Land Snakes of Medical Significance in Malaysia Third Edition 2022_eBook Version

Adult
© Guek Hock Ping @ Kurt

41

NATRICIDAE

MyBIS: 21531 RTAV Adult (Thailand)
© Taksa Vasaruchapong
IUCN Red List
Thai Red-necked Keelback (EN)
Least Rhabdophis siamensis
Concern
42
(LC)

Adult Juvenile
© Taksa Vasaruchapong © Max Jackson

Adult Juvenile
© Guek Hock Ping @ Kurt © Gernot Vogel

43

PYTHONIDAE

Juvenile Reticulated Python (EN)
© Teo Eng Wah Ular Sawa Batik (BM)

MyBIS: 58057 Malayopython reticulatus

IUCN Red List 44

Least
Concern

(LC)

Juvenile Adult
© Teo Eng Wah © Ahmad Khaldun
Adult
Juvenile © Teo Eng Wah
© Teo Eng Wah
45

PYTHONIDAE

Adult Borneo Python (EN)
© Teo Eng Wah Ular Ripen (BM)

MyBIS: 21538 Python breitensteini

IUCN Red List 46

Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult Female Adult
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

Adult Female Adult Female
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

47

PYTHONIDAE

Adult Blood Python (EN)
© Teo Eng Wah Ular Sawa Darah (BM)

MyBIS: 21539 Python brongersmai

IUCN Red List 48

Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult Adult
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

Juvenile Juvenile
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

49

VIPERIDAE

Adult CRAV Malayan Pit Viper (EN)
© Teo Eng Wah HPAV Ular Kapak Bodoh (BM)
Calloselasma rhodostoma
MyBIS: 20891
50
IUCN Red List

Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult
© Teo Eng Wah

Adult
© Teo Eng Wah

Adult (Thailand)
© Taksa Vasaruchapong
Adult
© Teo Eng Wah

51

VIPERIDAE

Adult GPAV Kinabalu Brown Pit Viper (EN)
© Tom Charlton HPAV Ular Kapak Perang Kinabalu (BM)

MyBIS: 22578 Garthius chaseni

IUCN Red List 52

Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult Adult
© Guek Hock Ping @ Kurt © Guek Hock Ping @ Kurt

53

VIPERIDAE

Adult GPAV Indo-Malayan Mountain Pit Viper (EN)
© Stephen Hogg HPAV Ular Kapak Gunung (BM)
Ovophis convictus
MyBIS: 21434
54
IUCN Red List

Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult Adult
© Teo Eng Wah © Muhammad Khaidir Arif bin Che Mat

Juvenile Juvenile
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

55

VIPERIDAE

Adult GPAV Bornean Palm Pit Viper (EN)
© Indraneil Das HPAV Ular Kapak Borneo (BM)
Trimeresurus borneensis
MyBIS: 21659
56
IUCN Red List

Least
Concern

(LC)

Sub-Adult Juvenile Sub-Adult
© Tan Song Wei © Indraneil Das © Tan Song Wei

Sub-Adult Juvenile
© Tan Song Wei © Indraneil Das

Adult
© Teo Eng Wah

57

VIPERIDAE

Adult GPAV Hagen’s Pit Viper (EN)
© Teo Eng Wah HPAV Ular Kapak Hagen (BM)

MyBIS: 09931 Trimeresurus hageni

IUCN Red List 58

Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult Female
© Teo Eng Wah

Juvenile Adult Shedding
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

Adult (Thailand)
© Taksa Vasaruchapong

59

VIPERIDAE

Adult
© Guek Hock Ping @ Kurt

MyBIS: 58145 GPAV Malcolm’s Pit Viper (EN)
HPAV Ular Kapak Malcolm (BM)
IUCN Red List
Trimeresurus malcolmi
Near
Threatened 60

(NT)

Adult
© Tom Charlton

Adult Adult
© Indraneil Das © Guek Hock Ping @ Kurt

61

VIPERIDAE

Adult GPAV Cameron Highlands Pit Viper (EN)
© Teo Eng Wah HPAV Ular Kapak Cameron (BM)
Trimeresurus nebularis
MyBIS: 58162
62
IUCN Red List

Vulnerable
(VU)

