44t, 49t, information, 326
muscles, 324-328, 356 illustration, 2 4 0 f
59t, 391-392 illustration, 324f
Obliquus inferior information, 374 information, 423
muscle, 325t substitution, 232
motions, 294
oculi, 292t, 364 Palatine aponeurosis, 325t tendon, palpation, 242f
Obliquus internus abdominis, 44t, 49t, Palatine bone, 325t Peroneus longus, 227t, 2 4 I t
Palatine tonsil, 326f
59t, 392 Palatoglossal arch, 326f illustration, 2 4 0 f
Obliquus superior Palatoglossus, 322, 327 information, 423
substitution, 232
motions, 294 illustration, 324f Peroneus tertius, 235t, 241t
oculi, 292t, 363-364 information, 372, 375
Obturator externus, 206t, 210t muscle, 319t information, 423
illustration, 2 0 9 f Palatopharyngeal arch, 326f Pes anserina, 217t
information, 417 Palatopharyngeus, 328 Pharyngeal reflex test, 331
Obturator fascia, 210t illustration, 3241" Pharyngopalatimis, 375
Obturator foramen (margin), 210t information, 375 Pharynx, 325t
Obturator internus, 210t muscle, 325t
illustration, 209f Palm, resistance (application), 133f engulfing actions, 336-337
information, 417
Obturator internus (thigh flex), 198t food bolus, directing/sucking, 323
posterior median fibrous raphe, 330t
4 6 8 Index
posterior wall, 3 2 6 f
Pharynx muscles, 3 2 9 - 3 3 1 , 356
function, 330
illustration, 329f
information, 372
muscle, 330t
Phonation, 334
disturbances, 335
Phrenic nerve, 444
PIP. See Proximal phalanges
Piriformis, 210t
illustration, 2 0 9 f
information, 417
Pisiform bone, 152t
Pisohamate ligament, 152t Preschool children (continued) Q
Plantar aponeurosis, 247t hand position, 2 8 5
muscle activity pattern, 285 Quadratus femoris, 210t
Plantar extension, score/eriteria, 349t illustration, 209f'
prehension—palmar supinate information, 418
Plantar flexion (12-18 months), 285
full range, 2 3 1 f Quadratus labii superioris, 365
hand position, 2 8 5 Quadratus lumborum, 37t, 41t
range of motion, 2 2 9 f muscle activity pattern, 285
Plantar interossei, 244t, 4 2 6 side step activity ( 1 8 - 3 0 months), 275 illustration, 41f
Plantaris, 2 I 7 t , 227t, 4 2 2 - 4 2 3 functional activity, 275 information, 388
Platysma, 307t, 3 1 1 , 384 muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 275 Quadratus plantae, 247t, 425
Plus grades, 7-8 support base, 275 Quadriceps femoris, information, 419
Popliteus, 217t stair-walking—downstairs (36-41 Quadriceps tendon, 223t
Quiet inspiration, 56
information, 421 months), 282 illustration, 54f-55f
tibia fixed, 210t functional activity, 282 motion, 430
Population variation, 4 muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 282 muscles, muscle, 56t
Posterior arm, hand resistance, 100! support base, 282 preliminary examination, 56
Posterior cricoarytenoid stair-walking—upstairs (24-29 months), range of motion, 55
illustration, 332f 281 R
information, 375 functional activity, 281 Radial nerve, 445
muscle, 333t muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 281 illustration, 114f, 118f, 123f
support base, 281
usage, 335 standing on one foot activity (21/2-31/2 Radiolunar joint, annular ligament, 124t
Posterior deltoid. See Deltoid (posterior) Radius, 115t
Posterior foot, anterior foot (weight years), 276
functional activity, 2 7 6 illustration, 118f, 123f, 128f
transfer), 284f muscle activity pattern, 2 7 6 Radius shaft, 129t
Posterior pharyngeal wall, constriction, support base, 276 Range of motion, resistance, 32f
static tripod (3'/,-4 years), 2 8 6 Recti
331 hand position, 2 8 6
muscle activity pattern, 2 8 6 information, 362-363
grading criteria, 331 tandem-walking (5+ wars), 280 lateral view, 363f
Pouting, 31 If functional activity, 2 8 0 Rectus abdominis, 44t, 59t
