RC Science Form 1, 2, 3

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Introduction to Scientifi c Investigation 1 Chapter 1 1.1 Science is Part of Everyday Life 2 1.2 Science Laboratory 5 1.3 Physical Quantities and Their Units 8 1.4 Use of Measuring Instruments, Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity and Errors 10 1.5 Density 22 1.6 Steps in a Scientific Investigation 26 1.7 Scientific Attitudes and Noble Values in Scientific Investigations 28 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life 29 Chapter 2 2.1 Structure, Function and Organisation of Cell 30 2.2 Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis 40 Coordination and Response 46 Chapter 3 3.1 Homeostasis in Living Things 47 Chapter 4 Reproduction 56 4.1 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction 57 4.2 Human Reproductive System 62 4.3 Menstruation Cycle 65 4.4 Fertilisation and Pregnancy 66 4.5 Factors Affecting the Development of a Foetus and Baby 69 4.6 Infertility and Contraception 70 4.7 Plant Reproduction 74 Chapter 5 Matter 82 5.1 Matter in Nature 83 5.2 Three States of Matter 86 Chapter 6 Periodic Table 97 6.1 Classification of Elements 98 6.2 Mixtures 104 6.3 Compounds 107 Chapter 7 Air 114 7.1 Composition of Air 115 7.2 Combustion 123 7.3 Air Pollution 126 Chapter 8 Light and Optics 131 8.1 The Use of Mirrors 132 8.2 Properties of Light 136 8.3 Reflection of Light 137 8.4 Refraction of Light 140 8.5 Dispersion of Light 143 8.6 Scattering of Light 145 8.7 Addition and Subtraction of Light 146 Chapter 9 Earth 153 9.1 System and Structure of the Earth 154 9.2 Composition of the Earth 160 9.3 Main Processes of the Earth 162 9.4 Geohazard Phenomena 165 9.5 Age of the Earth 169 9.6 Earth’s Resources and Applied Geology 171 Ujian Akhir Sesi Akademik (UASA) U1 – U14 Contents FORM 1 ii 00_RC Sci F1-3_Contents_Final.indd 2 29/3/2023 5:51:40 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

FORM 2 Chapter 1 Biodiversity 176 1.1 Diversity of Organisms 177 1.2 Classification of Organisms 180 Chapter 2 Ecosystem 186 2.1 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem 187 2.2 Nutrient Cycle in an Ecosystem 189 2.3 Interdependence and Interaction among Organisms and between Organisms and the Environment 192 2.4 Role of Humans in Maintaining a Balanced Nature 202 Chapter 3 Nutrition 204 3.1 Classes of Food 206 3.2 Importance of a Balanced Diet 211 3.3 Human Digestive System 214 3.4 Absorption and Transportation of Digested Food and Defecation 218 Chapter 4 Human Health 220 4.1 Infectious and Non-infectious Diseases 221 4.2 Body Defence 226 Chapter 5 Water and Solution 231 5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water 232 5.2 Solution and Solubility 240 5.3 Water Purification and Water Supply 247 Chapter 6 Acids and Alkalis 256 6.1 Properties of Acids and Alkalis 257 6.2 Neutralisation 263 Electricity and Magnetism 266 Chapter 7 7.1 Electricity 267 7.2 Flow of Electric Current in a Series Circuit and Parallel Circuit 277 7.3 Magnetism 283 Chapter 8 Force and Motion 289 8.1 Force 290 8.2 Effects of Force 296 Chapter 9 Heat 315 9.1 Relationship between Temperature and Heat 316 9.2 Heat Flow and Thermal Equilibrium 317 9.3 Principle of Expansion and Contraction of Matter 325 9.4 Relationship between Types of Surface of Object, and Heat Absorption and Emission 330 Chapter 10 Sound Waves 334 10.1 Sound Waves 335 10.2 Loudness and Pitch of Sound 339 10.3 Phenomenon and Applications of Reflection of Sound Waves 342 Stars and Galaxies in the Universe 345 Chapter 11 11.1 Stars and Galaxies in the Universe 346 Chapter 12 Solar System 352 12.1 Solar System 353 Meteoroid, Asteroid and Comet 363 Chapter 13 13.1 Other Objects in the Solar System 364 Ujian Akhir Sesi Akademik (UASA) U1 – U14 iii 00_RC Sci F1-3_Contents_Final.indd 3 29/3/2023 5:51:40 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

FORM 3 Stimuli and Responses 369 Chapter 1 1.1 Human Nervous System 370 1.2 Stimuli and Responses in Humans 374 1.3 Stimuli and Responses in Plants 388 1.4 Importance of Responses to Stimuli in Animals 392 Chapter 2 Respiration 394 2.1 Respiratory System 395 2.2 Movement and Exchange of Gases in the Human Body 401 2.3 Health of Human Respiratory System 405 2.4 Adaptations in Respiratory System 408 2.5 Gaseous Exchange in Plants 412 Chapter 3 Transportation 416 3.1 Transport System in Organisms 417 3.2 Blood Circulatory System 419 3.3 Human Blood 426 3.4 Transport System in Plants 429 3.5 Comparison between Animal Blood Circulatory System and Plant Transport System 435 Chapter 4 Reactivity of Metals 436 4.1 Variety of Minerals 437 4.2 Reactivity Series of Metals 438 4.3 Extraction of Metals from Their Ores 446 Chapter 5 Thermochemistry 450 5.1 Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions 451 Electricity and Magnetism 456 Chapter 6 6.1 Generation of Electricity 457 6.2 Transformers 464 6.3 Transmission and Distribution of Electricity 467 6.4 Calculate the Cost of Electricity Consumption 475 Chapter 7 Energy and Power 482 7.1 Work, Energy and Power 483 7.2 Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy 486 7.3 Principle of Conservation of Energy 489 Chapter 8 Radioactivity 492 8.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 493 8.2 Atom and Nucleus 499 8.3 Ionising Radiation and Non-ionising Radiation 500 8.4 Uses of Radioactive Radiation 504 Chapter 9 Space Weather 508 9.1 Activities of the Sun that Affect the Earth 509 9.2 Space Weather 515 Chapter 10 Space Exploration 516 10.1 Development in Astronomy 517 10.2 Development of Technology in Space Exploration 519 Ujian Akhir Sesi Akademik (UASA) U1 – U14 Answers A1 – A6 iv 00_RC Sci F1-3_Contents_Final.indd 4 29/3/2023 5:51:40 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Importance of Science in Everyday Life The discovery of vaccines and antibiotics helps to control contagious diseases. The invention of new surgical tools and surgery techniques helps to cure illnesses and reduce death rate. Cloning, tissue culture and the invention of fertilisers, pesticides and hydroponic method increase crop yields. The invention of solar cars, electrical cars and trains and also bio fuels has reduced the dependency on fossil fuels, thus reducing air pollution. Medicine Agriculture Communication Transportation Satellites, computers, Internet and telephones made communication faster and more effective. Step 1: Identifying the problem Step 2: Making a hypothesis Step 3: Planning the investigation Step 4: Controlling the variables Step 5: Collecting data Step 6: Analysing and interpreting data Step 7: Making conclusions Step 8: Writing a report If the hypothesis is rejected, a new hypothesis is made Diagrammatic Notes Chapter 1 Introduction to Scientific Investigation Importance of Science in Everyday Life Steps in a Scientific Investigation 1 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 1 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