Adult Adult
© Teo Eng Wah © Stephen Hogg

Adult Adult
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

63

VIPERIDAE

Adult GPAV Mangrove Pit Viper (EN)
© Teo Eng Wah HPAV Ular Kapak Bakau (BM)
Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus
MyBIS: 57766
64
IUCN Red List

Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult Adult Adult
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah © Gernot Vogel

Adult Adult Adult
© Gernot Vogel © Taksa Vasaruchapong © Taksa Vasaruchapong

65

VIPERIDAE

Adult GPAV Fairy Pit Viper (EN) Tioman
© Peter Lee Shiuh Hwa HPAV Ular Kapak Pulau Tioman (BM) Island

MyBIS: 58159 Trimeresurus sabahi buniana

IUCN Red List 66

Endangered
(EN)

Adult
© Peter Lee Shiuh Hwa

Adult
© Peter Lee Shiuh Hwa

67

VIPERIDAE

Adult Male GPAV Siamese Peninsula Pit Viper (EN)
© Teo Eng Wah HPAV Trimeresurus sabahi fucatus

MyBIS: 58164 68

IUCN Red List

Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult Male Adult Female
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

Adult Male Adult Female
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

69

VIPERIDAE

Adult
© Tom Charlton

MyBIS: 58159 GPAV Ular Kapak Sabah (BM)
HPAV Trimeresurus sabahi sabahi
IUCN Red List
70
Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult
© Indraneil Das

Adult
© Indraneil Das

Adult
© Tom Charlton

71

VIPERIDAE

Adult
© Gernot Vogel

MyBIS: 58157 GPAV Sumatran Pit Viper (EN)
HPAV Ular Kapak Sumatra (BM)
IUCN Red List
Trimeresurus sumatranus
Least
Concern 72

(LC)

Adult
© Indraneil Das

Juvenile
© Teo Eng Wah

73

VIPERIDAE

MyBIS: 53771 Adult
© Tom Charlton
GPAV
HPAV Beautiful Pit Viper (EN)
Trimeresurus venustus

Langkawi
Island

74

Adult
© Tom Charlton

75

VIPERIDAE

Adult GPAV Wirot’s Palm Pit Viper (EN)
© Teo Eng Wah HPAV Trimeresurus wiroti

MyBIS: 53772 76

IUCN Red List

Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult Adult
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

Adult Adult
© Teo Eng Wah © Muhammad Khaidir Arif bin Che Mat

77

VIPERIDAE

Adult Female GPAV Bornean Keeled Pit Viper (EN)
© Teo Eng Wah HPAV Tropidolaemus subannulatus

MyBIS: 57443 78

IUCN Red List

Least
Concern

(LC)

Adult
© Indraneil Das

Adult Female
© Teo Eng Wah

Juvenile Male Juvenile Juvenile
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

79

VIPERIDAE

Adult Female
© Teo Eng Wah

MyBIS: 21662 GPAV Wagler's Pit Viper (EN)
HPAV Ular Kapak Tokong (BM)
IUCN Red List
Tropidolaemus wagleri
Least
Concern 80

(LC)

Adult Female Adult Male Adult Male & Female
© Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah © Teo Eng Wah

Adult Male Sub-adult Female
© Teo Eng Wah © Muhammad Khaidir Arif bin Che Mat

81

© Yusuf Yamin

82

Recommendations for
Early Intervention Following Snake Related Injuries

Do's

>

• Calm patient, reduce movement and immobilise
• Remove jewelry from affected limb
• Bring patient to nearest hospital with emergency services

Don'ts

Go to traditional Suck the wound Cut the wound Tie ligatures Massage Apply ice or Burn the wound Apply or ingest
healer electric shock herbal remedies