Preschool children, 254-255 muscle acthity pattern/spectrum, 280 illustration, 44f
support base, 280 information, 393
ball throwing—one-handed (43-53 testing, references, 288 palpation, 47f
months), 284 Rectus capitis anterior, 23t
functional activity, 279 illustration, 23f
functional activity, 2 8 4 toe-walking (3-4 years), 279 information, 380
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, major, 377
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 9 , Rectus capitis lateralis, 23t
284 illustration, 2 3 f
279f information, 380-381
support base, 284 support base, 279 Rectus capitis posterior major, 14f, 14t
ball throwing—overhead (2-4 years), Procerus, 305t Rectus capitis posterior minor, 141, 14t,
illustration, 305f
283 information, 364 377
Pronator quadratus, 129t Rectus femoris, 181t, 223t
functional activity, 283 illustration, I 2 8 f
information, 404 illustration, 195p, 222f
muscle activity pattern/activity, 2 8 3 Pronator teres, 115t information, 419-420
support base, 283 humeral head, 129t tendon, 223f
dynamic tripod (4'/2-6 years), 2 8 6 illustration, 128f Rectus inferior muscle, 292t
hand position, 2 8 6 information, 403-404 actions, 293
palpation, 130f information, 362-363
muscle activity pattern, 2 8 6 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) motion, Rectus lateralis muscle, 292t
heel-walking (4-5 years), 279 information, 362-363
433-434 motions, 294
functional activity, 279 Proximal phalanges (PIP), 248 Rectus medialis muscle, 292t
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, Proximal phalanx actions, 293
information, 362-363
279 dorsal surface, 167f Rectus superior muscle, 292t
palpation, 154f information, 362-363
support base, 2 7 9 radial side, 155t motions, 293
high kneel to half-kneel activity (18-27 resistance, 160 sheath, 296t
ulnar side, 155t Reference anatomy, usage, 352
months), 274 Psoas major, 44t, 181t, 2 1 0 t references/readings, 459
functional activity, 2 7 4 illustration, 180f Resistance, application, 2-3
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, information, 413-414 Respiration, motions, 430
Psoas minor, 44t Rhomboideus major, 397
274 Rhomboid major, 70t, 74t, 8 I t
information, 414 illustration, 73f, 80f, 85f
support base, 274 Pubic crest, 59t information, 397-398
jumping from two feet (3-4 years), 2 7 7 Pubic ramus, fibers, 206t Rhomboid minor, 70t, 74t, 81t
Pubic symphysis, 41t, 49t information, 398
action phase, 277f Pubis, 206t
functional activity, 277 Pudendal plexus, 448 Index 4 6 9
Pureed food, 339
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 7
preparation phase, 2 7 7 f trials, initiation (criteria), 339-340
support base, 277 Pyramidalis, information, 393
jumping off a step (3-4 years), 278
action phase, 278f
functional activity, 2 7 8
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 8
preparation phase, 278f
support base, 278
low kneel to high kneel activity (15
months-2 years), 273
functional activity, 2 7 3
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 3
support base, 273
prehension—digital pronate (2-3 years),
285
Rhomboids, 84 Scapular adduction (continued) Shoulder (continued)
substitution, 72 motion, 431 motion, 431
Rhomboid test. See Alternate rhomboid substitutions, 76 cradling, 83f
test Scapular adduction/downward rotation extension
Ribs, 18t grades/grading, 81-83 grades/grading, 91-93
1-8, 64t hints, 84 motion, 431-432
1-11, 56t, 59t illustration, 80f girdle, 358
2-7, l i l t
5-12, 41t, 49t manual resistance, 8 2 f muscles, 397
7-9, 59t muscle, 81t hand, cupping, 20f
9-12, 44t, 49t, 59t, l i l t Scapular depression, motion, 4 3 0 internal rotation, 131f
illustration, 18f, 54f, 85f Scapular depression/adduction