What is Science? 1 Science is the systematic method of gathering knowledge about the Universe. 2 A scientific method is needed to explain natural phenomena. 3 The word science comes from the Latin word scientia, which means knowledge. 4 With science, we are able to explain (a) how living organisms function and to know about cell, which is the basic structure of living things (b) the relationship between living things For example, we are able to state the importance of plants to humans and animals. (c) the relationship between non-living things and living things For example, the importance of oxygen and water to life. (d) the occurrence of day and night (e) natural phenomena such as lightning, earthquake, volcanic eruption and tsunami. (f) the origin of the Universe Natural Phenomena 1 A natural phenomenon is a non-artificial event which takes place in our environment. It is not produced by humans. 2 Examples of natural phenomena are shown in Diagram 1.1. 1 Introduction to Scientific Investigation Theme 1: Scientific Methodology Chapter 1.1 Science is Part of Everyday Life Diagram 1.1 Natural phenomena Natural disasters such as flood, drought and earthquake Objects fall to the ground due to gravity Occurrence of day and night Lightning, rain, snow, and rainbow Development of an embryo into a foetus Natural phenomena Formation of seeds and fruits Growth of a baby into an adult Buble Map •  Natural – Semula jadi •  Phenomena – Fenomena Key Terms 2 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 2 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Importance of Science in Everyday Life 1 Science provides us with the basic modern technology such as tools, materials, techniques, and sources of energy that make our lives and work easier. 2 Communication satellites, computers, the Internet and telephones are a few of the scientific and technological inventions that help humans to communicate over large distances with ease. 3 Agricultural products have increased as scientists have developed better varieties of plants and highly effective fertilisers. This helps to increase food production and the economic value of plants. 4 In medicine, the development of antibiotics has helped to control many infectious diseases. Studies in anatomy and physiology have led to amazing new surgical techniques and also the invention of lifesaving machines that can carried out the functions of organs such as the lungs, kidneys, and the heart. Thus, science has helped to maintain human health and prolong human life. 5 Food processing methods such as pasteurisation, radiation and canning help to prevent food spoilage, extend the life span of food and avoid wastage of food. 6 Buildings, bridges and airports which are complex, bigger and stronger are built with the advancement of science in construction. Fields of Study and Careers in Science 1 The study of various fields of science leads to a wide variety of careers. 2 Table 1.1 shows various careers in science. Table 1.1 Careers in science Field Study on Careers Subject required Medicine Function of body and treatment method of diseases • Doctors • Nurse • Forensic scientist • Lecturer Biology, Biochemistry Biology Living things and the life processes • Teacher • Lecturer • Biologist Biology Botany Plants and their structures • Research officer • Botanist • Estate manager Biology Architecture Design and structure of buildings • Engineer • Architect Physics, Mathematics, Art The use of solar energy as alternative energy Satellites enable long distance communication Computers help to solve problems and store data Diagram 1.2 The importance of science 3 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 3 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Astronomy Moon, stars, planets, Sun and objects in outer space • Astronaut • Research • Astronomers officer Astronomy Biotechnology The usage of living cells and bacteria in industries and scientific processes • Biotechnologist • Nutritionist • Research officer • Control officer Biology Engineering The application of scientific knowledge in the designing of buildings, bridges, roads, machines and electrical appliances • Engineer Physics, Mathematics Pharmacology Medicine, composition and their effects Pharmacist Chemistry, Biology Physics Matter, energy and natural forces • Teacher • Lecturer • Physicist Physics Chemistry Structure of substances, how substances are combined and reactions in different situations • Teacher • Lecturer • Chemist Chemistry Geology The Earth, including the origin and history of rocks and soil that form the Earth • Geologist • Researcher Geophysics Geobiology Forensic Application of the scientific method and technique in crime investigation Forensic pathologist Biology, Entomology, Dentistry, Pathology, Biochemistry Technology Innovation 1 Innovation is something newly introduced such as methods to solve problems or devices. 2 Technology is a scientific application used to fulfil the purpose of commercial or industries. 3 The importance of technology innovation: (a) Makes work easier, saves time, increases the efficiency and productivity (b) Increases humans’ quality of life (c) Solves the problems of disease outbreaks Diagram 1.3 Technology innovation Agriculture Medicine Education Transportation • Cloning • Tissue culture • Biological control • CT scan, MRI machine • Medicine, vaccine and antibiotic • Artificial organs and organ transplant • Online education • E-book • Computer • Maglev train • Aeroplane • Car, lorry and motorcycle Brace Map 4 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 4 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

(d) Solves the problems of environmental pollution 4 Examples of technology innovation in solving problems in everyday life are shown in Diagram 1.3. 1.2 Science Laboratory 1 A science laboratory is a room in which scientific investigations are carried out. 2 Students are required to know the types of apparatus and materials and follow the rules and safety precautions to avoid accidents in the science laboratory. Common Laboratory Apparatus Table 1.2 Laboratory apparatus and their uses 30 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Stopwatch To measure time 100 90 80 70 40 50 60 20 30 10 0 Thermometer To measure temperature Gas jar To collect gas Test tube To contain small amount of chemicals Crucible To heat solids over a flame Beaker To contain chemicals or collect liquids Boiling tube To contain small amount of chemicals for heating purposes Evaporating dish To allow a liquid to evaporate from a solution Conical flask To contain chemicals or to collect liquids Test tube holder To hold a test tube during heating Filter funnel To filter and separate mixtures of solids and liquids Retort stand and clamp To hold the apparatus during an experiment •  Innovation – Inovasi •  Laboratory – Makmal •  Apparatus – Radas •  Crucible – Mangkuk pijar •  Evaporating dish – Mangkuk penyejat Key Terms 5 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 5 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

ml 0 Burette To measure the volume of solutions to an accuracy of 0.1 cm3 Pipette To measure the volume of solutions accurately Measuring cylinder To measure the volume of solutions to an accuracy of 1 cm3 Bunsen burner To heat substances during an experiment Wire gauze To distribute heat evenly when heating Tripod stand (used with wire gauze) To support apparatus during heating Round-bottomed flask To contain chemicals and liquids used in preparing gases, which require heating Flat-bottomed flask To contain chemicals and liquids used in preparing gases, which do not require heating Using a Bunsen Burner 1 The correct way to use the Bunsen burner: (a) Make sure the hose is connected tightly to the gas pipe and Bunsen burner. (b) Close the air hole of the burner by turning the collar. (c) Light up the match and bring it closer to the top of the barrel. (d) Turn on the gas slowly. (e) Open the air hole until a blue flame is formed. 2 Safety precautions when using a Bunsen burner: (a) Use a lighter or a match to light up a Bunsen burner. (b) Do not point the mouth of the boiling tube to yourself or your friend. (c) Do not heat flammable chemicals directly. (d) Turn off the gas after using a Bunsen burner. Hazard Symbols 1 The correct steps or ways of handling hazardous substances: (a) Keep inflammable chemicals away from fire. (b) Avoid inhaling or tasting of harmful substances. (c) Store sodium, potassium and lithium in paraffin oil. 2 Chemicals have symbols on their bottles (labels) to show their properties. Table 1.3 shows various symbols and examples. Barrel Collar Air hole Base Diagram 1.4 The structure of Bunsen burner 6 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 6 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Table 1.3 Symbols used to denote hazardous chemicals Symbol Meaning Examples Highly flammable Alcohol, petrol, kerosene Explosive Potassium, hydrogen, sodium, lithium Toxic or poisonous Mercury, cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, formaldehyde Symbol Meaning Examples Corrosive Concentrated acid and alkali Harmful or irritant Ammonia, chloroform Radioactive Uranium, radium, plutonium Rules and Safety Precautions in the Laboratory 1 The purpose of rules in the laboratory: (a) Ensuring all laboratory operations run smoothly by emphasising the safety of own self, others and the surroundings. (b) Preventing any accident when working in the laboratory. (c) Avoiding wastage. (d) Facilitating the search of materials and apparatus required for teaching. 2 General laboratory rules to comply: (a) Line up outside the science laboratory silently. (b) Enter the science laboratory with the teacher’s permission. (c) Conduct the experiment with the teacher’s instruction. (d) Use chemicals in small quantity. Avoid wastage of chemicals. (e) Report any accidents or injuries to the teacher. (f) Throw rubbish or solid wastes into the dustbin. (g) Throw liquid wastes into the sink. (h) Wash all the apparatus used and return them to their original places. (i) Return the chemicals used to their original places. (j) Ensure all taps are turned off, the blackboard is wiped and stools are arranged neatly before leaving the science laboratory. 3 Safety precautions in the laboratory to comply: (a) Do not enter the science laboratory without the teacher’s permission. (b) Do not eat and drink in the science laboratory. (c) Do not play and run in the science laboratory. (d) Do not take science apparatus out of the laboratory without the teacher’s permission. (e) Do not conduct the experiment without the teacher’s instruction. (f) Do not point the mouth of the boiling tube to yourself or friends when heating a solution. (g) Do not inhale, touch or taste any chemicals without the teacher’s instruction. (h) Do not bring school bags into the science laboratory. 7 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 7 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

(i) Do not use paper to light up the Bunsen burner. (j) Use goggles and gloves when handling hazardous chemicals. (k) Experiments that involve the use of toxic volatile chemicals need to be conducted in a fume chamber. 1.3 Physical Quantities and Their Units Physical Quantities 1 A physical quantity is a physical property that can be quantified. This means that physical quantities can be measured and calculated. 2 Table 1.4 shows five physical quantities (also known as base quantities), which are used in measurement. 3 Each physical quantity is measured in the International System of Unit (S.I. Unit). 4 Other quantities such as velocity, area, volume and force are derived quantities since they are derived from base quantities by calculation. 5 For example, the physical quantity, velocity, is derived from base quantities, distance (length) and time. Symbols and Symbol Values for Prefixes 1 Prefixes are added to units to show how big or small the numerical values of physical quantities. 2 Basic unit values can be expressed in the form of prefixes. Examples: Table 1.5 The values of prefixes and symbols for physical quantity units Prefix Multiplication factor (10n) Symbol Numerical Value Giga 109 G 1 000 000 000 Mega 106 M 1 000 000 Kilo 103 k 1 000 Hecto 102 h 100 Deca 101 da 10 100 1 Deci 10−1 d 0.1 Centi 10−2 c 0.01 Milli 10−3 m 0.001 Micro 10−6 µ 0.000 001 Nano 10−9 n 0.000 000 001 (a) 9 000 m × 1 000 = 9 000 000 = 9 Mm (b) 89 m × 100 = 8 900 = 8.9 km (c) 0.02 g 10 000 000 = 0.000000002 = 2 ng (d) 80 m 10 000 = 0.008 = 8 mm Table 1.4 Physical quantities Physical quantity S.I. Unit Unit symbol Length Metre m Mass Kilogram kg Time Second s Temperature Kelvin K Electric current Ampere A 8 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 8 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Converting Units of Base Quantity 1 (a) The relationship between the standard units for length: 1 cm = 10 mm 1 m = 100 cm 1 km = 1 000 m (b) Conversion of units for length: kilometre (km) metre (m) desimetre (dm) centimetre (cm) millimetre (mm) × 1 000 × 10 × 10 × 10 ÷ 1 000 ÷ 10 ÷ 10 ÷ 10 2 (a) The relationship between the standard units for mass: 1 g = 1 000 mg 1 kg = 1 000 g (b) Conversion of units for mass: kilogram (kg) gram (g) × 1 000 ÷ 1 000 3 (a) The relationship between the standard units for time: 1 minute = 60 seconds 1 hour = 60 minutes 1 day = 24 hours (b) Conversion of units for time: hour (j) minute (min) second (s) × 60 × 60 ÷ 60 ÷ 60 Importance of the Use of S.I. Units in Everyday Life 1 In the past, humans use their body parts and things around them as units of measurement. 2 Before the units of measurements were standardised, various units were used in measurements. For example, inches, feet, yard, chain and mile were used to measure length, meanwhile ounce, pound and kati were used to measure weight. These units can be converted to S.I. units as shown below. Lengths/Distances Lengths/Distances Weights 1 inch = 0.02541 m 1 yard = 0.9144 m 1 ounce = 28.35 g 1 foot = 0.3048 m 1 mile = 1.609 km 1 pound = 453.59 g 1 tonne = 907.18 kg 3 Problems arise when people from different countries used different units in their measurements. 4 In 1960, S.I. unit was introduced to standardise units in measurements and to improve international comparisons. 5 The introduction of S.I. units all over the world enables people to exchange information, data and knowledge more accurately. 6 The International System of Unit (S.I. unit) is important as this system helps the world understand the measurement in just one set of units and does not need to convert these units to other units if they want to compare measurements. 9 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 9 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

