PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD.
Articles 1 Topic N1 Articles refer to the words a, an and the. They are used in different ways with countable and uncountable nouns. Type Meaning Example Indefinite articles (a, an) •Refer to any one person, animal or thing •Means one •Used with a singular countable noun and not with a plural or uncountable noun Definite article (the) • Refers to a specific thing • Used with most types of nouns (countable, uncountable, singular and plural nouns) a spider a red rose a pilot a bag of chips an insect an orchid an elephant an army of ants the Bengal tiger the airport the Rafflesia the Zoo Negara ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Nouns 2 Topic N2 Gender tells us whether the names of people and animals are masculine or feminine. The masculine gender refers to males. The feminine gender refers to females. Common Nouns cat playground baby house Proper Nouns Mr Lim Paris Polly, the parrot Kuala Lumpur City Centre Masculine Feminine boy prince stallion gander girl queen mare goose Gender Common nouns are used to name general things, a non-specific person or people or place. Proper nouns are special names for people, animals, things or places. They begin with a capital letter. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Pronouns 3 Topic N3 Personal pronouns Possessive pronouns Reflexive pronouns Interrogative pronouns Relative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Subject Object I me mine myself what who that We us ours ourselves who which this You you yours yourself whose that those He him his himself which whose these She her hers herself whom whom They them theirs themselves It it itself Pronouns are words used to take the place of nouns. There are different types of pronouns. 1 Personal pronouns (subject) are used at the beginning of sentences to replace the names of people, animals or objects. Personal pronouns (object) are used after verbs or prepositions. 2 Possessive pronouns are pronouns that show possession. 3 Reflexive pronouns are used to show that an action is done without any help. 4 Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. 5 Relative pronouns are used for people, animals and objects. 6 Demonstrative pronouns replace singular or plural nouns and give the location of objects. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Verbs 4 Topic N4 Tenses Positive Statement Negative Statement Question Simple Present I ride my bicycle to school. He rides his bicycle to school. They ride their bicycles to school. I don’t ride my bicycle to school. He doesn’t ride his bicycle to school. They don’t ride their bicycles to school. Do you ride your bicycle to school? Does he ride his bicycle to school? Do they ride their bicycles to school? Present Continuous I am riding on a roller coaster. She is riding on a roller coaster. We are riding on a roller coaster. I’m not riding on a roller coaster. She isn’t riding on a roller coaster. We aren’t riding on a roller coaster. Am I riding on a roller coaster? Is she riding on a roller coaster? Are they riding on a roller coaster? Simple Past I rode on a train yesterday. He rode on a train last week. I didn’t ride on a train yesterday. He didn’t ride on a train last week. Did you ride on a train yesterday? Did she ride on a train last week? A verb is a word that expresses an action. (a) Regular verbs (b) Irregular verbs • play – played • eat – ate • dance – danced • buy – bought ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Adjectives 5 Topic N5 An adjective describes or tells us more about a noun. Adjectives follow a particular word order when two or more are used to describe a noun. Adjectives of quality/opinion Quantity/Number Quality/Opinion Size/Shape 1 2 3 Age Nationality 4 5 6 Colour 7 Material 8 Purpose bright happy comfortable pale polite rude sharp beautiful tasty tough juicy brave cold noisy clever Adjectives of colour red yellow pink green purple black blue white gold wooden glass metal plastic aluminium leather rubber Adjectives that describe material/type Adjectives of shape square spherical triangular round oval rectangular small tall big large tiny long thin narrow Adjectives of size young elder older youngest old younger new eldest Adjectives that describe age Malaysian Italian Mediterranean Chinese Japanese Indonesian Belgian South American European Australian Adjectives that describe nationality EXAMPLES • My mother bought a beautiful, long, new, gold, Indian, silk shawl. • I sat on a comfortable, big, new, brown, leather massage chair. • Mrs Leela bought two expensive, long, flowery, Korean, cotton skirts for her daughters. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Adverbs 6 Topic N6 An adverb is a part of speech that describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, a clause or a sentence. Examples What are Adverbs of Manner? • they end in –ly • they tell us in what way or how something happens A few adverbs do not end in –ly: well; fast; hard; straight. NOTE Remember: The words friendly, lonely and daily are NOT adverbs of manner. They are adjectives. • Uma sits quietly on the swing. • Razak runs quickly up the stairs. • He sleeps soundly on the sofa. • Faizah can sing well. • The train travels fast. • She studies hard every day. • Encik Ali drove us straight to the bus stop. Rules for Adverbs of Manner • they usually go after the verb The boy eats (verb) hungrily. Ismail smiles (verb) broadly. • if the verb has an object, the adverb usually goes after the object The dog eats (verb) its food (object) hungrily. Ismail smiles (verb) at his friend (object) broadly. Spelling Rules: How to add –ly • formed by adding –ly to an adjective • if the adjective ends in –ty, change –ty to i and add –ly • if the adjective ends in –le, drop the –e and add –y true – truly full – fully soft softly honest honestly thirsty thirstily simple simply happy happily noisy noisily safe safely careless carelessly Adjectives Adverbs of Manner Some spellings are irregular. NOTE ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Tenses 7 Topic N7 1 I shall be playing in the next football match. 2 They will be painting their house next weekend. 1 I shall buy the card next week. 2 They are going to cook at the resort. 3 She will see him this afternoon. 1 He washes his car every morning. 2 I play football every day. Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense Simple Past Tense 1 Ali is eating a banana. 2 The boys are dancing in the hall. 1 She visited her parents yesterday. 2 They climbed the mountain last week. Past Continuous Tense Simple Future Tense Future Continuous Tense 1 The girls were talking the whole day. 2 The baby was crying the whole night. Tense is a form of verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Subject-Verb 8 Agreement Topic N8 A verb must agree in number with its subject. A singular subject must have a singular verb. She is reading in her bedroom. Matthew plays the violin. A plural subject must have a plural verb. plural subject They are reading in the library. An uncountable subject takes a singular verb. The soup is very tasty. Her advice sounds practical. Rizal and Harinder play the violin. uncountable subject singular verb plural verb singular subject singular verb ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
Unit 1 Articles 1 Unit 2 Nouns – Common, Proper, Abstract 12 Unit 3 Countable Nouns 21 Unit 4 Uncountable Nouns 32 Unit 5 Collective Nouns 40 Unit 6 Gender 49 Unit 7 Subject-Verb Agreement 56 Unit 8 Simple Present & Present Continuous Tense 65 Unit 9 Simple Past & Past Continuous Tense 75 Unit 10 Simple Future & Future Continuous Tense 87 Unit 11 Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous & Past Perfect Tense 95 Unit 12 Modals 108 Unit 13 Active and Passive Voice 118 Unit 14 Gerunds 126 Unit 15 Infinitives 133 Unit 16 The Conditional ‘If’ 142 Unit 17 Contractions 148 Unit 18 Questions and Responses 157 Unit 19 Positive and Negative Statements 169 Unit 20 Question Tags 177 Unit 21 Pronouns 186 Unit 22 Adjectives 200 Unit 23 Adverbs 211 Unit 24 Prepositions 222 Unit 25 Phrasal Verbs 233 Unit 26 Conjunctions 244 Unit 27 Wh-questions 255 Unit 28 Punctuation 262 Unit 29 Prefixes and Suffixes 271 Unit 30 Commands, Imperatives, Prohibitions and Requests 277 Unit 31 Similes & Idioms 280 Grammar Review 288 Summative Assessment 1 296 Summative Assessment 2 301 Answers 306 Appendix 339 Contents ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
1 A The article a is an indefinite article. It is used before singular and countable nouns that begin with a consonant sound. An The article an is an indefinite article. It is used before singular and countable nouns that begin with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o and u) or words that start with a silent ‘h’. an elephant Articles a horse a bag a table a cat a house an egg 1 It takes an hour to reach my school. 2 My father is an honest man. Examples an orange an ant A An The Zero Article (–) Articles UNIT 1 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
2 The 1 The article the is a definite or specific article. It is used: (a) for plural nouns (b) for uncountable nouns (c) when we speak of only one such thing (d) for a specific person, object or place 1 I know the boy who lives in that big house. 2 Mary will meet me at the cinema. Examples the flowers the boys the water in the glass the sugar the sun the moon ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
3 (e) before the names of rivers, seas, mountain ranges, island groups and union of states (f) When we mention something for the first time, we use a or an. When we mention it again, we use the. 2 However, we do not use the for the following: (a) before the names of roads, streets, states, countries, towns or other proper nouns (b) before the names of games and activities (c) before general places (school, church, home) 1 Jane and Lily go to church 2 We go to school for sports every Sunday. practice on the weekends. 1 My uncle is working in the Philippines. 2 There is an economic crisis in the United Kingdom. Examples 1 I have a cat. The cat is called Snowy. 2 I bought a bag. The bag costs RM25. Examples 1 My teacher lives at Pearl Road. 2 My father was born in Penang. Examples 1 My favourite sport is football. 2 I take swimming lessons at that youth club. Examples Examples ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