trunk extension, 37t motion, 431
grades/grading, 78-79 joint
Right external obliques, testing, 50f hints, 79
Right internal obliques, testing, 501' illustration, 7 7 f palpation, 8 8 f
Ring fingers, flexion, 2 8 6 f
Risorius, 307t muscle, 78t resistance, 74f
Scapular downward rotation, motion, 431 leading, 2 6 0 f
information, 367 Scapular elevation, 70t maximal resistance, 7 0 f
Rotatores cervicis, 18t motion, 431-432
alternate test procedure, 72 muscles, 358
information, 380 asymmetry, 70f
Rotatores lumborum, 37t scaption, grades/grading, 94
grades/grading, 70-72 shrug, 70, 71
information, 387 hints, 72 stabilization, 87f
Rotatores thoracis, 37t motion, 430
superior aspect, hand contour, 101f
information, 387 resistance, 71f support, 75f
Scapular motions, 6 2 f Shoulder abduction
s Scapular upward rotation, motion, 4 3 1 grades/grading, 96-98
Scapular vertebral border, popping, 82f hints, 98
Sacral plexus Scapula (scapulae), 6 3 f
illustration, 447f illustration, 95f, 103f
nerves, 446-448 axillary border, 1 0 9 f
impact, 447 resistance, 82f motion, 431
Shoulder external rotation
Sacroiliac ligaments, 181t clearance, 4 5 f
Sacrotuberous ligament, 210t, 217t grades/grading, 108 -109
Sacrum (anterior surface), 210t illustration, 85f, 95f hints, 109
Sadness, expression, 310f, 311f
Salpingopharyngeus inferior angle, 93f illustration, 107f
illustration, 329f infraglenoid tuberosity, 119t motion, 431
information, 374 lateral border, 108t muscle, 108t
muscle, 330t
Same side lumbar rotation, 4 2 9 position/symmetry, 64 range of motion, 108f
Same side rotation, 4 2 9 range of motion, 64-65 Shoulder flexion
Sartorius, 181t, 198t, 210t, 217t rest, abnormal position, 65
illustration, 185f Scapulohumeral muscles, information, 400 alternate test, 89
information, 419 Sciatic nerve, 188f, 216f
palpation, 184f impact, 447 grades/grading, 87-89
substitution, 221 Screening tests, 8 hints, 89
usage, 184 Segmental muscles, 36f
Scalenes (C3-C6), 2 6 f Selective control, 344 illustration, 86f, 88f
information, 382 Semimembranosus motion, 431
Scalenus anterior, 26f, 27t, 56t
information, 382 illustration, 188f, 2 1 6 f substitutions, 89
Scalenus medius, 26f, 27t, 56t Shoulder horizontal abduction
information, 382-383 information, 419
Scalenus posterior, 26f", 27t, 56t grades/grading, 100-101
information, 383 muscle, 189t, 213t, 217t hints, 101
Scaption, 94t. See also Shoulder tendon, 188f
Scapulae Semispinalis capitis, 14t illustration, 9 9 f
action, 397 illustration, 14f motion, 431
motion, 430-431 Shoulder horizontal adduction
retraction, 256f information, 378
Scapular abduction, 64 medial part, 14t grades/grading, 103-106
alternate test, 67 Semispinalis cervicis, 18t hints, 106
direction, 84f
grades/grading, 66-68 illustration, 18f illustration, 102f
illustration, 73f motion, 431
motion, 431 information, 379
preliminary examination, 64-65 Semispinalis thoracis, 37t muscle, 103t
Scapular adduction
alternate test, 76 illustration, 36f preliminary examination, 103
grades/grading, 74-76 information, 386 Shoulder internal rotation
hints, 76 Semitendinosus
grades/grading, 112-113
4 7 0 Index illustration, 188f, 2 1 6 f hints, 113
information, 418-419
muscle, 189t, 213t, 217t illustration, 83f, 9If, 110f
Serratus anterior, 67-68 muscle, l i l t
illustration, 63f, 85f range of motion, manual resistance
information, 398 (absence), 112f
muscle, 64t, 87t Single-limb stance, initiation, 276f
shoulder flexion test, 65 Single sternocleidomastoid, isolation, 32
Serratus posterior inferior, 391 Sneering, expression, 310f
Serratus posterior superior, 391 Soft palate, 325t
Short sitting, 92f, 116f
Shoulder elevation/adduction, 327
illustration, 326f
