GATEWAY DRUGS

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ASHLEY NICOLE UMANDAP

COMPREHENSIVE
DANGEROUS DRUGS

ACT OF 2002

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165

is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 1858 and House Bill No. 4433. It was enacted
and passed by the Senate of the Philippines and House of Representatives of the
Philippines on May 30, 2002 and May 29, 2002, respectively. It was signed into law
by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on June 7, 2002.This Act repealed the
Republic Act No. 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as
amended, and providing funds for its implementation. Under this Act, the Dangerous
Drugs Board (DDB) remains as the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in
planning and formulation of policies and program on drug prevention and control.It
also created the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) under the Office of the
President, which serves as the implementing arm of the DDB, shall be responsible for
the efficient and effective ambt ... law enforcement of all the provisions on
any dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals as provided in
this Act.Article II Unlawful Acts and Penalties• Section 4 –Importation of Dangerous
Drugs –Penalty Life Imprisonment to death with fine of P500,000 to P10,000,000.•
Section 5 –Sale Trading, Admin Station, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution

EFFECTS OF
SMOKING ON
THIRD HAND

SMOKERS

Third-hand smoke has to do with the SOURCE:https://guardianlv.com/2014/06/smoking-
remaining contamination that exists after the effects-first-hand-second-hand-third-hand-and-
cigarette has been put out. A pediatrician at banned/
the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center in
Boston, Johnathan Winickoff, has recently
authored a study exposing the toxins that
remain in clothes, carpets, sofas, etc., and
has coined the phrase “third-hand smoke.”
Winickoff’s research team is concerned with
the build-up of toxicity over time. The toxins
accumulate layer upon layer and the
exposure has been linked to diminished IQ’s.
Dangerous compounds found in cigarette
smoke are cyanide and arsenic. Cyanide is
used in chemical weapons and prohibits
oxygen from being released into tissues.
Arsenic is used to kill rats. Another
researcher, Director of the Center for
Tobacco Control Research and Education at
the University of California, San Francisco,
agreed that the levels of cigarette toxicity
are astronomical in comparison to other
forms of environmental toxins.

EFFECTS OF
SMOKING ON

SECOND
HAND

SMOKERS

Although there are numerous other first-hand SOURCE:https://guardianlv.com/2014/06/smoking-
health risks for smokers, the second-hand effects-first-hand-second-hand-third-hand-and-
health risks are not to be taken lightly. banned/
Second-hand smoke is defined as the
emissions coming from the end of a burning
cigarette as well as what is being exhaled by
the smoker. More than 7,000 chemicals are
polluting the air from this second-hand
smoke, of which hundreds are toxic and 70 of
those are known to cause cancer. According
to the Surgeon General’s Report, since 1964,
deaths caused by breathing second-hand
smoke have surpassed the 2.5 million
mark.Second-hand smoke does not offer a
risk-free level of exposure. Second-hand
smoke creates a vast amount of problems in
children and infants, including asthma, ear
infections, respiratory infections as well as
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Parents
are advised by the Centers for Disease
Control to protect their children from smoke
at all costs.  Non-smokers suffer many of the
same health risks as do smokers, including
damage to lining of blood vessels, resulting in
heart attacks and strokes, along with
increased susceptibility to lung cancer and
other respiratory illnesses.

EFFECTS OF
SMOKING ON
FIRST HAND
SMOKERS

SMOKING EFFECTS HAVE VARYING DEGREES
OF HEALTH CONSEQUENCES DEPENDING ON
WHETHER A PERSON DIRECTLY SMOKES
CIGARETTES FIRST-HAND, IS BREATHING
SECOND-HAND SMOKE OR EVEN BEING
EXPOSED FROM A THIRD-HAND
PERSPECTIVE. SINCE ALL POSE SIGNIFICANT
HEALTH RISKS, MORE IS BEING DONE TO
IMPLEMENT BANS FOR PUBLIC SAFETY. IN
GENERAL, SMOKING CAN HARM NEARLY ALL
ORGANS IN THE BODY. IT IS CONFIRMED
THAT CELL MUTATION IS A SERIOUS SIDE-
EFFECT AS A RESULT OF NICOTINE
EXPOSURE.