4 Zero Article There are times when an article is not needed, as shown below. This is sometimes known as zero article. Usage Example • With uncountable nouns that are used in the general sense 1 Sugar is expensive these days. 2 Butter and cheese are dairy products. • With abstract nouns that are used in the general sense 1 Exercise is essential for health. 2 Knowledge is power. • With words like college, home, market, school, town, etc. 1 We are all going home now. 2 My grandmother walks to market every morning. • With names of roads and specific areas except when they are used as adjectives 1 My uncle lives in Green Hill Drive. 2 Many areas along Jalan Barat were flooded last week. • With names of diseases or illnesses except with words like cold, fever, sore throat, etc. 1 Mr Leong died of cancer last year. 2 Measles and mumps are infectious diseases. COMMON ERRORS I can see a ostrich running in the field. I can see an ostrich running in the field. These are a pens you bought yesterday. These are the pens you bought yesterday. A smoke from the fire can be seen from far away. The smoke from the fire can be seen from far away. My family will migrate to United States next year. My family will migrate to the United States next year. The accident happened at the Green Road. The accident happened at Green Road. My brother plays the football every evening. My brother plays football every evening. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
5 Exercise 1 Tick () the words with the correct articles. Put a cross (7) for words with the wrong articles. 1 an umbrella 2 a lightning 4 an air 5 the mangoes 6 an engineer 7 a backpack 8 an university 9 an crocodile 3 a beetle ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
6 Exercise 2 Write a or an followed by the name of object in the picture. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with a or an. 1 Mr Tan is honourable man. 2 Bake the cake inside oven. 3 eagle is big bird. 4 Marie has mobile phone. 5 Keong is cousin of mine. 6 This is interesting book. Read it. 7 Mother is cutting orange with knife. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
7 8 My sister is taking along umbrella in case it rains. 9 old man is staying in the hut behind my house. 10 You can find pen and ink bottle on my table. Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with a, an or a dash. 1 Have you seen iguana before? 2 dog is good companion. 3 My aunt sewed button on Kala’s skirt. 4 Jimmy drank glass of milk. 5 Sally gave me packet of flour. 6 The butterfly is example of big insect. 7 The boy wants drink. Give him glass. 8 I can see car under the tree. It is red in colour. 9 Sally needs haircut. She must go to hair salon. 10 The children would love to stay in house with big garden. Exercise 5 Cross out the article the in the sentences that do not need it. 1 Bring the box of books to the hall. 2 The participants must come at 9 o’clock. 3 My sister is attending the squash lessons. 4 We go to the school early in the morning. 5 My father is filling up his car with the petrol. 6 The students in the hall are making a lot of noise. 7 Bob and his father are leaving for the Paris next month. 8 Kate had an accident at the Temple Street. 9 Amin goes to the mosque on the Friday. 10 Tell the boys to see Mr Lim. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
8 Exercise 6 Complete the following sentences with the or a dash. 1 I can see smoke from my window. 2 London is a big city in England. 3 Hoist flag high up on this pole. 4 Getha and her friends take lunch at this shop. 5 Halim was born in April 1980. 6 We celebrate Christmas every year. 7 Muniandy is playing badminton with his friends. 8 Hank has gone to shop. He should be back soon. 9 I have a pet. pet is a hamster. 10 We need water to wash his car. Exercise 7 Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. 1 We often drive to beach on the weekends. 2 Praveen loves to go for drive in evenings. 3 This door needs new handle. old handle is not working. 4 tallest boy in my class is Keith. He is orphan. 5 Use axe to chop all wood here. 6 The child found wallet on road. 7 There is insect inside bottle. 8 Aunt Rose put flowers in vase. 9 All books are kept inside box. 10 We have been waiting for hour for new students. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
9 Exercise 8 Cross out (7) the wrong articles in the sentences below and replace them with the correct articles. 1 The hawkers sell fruits at an market. 2 Bring me an bowl and chopsticks. 3 The week ago, he met with a accident. 4 We camped on an beach last night. 5 There is mud on a floor. Please clean it up. 6 I spilled some coffee on my blouse. Now it has the stain. 7 A new furniture is made of cane. 8 A moon is shining brightly tonight. 9 I have an bird called Polly. A bird was given to me as a birthday present. 10 My neighbour’s son is the sailor. He works on an ship. Exercise 9 Complete the following letter with suitable articles. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