adduction, 131f pretouch, 331f
test, 327f
weakness, 327f
Soleus, 227t, 238t
illustration, 2 2 6 f
Soleus (continued) Superior gluteal muscle, 4 4 7 Tensor veli palatini, 327
Superior longitudinal muscle, 319t, illustration, 324f
information, 422 information, 374
Sphenoid bone, 292t, 312t, 325t 372 muscle, 325t
Sphincter ani externus, 396-397 Superior oblique head, 27t
Sphincter urethrae, 396 Superior oblique muscle, 291f, 364f Teres major, 911, l i l t
Spinal ganglion, 4 4 9 f Superior pharyngeal constrictor, 373 illustration, 85f
Spinalis capitis, 14t Superior rectus muscle, 291f, 363 information, 401
Superior thoracic nerves, 446
illustration, 14f Supinator, 123f Teres minor, 99t, 108t
information, 378 axilla, inferior margin (palpation), 109f
Spinalis cervicis, 18t, 379 aponeurosis, 124t C;5-C6, illustration, 95f, 107f
Spinalis thoracis, 36f, 3 8 6 crest, 124t illustration, 85f, 107f
Spinal nerves, 4 4 6 information, 403 information, 401
muscle, 124t
rami, 449f palpation, 126f Testing, principles, 6
Spine Supine hip extension test, 196-197 lest leg, hand contour, 2 2 9 f
Supracondylar line, 223t lest limb
crest, 94t Suprahyoid muscle, 314
extension, 39f information, 380 cradling, 2 2 5 f
relationship, 23t, 319t end position, placement, 214f
kyphosis, decrease, 2 6 2 f Supranuclear lesions, intranuclear lesions friction, decrease, 207f
Spinous processes, 74t, 78t heel, contralateral shin placement, 1 8 7 f
Splenitis capitis, 14t (contrast), 320 position, obscuration, 204f
Suprascapular nerve, 95f, 4 4 4 standing, 22Sf
illustration, 14f Supraspinatus, 96t support, 183f, 191f
information, 378 thigh level, 20()f
Splenius cervicis, 18t illustration, 95f Thenar muscles, 359
information, 400-401 Thigh
illustration, 18f Supraspinous fossa, 94t, 96t cross sections, 195p
information, 379 Supraspinous ligaments, 74t, 81t muscles, 359
Stance foot, position. See Swing/stance feet Sustentaculum tali, 238t padding, hand replacement, 2 2 4 f
Stance limb, weight maintenance, 2 8 1 f Swallowing Thoracic nerves, 453-455
Standing, without support surface, 2 7 0 f coughing/choking, 338t Thoracic regions, nerves, 445-446
Sternocleidomastoid esophageal phase, 337 Thoracic roots, 453-455
larynx, elevation, 335 Thoracic spine
C2-C3, 26f muscle actions, 336-337
information, 383 muscle involvement, 338t grades, 39
oral phase, 3 3 6 motions, 429
isolation. See Single sternocleidomastoid oral preparatory phase, 3 3 6 palpation, 40f
palpation, 291 pharyngeal phase, 336 Thoracic vertebrae, 37t
problems, 338t Thoracodorsal, 110f
posterior, 14t testing, 337 Thoracodorsal nerve, 444
sternal head, 26f, 27t Swing/stance feet, position, 280f Thoracolumbar fascia, 41t, 44t, 49t, 59t
Sternohyoid muscle, 333t Thorax muscles (respiration), 3 5 7 - 3 5 8 , 388
T Thumb. See Opposition
illustration, 313f
information, 384 T1-T2 vertebrae, 18t extension, motion, 433
T1-T3 vertebrae, 27t flexion, motion, 432-433
muscle, 27t, 312t T1-T5 vertebrae, 18t, 74t, 78t motions, 432-433
Sternothyroid muscle, 333t T2-T5 vertebrae, 74t, 81t muscles, 359
T3-T6 vertebrae, 18t
illustration, 313f T4 vertebra, 73f, 77f, 85f, 9 5 f action, 411
T6-T12 vertebrae, 78t Thumb abduction
information, 383 T7 vertebra, 63f, 80f, 85f
relationship, 312t T11-12 vertebrae, 37t grades/grading, 169-170
Sternum, 27t Table edge, grasping, 182f hints, 169
Styloglossus, 322 Teeth, biting, 311 illustration, 168f
Temporal bone, 325t motion, 433
illustration, 318f muscle, 168t
information, 371-372 styloid process medial base, 330t substitution, 169, 170
Temporalis, 313, 315 Thumb adduction
muscle, 319t
Stylohyoid, 312t illustration, 312f grades/grading, 172-173
information, 370 illustration, 171f
