MAISYA HUMAIRA BINTI MOHD FIRDAUS
103
SCIENCE
AZRIN YAHAYA
9.1 THE SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
9.2 COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
9.3 MAIN PROCESSES OF THE EARTH
9.4 GEOHAZARD PHENOMENA
9.5 AGE OF THE EARTH
9.6 EARTH RESOURCES AND APPLIED GEOLOGY
Assalamualaikum, I am Maisya Humaira from 103. I want to say
thank you to the teacher, Azrin Yahaya for giving me this assignment.
Thank you to my friend who helped me in completing this assignment.
Not forgetting also my parents who helped me a lot and taught me
about this chapter. I hope this note can make it easier for you to
understand this chapter.
What is the shape of Earth? What are the
layers of atmosphere? What are the processes
that cause changes of shapes on the Earth’s
surface? What are the geohazard phenomena
that occur as a result of the internal changes
of the Earth? What are the Earth's resources
and applied geology?
Earth is the only planet known to support
life, and its natural features are the subject
of many fields of scientific research.
- To understanding about the structure of the Earth and how
geohazard happen.
-To understanding the impact of geohazard can be reduced on human
and environment through the development of science and technology
-To understanding on the formation of fossil fuel, alternative
energy resources and is uses.
HYDROSPHERE ATMOSPHERE
Water zone that includes rivers, lakes, seas Air zone covering the Earth's
and also water trapped as ice, underground surface.
water and water vapour in the atmosphere.
GEOSPHERE
Rock and soil zone on the Eart's surface.
BIOSPHERE
Life zone consists of a variety of life such as
humans, animals, plants and microorganisms.
EXOSPHERE 480 KM AND ABOVE
THERMOSPHERE
80 - 480 KM
MESOSPHERE 50 - 80 KM
STRATOSPHERE 13 - 50 KM
TROPOSPHERE 0 - 13 KM
EXOSPHERE THERMOSPHERE
-Contains light gases -Also known as the ionosphere
such as helium and beacuse it contains ions that can
hydrogen reflect radio waves
-Aurora, a stream of colourful
-Air becomes thinner lights resulting from reactions of
towards space. charged particles with Earth's
magnetic field and atmospheric
-Communications satellites
orbiting Earth in this layer gases occurs here.
allow phone calls and
television broadcasts.
MESOSPHERE STRATOPOSPHERE
-Burning and -Suitable and stable for aircraft flights.
destruction of -The ozone layer that contains ozone gas
meteorities occur in
which absorb harmful ultraviolet rays
this layer. from sunlight is found here.
TROPOSPHERE -The ozone layer depletes when
chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs) released from
-The layer where living pesticides, refrigerators and air-conditioners
organism breathes, wind break down ozone molecules in the ozone layer.
blows and where clouds,rain
nd snow form.
OCEAN STRATIFICATION
SURFACE ZONE TWILIGHTZONE
The water is very This zone has little or no light. It is difficult for
shallow and light plants to live at this depth but this level of depth
becomes the habitat for large marine animals, such
can penetrate.
This makes the as giant squids and various species of whales.
zone suitble as a
DARK ZONE
habitat for
plants. This zone is very deep and no light can reach it.
Therefore, most animals in this zone have shimmering
bodies or are able to glow in the dark.
THE WATER CYCLE
water vapor evaporation
( clouds )
precipitation
( rain & snow )
EARTH'S LAYER
crust lithosphere
mantle asthenosphere
inner core mesosphere
outer core
9.2 COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCK SEDIMENTARY ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK
Formed from the Formed by compression of Formed when igneous
process of cooling rocks and sedimentary
and freezing of deposited materials rocks are exposed to very
magma or lava that carried by the rivers,
flows out of the high pressure and
glaciers and wind. temperature.
mantle. -Consists of many layers
-Contains various -Usually harder than the
which are sometimes original rocks that
minerals hollow and contain formed them.
fossils.
THE PROCESS OF ROCK FORMATION
igneous rock magma
sediment volcanic
eruption
sedimentary rock
metamorphic rock
9.3 MAIN PROCESSES OF THE EARTH
-Process that occurs on Earth's surface
-Examples : Weathering, erosion mass and land depletion, transport and
sedimentation.
Exogenic Processes
WEATHERING EROSION
It is a process of rock fragmentation and It is a process of eroding the Earth's
decomposition or decay due to changes in surface by moving agent such as
water, wind and waves.
temperature, rainwater, frosting and
microorganism.
Exogenic TRANSPORT AND SEDIMENTATION
Process
Weathered or coroded materials are moved
by agent such as running water, wind,
waves and glaciers. The materials will be
sedimented when the velocity of the agent
decreases.
MASS AND LAND DEPLETION
They involve soil movement from
the top of a slope to below as a
result of gravitional force.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS
-Process that caused by forces from within the Earth.
-Forms and changes the Earth's surface.
-Examples : Mantle convection process, magma activity and Earth's crust
movement ( Plate Tectonics ).
MANTLE CONVECTION PROCESS MAGMA ACTIVITY
Volcano is a vent on the Earth's crust
The high temperature in the mantle that allows molten and hot magma to
and the core of the Earth produces flow out through it in a strong eruption.
The erupted materials accumulate around
convection currents in the the slope of the vet and form volcanic
asthenosphere layer. These currents
cones.
are able to move Earth's crust.
EARTH'S CRUST MOVEMENT ( PLATE TECTONICS )
According to the theory of Plate Tectonics, the
Earth's crust is divided into several pieces of plates.
These plates constantly move resulting in collision
and divergence which produce various landforms on
Earth and continental drifts.
9.4 GEOHAZARD PHENOMENA
volcanism global warming tsunami
landslide sinkhole earthquake
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY USED TO PREPARE FOR
GEOHAZARDS
I am placed at the I am placed on the
shoreline to give slope of hills to give
early warnings of early warnings of
tsunami via satellite. landslide.
THE IMPACT OF GEOHAZARDS
43 Malaysians killed 19 people were killed by The installation method of
by tsunami waves. earthquake on plastic protective rain structure
by farmers is one of the factors
Mountain Kinabalu which trigger the occurence of
mudslide.
9.5 AGE OF EARTH
F
O
S
S
I
L
THE IMPORTANCE OF FOSSILS TO CURRENT
SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
-Fossill records can provide information about how animals and
plants species on Earth have evolved over million of years.
-Fossil records can also provide information about species
that have gone extinct.
9.6 EARTH'S RESOURCES AND APPLIED GEOLOGY
SURFACE WATER UNDERGROUND WATER
Surface water is found Underground water or
on the Earth. Examples aquifer fills up the
of surface water include
seas, ponds and rivers. empty spaces between
spoil particles and the
layers of permeable
rocks.
Millions of years ECONOMIC MINERALS Under high
ago, plants died pressure and heat,
The remains were
naturally. buried under fossil of plants
turned slowly into
Dead land organisms layers of sediment
were buried and mud. coal.
underground.
After million of year, the Through the action of bacteria,
Dead marine organisms dead organisms became partial decomposition occured in
sank into the seabed. more embedded into the a state of oxygen shortage. The
earth belowthick layers of
continuous decomposition by
stone and mud bacteria under high temperature
and pressure finally produced
petroleum and natural gas.
HYDROTHERMAL
PROCESS
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF UNPLANNED HUMAN ACTIVITIES
DEFORESTRATION Human activities EROSION
AGRICULTURE that are not well- FLASH FLOOD
OPEN BURNING
planned GLOBAL WARMING
THANK YOU FOR
READING !