10 37, Taman Muhibbah, 14000 Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Pinang. 18 July 20__ Dear Dave, How are you? I’m writing to tell you about (1) incident that happened to my sister last week. She was on her way to (2) travel agency to book (3) flight to Perth. She was walking along (4) road when (5) motorcycle with (6) pillion rider slowed down beside her. Before she realised it, (7) pillion rider snatched her handbag. She screamed loudly. The snatch thieves sped off. My sister then lodged (8) police report. At (9) police station, (10) policeman showed her (11) photograph. It was (12) pillion rider. (13) police had been keeping (14) eye out for him. Yesterday, my sister received news from (15) police that he had been detained. My sister was so relieved to hear that. This is all from me for now. Take care. Your friend, Sean ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
11 Chicken corn soup is easy to prepare. It is (1) tasty dish. These are (2) steps in preparing (3) soup. Firstly, chop (4) chicken into chunks and trim off (5) fat. Put the pieces into (6) pot and add enough water to boil. When it is boiling, reduce (7) heat. After this, sauté (8) soup ingredients in (9) non-stick pan. Lastly, add (10) fried ingredients to (11) soup and boil it over (12) gentle low heat. Exercise 10 Complete the instructions below with suitable articles. 1 2 3 4 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
12 1 Concrete nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns. (a) Common nouns are names of animals, objects or places. They do not start with capital letters. They are divided into countable and uncountable nouns. spoon river rabbit (b) Proper nouns begin with capital letters. What are proper nouns? (i) They are the special names of people, races, religions, titles and festivals. Kenny King Philip Christmas (ii) They are the special names of countries, places, days or months. Pyramid Shopping Complex Tuesday, 3rd of June June Sun 1 8 15 22 29 Mon 2 9 16 23 30 Tue 3 10 17 24 Wed 4 11 18 25 Thu 5 12 19 26 Fri 6 13 20 27 Sat 7 14 21 28 Nouns – Common, Proper, Abstract UNIT 2 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
13 2 Abstract nouns are used to: (a) describe a person’s quality intelligence, kindness, courage, beauty Examples (b) describe a situation freedom, independence, luck, excitement Examples 1 Abstract nouns cannot be used in the plural form. We cannot add –s to the nouns. 2 We must not use a or an when using abstract nouns. The only article used for abstract nouns is the. NOTE COMMON ERRORS I saw a horse galloping in the Forest. I saw a horse galloping in the forest. I have many muslim friends. I have many Muslim friends. The man is liked for his kindnesses. The man is liked for his kindness. A beauty of the lady attracted the men’s attention. The beauty of the lady attracted the men’s attention. Exercise 1 Circle the common nouns. basket chicken Jade Tower Paris child James Hindu lamp bed Mr Lee ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
14 Exercise 2 Circle the proper nouns. girl Spain Monday apple mechanic Maybank Orange Lane rain Proton butter Exercise 3 Write the names of the common nouns next to the pictures. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
15 Exercise 4 Underline the proper nouns in the sentences below. 1 Helen is my cousin sister. 2 Deepavali is a joyous occasion. 3 My brother was born in Manila. 4 The girls enjoy eating Thai food. 5 Johnny is going overseas in April. 6 I enjoyed watching the movie The Ring. 7 I am a member of the Science Society. 8 My friend bought a Samsoon computer. 9 We often do our shopping at Giant Supermarket. 10 My mother works in Sri Mawar school. Exercise 5 Write down the names for the following items. These names must be proper nouns. 1 Your father 2 Your mother 3 Your school 4 Your town 5 Your best friend 6 Your housing estate 7 Your favourite restaurant 8 Your favourite song 9 Your teacher 10 Your religion ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
16 Exercise 6 Underline the proper nouns in the passage below. The Genting story is an interesting one. Many Malaysians have read about it. The hill resort, Genting Highlands Resort, was thought of by its founder, the late Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong. The idea came to him when he was in Cameron Highlands in 1964. Tan Sri Lim was then working on a hydro-electric power project there. Soon after, he set up Genting Highlands Berhad and obtained approval for the land from the Pahang and the Selangor State Governments. He did this between the years 1965 and 1970. In 1971, the first hotel in Genting Highlands was successfully completed, then named Highlands Hotel, and now renamed Theme Park Hotel. Exercise 7 Rewrite the sentences below using capital letters for the proper nouns. 1 I have many japanese and german friends. 2 new year’s day is on 1 january. 3 The visitor is looking for our principal, mr tan. 4 My father is reading the sun newspaper. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