information, 381 muscle, 312t motion, 433
Stylohyoid ligament, 330t Temporoparietalis muscles, 360-361 muscle, 171t
Stylohyoid suprahyoid, 23t Tendo calcaneus, 227t substitution, 173
Stylopharyngeus Tensor fasciae latae, 181t, 198t, 202t, Thumb distal phalanx, palmar surface
illustration, 329f 213t, 223t (resistance), 161f
Thumb motions, 162p
information, 373-374 anterolateral thigh, palpation, 204f Thumb MP/IP extension
muscle, 330t illustration, 2 0 2 f
Subclavius information, 416 grades/grading, 164-167
knee flexion, 217t hints, 167
information, 400 palpation, 2 0 4 f illustration, 163
nerve, 444 substitution, 201 muscle, 164t
Subcostales, information, 390 Tensor palati, 374 substitutions, 165, 167
Subcostal nerve, 4 4 6 , 453 tests, 164-167
Suboccipital triangle, muscles (information), Thumb MP/IP flexion
flexor pollicis longus substitution, 160
376-377 grades/grading, 160
Subscapularis, l i l t
Index 4 7 1
aponeurosis, l i l t
illustration, 85f, 110f
information, 400
Subscapular nerve, 9 0 f
Sulking, 311f
Superior anterior sclera, 292t
Superior constrictor
illustration, 329f
muscle, 330t
Thumb MP/IP flexion (continued) Toddlers (continued) Tongue (continued)
illustration, 158f hand position, 285 curling, 323f
muscle, 159t muscle activity pattern, 285 test, 321
tests, 160 prehension—palmar supinate (12-18 resistance, 322f
Thumb opposition, 162f months), 285 retraction, 321-323
motion, 433 hand position, 285 test, 322
Thumb proximal phalanx, stabilization, muscle activity pattern, 2 8 5
side step activity ( 1 8 - 3 0 months), 2 7 5 tipping/curling, 321-323
166f functional activity, 2 7 5 test, 323
Thyroarytenoid muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 5
support base, 275 unilateral weakness, 320
illustration, 332f stair-walking—downstairs (36-41 Tongue muscles, 3 1 8 - 3 2 3 , 3 5 6 . See also
information, 376
months), 282 Intrinsic tongue muscles
muscle, 333t functional activity, 282
Thyroepiglotticus muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 282 illustration, 318f
support base, 282
illustration, 332f stair-walking—upstairs (24-29 months), information, 319-320, 371
muscle, 319t
muscle, 333f 281 Transverse abdominis, 59t
Thyrohyoid muscle, 27t, 333t
functional activity, 281 aponeurosis, 49t
information, 383
Thyroid cartilage, 325t muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 281 information, 392-393
Tibia support base, 281 Transverse arytenoid
standing on one foot activity (21/2-31/2
illustration, 226f, 234f, 2 4 0 f illustration, 332f
lateral condyle, 217t years), 276
media condyle, 217t information, 376
proximal shaft, 217t functional activity, 2 7 6 muscle, 333t
Tibialis anterior, 235t, 238t Transx'erse axis, 291f, 2 9 2 f
illustration, 2 3 4 f muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 6 Transverse head, 171t
information, 421 support base, 276
Tibialis posterior, 227t, 238t static tripod (3'/2-4 years), 286 illustration, 171f
fascia, 247t Transverse lingual muscle, 319t
illustration, 2 3 7 f hand position, 286
information, 421-422 muscle activity pattern, 2 8 6 information, 372
substitution, 232 support base, 278 Transverse menti, 307t
tendon, palpation, 2 3 9 f tandem-walking (5+ years), 280 Transverse processes, 56t
Tibial nerve, 2 4 6 f Transverse thoracis, information,
impact, 447-448 functional activity, 2 8 0
Toddlers, 254-255 390-391
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 8 0 Transversospinales group, 386
ball throwing—one-handed (43-53 support base, 2 8 0 Transversus abdominis, illustration, 54f
months), 284 testing, references, 288 Transversus menti, information, 367-368
toe-walking (3-4 years), 279 Transversus perinei profundus, 395