83

© Omar Khaidzir

84

APPROPRIATE ANTIVENOMS FOR MALAYSIA

Antivenom raised from Antivenom manufacturer First Dose/vials

Monocled Cobra, Naja kaouthia QSMI Thai Red Cross: Cobra Antivenom to 100mls/10 vials Subsequent dose
neutralize 0.6 mg/ml of venom 1-2 hr
100mls/10 vials Subsequent dose
King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah QSMI Thai Red Cross: King Cobra Antivenom to 1-2 hr
neutralize 0.8 mg/ml of venom 50mls/5 vials Subsequent dose
1-2 hr
Malayan Krait, Bungarus candidus QSMI Thai Red Cross: Malayan Krait Antivenom to 50mls/5 vials Subsequent dose
neutralize 0.4 mg/ml of venom 1-2 hr
Banded Krait, Bungarus fasciatus 30mls/3 vials Subsequent dose
QSMI Thai Red Cross: Banded Krait Antivenom 6 hr
Malayan Pit Viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma to neutralize 0.6 mg/ml of venom 30mls/3 vials Subsequent dose
6 hr
Green Pit Viper, Trimeresurus albolabris QSMI Thai Red Cross: Malayan Pit Viper 30mls/3 vials Subsequent dose
Antivenom to neutralize 1.6 mg/ml of venom 6 hr
Malayan Pit Viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma, Green Pit Viper,
Trimeresurus albolabris, SEA Russell’s Viper, Daboia siamensis QSMI Thai Red Cross: Green Pit Viper Antivenom 50-100mls/ 5-10 vials Subsequent
to neutralize 0.7 mg/ml of venom dose 1-2 hr

QSMI Thai Red Cross: Hemato Polyvalent Snake One vial (one additional vial if
Antivenom clinically indicated/available)
10-30mls/1-3 vials Subsequent
Monocled Cobra, Naja kaouthia, King Cobra, Ophiophagus QSMI Thai Red Cross: Neuro Polyvalent Snake dose 1-2 hr
hannah, Banded Krait, Bungarus fasciatus, Malayan Krait, Antivenom
Bungarus candidus.

Tiger Keelback, Rhabdophis tigrinus Japan Snake Institute: Tiger Keelback, Rhabdophis
tigrinus Antivenom

Beaked Sea Snake, Hydrophis schistosus CSL, Australia: Sea Snake Antivenom

Note: Tiger keelback, Rhabdophis tigrinus antivenom neutralizes Red-necked keelback,
Subsequent doses are according to the clinical symptoms. Monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia Rhabdophis subminiatus venom in animal models and should be considered for severe Red-
antivenom has good cross neutralization with the Equatorial spitting cobra, Naja sumatrana necked keelback, Rhabdophis subminiatus envenomings in humans whenever possible.
venom. Malayan pit viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma, SEA Russell’s Viper, Daboia siamensis However, at this time, this antivenom is not manufactured and supplies are limited to a
and Monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia are not indigenous to Borneo. The ViNS Indian single archived lot produced in 2000. Therefore, this antivenom is very difficult to obtain
Polyvalent antivenom is not appropriate for treating pit viper envenomations in Malaysia. It and may remain unavailable, but should be sought for treatment of serious envenoming
may have limited neutralizing capacity against the venoms of Equatorial spitting cobra, Naja by R. subminiatus.
sumatrana, Monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia, King cobra, Ophiophagus hannah and Malayan
krait, Bungarus candidus. However, its use is not recommended in Malaysia or SEA region.

85

Appropriate Antivenoms for Venomous Land Snakes in Malaysia

QSMI Thai Red Cross: Cobra QSMI Thai Red Cross: King Cobra QSMI Thai Red Cross: Malayan QSMI Thai Red Cross: Banded
Antivenom to neutralize 0.6 mg/ml Antivenom to neutralize 0.8 mg/ml Krait Antivenom to neutralize 0.4 Krait Antivenom to neutralize 0.6
of venom of venom mg/ml of venom mg/ml of venom

QSMI Thai Red Cross: Malayan QSMI Thai Red Cross: Green Pit QSMI Thai Red Cross: Hemato QSMI Thai Red Cross: Neuro
Pit Viper Antivenom to neutralize Viper Antivenom to neutralize 0.7 Polyvalent Snake Antivenom Polyvalent Snake Antivenom
1.6 mg/ml of venom mg/ml of venom

86

Authors Image Contributors

AHMAD KHALDUN ISMAIL Ahmad Khaldun Ismail
Associate Professor & Consultant Emergency Physician Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Gernot Vogel
Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Heidelberg, Germany
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Guek Hock Ping (Kurt aka orionmystery)
TEO ENG WAH (VINCE ADAM) Orion Herp Adventure Travel, Malaysia
Senior Lecturer
Indraneil Das
Centre For Sport and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Universiti Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Kaviarasu A/L Munian
Forest Reserve Institute Malaysia
INDRANEIL DAS
Professor Mary-Ruth Low
Wildlife Reserves, Singapore
Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Max Jackson
Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia Queensland, Australia