Cigarettes increases risk for stroke and heart disease Cancer knows no boundaries when it comes to
by two to four times, and  increases risk for lung smoking. It is likely to attack anywhere in the body
cancer by 25 times. Not only does smoking increase including bladder, kidney and ureter, cervix, colon,
absenteeism from work, but also causes overall health rectum, pancreas, stomach, trachea, bronchus, lung,
to be diminished which increases the need for health parts of the throat, tongue, soft palate and tonsils,
care and the cost that comes with it. The leading larynx, esophagus, liver, and blood. The risk of dying
cause of death in the United States is coronary heart from cancer is increased in all people who are
disease and stroke which is directly related to the exposed. It has been observed that if  “no one
effects of smoking. Blood vessels are damaged by smoked” at least one in every three deaths in the
cigarette smoke in that the smoke can thicken the United States could be prevented. Knowing the
walls, making them narrower, thus preventing the heart broad range of effects that cigarette vapors have on
from receiving enough oxygen. This results in all people, public safety measures are becoming
damaging the heart muscle. Clotting can cause either more widespread to protect individuals from the
a heart attack or stroke.Lung diseases caused by first-hand, second-hand and third-hand effects of
smoking include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, smoking by instating more bans.
asthma and lung cancer. Non-smokers are 12 to 13
times less likely to die from these respiratory illnesses SOURCE:https://guardianlv.com/2014/06/smoking-
than the actual smoker effects-first-hand-second-hand-third-hand-and-
banned/

SMOKING
STATISTICS IN
PHILIPPINES

LONG TERM
EFFECTS OF
SMOKING

EFFECTS OFSMOKING

THE TAR IN THE CIGARETTES COATS THE
INNER LINING OF THE LUNGS AND THE
AIRWAYS LEADING TO LUNG AND THROAT
CANCERS
THE CARBON MONOXIDE IN CIGARETTE SMOKE
REDUCES THE AMOUNT TO OXYGEN SUPPLY
TO THE BRAIN AND MAY CAUSE A LONG-TERM
SMOKER TO DEVELOP BRAIN DAMAGE AND
STROKE
CIGARETTE SMOKING CAUSES THE
NARROWING OF BLOOD VESSELS LEADING TO
AN INCREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE, WHICH
CAN LEAD TO HEART ATTACK AND STROKE
NICOTINE INCREASES THE RISK FOR HEART
DISEASES AND CAUSE THE HARDENING OF
ARTERIES OVER TIME, LEADING TO A NUMBER
OF CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS
ONE OF THE MOST WELL-KNOWN LONG-TERM
EFFECTS OF SMOKING IS CANCER, AND
SMOKING CAN CAUSE CANCER OF THE LUNGS,
THE MOUTH,
THROAT, STOMACH, PANCREAS, KIDNEYS, BLA
DDER, AND THE CERVIX. SMOKING MAY ALSO
CAUSE MYELOID LEUKEMIA WHICH IS A
CANCER OF THE BONE MARROW THAT
AFFECTS BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
THE LOSS OF THE ABILITIES TO SMELL, TASTE,
AND EVEN HEAREYE CATARACTS AND
MACULAR DEGENERATION
THE YELLOWING OF TEETH, TOOTH DECAY,
AND BAD BREATH
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
ASTHMA
CHRONIC COUGH WITH PHLEGM
EMPHYSEMA WHICH IS A CONDITION
CHARACTERIZED BY THE LOSS OF ELASTICITY
IN THE SMALL AIRWAYS CALLED
BRONCHIOLES THAT JOIN THE TINY AIR SACS
CALLED THE ALVEOLI IN THE LUNGS
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
LOWERED IMMUNITY AND INCREASED RISK OF
INFECTIONS
SLOWER HEALING OF BODY
WOUNDSDECREASED APPETITESTOMACH
ULCERS
EARLY SKIN AGEING AND APPEARANCE OF
WRINKLES
LOWERED FERTILITY IN WOMEN AND
INCREASED RISKS OF MISCARRIAGES
IRREGULAR PERIODS AND EARLY MENOPAUSE
IMPOTENCE AND REDUCED SPERM
PRODUCTION IN MEN