functional activity, 2 8 4 Transversus perinei superficialis,
functional activity, 2 7 9
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 8 4 394-395
support base, 284 muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 9 , Trapezius
ball throwing—overhead (2-4 years), 2 8 3 279f
illustration, 69f, 73f, 77f
functional activity, 2 8 3 support base, 279 inferior fibers, 7 7 f
Toe flexors, substitution, 223 information, 397
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 8 3 Toes. See Great toe; Little toe
support base, 283 lower, 74t
heel-walking (4-5 years), 279 abduction, motion, 438
adduction, motion, 438 lower fibers, 7 8 f
functional activity, 279 extension, motion, 437 middle fibers, 73f, 7 8 f
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 9 flexion, motion, 437
support base, 279 floor distance, maintenance, 2 7 9 f palpation, 75f
high kneel to half-kneel activity (18-27 IP joints, flexion, 247t
lifting, 2 7 9 f substitution. See Middle trapezius
months), 274 motion, 437-438 superior fibers, 6 9 f
MP flexion, 245
functional activity, 2 7 4 upper, 14t, 18t, 74t
grades/grading, 245 upper fibers, 69f, 70t, 71-72
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 4 MP joints, flexion, 244t Trapezoid bone, 159t
support base, 274 muscles. See Lesser toes Triceps brachii
jumping from two feet (3-4 years), 277
action, 423 illustration, 85f, 118f
action phase, 2 7 7 f proximal phalanges, resistance, 2 5 0 f information, 402-403
Tongue
functional activity, 2 7 7 blade lateral head, 119t
illustration, 118f
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 277 levering, 322f
preparation phase, 2 7 7 f usage, 321f, 322f long head, 91t, 119t
support base, 277 channeling, 321-323 illustration, 118f
jumping off a step (3-4 years), 278 substitution, 101
test, 323
action phase, 2 7 8 f deviation, 321-323 medial head, 119t
illustration, 118f
functional activity, 278 test, 321
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 8 examination, 320 weakness, presence, 65
preparation phase, 2 7 8 f forward motion, resistance, 321f Triceps surae, muscular portions, 233p
motion Triceps tendon, 118f
support base, 278
low kneel to high kneel activity (15 channeling test, 320 tension, 121f
Trigeminal nerve, 299p, 439
months-2 years), 273 grading criteria, 323 Trochlea, 292t
posterior elevation, 321-323 Trochlear nerve, 439
functional activity, 2 7 3 Trunk, neutral alignment, 183f
test, 322 Trunk extension
muscle activity pattern/spectrum, 2 7 3 protrusion, 321-323
support base, 273 grades, 40
prehension—digital pronate (2-3 years),
hints, 40, 48
285 illustration, 36
muscle, 37t
4 7 2 Index
Trunk flexion, 44t Upward rotation, 62f, 64t Wrist (continued)
grades/grading, 45-48 alternate test, 67 action, 404
illustration, 441" direction, 84f
grades/grading, 66-68 radial deviation, motion, 4 3 2
Trunk motion, 428 preliminary examination, 64-65 resistance, 108f
Trunk muscles, 428 stabilization, 173f
Uvula, 326f support, 139f
information, 384 tendon, palpation, 140f
references/readings, 60 V ulnar deviation, motion, 432
Trunk rotation Wrist extension, 2 8 6 f
grades/grading, 50-53 Vagus nerve, 4 4 0 grades/grading, 138-140
hints, 53 unilateral lesion, 330 hints, 140
illustration, 4 9 f illustration, 137f
muscle, 49t Vastus intermedius, 223t motion, 432
substitution, 50 illustration, 222f, 223f muscle, 138t
Trunk stability, providing, information, 420 resistance, 138t
substitution, 140
182f Vastus lateralis, 223t Wrist flexion
Tubercles, 56t illustration, 222f, 2 2 3 f attempt, 136f
information, 420 grades/grading, 133-136
lateral apex, 78t illustration, 132f
Vastus medialis motion, 432
u illustration, 222f, 223f muscle, 133t