TAKSA VASARUCHAPONG Mohd Abdul Muin Md Akil
Veterinarian Universiti Sains Malaysia

Snake Farm, Muhammad Khaidir Arif Bin Chek Mat @ Chemat
Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, ID Ular Malaysia
Thai Red Cross Society,
Bangkok, Thailand. Nick Weigner
James Cook University, Australia
SCOTT A. WEINSTEIN
Associate Professor & Clinical Toxinologist Peter Lee Shiuh Hwa
Singapore
Department of Toxinology,
Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Remco Hofland
North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Stephen Hogg
Fraser’s Hill, Malaysia

Steven Wong
Malaysian Nature Society Selangor & Nature Inspired, Malaysia

Taksa Vasaruchapong
Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thailand

Tan Song Wei
Sarawak, Malaysia

Teo Eng Wah (aka Vince Adam)
Universiti Malaya

Tom Charlton
Eco Animal Encounters, United Kingdom

Zee Kum Yeng
Penang, Malaysia

87

References Patikorn, C., Leelavanich, D., Ismail, A.K., Othman, I., Taychakhoonavudh,
S., & Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2020). Global systematic review of cost of illness
Cox M.J., Hoover M.F., Lawan C. & Kumthorn T. (2012). The snakes and economic evaluation studies associated with snakebite. J Glob Health
of Thailand. Chulalongkorn, University Museum of National History, 10:020415.
Thailand. pp. 845.
Rusli N., Marlon R., Lilley R., Ekariyono W. & Laister A. (2016). Mengenal
Das I. (2012). A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-East Ular Jabodetabek - Snakes of Jakarta and Its Surroundings. Ciliwung
Asia: Including Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Borneo, Reptile Center, Jakarta, Indonesia. pp. 168.
Sumatra, Java and Bali. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, England.
pp. 160. Sibunruang S., Suteparuk S. & Sitprija V. (2013). Manual of Practical
Management of Snake-bites and Animal Toxin Injury. Bangkok: Queen
Das, I., Ahmed, N., & Lim, B. L. (2015). Venomous terrestrial snakes Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Thailand. pp.
of Malaysia: Their identity and biology. Clinical Toxinology in Asia 88.
Pacific and Africa, 53-69.
Sitprija V. & Suteparuk S. (2012). Clinical Physiology of Animal Toxins:
Ismail, A. K. (2015). Snakebite and envenomation management in An Overview. Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross
Malaysia. Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa, 71-102. Society, Thailand. pp. 119.

Ismail, A. K. (2017). Quick Guide on Snakebite Management Snake Farm Exhibition. 2010. Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial
for Healthcare Providers in Malaysia. Retrieved June 21, 2017, Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Thailand. pp. 97.
from https://www.dropbox.com/s/zsz2l7rizoltwjo/Snakebite%20
Management%20Guide%20for%20Healthcare%20Providers%20 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved June 21, 2017, from
in%20Malaysia. pdf?dl=0. http://www.iucnredlist.org/.

Malaysia Biodiversity Information System. Retrieved June 21, 2017, Uetz P. & Hošek, J. 2021. The Reptile Database. 6 July 2021.
from http://www.mybis.gov.my/one/. http://www.reptile-database.org. Accessed 6 July 2021.

Marlon R., Supriatna J., Liswanto D., Baskoro K., Putra S. & Patty Weinstein, S.A. (2015). Snake venoms: A brief treatise on etymology,
H.R. (2014). Panduan Visual dan Identifikasi Lapangan: 107+ Ular origins of terminology, and definitions. Toxicon 103: 188–195.
Indonesia. Indonesia Nature & Wildlife Publishing, Indonesia. pp. 251.
World Health Organization. (2016). Guidelines for the Management of
Nurfarhana-Hizan, H., Nur Hazwanie, A.H. & Ahmad Khaldun, I. Snakebites, 2nd edition. World Health Organization: Regional Office for
(2020). The venomous snake species most frequently causing South-East Asia: New Delhi, India. pp. 201.
injuries in Malaysia from 2017-2019. Conservation Malaysia Bulletin
(32): pp. 6-8.

88