SOURCE:
HTTPS://WWW.HEALTHCHECKUP.COM/GENERAL
/SMOKING-EFFECTS/

SHORT TERM
EFFECTS

EFFECTSOFSMOKING

INITIAL STIMULATION OF THE BRAIN’S
PLEASURE CENTERS, FOLLOWED BY REDUCTION
IN THE ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN AND THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
FEELINGS OF MILD EUPHORIA AND
RELAXATION
INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART
RATE WHICH TAKE A TOLL ON THE HEART
DECREASED BLOOD FLOW TO THE FINGERS
AND TOES
A DECREASE IN THE SKIN TEMPERATURE DUE
TO DECREASED BLOOD FLOW IN THE BODY
DECREASED APPETITE
FEELINGS OF NAUSEA AND VOMITING,
INCLUDING ABDOMINAL CRAMPS BECAUSE
NICOTINE IS KNOWN TO TRIGGER
PERISTALSIS, WHICH IS THE CONTRACTION OF
THE MUSCLES IN YOUR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THAT HELPS CARRY OUT WASTE. YOUR FIRST
DRAG COULD CAUSE YOU TO RUN TO THE
RESTROOM BECAUSE OF PERISTALSIS
COUGHING AND THROAT IRRITATION DUE TO
THE SMOKE.
SMOKING WEAKENS A PERSON’S IMMUNE
SYSTEM AND HIS BODY’S ABILITY TO PROTECT
ITSELF FROM INFECTIONS AND DISEASES.
SOME OF THE CHEMICALS IN TOBACCO
SMOKE HAVE THE CAPACITY TO CHANGE THE
STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN, AND THIS LEADS TO
THE DISCOLORATION AND WRINKLING OF THE
SKIN, CAUSING THE SKIN TO AGE
PREMATURELY
TOBACCO CAUSES THE NARROWING OF
BLOOD VESSELS THROUGHOUT THE BODY,
INCLUDING THE BLOOD VESSELS THAT SUPPLY
BLOOD TO THE PENIS, THUS CAUSING
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN MEN.
SMOKING CAN CAUSE SHORTNESS OF BREATH
AND TIGHTNESS IN THE CHEST.
BAD BREATHLOSS OF TASTE
A LOSS IN THE ATHLETIC ABILITY OF AN
INDIVIDUAL
INCREASED HEART RATE
TOBACCO ADDICTION

SOURCE:HTTPS://WWW.HEALTHCHECKUP.COM/
GENERAL/SMOKING-EFFECTS/

CIGARETTES

WE HAVE ALL KNOWN THAT SMOKING IS BAD Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke,
FOR OUR HEALTH BUT MAYBE SOME DOESN'T diabetes and lung diseases (including emphysema,
SO HERE ARE SOME FACTS AND STATISTICS bronchitis and chronic airway obstruction).
ABOUT SMOKING AND TOBACCO Smokers typically inhale about 1 milligram (mg) of
nicotine in a single cigarette.4 For some, that’s all it
On average, the life expectancy of a smoker is 10 takes to become addicted.
years less than a nonsmoker. Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable death
Cigarette smoke contains more than 7,000 in the world.
chemicals, 70 of which are known to cause cancer. Cigarette smoking is always associated with serious
Nearly 9 out of 10 smokers start before the age of 18 health risk. Tobacco contains the additive
and almost all start smoking by age 26. psychoactive chemical.
Every day, more than 3,200 children and teens under The pregnant women who smoke cigarette have the
18 years old smoke their first cigarette. (There are risk of having the birth defects. The baby may have
also 2,100 young adults who turn into daily smokers the premature birth, low birth weight and fetal
each day.) abnormalities.
For every person who dies from a smoking-related After 1950s, people began to produce the modern
disease, 20 more people suffer from a smoking- cigarettes. The shredded tobacco leaf is considered
related illness. as the main composition in the cigarettes. The blend
Smoking and tobacco use causes more than 5 usually contains the tobacco processing byproducts.
million deaths per year worldwide.
Current trends show that this will increase to more SOURCE:http://www.standaz.com/tobacco-facts/
than 8 million deaths annually by 2030.Smoking is
responsible for about 1 in 5 deaths annually in the
United States. (That means tobacco causes about
480,000 deaths per year—and 41,000 of those
deaths are because of exposure to secondhand
smoke).

LONG TERM
EFFECTS

EFFECTSOFDRINKING

ALCOHOL

ALCOHOL CONTRIBUTES TO OVER 200 DISEASES
AND INJURY-RELATED HEALTH CONDITIONS
INCLUDING DEPENDENCE AND ADDICTION,
LIVER CIRRHOSIS, CANCERS, AND
UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES SUCH AS MOTOR
VEHICLE ACCIDENTS, FALLS, BURNS, ASSAULTS,
AND DROWNING.AROUND 88,000 PEOPLE IN THE
U.S DIE FROM ALCOHOL-RELATED CAUSES
EVERY YEAR. THIS MAKES IT THE THIRD LEADING
PREVENTABLE CAUSE OF DEATH.LONG-TERM
ALCOHOL MISUSE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
FOLLOWING HEALTH PROBLEMS:
IF A PERSON CONSUMES LARGE AMOUNTS OF
ALCOHOL REGULARLY, THEIR TOLERANCE CAN
INCREASE, AND THE BODY REQUIRES MORE
ALCOHOL TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED EFFECT.AS
THE BODY ADAPTS TO THE PRESENCE OF THE
DRUG, DEPENDENCY AND ADDICTION CAN
RESULT. IF CONSUMPTION STOPS SUDDENLY,
THE PERSON MAY EXPERIENCE WITHDRAWAL
SYMPTOMS.ALCOHOL ADDICTION IS A DISEASE
CHARACTERIZED BY A STRONG CRAVING FOR
ALCOHOL, AND CONTINUED USE DESPITE A
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON HEALTH, INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIPS, AND ABILITY TO WORK. IF THE
PERSON STOPS DRINKING, THEY WILL
EXPERIENCE WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS.SIGNS
AND SYMPTOMS OF WITHDRAWAL GENERALLY
OCCUR BETWEEN 4 AND 72 HOURS AFTER THE
LAST DRINK OR AFTER REDUCING INTAKE. THEY
PEAK AT ABOUT 48 HOURS AND MAY LAST UP TO
5 DAYS.

SOURCE:HTTPS://WWW.MEDICALNEWSTODAY.C
OM/ARTICLES/305062.PHP#-TREATMENT

SHORT TERM
EFFECTS

EFFECTSOFDRINKINGTOO

MUCHALCOHOL

ALCOHOL’S EFFECTS VARY FROM PERSON TO
PERSON, DEPENDING ON A VARIETY OF
FACTORS, INCLUDING:HOW MUCH YOU DRINK,
HOW OFTEN YOU DRINK, YOUR AGE,YOUR
HEALTH STATUS,YOUR FAMILY HISTORY. WHILE
DRINKING ALCOHOL IS ITSELF NOT
NECESSARILY A PROBLEM—DRINKING TOO
MUCH CAN CAUSE A RANGE OF
CONSEQUENCES, AND INCREASE YOUR RISK FOR
A VARIETY OF PROBLEMS.

THE SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL DEPEND
ON:HOW MUCH IS CONSUMEDHOW QUICKLYTHE
WEIGHT, SEX, AND BODY FAT PERCENTAGE OF
THE INDIVIDUALWHETHER OR NOT THEY HAVE
EATEN.AFTER DRINKING TOO MUCH IN AN
EVENING, A PERSON MAY CONTINUE TO FEEL
THE EFFECTS OF THE ALCOHOL ON WAKING UP,
WITH WHAT IS COMMONLY CALLED A
"HANGOVER."SOME PEOPLE WILL FEEL UNWELL
IMMEDIATELY AFTER DRINKING ALCOHOL. THEY
MAY HAVE AN INTOLERANCE, INSENSITIVITY, OR
ALLERGY TO ALCOHOL OR ANOTHER INGREDIENT
IN A DRINK.WHEN THE AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL IN
THE BLOOD EXCEEDS A CERTAIN LEVEL, THIS
CAN LEAD TO ALCOHOL TOXICITY, OR
POISONING. THIS IS A DANGEROUS
CONDITION.SINCE ALCOHOL IS A DEPRESSANT,
IT CAN SLOW THE BREATHING, LEADING TO A
LACK OF OXYGEN TO THE BRAIN.INTOXICATION
IMPAIRS JUDGMENT AND CAN RESULT IN
INAPPROPRIATE AND ILLEGAL BEHAVIORS SUCH
AS SEXUAL PROMISCUITY, DISORDERLY
CONDUCT, DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED AND
ACTS OF VIOLENCE.AT FIRST, THE PERSON MAY
FEEL RELAXED, UNINHIBITED, OR GIDDY. AS THEY
CONSUME MORE ALCOHOL, INTOXICATION MAY
RESULT.OTHER SIGNS OF INTOXICATION
INCLUDE:SLURRED SPEECH CLUMSINESS AND
UNSTEADY GAIT DROWSINESS VOMITING
HEADACHE DISTORTION OF SENSES AND
PERCEPTION LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND
LAPSES IN MEMORY.