7 This can prevent confusion between people around the world who use different measurement units. 8 The S.I. units are required for uniformity and accuracy when making a measurement. Therefore, people around the world are easier to communicate and understand each other when dealing in business, research and education. Use of Measuring Instruments, Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity and Errors 1.4 Using the Correct Measuring Instruments 1 Accuracy and consistency of measurement can be increased by using the correct measuring instruments. 2 Accuracy (a) The accuracy of measurement is how close a measurement value is to the actual value. (b) A measurement is more accurate if the value is closer to the actual value. (c) The difference between a measurement and the actual value is known as error. (d) The accuracy of a measurement may be increased by: (i) using a more sensitive measuring instrument (ii) taking a few readings (iii) avoiding parallax errors and zero errors 3 Precision (consistency) (a) The precision of a measuring instrument is the ability of the instrument to provide consistent reading when the same quantity of physics is measured more than once. (b) The measurement of a quantity is consistent if the measured values are close to each other. (c) A measurement is more precise if the relative deviation is smaller. (d) The precision of a measurement can be increased by: (i) using a magnifying glass when reading the scale of a measuring instrument. Magnifying lenses form a large image, so the scale can be seen more clearly. (ii) avoiding parallax errors 4 The meaning of precision and accuracy can be explained by studying the shots of three participants in the shooting game. 5 Sensitivity (a) The sensitivity of a measuring instrument is its ability to detect small changes in the physical quantity being measured. Precise and accurate Not precise and not accurate Precise and not accurate Diagram 1.5 Precision and accuracy in measurement •  Accuracy – Kejituan •  Precision – Kepersisan •  Sensitivy – Kepekaan Key Terms 10 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 10 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

(b) An instrument is more sensitive if the graduations on the scale is small. The smaller the graduations, the more sensitive the measuring instrument is. (c) The metre ruler is more sensitive than the measuring tape because the smallest graduation on the metre ruler is 0.1 cm while the smallest graduation on the measuring tape is 0.5 cm. 6 Error (a) An error in measurement occurs when there is a difference between the measured value and the actual value. (b) Common errors are called parallax errors. This error refers to the wrong eye position when taking measurement readings. Measuring Length 1 Length is the distance between two points. 2 The S.I. unit for length is metre (m). 3 Length can also be measured in millimetre (mm), centimetre (cm) and kilometre (km). 1 km = 1 000 m 1 m = 100 cm 1 cm = 10 mm Measuring the Length of a Straight Line 1 Ruler and measuring tape can be used to measure the length of a straight line. 2 The ruler is placed along the side of the object. 3 When reading the measurement, eyes must be vertically above the mark as shown in Diagram 1.6. 4 Parallax error can be avoided when the eyes are in the correct position before reading the measurement. 5 For accurate results, measurements are repeated and the average length is calculated. Measuring the Length of a Curve 1 String and ruler can be used to measure the length of a curve. 2 The string is placed along the curved line and the length of the string used is measured using the ruler. Measuring the Internal and External Diameters of an Object 1 Diameter of a round object can be measured as shown in Diagram 1.8. 2 The diameter of an object can be measured using calipers and a ruler. cm 0 2 1 Diagram 1.6 The correct eye position when taking readings Diagram 1.7 Measuring a curved line String Ruler Curved line Diagram 1.8 Measuring the diameter of a round object Wooden block Ping-pong ball 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ruler 11 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 11 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

3 There are two types of calipers: (a) Internal calipers to measure the internal diameter of an object. (b) External calipers to measure the external diameter of an object. (c) Example: Haikal measures the internal diameter and external diameter of a beaker. Below is the result obtained. Internal calipers External calipers Diagram 1.9(a) Measuring the internal diameter Diagram 1.9(b) Measuring the external diameter Based on the result obtained, the thickness of the beaker is calculated. Internal diameter 7.1 cm External diameter 7.5 cm Thickness of the beaker = External diameter – Internal diameter 2 = 7.5 – 7.1 2 = 0.4 2 = 0.2 cm Measuring Areas 1 The area of an object is the surface that covers the object. 2 The S.I. unit for area is square metres (m2 ). It can also be measured in square kilometres (km2 ) and square millimetres (mm2 ). 3 The area of a regular object can be measured by using the formulae in Table 1.6. 4 The area of an irregular object can be measured by using graph paper. Measuring Volumes 1 The volume of an object is the space it occupies. 2 The S.I. unit for volume is cubic metres (m3 ). It can also be measured in cubic kilometres (km3 ) and cubic millimetres (mm3 ). 1 cm3 = 1 m` 1 ` = 1 000 m` (cm3 ) 1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3 (m`) Object Formula Square Rectangle Area = Length × Width Triangle Area = 1 2 × Base × Height Circle Area = π × Radius2 a b T Trapezium Area = 1 2 × (a + b) × Height Table 1.6 Formulae for areas of different objects 12 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 12 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Volume of Liquids 1 The volume of a liquid can be measured using: (a) measuring cylinder (b) burette (c) pipette 2 The measuring cylinder is placed on a flat surface and eyes must be at the same level as the meniscus level of the liquid. 3 Burettes dan pipettes can be used to measure the volume of liquids more accurately compared to measuring cylinders. 4 A burette can measure the volume of liquid up to 0.1 m` accuracy. Liquid Retort stand Burette Burette Beaker Initial reading 20 mfi Final reading 48 mfi Initial reading = 20 m` Final reading = 48 m` Volume of liquid used = (48 – 20) m` = 28 m` Diagram 1.11 Measuring the volume of a liquid using a burette 5 Fixed amount of volumes such as 25 m` and 50 m` can be measured using pipettes. Volume of Solids 1 The volume of a regular solid can be calculated using a formula. Volume of cube or cuboid = Length × width × height 2 The volume of an irregular solid can be measured using the water displacement method. 3 Another method used to measure the volume of irregular solids is by using an eureka can. 4 The volume of the water displaced is measured using a measuring cylinder. The volume of the solid is equal to the volume of water being displaced. Eureka can Volume of stone Stone Stone Diagram 1.12 Measuring the volume of a solid using an eureka can Wrong position (✗) Correct position (✓) Wrong position (✗) Meniscus White paper Water 60 50 40 Diagram 1.10 Correct eye position when taking the reading of the volume of liquid in a measuring cylinder •  Calipers – Angkup •  Displacemet – Sesaran Key Terms 13 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 13 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Measuring Temperature 1 Temperature refers to the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. 2 A thermometer is used to measure temperature accurately. 3 There are two types of thermometer: (a) Clinical thermometer (i) Used to measure body temperature. (ii) Range: 35 °C to 42 °C (b) Laboratory thermometer (i) Used to measure temperature during scientific investigations. (ii) Range: –10 °C to 110 °C (iii) When taking the temperature of a liquid, hold the thermometer upright with one hand and place part of it into the liquid. (iv) Make sure that the bulb of the thermometer is placed in the liquid. Do not let the bulb touch the bottom or the wall of the container. (v) Take the reading of the temperature when the mercury is stable; i.e. does not go up or down. Make sure the position of the eyes is at the same level as the meniscus of the mercury. Diagram 1.16 The correct technique to measure temperature Diagram 1.15 Measuring the temperature of water Meniscus Wrong Correct Wrong 80 75 70 65 60 Measuring Weight and Mass 1 Based on the theory of universal gravitation by Sir Isaac Newton, the weight of an object is defined as the pull of gravity of the Earth on the object. 2 The S.I. unit for weight is Newton (N). 3 In the laboratory, weight can be measured by using a spring balance and compression balance. 4 Weight varies from place to place depending on the gravitational force involved. Mercury Scale in degree Constriction celsius Capillary tube 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 o C Diagram 1.13 Clinical thermometer Capillary tube Scale in degree celsius Bulb with thin glass walls Mercury -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 o C Diagram 1.14 Laboratory thermometer •  Temperature – Suhu •  Thermometer – Termometer •  Weight – Berat •  Mass – Jisim Key Terms 14 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 14 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