longus, 223t, 420 radial deviation, 134f
Ulna, 115t oblique, 223t, 420 ulnar deviation, 134f
coronoid process, 129f, 159t ulnar surface, gliding, 135f
illustration, 118f, 123f, 128f Ventral muscles. See Arms
Ventral primary ramus, 4 4 9 - 4 5 9 X
Ulnar deviation, increase, 2 8 3 f Vertebral border
Ulnar nerve, 445 Xiphoid ligaments, 44t
fingers, placement, 67f Xiphoid process (posterior), 56t
illustration, 14 If motion, 65f
Umbilicus, table clearance, 39f Vertebrohumeral muscles, 358, 399 z
Unable to Test (UT) score, 346 Vertical intermediate head, 27t
Upper back, stabilization, 22f Vertical lingual muscle, information, 372 Zygomatic bone, 312t
Upper extremity motions, 430-434 Vertical muscle, 319t Zygomatic branch, 300f
Upper extremity muscles, 358-359 Vocal cord abduction/adduction, 335-336 Zygomaticus major, 307t, 310
Volar interossei, 410-411
information, 397 illustration, 305f
innervation, 443-448 w information, 367
references/readings, 177 Zygomaticus minor, 307t
Upper eyelid Water, initial ingestion, 339 illustration, 305f
raising. See Eye opening Weak function (WF) grade, 255 information, 367
superior tarsus, 296t Wrist
Uppermost test limb, 203f
Upper trunk, raising, 39f flexors, test, 133
Upright control test, 344 motions, 432
Upright motor control, 344 muscles, 358
references, 350
Index 473
List of Muscles by Region
HEAD AND FOREHEAD 55 Thyroarytenoid 104 Intercostales intimi 160 Elexor digiti minimi brevis
1 Occipitofrontalis 55a Vocalis 161 Opponens digiti minimi
2 Temporoparietalis 55b Thyroepiglotticus 105 Subcostales 162 Palmaris brevis
106 Transversus thoracis
EYELIDS
3 Levator palpebrae superioris NECK 107 Levatores costarum Thumb and Thenar Muscles
4 Orbicularis oculi 108 Serratus posterior superior
5 Corrugator supercilii 56 Rectus capitis posterior major 109 Serratus posterior inferior 166 Abductor pollicis longus
57 Rectus capitis posterior 167 Extensor pollicis longus
OCULAR MUSCLES ABDOMEN 1 6 8 Extensor pollicis brevis
6 Rectus superior minor 110 Obliquus externus abdominis
7 Rectus interior 111 Obliquus internus abdominis 169 Elexor pollicis longus
8 Rectus medialis 58 Obliquus capitis superior 112 Transversus abdominis 170 Elexor pollicis brevis
9 Rectus lateralis 113 Rectus abdominis 171 Abductor pollicis brevis
59 Obliquus capitis inferior 114 Pyramidalis 172 Opponens pollicis
10 Obliquus superior 173 Adductor pollicis
11 Obliquus inferior 60 Longissimus capitis
61 Splenius capitis
NOSE 62 Semispinalis capitis
12 Procerus
13 Nasalis 63 Spinalis capitis PERINEUM LOWER EXTREMITY
14 Depressor septi 64 Longissimus cervicis Hip and Thigh
65 Semispinalis cervicis 1 1 5 Levator ani
MOUTH 66 Iliocostalis cervicis 116 Coccygeus 174 Psoas major
15 Levator labii superioris 67 Splenius cervicis 117 Cremasrer 175 Psoas minor
16 Levator labii superioris 68 Spinalis cervicis 118 Transversus perinei 176 Iliacus
alaeque nasi 69 Interspinales cervicis 177 Pectineus
17 Levator anguli oris 70 Intertransversarii cervicis superficialis 178 Gracilis
18 Zygomaticus major 71 Rotatores cervicis 119 Transversus perinei 179 Adductor longus
19 Zygomaticus minor 72 Rectus capitis anterior 180 Adductor brevis
20 Risorius 73 Rectus capitis lateralis profundus 181 Adductor magnus
21 Mentalis 74 Longus capitis 120 Bulbospongiosus 182 Gluteus maximus
22 Transversus menti 75 Mylohyoid 121 Ischiocavernosus 183 Gluteus medius
23 Depressor anguli oris 76 Stylohyoid 122 Sphincter urethrae 184 Gluteus minimus
24 Depressor labii inf'erioris 1 2 3 Sphincter ani externus 1 8 5 Tensor fasciae latae
25 Orbicularis oris 77 Geniohyoid 186 Piriformis
26 Buccinator 78 Digastricus UPPER EXTREMITY 187 Obturator internus