17 5 The boys play badminton on friday and sunday. 6 jane is coming home for the holidays in june. 7 sunway pyramid is a big building. 8 My uncle is the manager of citibank. 9 I am reading the novel war and peace. 10 We celebrate mooncake festival every year. Exercise 8 Rewrite the passage below using capital letters for the proper nouns. valentine’s day is celebrated on 14 february in america, europe and many other countries. It is named after an early christian martyr, valentine. On this special day, lovers express their love for each other by sending valentine cards or flowers. It caused the greeting card industry in the united states to boom in the 1990s. The u.s. greeting card association estimates that approximately one billion valentine cards are sent each year worldwide. This makes it the second largest card-sending holiday of the year behind christmas and new year cards. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
18 Exercise 9 Give suitable responses to the questions below using the proper nouns in brackets. 1 Where is your school? (Tapah) 2 Which club have you joined? (Sky Youth Club) 3 What is your favourite city? (Paris) 4 Which shopping complex do you go to on weekends? (Prince Complex) 5 Which bank is near your house? (Maybank) 6 Which hotel does your father work in? (Mandarin Hotel) 1 2 3 4 5 6 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
19 Exercise 10 Complete the table below with concrete nouns and abstract nouns. fairness box mouse joy stapler plate glass grief confidence drawer fear hunger Concrete Nouns Abstract Nouns Exercise 11 Underline the abstract nouns in the label below. TAKE ONO VITAMIN FOR YOUR HEALTH ONO Vitamin performs these functions: • Plays an important role in bone growth • Helps to improve eyesight • Regulates immune system to fight infection • Stimulates the production of white blood cells • Aids the destruction of harmful bacteria and viruses ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
20 Exercise 12 Fill in the blanks with the abstract nouns from the box. satisfaction knowledge rage peace patience excitement wealth sorrow freedom loneliness cheerfulness bravery importance poverty joy health 1 I don’t have much on this subject. 2 Everyone likes the girl for her . 3 It’s my of choice. 4 The boy showed his by chasing the thief. 5 A teacher needs to have with the students. 6 Out of , Amin started mixing with bad company. 7 Tourists like to visit countries that are in a state of . 8 The students expressed much with the canteen food. 9 We have to discuss the matter today for it is of much . 10 Mr Ong was in a when his sons were arrested for robbery. 11 We understand her after the recent death of her husband. 12 More than half the population in some poor countries live in . 13 I look forward to the school trip with . 14 We have to maintain good to be fit and energetic. 15 Although Mr Lim is a man of great , he is humble and generous. 16 Puan Salmah was overwhelmed with when she found her long-lost son. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
21 1 Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. Some of the words used with countable nouns are a, an, any, some, many, several, a lot of, plenty of, etc. three plates six marbles 2 Countable nouns have a plural form. one house two houses one tiger three tigers one book five books one pen four pens one child ten children one man six men one person many people one letter several letters 3 For singular countable nouns, we use a or an before the nouns. a shelf an egg an insect Examples 4 For plural nouns, we use expressions of quantity like a few, many, several, some, plenty of, a lot of, a number of before the nouns. two bags some fruits a few kites a lot of desks many people plenty of trees several parcels a number of cars Examples Countable Nouns UNIT 3 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
22 5 For plural nouns, we use any when we ask questions. 1 Do you need any pencils? 2 Do you want to buy any flowers? Examples 6 We usually form plural nouns by adding -s to singular nouns. girl – girls piano – pianos room – rooms roof – roofs Examples 7 There are many plural nouns which are not formed by adding -s. They are formed in other ways. By adding -es box – boxes bus – buses brush – brushes By changing -f to -ves leaf – leaves thief – thieves By changing -y to -ies baby – babies lady – ladies By changing the middle vowels man – men woman – women tooth – teeth foot – feet goose – geese mouse – mice By changing -us to -i cactus – cacti syllabus – syllabi fungus – fungi terminus – termini By changing -um or -on to -a medium – media criterion – criteria phenomenon – phenomena By adding -e larva – larvae formula – formulae By adding -en or -ren child – children ox – oxen For plural nouns, we cannot use expressions of quantity like much, little, a great deal of, a great amount of. NOTE ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