5 For example: (a) Weight is heavier when measured in the North Pole and South Pole than at the equator. (b) The weight of an object decreases when the object moves away from the Earth. (c) The Moon’s gravitational force is only 1 6 than that of the Earth. An object weighing 60 N on Earth will only weigh 10 N on the Moon. 6 Mass of an object is the amount of matter in the object. 7 The S.I. unit for mass is kilogram (kg). Mass can also be measured in gram (g) and milligram (mg). 8 Mass is measured by using lever balance, triple beam balance, beam balance, electronic balance and pan balance. 9 The mass of an object is constant because it is not influenced by external force such as gravitational force. 10 The mass of a solid object can be measured by placing the object on the lever balance. 11 The correct steps for measuring the mass of liquids are as follows: (a) The mass of an empty beaker or container is measured and recorded as P g. (b) Liquid X is poured into the beaker or container and the mass is measured again and recorded as Q g. (c) The mass of liquid X is the difference between Q and P. (Mass X = Q – P) g 12 Table 1.7 shows the differences between mass and weight. Table 1.7 The differences between mass and weight Mass Differences Weight Amount of matter in an object Definition The gravitational force on an object Kilogram (kg) S.I. unit Newton (N) Triple balance, beam balance and lever balance Types of balance Spring balance and compression balance Mass of an object is always constant Characteristic Weight of an object is different from place to place Spring balance Compression balance 1 5 4 3 2 8 7 6 10 9 10 N 0 9 8 2 7 3 6 5 4 1 Diagram 1.17 Types of balance to measure weight Pointer Lever balance Pan Scales Pan balance Beam balance Diagram 1.18 Types of balance for measuring mass 15 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 15 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Measuring Electric Current 1 An electric current is a flow of negative charges or electrons through a circuit. 2 The quantity of electric current can be measured using an ammeter. 3 The S.I. unit for electric current is ampere (A). 4 The relationship between standard units for electric current: 1 ampere = 1 000 milliampere (mA) 1 milliampere = 1 000 microampere (µA) Measuring Time 1 Time is the period between two moments. 2 The basic measurements for time are seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, decades and centuries. 3 The tools to measure a short period of time are stopwatch, digital stopwatch and digital watch. 4 Watches and clocks are used to measure time in daily life. 5 Calendars are used to measure a long period of time such as weeks, months and years. Stopwatch Digital stopwatch Digital watch Diagram 1.20 Tools to measure time Measuring Instruments with Higher Accuracy Vernier Calipers 1 A vernier calipers can measure objects with length up to 17 cm with accuracy 0.01 cm or 0.1 mm. 2 A vernier calipers has two scales: (a) The main scale is graduated in centimetres, from 0 to 17 cm and the smallest division is 0.1 cm. (b) The vernier scale is divided into 10 equal parts. The vernier scale can be slid along the main scale. 3 How to take readings: (a) Reading on the main scale (i) Read the reading on the main scale that is align to the mark ‘0’ on the vernier scale. Diagram 1.19 Ammeter is used to measure electric current in a circuit Ammeter 0 1 2 3 4 5 60 seconds = 1 minute 60 minutes = 1 hour 24 hours = 1 day 7 days = 1 week 30 days = 1 month 4 weeks = 1 month 365 days = 1 year 12 months = 1 year 10 years = 1 decade 100 years = 1 century 16 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 16 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

(ii) On Diagram 1.21, the mark ‘0’ is located between 5.7 cm and 5.8 cm. Thus, the reading on the main scale is 5.7 cm. (b) Reading on the vernier scale (i) Read the reading on the vernier scale that coincides with the main scale. (ii) On Diagram 1.21, the second line on the vernier scale coincides with one line on the main scale. Thus, the reading on the vernier scale is 2 × 0.01 cm = 0.02 cm (c) Reading on the vernier calipers = reading on the main scale + reading on the vernier scale = 5.7 cm + 0.02 cm = 5.72 cm 4 Any reading on the vernier calipers must be written in two decimal points even though it is a whole number. For example, 6.00 cm. 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 4 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 inci cm 0 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 4 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Inner jaw Main scale Outer jaw Vernier scale Diagram 1.21 Vernier calipers Micrometer Screw Gauge 1 A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure small objects such as the diameter of a wire and the thickness of a glass slide. 2 A micrometer screw gauge can measure length with accuracy up to 0.01 mm. 3 A micrometer screw gauge has two scales: (a) The main scale – graduated in millimetres and the smallest division is 0.5 mm (b) The thimble scale – graduated into 50 divisions 4 How to take readings: (a) Clip the objects that we want to measure between the two jaws by turning the thimble. (b) Turn the ratchet until a ‘click’ sound is heard. This is to prevent high pressure on the measured object. (c) Reading on the main scale (i) Read the reading on the main scale (ii) The reading on the main scale = 4.5 mm •  Gauge – Tolok •  Main scale – Skala utama •  Thimble scale – Skala bidal Key Terms 17 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 17 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Jaw Jaw Main scale Thimble scale Thimble Ratchet Reading on the main scale = mm Reading on the thimble scale = mm Total reading = mm 0 mm 0 mm 10 5 15 20 4.62 mm Diagram 1.22 Micrometer screw gauge (d) Reading on the thimble scale (i) Read the reading on the thimble scale that coincides with the horizontal line on the main scale. (ii) The reading on the thimble scale = 0.12 mm (e) Sum up the reading on the main scale with the reading on the thimble scale to get the length of the object. Thus, 4.5 mm + 0.12 mm = 4.62 mm 5 Precautionary measures when using the micrometer screw gauge: (a) Both jaws must be wiped with tissue paper or cloth so that no dirt can influence the readings. (b) The thimble is turned until a ‘click’ sound is heard. (c) Zero errors must be determined and eliminated when recording the readings. Digital Measuring Tools 1 Digital measuring tools are more accurate than analogue measuring tools because digital measuring tools are more sensitive. 2 Diagram 1.23 shows examples of digital measuring tools. Digital rangefinder Digital electronic balance Digital micrometer screw gauge Digital vernier calipers Digital thermometer Diagram 1.23 Digital measuring tools 18 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 18 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Hypothesis: The more sensitive the tool, the more accurate the reading value. Apparatus/Materials: Vernier calipers, micrometer screw gauge, ruler, three beam balance, clinical thermometer, digital thermometer, stopwatch, digital watch, ammeter and digital ammeter. Procedure: 1 The activity is carried out in groups. 2 Each group is asked to take readings at five stations in the laboratory using the measuring tools provided and the correct units. (a) Station 1: Measure the thickness of a table (b) Station 2: Measure the mass of a book (c) Station 3: Measure the body temperature (d) Station 4: Measure the time for 10 pulses (e) Station 5: Measure an electric current 3 Each measurement should be taken three times and the average reading is calculated. 4 The results are recorded in the table. 5 The relationship between the reading values on the measuring tool with the accuracy of the reading is specified. 1.1 To use, measure and handle measuring tools with higher accuracy correctly Activity Observation: Measurement Measuring tool Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Average Accuracy Consistency Sensitivity Thickness of book Ruler Vernier calipers Micrometer screw gauge Mass of book Three beam balance Digital balance Body temperature Clinical thermometer Digital thermometer Time Stopwatch Digital watch Electric current Ammeter Digital ammeter Discussion: 1 Readings are taken three times and then the average is calculated to get the accurate answer. 2 Digital measuring tools are more accurate. Accurate measuring tools give more accurate reading values. Conclusion: The hypothesis is accepted. The more sensitive the tool, the more accurate the reading value. 19 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 19 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Errors in Measurement 1 Every measurement certainly has an error. 2 An error in measurement occurs when there is a difference between the measured value and the actual value. 3 There are two types of errors: (a) Systematic error (b) Random error 4 Systematic errors (a) Systematic errors are caused by: (i) the condition of the measuring tool itself. The condition of the tool that is not properly calibrated may cause an error. (ii) zero error, which is an error occurred on a tool that does not show zero when it should show zero reading. For example, stopwatch P shows zero error -1 s. All the readings taken with stopwatch P must be added 1 s to the actual reading. Stopwatch Q shows zero error +1 s. All the readings taken using stopwatch Q must be deducted 1 s from the actual reading. (b) How to minimise systematic errors: (i) Perform calibration of tools. (ii) Adjust the pointer to be at the zero mark before measurement is made. 5 Random errors (a) Random errors are caused by: (i) technical error when taking measurement readings (ii) the measuring tool is less sensitive (iii) environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and electric field that may affect the reading of the tool. (b) An example of random error is a parallax error. Parallax errors due to the error when taking measurement readings because the observer’s eyes are not perpendicular with the scale readings on the measuring tool. (c) How to minimise random errors: (i) The correct measurement technique must be practiced. (ii) Measurement readings are taken several times. After that, the average reading is taken as the actual reading value. (iii) More sensitive measuring tools are used such as digital measuring tools. (iv) Measurements are made at the permissible temperature and humidity and avoiding the place where there is an electric field. P Q 60 55 50 45 40 20 15 10 5 60 30 50 10 40 20 45 40 20 15 60 55 50 10 5 60 30 50 10 40 20 Diagram 1.24 Zero error on analogue stopwatches 20 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 20 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Estimating Length, Area, Mass and Volume of Objects 1 Estimating length of objects (a) The length of an object can be estimated by comparing the length of the object with the length of a familiar object. (b) For example, comparing the length of a table with the length of a drinking straw. Drinking straw Length of a drinking straw = 20.3 cm The estimated length of the table = 7 × 20.3 cm = 142.1 cm Diagram 1.25 Estimating the length of a table 2 Estimating the area of objects (a) The area of an object can be estimated by tracing the outer line of the object on a graph paper 1 cm × 1 cm. (b) Then, count the number of squares that are half and more than half covered by the object. (c) Example: The estimated area of the leaf = 25 × 1 cm2 = 25 cm2 3 Estimating the mass of objects (a) The mass of an object can be estimated by comparing it with the weight of a familiar object. (b) Example 1: Compare the mass of a packet of flour with a weight of 500 gram by placing both objects on the left and right palms. So, the estimated mass of 1 packet of flour is 500 grams. (c) Example 2: Weigh 100 sheets of paper using a scale. Thus, the mass of a sheet of paper = 6 000 100 g = 60 g 4 Estimating the volume of objects (a) Regular objects (i) The volume of regular objects can be calculated using a formula. 1 cm 1 cm Diagram 1.26 Estimating the area of a leaf Diagram 1.27 The mass of 100 sheets of paper kg 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The mass of 100 sheets of paper = 6 000 g 21 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 21 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

(ii) Example: Volume of cube or cuboid = length × width × height (b) Irregular objects (i) The volume of irregular objects can be estimated using the water displacement method. (ii) Example: Measuring cylinder Stone 30 20 10 60 50 40 100 90 80 70 cm3 30 20 10 60 50 40 100 90 80 70 cm3 Diagram 1.28 Measuring the volume of an irregular object Initial volume of water = 30 m` Volume of water + stone = 50 m` Volume of stone = (50 – 30) m` = 20 m` 1.5 Density Arranging Materials Based on Density 1 Different materials have different densities. 2 For example, a rock is denser than cotton even though both have same size. A plastic cup is less dense than a ceramic cup. 3 Table 1.8 shows the density of common materials. Table 1.8 Density of some common materials Matter Density (g/cm3 ) Solid Feather 0.0025 Cork 0.25 Wood (Oak) 0.60 – 0.90 Ice 0.92 Brick 1.84 Glass 2.50 Aluminium 2.70 Steel 7.80 Silver 10.50 Gold 19.30 Matter Density (g/cm3 ) Liquid Petrol 0.70 Alcohol 0.80 Water 1.00 Glycerine 1.30 Mercury 13.60 Gas Hydrogen 0.0001 Air 0.0012 Oxygen 0.0013 Meaning of Density 1 Density is defined as mass per unit volume. 2 Density can be calculated using the following formula: Density = Mass (m) Volume (v) 3 Units for density are kilogram per metre cube (kg/m3 ) and gram per centimetre cube (g/cm3 ). 22 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 22 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Hypothesis: The larger the mass of the solid, the greater the density of the solid of the same volume. Variable Manipulated variable – Mass of solid Responding variable – Density of solid Constant variable – Volume of solid Apparatus/Materials: Wooden cube, cork cubes, steel cube and glass cube. Procedure: 1 Four cubes made of different materials with a volume of 1 cm3 are provided. 2 The mass of each cube is weighed and then the density of each cube is calculated by using the formula: Density = Mass (g) Volume (cm3 ) 3 The mass and density of each solid cube are recorded in the table. 4 The cubes are placed in a basin of water and observed to see whether they are floating or sinking. 1.1 To investigate the relationship between the mass and the density of various solids with the same volume Experiment Observation/Results: Wood Cork Steel Glass Volume (cm3 ) 1 1 1 1 Mass (g) 0.8 0.25 7.80 2.50 Density (g cm–3) 0.8 0.25 7.80 2.50 Floating or sinking Floats Floats Sinks Sinks Discussion: When the volume of solids is the same, that is 1 cm3 , density is equal to mass. From the results obtained, the arrangement of materials according to ascending density is cork, wood, glass and steel. Hypothesis: The hypothesis is accepted. The larger the mass of the solid, the greater the density of the solid of the same volume. Predicting Floating Materials or Sinking Materials Based on Density 1 Buoyancy refers to the ability of an object to float when placed in a fluid and this is related to density. 2 An object with low density will float on a liquid or a gas that has higher density than it. 3 An object with high density will sink in a liquid or a gas that has lower density than it. 23 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 23 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

4 This concept explains why some objects float on water while others sink. 5 For example, a log of wood floats on water because it is less dense than water; iron by comparison sinks because it is denser than water. 6 Lower density liquids float above higher density liquids. (a) This can be proven by mixing the same amount of cooking oil, methanol, distilled water and mercury. (b) Shake the container and let it stand for a few minutes. Then, observe the arrangement of liquids in the container. (c) Add a few objects into the liquids and observe the arrangement of these objects and the liquids. Alcohol (0.8 g/cm3 ) Cooking oil (0.9 g/cm3 ) Distilled water (1.0 g/cm3 ) Mercury (13.6 g/cm3 ) Diagram 1.29 Liquids with different densities Cooking oil (0.9 g/cm3 ) Alcohol (0.8 g/cm3 ) Distilled water (1.0 g/cm3 ) Mercury (13.6 g/cm3 ) Cork (0.25 g/cm3 ) Glass (2.5 g/cm3 ) Diagram 1.30 Liquids and objects with different densities 7 Gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen are less dense than water. Insoluble gases which are released into water will form air bubbles that will rise to the surface. Determining the Density Using Formula and the Water Displacement Method 1 To determine the density of a material, the mass and the volume of the material need to be obtained first. 2 The water displacement method can be used to obtain the volume of regular and irregular solids. 3 Once the volume is obtained, the density of the solid is determined by dividing the mass of the solid with its volume. 4 Calculating the density of materials (a) A brick has a mass of 2 208 g and a volume of 200 cm3 . Calculate the density of the brick. Density = Mass Volume = 2 208 1 200 = 1.84 g/cm3 (b) The density of a silver ingot with a volume of 50 cm3 is 10.50 g/cm3 . What is the mass of the silver ingot? Mass = Density × Volume = 10.5 × 50 = 525 g (c) The density of ice is 0.92 g/cm3 . Calculate the volume of 50 g of ice. Volume = Mass Density = 50 0.92 = 54.35 cm3 24 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 24 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Phenomena Related to the Differences in Density in Daily Life 1 Sea breeze (a) During the day, the land is heated up faster than the sea. (b) Hot air from the land, which is less dense rises. (c) Cold air from the sea, which is denser moves towards the land. (d) The movement of air from the sea to the land is called sea breeze. 2 Land breeze (a) At night, the land cools faster than the sea. (b) Hot air from the sea, which is less dense rises. (c) Cold air from the land, which is denser moves towards the sea. (d) The movement of air from the land to the sea is called land breeze. COOLER Sea breeze Day Cooler and more dense air settles down Sea breeze during the day WARMER Land breeze at night COOLER Night Cooler and more dense air settles down Hot and less dense air rises WARMER COOLER Sea breeze Day Cooler and more dense air settles down Sea breeze during the day WARMER Land breeze at night COOLER Night Cooler and more dense air settles down Hot and less dense air rises WARMER Diagram 1.31 Sea breeze and land breeze 3 Hot air balloon (a) When the burner is turned on, the air in the balloon becomes hotter and less dense than the cold air around the balloon. This causes the balloon to rise into the sky. (b) When the burner is turned off, the air in the balloon cools down and becomes denser than the air around the balloon. This causes the balloon to go down to the ground. 4 Submarine (a) A submarine has a constant volume but it can vary its mass by taking in water into its ballast tank. (b) When water is taken into the ballast tank, the mass of the submarine increases, making the submarine denser than sea water, allowing it to submerge into the ocean. (c) Conversely, when water is released from the ballast tank, the density decreases, allowing it to surface. •  Sea breeze – Bayu laut •  Land breeze – Bayu darat Key Terms 25 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 25 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

1.6 Steps in a Scientific Investigation Science Process Skills 1 Science process skills are divided into two, namely basic science process skills and integrated science process skills. 2 Table 1.9 describes each science process skill. Table 1.9 Description on science process skills Science process skill Description Basic Observing Make observations using senses to collect information about objects or phenomena. Classifying Sort and collect objects or phenomena based on common characteristics. Measuring and using numbers Make a quantitative observation, by stating in the form of numbers. Making inferences Make a reasonable initial conclusion, which may be true or false to describe an observation or phenomenon. Predicting Make an initial expectation of a phenomenon based on past observations and experiences or based on data from other investigations. Communicating Report the information of the investigation in the form of oral, written, graphic, table, diagram, model or formula. Using time-space relationships Describe parameter changes such as position, direction, shape, size, volume and mass with time. Integrated Interpreting data Explain rationally about objects, events or patterns from collected data. Defining operationally Define a concept by specifying what needs to be done and observed. Controlling variables A variable is manipulated to observe its relation to the responding variable. Making a hypothesis Make a statement about the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable. Experimenting Plan and conduct experiments to test the hypothesis, collect data and interpret the data until it gets formulated from the experiment. •  Investigation – Penyiasatan •  Predicting – Meramal •  Interpreting – Mentafsir •  Defining – Mendefinisi •  Variable – Pemboleh ubah Key Terms 26 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 26 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Steps in a Scientific Investigation 1 A scientific investigation is conducted to obtain data that can explain scientific observations. Diagram 1.32 Steps in a scientific investigation 5 Conducting the experiment (a) An experiment is carried out as planned to test the hypothesis. (b) When conducting the experiment, the apparatus and materials must be handled correctly and safely. (c) The results of the experiment are collected and recorded accurately. 4 Controlling the variables (a) Variables are factors which may influence the result of an experiment in one way or other. (b) Three types of variable should be identified: (i) Manipulated variable – independent variable which is systematically changed for the experiment (ii) Responding variable – dependent variable which is the result of the experiment that is determined (ii) Constant variable – factors which are kept constant throughout the experiment 1 Identifying the problem (a) Through observing the situation and phenomenon, scientists are able to determine the problem. (b) Problem statements should show the relationship between manipulated variable and responding variable. 8 Making a conclusion (a) A rational conclusion is then drawn to determine whether the data support the hypothesis. (b) Making general statements based on the result of the experiment. 7 Analysing and interpreting data (a) Tabulating data and calculations. (b) Analysing the relationship between manipulated variable and responding variable. (c) Information from the data should be explained using theoretical knowledge. 9 Writing a report (a) A complete report must be written based on the findings of the experiment. (b) The format of a report must include: (i) Problem statement (vi) Procedure/method (ii) Aim/objective (vii) Result (iii) Hypothesis (viii) Discussion (iv) Variables (ix) Conclusion (v) Apparatus and materials 6 Collecting data (a) The result which is referred as data is collected during the observations or measurements in an investigation and is recorded accurately. (b) Qualitative data is collected through observations. No measurements are recorded. Example: colour change of litmus paper from blue to red. (c) Quantitative data are collected based on measurements and can be stated in numbers. Example: time taken for 20 complete oscillations = 30 seconds. (d) Accuracy is an important aspect of data collection. 3 Planning the investigation (a) Planning an experiment to test the hypothesis. (b) The planning of an experiment involves the following: (i) gathering relevant information (ii) determining the apparatus and materials, variables and procedures involved in the experiment 2 Forming a hypothesis (a) A hypothesis is a smart guess or a possible explanation for the problem. (b) A hypothesis should show the predicted relationship between manipulated variable and responding variable. (c) An experiment should be carried out to determine either to support or refute the hypothesis. Flow Map 27 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 27 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Scientific Attitudes and Noble Values in Scientific Investigations 1.7 1 Scientists need to practice scientific attitudes and noble values when conducting scientific investigations. 2 Scientific attitudes and noble values that need to be practiced: (a) Be interested and curious about the environment. (b) Be honest and accurate when recording and verifying data. (c) Diligent and persevering in doing something. (d) Responsible for the safety of own self and others as well as the environment. (e) Realise that science is one way of understanding the nature. (f) Appreciate and practice a clean and healthy life. (g) Appreciate the balance of nature. (h) Decent and respect each other. (i) Appreciate the contribution of science and technology. (j) Grateful to God. (k) Critical and analytical thinking. (l) Be objective, systematic, co-operative, fair and justice, dare to try, think rationally, confident and independent. 3 The importance of practicing scientific attitudes and noble values: (a) To get accurate answers and make the right decision. (b) To become a scientist that is able to make the right decision. (c) Willing to change and adapt to new ideas. (d) To become responsible and creative researchers. (e) Could solve problems well that can benefit human beings and the environment. •  Attitude – Sikap •  Noble value – Nilai murni Key Terms 28 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 1Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 01_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch1_1-28_Final.indd 28 1/19/22 12:35 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Cytoplasm Stores food and water that are needed for chemical processes in the cell. Vacuol Holds cell sap that contains waste substances, water and salt. Animal cell Plant cell Chloroplast Contains chlorophyll that is needed for photosynthesis. Nucleus Controls all activities of the cell. Cell wall Protects and maintains the shape of the plant cell. Cell membrane • Encloses and protects the cell. • Controls the movement of water and dissolved substances in and out of the cell. Unicellular organisms Multicellular organisms Made up of only one cell. Made up of more than one cell. Can be found in ponds, lakes, rivers and moist places such as the soil and tree trunks. Can be found everywhere. Examples of unicellular microorganisms: Paramecium Euglena Chlamydomonas Amoeba Yeast Examples of multicellular microorganisms: Spirogyra Mucor Hydra Examples of multicellular organisms: Eagle Frog Snail Plant Rabbit Diagrammatic Notes Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life Structure of Animal Cells and Plant Cells Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms 29 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 29 1/19/22 12:37 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

What is a Cell? 1 Cells were first discovered by an English scientist named Robert Hooke in 1665. 2 He observed a thin slice of cork by using a microscope and noticed that the cork is made up of many small compartments like bricks and separated by partitions. 3 Hooke named those small compartments as cells and the partitions as cell walls. 4 All living things such as animals, plants and humans consist of cells. Cells differ in shape, size and functions. Cells form an organism. 5 Cells grow, change shape and adapt themselves to perform certain functions efficiently. In other words, cells undergo all life processes such as growth, respiration, reproduction and excretion. 6 For growth, cells in living things need to undergo cell division. 7 Cell division is the process whereby mother cells divide into two or more daughter cells. 8 Besides growth, living things undergo cell division to form new cells and replace damaged or dead cells. Preparing Slides According to Correct Procedures 1 Diagram 2.1 shows the steps in preparing slides. Flow Map Place a cover slip at 45° over the water droplet on the slide. Lower the cover slip slowly using a needle to avoid trapping any air bubbles Dry any excess water around the cover slip by using filter paper Observe the slide under a microscope with the low power objective lens Place the specimen on a clean glass slide Put a drop of distilled water on the specimen by using a dropper Diagram 2.1 Slide preparation 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life Theme 2: Maintenance and Continuity of Life Chapter 2.1 Structure, Function and Organisation of Cell • Cell – Sel • Life process – Proses hidup • Division – Pembahagian • Respiration – Respirasi • Reproduction – Pembiakan • Excretion – Perkumuhan Key Terms 30 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 30 1/19/22 12:37 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Technique in Using a Microscope Correctly 1 Place the microscope gently on the table. 2 Turn the lower power objective lens to be in line with the stage hole. 3 Look through the eyepiece and adjust the mirror and diaphragm to ensure enough light enters the microscope. 4 Clip the prepared slide on the stage. 5 Look through the eyepiece. Turn the coarse focus knob clockwise to move the body tube down until almost touching the slide. 6 Turn the coarse focus knob anti-clockwise to move the body tube until a clear image is seen. 7 Change the objective lens to a medium or high power, and turn the fine focus knob clockwise until the specimen can be seen clearly. 8 Remove the slide from the stage and clean the glass slide. Structure of Animal Cells and Plant Cells 1 Cells are the basic units of living things. 2 Cells are responsible for carrying out life processes. 3 Cells are different in shapes, sizes and contents depending on their functions. 4 Cells are very small and can only be seen under the microscope. Animal Cell 1 Animal cells do not have a fixed shape. 2 The cell membrane (also known as plasma membrane) is a thin layer that surrounds the cell. 3 The cell is filled with a jelly-like substance called cytoplasm. 4 In the cytoplasm there is a nucleus. 5 Both the nucleus and cytoplasm form the protoplasm. 6 A cheek cell is an example of an animal cell. Plant Cell 1 Plant cells have additional features that are not present or visible in animal cells. 2 The cell membrane is protected by the cell wall which is made of cellulose. 3 The cell wall supports and gives shape to the cell. 4 There are tiny green discs called chloroplast with green pigments called chlorophyll. 5 Plant cells have a large centralised space filled with cell sap. This space is called vacuole. 6 The epidermal cell of an onion is an example of a plant cell. Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Protoplasm Diagram 2.2 An animal cell Cell wall Cell membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Cytoplasm Nucleus Diagram 2.3 A plant cell 31 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 31 1/19/22 12:37 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Hypothesis: Onion cells have a regular shape. Each cell consists of a nucleus, cell wall, vacuole, cell membrane and cytoplasm. Onion cells do not have chloroplasts. Apparatus/Materials: Glass slide, cover slip, light microscope, razor blade, pin, dropper, forceps, filter paper, onion and iodine solution. Procedure: 1 A leaf from a bulb of an onion is peeled with a razor blade. 2 The epidermal layer is placed on the glass slide. A drop of iodine solution is placed on the specimen. 3 The cover slip is slid slowly to cover the specimen without trapping any air bubbles by using the pin. 4 A piece of filter paper is placed at other end of the cover slip to absorb any excess iodine solution. 5 The slide is observed under the microscope with low power lens. 6 The structure of the onion cell is drawn. Scale leaf Onion Epidermal layer Iodine solution Filter paper Pin Cover slip A prepared slide of onion epidermal cells Diagram 2.4 Preparing a slide of an onion epidermal cells Observation: Vacuole Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell wall Cell membrane Epidermal cells of onion Diagram 2.5 Epidermal cells of an onion Conclusion: The hypothesis is accepted. Onion cells have a regular shape. Each cell consists of a nucleus, cell wall, vacuole, cell membrane and cytoplasm. Onion cells do not have chloroplasts. Hypothesis: Cheek cells do not have a regular shape. Each cell consists of a nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm. Apparatus/Materials: Glass slide, cover slip, light microscope, toothpick, methylene blue solution, pin and filter paper. Procedure: 1 The inside of the cheek is scraped gently with a toothpick. 2 The scrapings are placed on a glass slide. Activity 2.1 To prepare a plant cell slide Activity 2.2 To prepare an animal cell slide 32 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 32 1/19/22 12:37 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Functions of Structures in Animal Cells and Plant Cells 1 Table 2.1 shows the functions of structures in animal cells and plant cells. Table 2.1 Functions of cell structures Structure Function Found in both animal and plant cells Cell membrane • Holds the structures found within the cell • Controls the materials that enter or leave the cell • Semi-permeable – it allows only certain materials to pass through Cytoplasm • Supports the structures that are found within the cell • Provides water and nutrients which are required for chemical reactions in the cell Nucleus • Controls the activities of the cell • Contains genetic materials which decide the characteristics of animals and plants Found only in plant cells Cell wall • Protects and gives support to the cell • Maintains the shape of the cell Chloroplast • Site for photosynthesis • Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy from the Sun to make food Vacuole • The cell sap contains water, nutrients and mineral salts • Some animal cells have small vacuoles 3 A drop of methylene blue solution is placed on the specimen. 4 The specimen is covered with a cover slip by using a pin. 5 Any excess methylene blue is absorbed with a piece of filter paper. 6 The specimen is observed under the microscope with low power lens and the structure of the cheek cell is drawn. Observation: Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Diagram 2.6 Human cheek cell Conclusion: The hypothesis is accepted. Cheek cells do not have a regular shape. Each cell consists of a nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm. 33 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 33 1/19/22 12:37 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Comparing Animal Cells and Plant Cells Animal cell Vacuol (Contains water and solute) Chloroplast (Contains chlorophyll) Plant cell Cell wall (Maintains the shape of the cell) Nucleus (Cell control centre) Cell membrane (Controls the entry and exit of materials from the cell) Cytoplasm (Stores dissolved materials) Diagram 2.7 Animal cell and plant cell Table 2.2 The comparison between animal cells and plant cells Similarities • Both have cytoplasm, nucleus and cell membrane • Both carry out life processes such as respiration and excretion. Differences Animal cell Aspect Plant cell Does not have a cell wall Cell wall Has a cell wall Irregular shape Shape Fixed shape Does not have chloroplasts Chloroplast Has chloroplasts with chlorophyll Usually no vacuole. If has, it is very small Vacuole Has a large central vacuole Glycogen granules Granules Starch granules Red blood cell, muscle cell Examples Guard cell, epidermal cell Unicellular Organisms and Multicellular Organisms 1 In general, organisms are divided into two types: (a) unicellular organisms (b) multicellular organisms 2 Both unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms can carry out all life processes such as: (a) movement (d) reproduction (g) respond to external stimuli (b) feeding (e) growth (c) respiration (f) excretion Unicellular Organisms 1 Unicellular organisms are organisms consisting of only one cell. 2 Each cell is one organism and able to carry out all the functions of life. 3 Their common habitats are water such as ponds, lakes and rivers, and moist areas such as the soil and tree trunks. 34 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 34 1/19/22 12:37 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