79 Longus colli 188 Obturator externus
EAR 80 Scalenus anterior Shoulder Girdle 189 Gemellus superior
81 Scalenus medius
27 Auriculares 82 Scalenus posterior 124 Trapezius 190 Gemellus inferior
83 Sternocleidomastoid 125 Rhomboid major 191 Quadratus femoris
JAW (MASTICATION) 84 Sternothyroid 126 Rhomboid minor 192 Biceps femoris
127 Levator scapulae 193 Semitendinosus
28 Masseter 85 Thyrohyoid 128 Serratus anterior 194 Semimembranosus
29 Temporalis 86 Sternohyoid
30 Lateral pterygoid 129 Pectoralis minor 195 Sartorius
31 Medial pterygoid 87 Omohyoid Vertebrohumeral
88 Platysma Knee
TONGUE 130 Latissimus dorsi 196-200 Quadriceps femoris
32 Genioglossus BACK 131 Pectoralis major
33 Hvoglossus Shoulder 196 Rectus femoris
34 Chondroglossus 61 Splenius capitis (see under 197 Vastus lateralis
35 Styloglossus Neck) 132 Subclavius 1 9 8 Vastus intermedius
36 Palatoglossus 133 Deltoid 199 Vastus medialis longus
37 Superior longitudinal 67 Splenius cervicis (see under 134 Subscapularis 2 0 0 Vastus medialis oblique
38 Interior longitudinal Neck) 135 Supraspinatus 201 Articularis genus
39 Transverse lingual 136 Infraspinatus 192 Biceps femoris
40 Vertical lingual 66 Iliocostalis cervicis (see under 193 Semitendinosus
Neck) 137 Teres minor 194 Semimembranosus
PHARYNX 138 Teres major
41 Inferior pharyngeal 89 Iliocostalis thoracis 139 Coracobrachialis 202 Popliteus
constrictor 90 Iliocostalis lumborum Elbow
42 Middle pharyngeal 60 Longissimus capitis Ankle
constrictor 140 Biceps brachii 203 Tibialis anterior
43 Superior pharyngeal (see under Neck) 141 Brachialis 204 Tibialis posterior
constrictor 64 Longissimus cervicis 142 Triceps brachii 205 Gastrocnemius
44 Stylopharyngeus 143 Brachioradialis 206 Soleus
45 Salpingopharyngeus (see under Neck) 144 Anconeus 207 Plantaris
49 Palatopharyngeus (see under 91 Longissimus thoracis Forearm 208 Peroneus longus
Palate) 63 Spinalis capitis 2 0 9 Peroneus brevis
68 Spinalis cervicis 145 Supinator 210 Peroneus tertius
PALATE 92 Spinalis thoracis 146 Pronator teres
46 Levator veli palatini 62 Semispinalis capitis 147 Pronator quadratus Lesser Toes
47 Tensor veli palatini 140 Biceps brachii (see under 211 Extensor digitorum longus
48 Musculus uvulae (see under Neck) 2 1 2 Extensor digitorum brevis
36 Palatoglossus (see under 65 Semispinalis cervicis Elbow) 213 Elexor digitorum longus
Tongue) Wrist 2 1 4 Elexor digitorum brevis
49 Palatopharyngeus (see under Neck) 2 1 5 Abductor digiti minimi
93 Semispinalis thoracis 1 4 8 Extensor carpi radialis longus 2 1 6 Elexor digiti minimi brevis
LARYNX 94 Multifidi 1 4 9 Extensor carpi radialis brevis 217 Quadratus plantae
50 Cricothyroid 71 Rotatores cervicis 1 5 0 Extensor carpi ulnaris 218 Lumbricales
51 Posterior cricoarytenoid 95 Rotatores thoracis 151 Elexor carpi radialis 2 1 9 Interossei, dorsal
52 Lateral cricoarytenoid 96 Rotatores lumborum 152 Palmaris longus 220 Interossei, plantar
53 Transverse arytenoid 69 Interspinalis cervicis 1 5 3 Elexor carpi ulnaris
54 Oblique arytenoid 97 Interspinalis thoracis Fingers Great Toe (Hallux)
98 Interspinalis lumborum 154 Extensor digitorum 221 Extensor hallucis longus
70 Intertransversarii cervicis 155 Extensor indicis
99 Intertransversarii thoracis 156 Elexor digitorum superficialis
99 Intertransversarii lumborum 157 Elexor digitorum profundus
100 Quadratus lumborum 163 Lumbricales
164 Interossei, dorsal
165 Interossei, palmar
Little Finger and Hypothenar
THORAX (RESPIRATION) Muscles 222 Elexor hallucis longus
2 2 3 Elexor hallucis brevis
101 Diaphragm 158 Extensor digiti minimi
102 Intercostales externi 159 Abductor digiti minimi 2 2 4 Abductor hallucis
103 Intercostales interni 2 2 5 Adductor hallucis