23 COMMON ERRORS Mother is cutting the cloth with a pair of scissor. Mother is cutting the cloth with a pair of scissors. The womans talk very loudly. The women talk very loudly. I can see much cars on the busy street. I can see many cars on the busy street. The proud girl has little friends. The proud girl has a few friends. Exercise 1 Are these plural nouns right (3) or wrong (7)? Indicate your answer in the space provided. 1 two bags [ ] 6 four teeth [ ] 2 four stick [ ] 7 five mice [ ] 3 three women [ ] 8 two spoon [ ] 4 many child [ ] 9 one rulers [ ] 5 10 sheeps [ ] 10 five lamps [ ] Add -s to these words in this way: passer-by – passers-by son-in-law – sons-in-law mother-in-law – mothers-in-law There are nouns that do not take -s in their plural form. deer – ten deer cattle – six cattle fish – a lot of fish sheep – many sheep But for certain words, the -s is added differently: pen-holder – pen-holders machine-gun – machine-guns There are nouns that are always used in the plural form. scissors pliers jeans spectacles ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
24 Exercise 2 Give the plural forms of these nouns. Singular noun Plural noun 1 eraser 2 goose 3 thief 4 fungus 5 cactus 6 larva 7 daughter-in-law 8 penknife 9 tomato 10 piano Exercise 3 Write the number and plural nouns below the pictures. 1 2 3 4 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
25 5 6 7 8 9 10 Exercise 4 Find eight nouns in the word search puzzle below. They can be horizontally, vertically or diagonally arranged. Then, use the nouns in plural form and label the pictures. V O V E N Q M O K R E F E W D P W A B R U S H M Q N Y G P H A F Z G O H Y E O I X E Q J U E J S T O G K P P L H Y P D G O H K A B A B Y S N Y H U L C K N I F E ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Exercise 5 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the nouns in brackets. 1 This town has five bus (terminal). 2 Henry has three new pairs of (jean). 3 All the houses here have red (roof). 4 Mary’s (suitcase) are full of clothes. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
27 5 There are two (jar) of (sweet). 6 Miranda has a wardrobe full of red (dress). 7 The television and newspaper are mass (medium). 8 John wears thick (spectacle) in order to see clearly. 9 The librarian is arranging the books on the (shelf). 10 The (man) are unloading the (box) from the truck. Exercise 6 Rewrite the following sentences by making the nouns plural. 1 We need to trap the (rat) in this house. 2 The (fruit) sold at the stall are very fresh. 3 I found a few coloured (rock) on the beach. 4 The lonely girl has only a few (friend). 5 How many (chair) do you need for the hall? 6 The water from the (tap) is very dirty. 7 We can see many (cattle) grazing in the field. 8 The (passer-by) stopped and looked at the crashed car. 9 Father needs a pair of (plier) to do the repairs. 10 What are the (criterion) for passing this exam? ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
28 Exercise 7 Correct the underlined mistakes by writing the correct words in the space provided. Write OK for sentences that have no mistakes. 1 I saw three mouses in the kitchen. 2 The two children are playing in the garden. 3 The ladys are preparing sandwiches for the party. 4 My aunt’s baby has three new tooths. 5 Can you bring the vases to my room? 6 The children are building sandcastles on the beach. 7 My eldest brother is six foot tall. 8 All my uncles’ wifes are teachers. 9 These are expensive branded watches. 10 You have to mend this pair of torn trouser. Exercise 8 Look at the list of kitchen items below. Write sentences using There are and the name of the items. You have to use an expression of number from the box. many a few two pairs of plenty of a lot of Items trays 20 drawers 4 toasters 3 spoons 50 ovens 3 stoves 4 cups 100 scissors 2 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
29 1 There are 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Exercise 9 Fill in the blanks with some or any. 1 My maid needs eggs to make the cake. 2 Ali’s father is planting fruit trees in his garden. 3 Have you told of your friends the good news? 4 I need more biscuits to give to the orphans. 5 We saw monkeys swinging from the trees. 6 The fisherman did not catch fish today. 7 Have you taken of my pens? 8 of the mangoes are sour. 9 Are there rats in your house? 10 Jason: Did Gary buy books? Mary: No, he did not buy . ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
30 Exercise 10 Underline the correct words. 1 I need (a few, a little) paper clips. 2 Give (any, some) toys to the children. 3 Lily has (many, much) coins from different countries. 4 The office receives (several, much) applications every week. 5 (Much, A number of) people have bought land in that village. 6 I bought only five oranges because there were not (many, much) for sale. 7 Only (a little, a few) parents turned up for the concert, so there were (plenty, many) of seats left. 8 My father will be here in (a few, a number of) minutes. 9 There are (much, several) boys on the boat. 10 Did you fry (some, many) of the eggs? Exercise 11 Fill in the blanks with a few, many, several, a number of, plenty of and a lot of. 1 It’s a fine day. No wonder there are so children at the playground. 2 There are only posters on the wall. Let’s hang some more. 3 Only students were chosen for the play. 4 Marisa needs attention. 5 There are plants in the garden. It looks so lovely. 6 Sally’s parents are poor. So she has only dresses. 7 Make sure she gets enough rest and fresh air. 8 members applied for the bank loan. 9 We need only plastic bags. 10 How boxes do you want? ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