4 Unicellular organisms are very small and can only be seen by using a microscope. Thus, unicellular organisms are also known as microorganisms. 5 Examples of unicellular organisms are amoeba, paramecium, euglena, chlamydomonas, pleuroccoccus and yeast. Paramecium Chlamydomonas Amoeba Yeast Euglena Diagram 2.8 Examples of Multicellular Organisms unicellular organisms 1 Multicellular organisms are larger organisms with more than one cell. 2 These organisms are more complex than unicellular organisms. 3 Most of organisms are multicellular organisms such as large plants, animals and humans. 4 Examples of multicellular organisms which are microscopic are hydra, mucor and spirogyra. 5 Multicellular organisms consist of different types of cells, which carry out different functions. Hydra Cells Cells Mucor Sporangium Hypha Hypha One cell One cell Spirogyra Mucor Hydra Spirogyra Sporangium Diagram 2.9 Examples of microscopic multicellular organisms Balsam plant Frog Snail Katak Siput babi Pokok keembung Diagram 2.10 Examples of multicellular organisms Table 2.3 Comparison between unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms Unicellular organisms Multicellular organisms Have one cell only Have more than one cell Very small and can only be seen under the microscope. Complex organisms but there are also microscopic organisms such as hydra, mucor and spirogyra. Similarity: Undergo all life processes Types and Functions of Animal Cells Table 2.4 Types of human cells, characteristics and functions Type of cell Characteristic and function Found in Epithelial cells Form a few layers to protect the internal cells and secrete mucus Skin Epithelial cell 35 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 35 1/19/22 12:37 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Muscle cells Usually cylindrical or spindle in shape. Cause body movement by means of contraction. There are three types: smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. Muscles Muscle fibre Nucleus Skeletal muscles Cardiac muscles Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Smooth muscles Nucleus Nerve cells Have long, thin fibres which carry information in the form of impulses throughout the body. Brain nerves Dendrites Axon Nerve cell Red blood cells These cells are shaped like a biconcave disc and without nucleus. This increases the surface area to maximise the transportation of oxygen to all parts of the body. Blood Red blood cells White blood cells Can change shape and have a nucleus. Kill and destroy microorganisms and other foreign particles that enter the human body. Blood White blood cells Sperm cells The smallest cell in the human body. Have long tails which allow them to swim towards the ovum. The nucleus contains male genetic material. Testis Nucleus Mitochondrion Tail Sperm cell Ovum (egg cell) The largest cell in the human body. It is round in shape and the nucleus contains female genetic material. Ovari Ovum (egg cell) Bone cells Round in shape. Provide protection and support to the human body. Bone Bone cells 36 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 36 1/19/22 12:37 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Types and Functions of Plant Cells Table 2.5 Types of plant cells, characteristics and functions Type of cell Characteristic and function Found in Epidermal cells The outermost layer cells that cover the leaves, flowers, roots and stems. Function to prevent water loss, control the exchange of gases and absorption of water and nutrients. Leaves, flowers, roots and stems. Palisade cells Long and vertical. Contain many chloroplasts within each cell. Found in the mesophyll part of the leaf. Located beneath the upper epidermal layer. Upper epidermis Waxy cuticle Palisade cell Chloroplast Nucleus Guard cells Found in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other parts of the plant. The cells that surround each stoma. Help to control transpiration rate by opening and closing the stomata. Leaves and stem Stoma opens Stoma Cell wall Guard cells (turgid) Guard cells (flaccid) Chloroplast Vacuol Nucleus Stoma closed Root hair cells Grow at the root tip of the plant. Function to absorb water and nutrients from the soil Roots Root cortex Epidermis Root hair cell Cell Organisation in Organisms 1 Cell organisation in organisms is summarised as follows Cells → Tissues → Organs → Systems → Organism Cell Organisation in the Human Body 1 The human body is made up of various types of cells. 2 Each cell differs in shape, size, structure and function. 3 Cells grow, change shape and adapt themselves to perform specific functions efficiently. 4 These cells are known as specialised cells. 37 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 37 2/7/22 9:34 AM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

5 Diagram 2.11 shows how cells are organised in the human body. Man is made up of millions of basic units known as cells. Different tissues carrying out similar functions make up an organ. Similar cells carrying out the same function are grouped together to form tissues Different organs work together to form a system which performs a specialised function. Diagram 2.11 Cell organisation in the human body 6 The same type of cells which carry out a specific function are organised into a tissue. 7 For example, a group of muscle cells form a muscle tissue and a group of nerve cells form a nerve tissue. 8 The following is a list of various types of tissues with their specific functions: (a) Epithelial tissues – cover the body surface (for example, the skin) and inner lining of cavities (for example, digestive canal and trachea). (b) Nervous tissues – send and receive information to coordinate the activities of the body. (c) Muscle tissues – cause body movements by means of contraction. (d) Connective tissues – consist of blood cells, cartilage, adipose tissues and bones; give a shape, as well as protect, hold and support the internal organs; able to store and transport substances. 9 Different types of tissues form an organ. 10 An organ is a group of tissues that cooperate to carry out a specific life process. 11 For example, muscle tissues, epithelial tissues and connective tissues form blood vessels. 12 Table 2.6 shows examples of human organs and their functions. Table 2.6 Human organs and their functions Heart Pumps the blood which carries substances required by the body. Stomach Digests protein to simple components. Liver Controls blood glucose level. Kidney Removes waste products in the form of urine from the body. Epithelial Connective tissue tissue Muscle tissue Diagram 2.12 Human tissue 38 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 38 1/19/22 12:38 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Brain Controls and coordinates activities of the body. Large intestine Reabsorbtion of water and vitamins. Lungs Site for exchange of gases during breathing process. Skin Protects the body and controls body temperature. 13 Several organs are organised into a system. 14 Each system consists of several organs which are organised to carry out life processes such as respiration, reproduction and digestion. 15 The human body is made up of several systems. Table 2.6 shows the major organs and main functions of various systems in the human body. Table 2.7 Various systems in the human body Nervous system Carries impulses all over the body and coordinates activities in the body. Brain Spinal cord Nerves Skeletal system Supports the body by providing sites for attachment of muscles and protects the internal organs. Skull Vertebral column Rib cage Circulatory system • Transports oxygen and nutrients required by body cells • Transports waste products to excretory organs Blood vessels Heart Muscular system Helps in the movement of the body. Reproductive system Produces reproductive cells and offsprings. Testis Penis Ovary Uterus Vagina Excretory system Removes waste products and excessive water from the body. Urinary bladder Kidney Skin Lungs Ureter 39 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 39 1/19/22 12:38 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body. Bronchus Trachea Diaphragm Lungs Nasal cavity Endocrine system Produces hormones to regulate body’s activities. Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Ovary Adrenal glands Testis Integumentary system Covers entire body and protects against mechanical injuries. Hair Skin Nails Digestive system Breaks down complex food substances into simpler substances for easy absorption by the body. Mouth Oesophagus Liver Stomach Pancreas Anus Ileum Colon Rectum Lymphatic system • Defends the body against infections • Channels lymphatic fluids into the blood stream Neck Lymph node Lymph vessel Groin Wall of intestine Armpit 2.2 Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis Cell Respiration 1 Cell respiration is a set of metabolic process and responses that occur in the cells of organisms that oxidise food (glucose) to carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP. C6 H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2 O + 38 ATP Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Energy 2 The oxidation process of glucose requires oxygen. Glucose is oxidised to carbon dioxide and water and this process releases energy. 3 The produced energy is used for cell activities that require energy. 4 Thus, the process of cell respiration requires oxygen and glucose to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water. 40 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 40 1/19/22 12:38 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Photosynthesis 1 Photosynthesis is a process whereby green plants make food (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight. 2 During the photosynthesis process, oxygen is released as a by-product. 6CO2 + 6H2 O sunlight chlorophyll C6 H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen 3 The photosynthesis process only occurs in green plants because green plants have chlorophylls that act to absorb sunlight. 4 The photosynthesis process requires light energy, carbon dioxide, water and chlorophyll to produce glucose and oxygen. 5 The produced glucose is converted into starch and stored in fruit, stems and roots of plants. Test for the Presence of Starch Flow Map A leaf is plucked and placed in boiling water to soften the leaf and break the cells. The leaf is put in a boiling tube filled with ethanol. The boiling tube is placed in water bath. This is to dissolve and remove chlorophyll. The leaf is placed into hot water to remove ethanol. A few drops of iodine are added onto the leaf. The leaf turns dark blue, if starch is present. Boiling water Leaf xxxxxxxx Hot water Ethanol xxxxxxxx Iodine White tile Hot water Leaf Diagram 2.13 Test for the presence of starch Problem statement: Is sunlight needed for photosynthesis? Hypothesis: Plants need sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. Variables: Manipulated variable – Presence of sunlight Responding variable – Presence of starch Constant variable – Presence of carbon dioxide, chlorophyll and water 2.1 To investigate whether sunlight is needed for photosynthesis Experiment 41 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 41 1/19/22 12:38 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Apparatus/Materials: Black paper, paper clips, iodine solution and a green plant. Procedure: 1 A potted plant is destarched by placing it in a cupboard for two days. 2 A part of a leaf is covered with a piece of black paper as shown in Diagram 2.14. Black paper Sunlight Diagram 2.14 3 The plant isthen exposed to sunlight for two hours. 4 The leaf is plucked to test the presence of starch. Results: The part of the leaf that is exposed to sunlight turns dark blue while the part covered with black paper does not turn dark blue. Discussion: The part of the leaf covered with black paper does not receive sunlight. Hence, photosynthesis does not take place in this part. Conclusion: The hypothesis is accepted. Plants need sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. Procedure: 1 Two potted plants are destarched by placing them in a cupboard for two days. Sunlight Glass sheets Bell jars Sodium hydroxide solution Sunlight X Y Diagram 2.15 2 The apparatus is set up as shown in Diagram 2.15. 3 The potted plants are exposed to sunlight for two hours. 4 The leaves of plant X and plant Y are tested for the presence of starch. Problem statement: Is carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis? Hypothesis: Plants need carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis. Variables: Manipulated variable – Presence of carbon dioxide Responding variable – Presence of starch Constant variable – Presence of sunlight, chlorophyll and water Apparatus/Materials: Green plants, sodium hydroxide solution, bell jars, glass sheets and iodine solution. 2.2 To investigate whether carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis Experiment 42 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 42 1/19/22 12:38 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

Results: Plant Observation Explanation X Turns dark blue Starch present Y No change No starch Discussion: 1 Photosynthesis only takes place in plant X. 2 Sodium hydroxide solution is used to absorb carbon dioxide. Therefore, there is no carbon dioxide in bell jar Y. 3 Plant Y does not carry out photosynthesis because there is no carbon dioxide in bell jar Y. Hypothesis: The hypothesis is accepted. Plants need carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis. Problem statement: Is water needed for photosynthesis? Hypothesis: Plants need water to carry out photosynthesis. Variables: Manipulated variable – Presence of water Responding variable – Presence of starch Constant variable – Presence of carbon dioxide, sunlight, chlorophyll and type of plant Apparatus/Materials: Two potted green plants and water. Procedure: 1 Two potted green plants are destarched by placing them in a cupboard for two days. 2 After two days, both plants are placed under the sunlight. 3 One plant is watered every day while another plant is not watered. 4 After a week, starch test is carried out on the leaves from both plants. P Q Diagram 2.16 Keputusan: Plant Observation Explanation P Turns dark blue Starch present Q No change No starch Discussion: 1 Photosynthesis only occurs in plant P. 2 Plant Q does not carry out photosynthesis because there is no water. Conclusion: The hypothesis is accepted. Plants need water to carry photosynthesis. 2.3 To investigate whether water is needed for photosynthesis Experiment 43 Jawapan Form 1 Chapter 2Tingkatan 2 Pelajaran 38Tingkatan 3 Pelajaran 38 02_Revisi Cepat Sc_F1_Ch2_29-45_Final.indd 43 1/19/22 12:38 PM ENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

(UASA) Form 3 1 Diagram 1 shows the structure of the human ear. Ossicles Diagram 1 What is the function of ossicles? A Collect sound waves B Interpret nerve impulses C Amplify sound vibrations D Convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses 2 Diagram 2 shows a lateral line found on the body of a fish. Lateral line Diagram 2 What is the function of the lateral line? A Secretes poison B Detects stimuli C Produces pheromone D Produces electric fields Instruction: Answer all questions. Section A [20 marks] 3 The following shows the pathway of air during exhalation. Alveolus → P → Bronchus Trachea → Q What are P and Q? P Q A Larynx Nose B Pharynx Larynx C Bronchiole Nose D Nose Bronchiole 4 Diagram 3 shows the crosssection of a plant stem. P Q R S Diagram 3 Which structures are the transport tissues in the plant? A P and Q C P and R B Q and R D R and S 5 Which of the following cells controls the opening of the stomatal pore? A Guard cell B Epidermal cell Ujian Akhir Sesi Akademik (UASA) Form 3 U1 F3 RC SC UA(1-14).indd 1 3/4/2023 5:10:42 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

C Palisade mesophyll cell D Spongy mesophyll cell 6 Diagram 4 shows the longitudinal section of the human heart. X Diagram 4 What is the characteristic of structure X? A Is the smallest chamber B Has a less muscular wall C Has the thickest muscular wall D Has the thinnest muscular wall 7 Diagram 5 shows the extraction of a type of metal from its ore, X, in a blast furnace. X, coke and limestone Furnace gases Hot air Molten tin Slag Hot air Diagram 5 What is X? A Tin metal B Tin oxide C Tin powder D Tin carbonate 8 Which of the following combinations of elements forms bauxite? A Aluminium and carbon B Aluminium and oxygen C Aluminium and hydrogen D Aluminium, oxygen and carbon 9 The outer surface of a beaker containing water becomes cold after ammonium chloride is dissolved in it. What is the reaction that has occurred? A Exothermic B Endothermic C Displacement D Neutralisation 10 In which of the following diagrams, induced current is produced? A G G G G Solenoid B Solenoid G G G G C G G G G Static magnet Connecting wire D G G G G Connecting wire is moved (UASA) Form 3 U2 F3 RC SC UA(1-14).indd 2 3/4/2023 5:10:42 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD

(UASA) Form 3 11 What happens to the thermometer reading after sodium hydrogen carbonate is dissolved in hydrochloric acid? A Rises B Drops C No changes D Drops and then rises 12 An electrical appliance is rated 240 V, 800 W. The value of current is calculated by using the following formula. Current (A) = Power (W) Voltage (V) What is the most suitable value of fuse that can be used in the electrical appliance? A 1 A B 3 A C 5 A D 13 A 13 Diagram 6 shows a man pushing a car with a force of 200 N from point P to point Q. 2 m Q P Diagram 6 Calculate the work done by the man. A 100 J B 200 J C 300 J D 400 J 14 Diagram 7 shows the length of a spring before and after a load of 20 N is placed on it. 30 cm 25 cm 20 N Diagram 7 Calculate the elastic potential energy possessed by the compressed spring. A 50 J B 1.0 J C 0.5 J D 0.1 J 15 What is the use of radium in medicine? A Treats muscle defects B Produces anesthetics C Produces painkillers D Treats cancer 16 Atom P has 25 electrons. This atom loses 2 electrons and forms ion P. What is the charge of ion P? A Negative 2 B Positive 2 C Neutral D Zero 17 Which phenomenon occurs on the surface of the Sun? A Solar radiation storms B Geomagnetic storms C Van Allen Belt D Granules U3 F3 RC SC UA(1-14).indd 3 3/4/2023 5:10:43 PM PENERBIT ILMU BAKTI SDN. BHD