SOURCE:HTTPS://WWW.MEDICALNEWSTODAY.C
OM/ARTICLES/305062.PHP#-TREATMENT

ALCOHOL

PEOPLE DRINK TO SOCIALIZE, CELEBRATE, AND There is a causal relationship between harmful
RELAX. ALCOHOL OFTEN HAS A STRONG EFFECT use of alcohol and a range of mental and
ON PEOPLE—AND THROUGHOUT HISTORY, behavioural disorders, other noncommunicable
PEOPLE HAVE STRUGGLED TO UNDERSTAND AND conditions as well as injuries.The latest causal
MANAGE ALCOHOL’S POWER. WHY DOES relationships have been established between
ALCOHOL CAUSE PEOPLE TO ACT AND FEEL harmful drinking and incidence of infectious
DIFFERENTLY? HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH? WHY diseases such as tuberculosis as well as the
DO SOME PEOPLE BECOME ADDICTED WHILE course of HIV/AIDS.Beyond health
OTHERS DO NOT? consequences, the harmful use of alcohol
brings significant social and economic losses to
Worldwide, 3 million deaths every year result individuals and society at large. Alcohol is a
from harmful use of alcohol, this represent 5.3 psychoactive substance with dependence-
% of all deaths.The harmful use of alcohol is a producing properties that has been widely used
causal factor in more than 200 disease and in many cultures for centuries. 
injury conditions.Overall 5.1 % of the global SOURCE:https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-
burden of disease and injury is attributable to abuse/alcohol
alcohol, as measured in disability-adjusted life
years (DALYs).Alcohol consumption causes
death and disability relatively early in life. In
the age group 20–39 years approximately 13.5
% of the total deaths are alcohol-attributable.

GATEWAY HISTORYOF
DRUGS GATEWAY
DRUGS
EXPLORE ANOTHER SIDE OF SOME PEOPLE'S
WORLD THROUGH LEARNING The idea that drug use can occur in
stages took root in the mid-20th
Gateway drugs are substances that, when century. TV shows such as “The
consumed, give way to harder, more dangerous Terrible Truth” suggested marijuana
drugs. These milder substances, such use led to heroin addiction.
as nicotine or alcohol, are believed to open the Researchers began using the term
door to drugs such as meth, heroin and cocaine, “gateway drug” in the 1980s to
which can lead to addiction. Gateway drugs describe substances that initiate
also prime or prepare the brain for a response these stages.National anti-drug
to other substances, a process known as cross- programs such as Drug Abuse
sensitization. This heightens brain activity and Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)
could make users more likely to seek stronger specifically outline the consequences
substances. Gateway drugs may be one factor of three potential gateway drugs:
that affects a person’s risk of trying more marijuana, alcohol and
dangerous substances. tobacco.Studies were conducted
SOURCE:https://www.drugrehab.com/guides/g soon thereafter. In 1985, a report
ateway-drugs/ published in the Journal of Youth and
Adolescence found alcohol to be a
steppingstone to use of heavier drugs.
Research on gateway drugs
blossomed during the next three
decades

gateway
drugs

OCTOBER 2019 • ISSUE 1 • VOLUME 2