31 Exercise 12 Rewrite the following sentences using the correct expression of quantity as given in brackets. 1 The poor boy does not have (much, many) pairs of shoes. 2 Jim keeps (plenty of, a large amount of) stamps in the album. 3 My little sister would like (any, some) cake. 4 Karim has collected (a large number of, a large amount of) coins. 5 Bring (a little, a few) more blankets to my room. 6 Ann’s mother gave her RM500 (a few, a little) days ago. 7 He asked me if I needed (any, some) books from the library. 8 (Several, A lot of) the chairs are broken. 9 Please help yourself. There is (plenty of, much) food on the table. 10 After writing so (many, much) reports, I need to rest for (some, a few) hours. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
32 1 Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. We cannot count smoke and water. The pictures below are some other examples: wind grass petrol dust 2 Whole nouns are usually uncountable nouns. Individual Parts Whole Noun rings bracelets necklaces pendants jewellery cars buses vans lorries traffic chairs beds tables cupboards furniture letters postcards mail coins dollars money nails hammers nuts screwdrivers hardware Other examples of whole nouns are equipment, paper, junk, machinery, garbage, stuff, etc. 1 Uncountable nouns are always used in singular form. 2 They are used with singular verbs only. 3 All abstract nouns are considered to be uncountable nouns. NOTE Uncountable Nouns UNIT 4 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
33 More examples: Individual Parts Whole Noun water, blood, milk, coffee, honey, lotion, tea liquid oxygen, hydrogen, smoke, haze, air, steam gas dust, sand, rice, bread, cheese, butter, meat, cement, metal, gold, iron solid basketball, football, badminton, cricket, tennis game rain, snow, thunder, lightning, fog, wind, sunshine weather 3 We can also use expressions of quantity such as a little, much, a lot of, plenty of, a large amount of and a great deal of before uncountable nouns. 1 a little milk 4 a great deal of rice 2 much paper 5 plenty of dust 3 a large amount of money 6 a lot of water Examples We cannot use a or an before uncountable nouns. We use the before uncountable nouns. the grass the cement the thunder the blood Examples Often, we do not use any articles before uncountable nouns. We play badminton every evening. There is snow everywhere on the ground. Examples NOTE We cannot use expressions of quantity like a few, many, several, a number of before uncountable nouns. NOTE ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
34 Exercise 1 Determine whether these uncountable nouns are written correctly () or wrongly (7). Indicate your answer in the space provided. 1 chalks 2 grasses 3 kerosenes 4 cream 5 dews 6 equipment 7 information 8 smokes 9 garbage 10 luggage Exercise 2 Underline the correct uncountable nouns. 1 The (airs, air) up on the mountain is so fresh. 2 Please clear out the (junk, junks) in the attic. 3 Apply only two drops of (lotion, lotions) on your face. 4 Do you want to add (sugars, sugar) to your coffee? 5 Mariam has a lot of (time, times) to rest on weekends. 6 We heard (thunders, thunder) in the middle of the night. 7 The boys are cutting some (firewood, firewoods) for the bonfire. 8 I have to stay in because I have plenty of (work, works) to do. 9 Pour some (honey, honeys) into my bowl. 10 The (traffic, traffics) on the road is heavy. COMMON ERRORS This shop sells many types of hardwares. This shop sells many types of hardware. Cook the rices in this pot. Cook the rice in this pot. Father bought an expensive furniture. Father bought expensive furniture. I need an ice in my drink. I need ice in my drink. Shall we play a netball today? Shall we play netball today? There is many food on the table. There is much food on the table. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
35 Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with suitable uncountable nouns from the box. view dust jewellery land homework food music sand butter smoke 1 James is busy doing his now. 2 My sisters enjoy listening to . 3 The from this room is beautiful. 4 The child is hungry. Give him some . 5 The children are playing with on the beach. 6 My mother bought her ring from the shop. 7 Much of the has been cultivated with oil palm trees. 8 We should take very little as it is fattening. 9 Please wipe off the from all these shelves. 10 There is from the storeroom. It is on fire! Exercise 4 Underline the correct word in brackets. 1 My house has (several, much) Persian carpets. 2 There is (a large amount of, many) rice in the sack. 3 The kidnap victims have only (a few, a little) time left. 4 I know (a few, a little) French, so I did not feel so lost in Paris. 5 Could you get (any, few) useful information from the book? 6 We have to drink (a lot of, a large number of) water every day. 7 Add (any, some) pepper to the bowl of soup to make it tastier. 8 The boxes were filled with so (much, many) mud after the flood. 9 The computer room has (several, plenty of) expensive equipment. 10 My father has (a large amount of, a great deal of) work to finish right now. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
36 Exercise 5 Fill in the blanks with some or any. 1 Joyce did not buy rice. 2 Fry the meat with cooking oil. 3 The boys don’t have money left. 4 Please add cream to my coffee. 5 The child refuses to eat vegetables. 6 Do you need cheese for the pasta? 7 of the jewellery has been stolen. 8 I cannot find paper to copy the notes. 9 Can you spare me of your time today? 10 Let me give you advice on cycling carefully. Exercise 6 Fill in the blanks with a little, much, some, a lot of or plenty. 1 The accident victim lost blood. 2 Many people eat too oily food. 3 I like my tea cold. Do add in ice. 4 The children had fun at the party. 5 We still have of time to finish cooking. 6 The man needs grease for the bicycle chain. 7 The doctor advised Keith not to take too sugar. 8 I don’t have cash in my purse. I only have twenty ringgit. 9 The girls would like to visit more places, but they do not have time to do so. ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
37 Exercise 7 You want to bake a cake. Look at the pictures below and complete the instructions with suitable uncountable nouns from the box. mixture sugar flour grease butter time paper The ingredients you need are butter, flour and (1). First, apply (2) to a round cake tin and line the base with greaseproof (3). Then, cream the (4) and sugar together until fluffy. Add the eggs, one at a time, beating well after each addition. Then, add in the sifted (5) in batches. Now you can spoon the (6) into the prepared cake tin and smooth the surface. Make sure you bake the cake in a preheated oven at 160°C for some (7). Leave it to cool for 10 minutes before serving. Exercise 8 Complete the notice below with suitable uncountable nouns from the box. shelter time care need information food Are you thinking of getting a pet? Here are some tips on going about it: 1 4 2 5 3 6 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
38 • Ask yourself if you have a (1) for this pet. Do you really want one? • Take some (2) to think about which pet to get. It must fit in with your lifestyle. • Find out what type of (3) you need to provide and what (4) to feed your pet. • Find out the medical (5) needed for your pet if it falls sick. • You can get more (6) from the Internet to learn more about your pet. • Do consider adopting your new pet from a local shelter. Exercise 9 Complete the news report below with suitable uncountable nouns from the box. electricity winds rain jewellery homes belongings KLANG, Mon: Last night, strong (1) and heavy (2) swept across Kampung Bunga. The thunderstorm lasted for about ten hours. Many houses had their roofs blown away. Trees were also uprooted. (3) supply was cut off because several lamp posts had fallen. Some people were badly injured and had to be hospitalised. Many families lost their (4) due to damage. Some victims ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
39 were very sad because their (5) were destroyed. Some women managed to save some (6) such as rings and bracelets. The residents commented that it was the worst thunderstorm they had ever experienced. Exercise 10 Complete the poem below with suitable uncountable nouns from the box. snow light sunlight starlight wind nature weather Into the (1), Full of the (2), Leaping and flashing From morn till night! Into the moonlight, Whiter than (3), Waving so flower-like When the (4) blows! Into the (5), Rushing in spray, Happy at midnight Happy by day! Glad of the nice (6), Still seeming best, Upward your rest. Full of (7) Glorious fountain! Let my heart be Fresh, changeful, constant, Upward, like you! ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD
40 A collective noun is a word for a collection or group of people, animals, places or things. The first picture shows a band of musicians. The second picture shows a flock of birds. These phrases are collective nouns. Below is a list of some collective nouns: PEOPLE A troop of soldiers A gang of thieves A troupe of dancers A choir of singers A crowd of onlookers A band of musicians A class of pupils A crew of sailors A troupe of performers A congregation of worshippers ANIMALS A flock of birds A pack of wolves A troop of lions A bed of oysters A den of snakes A colony of penguins A swarm of bees A school of whales A litter of puppies A litter of kittens A brood of chickens A nest of rabbits PLACES A row of houses A block of flats A chain of islands A range of mountains A flight of stairs A galaxy of stars THINGS A stack of hay A bale of cotton A comb of bananas A loaf of bread A chest of drawers A bunch of keys A ring of keys A heap of rubbish A bouquet of flowers A crate of fruits A flight of aeroplanes A string of pearls A fleet of ships A fleet of cars Collective Nouns UNIT 5 ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD