Glossary

DICTIONARY ASTRONOMY

TABLE to the b y H a r p e r R u ss o TABLE OF CONTENT Cumulus 3 Stratus 3 Stratocumulus 4 Cumulonimbus 4 Altocumulus 5 Nimbostratus 5 Altostratus 6 Cirrus 6 Cirrocumulus 7 Cirrostratus 7 Mercury 11 Mars 11 Venus 11 Asteroid 12 Asteroid belt 12 Phobos 12 Cares 13 Pallas 13 Jupiter 13 Saturn 14 Uranus 14 Neptune 14 Pluto 15 Haumea (minor-planet) 15 Eris (dwarf planet) 15 Comet 16 Meteoroid 16 Andromedae 21 Delphini 21 PAGE Type of clouds 1-7 Solar Systems 9-18 Exo Planet 19-22

TABLE to the b y H a r p e r R u ss o TABLE OF CONTENT Pisces 25 Cancer 25 Pictor 25 Hydra 26 Chamaeleon 26 Ursa Major 26 Libra 27 Musca 27 Sculptor 27 Scorpius 28 Ophiuchus 28 Monoceros 28 Andromeda 29 Lyra 29 Virgo 29 Eridanus 30 Aquarius 30 Perseus 30 Triangulum 31 Crux 31 Serpens 31 Orion 32 Indus 32 Octans 32 Apus 33 Lupus 33 Telescopium 33 Pavo 34 Aquila 34 Sagitta 34 Delphinus 35 Capricornus 35 PAGE Star constellations 23-42

TABLE to the b y H a r p e r R u ss o TABLE OF CONTENT Lynx 35 Cassiopeia 36 Leo 36 Canis Major 36 Tauras 37 Sagittarius 37 Carina 37 Cygnus 38 Corvus 38 Cepheus 38 Draco 39 Gemini 39 Crater 39 Auriga 40 Grus 40 Vela 40 Cetus 41 Pleiades 41 Aries 41 Andromeda Galaxy 45 Antennae Galaxy 45 Backward Galaxy or NGC4622 45 Black Eye Galaxy or Messier64 (M64) 46 Bode’s Galaxy or Messier81 46 Butterfly Nebula 46 Cartwheel Galaxy 47 Cigar Galaxy 47 Whirpool Galaxy 47 Comet Galaxy 48 Condor Galaxy 48 Sombrero Galaxy 48 PAGE Star constellations (cont.) Galaxies 43-51

TABLE to the b y H a r p e r R u ss o TABLE OF CONTENT Fireworks Galaxy 49 Large Magellanic Galaxy 49 Sculptor Galaxy 49 Needle Galaxy 50 Milky way 50 Mice Galaxy 50 Bigbang 53 Black hole 53 PAGE Galaxies (cont.) Others 52-54

Clouds Type of

CUMULUS เมฆคิวมูลัส Cumulus clouds are detached, individual, cauliflower-shaped clouds usually spotted in fair weather conditions. The tops of these clouds are mostly brilliant white tufts when lit by the Sun, although their base is usually relatively dark. STRATUS เมฆสเตรตัส Stratus clouds are low-level layers with a fairly uniform gray or white color. Often the scene of dull, overcast days in its 'nebulosus' form, they can persist for long periods of time. They are the lowest-lying cloud type and sometimes appear at the surface in the form of mist or fog. 3

STRATOCUMULUS เมฆสเตร โตคิวมูลัส Stratocumulus clouds are low-level clumps or patches of cloud varying in color from bright white to dark gray. They are the most common clouds on earth recognised by their well-defined bases, with some parts often darker than others. They usually have gaps between them, but they can also be joined together. CUMULONIMBUS เมฆคิวมูโลนิมบัส Cumulonimbus clouds are menacing looking multi-level clouds, extending high into the sky in towers or plumes. More commonly known as thunderclouds, cumulonimbus is the only cloud type that can produce hail, thunder and lightning. The base of the cloud is often flat, with a very dark wall-like feature hanging underneath, and may only lie a few hundred feet above the Earth's surface. 4

ALTOCUMULUS เมฆอัลโตคิวมูลัส Altocumulus clouds are small mid-level layers or patches of clouds, called cloudlets, which most commonly exist in the shape of rounded clumps. There are many varieties of altocumulus, however, meaning they can appear in a range of shapes. Altocumulus are made up of a mix of ice and water, giving them a slightly more ethereal appearance than the big and fluffy lower level cumulus. NIMBOSTRATUS เมฆนิมโบสเตรตัส Nimbostratus clouds are dark, grey, featureless layers of cloud, thick enough to block out the Sun. Producing persistent rain, these clouds are often associated with frontal systems provided by midlatitude cyclones. These are probably the least picturesque of all the main cloud types. 5

ALTOSTRATUS เมฆอัลโตสเตรตัส Altostratus are large mid-level sheets of thin cloud. Usually composed of a mixture of water droplets and ice crystals, they are thin enough in parts to allow you to see the Sun weakly through the cloud. They are often spread over a very large area and are typically featureless. CIRRUS เมฆเซอรัส Cirrus clouds are short, detached, hair-like clouds found at high altitudes. These delicate clouds are wispy, with a silky sheen, or look like tufts of hair. In the daytime, they are whiter than any other cloud in the sky. While the Sun is setting or rising, they may take on the colors of the sunset. 6

CIRROCUMULUS เมฆเซอโ รคิวมูลัส Cirrocumulus clouds are made up of lots of small white clouds called cloudlets, which are usually grouped together at high levels. Composed almost entirely from ice crystals, the little cloudlets are regularly spaced, often arranged as ripples in the sky. CIRROSTRATUS เมฆเซอโ รสเตรตัส Cirrostratus are transparent high clouds, which cover large areas of the sky. They sometimes produce white or coloured rings, spots or arcs of light around the Sun or Moon, that are known as halo phenomena. Sometimes they are so thin that the halo is the only indication that a cirrostratus cloud is in the sky. 7

EXAMPLE CIRRUS Cirrus clouds are thin, wispy clouds that appear regularly on Earth. They've also been seen on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, possibly Neptune, and on Mars. (PHYS.ORG, 2016) CUMULONIMBUS Perhaps the most impressive of cloud formations, cumulonimbus (from the Latin for “pile” and “rain cloud”) clouds form due to vigorous convection (rising and overturning) of warm, moist and unstable air. (NASA, 2023) A small cumulus cloud can weight as much as two elephants. (The Sun, 2014) CUMULUS 8 เมฆเซอร์รัร์สรัเป็น ป็ เมฆบางๆ เล็กๆ ที่ปรากฏเป็น ป็ ประจำ บนโลก นอกจาก นี้ยั นี้ งยัพบเห็น ห็ พวกบนดาวพฤหัสหับดี ดาวเสาร์ ดาวยูเรนัสนัอาจจะปรากฎ บนดาวเนปจูน และบนดาวอังคารด้ว ด้ ย เมฆคิวมูลัสขนาดเล็กมีมมีวลน้ำ หนักเท่ากับช้า ช้ งสองตัว การก่อตัวของเมฆที่น่า น่ ประทับใจที่สุด สุ ก็คือ เมฆคิวมูโลนิมนิบัสบั (มาจากภาษา ละติน “กอง” และ “เมฆฝน”) เมฆก่อตัวเนื่อ นื่ งจากการพาความร้อ ร้ นที่รุน รุ แรง (ขึ้น ขึ้ และพลิกคว่ำ ลง) ของอากาศอุ่นชื้น ชื้ และความไม่เ ม่ สถียร

SOLARSystem

https://science.howstuffworks.com/mars.htm Solar system https://www.space.com/44-venus-second-planet-from-the-sun-brightest-planet-in-solarsystem.html Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is Earth’s closest planetary neighbor. It’s one of the four inner, terrestrial (or rocky) planets, and it’s often called Earth’s twin because it’s similar in size and density. Mercury ดาวพุธ พุ https://www.nstda.or.th/sci2pub/mercury-the-origin-of-wednesday/ Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system. It's a little bigger than Earth's Moon. It is the closest planet to the Sun, but it's actually not the hottest. Also called the Red Planet, the fourth planet from the sun, having a reddish-orange surface with numerous dark patches and two white polar caps. It has a thin atmosphere, mainly carbon dioxide, and low surface temperatures. Venus ดาวศุกร์ Mars ดาวอัง อั คาร 11

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/overview/ Solar system Asteroid ดาวเคราะห์น้ ห์ อ น้ ย https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/16-psyche/in-depth/ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/mars-moons/phobos/in-depth/ Phobos ดาวบริว ริ ารของดาวอัง อั คาร Asteroid Belt แถบดาวเคราะห์น้อย Asteroid sometimes called minor planets, are rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago. The asteroid belt is a region of space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where most of the asteroids in our Solar System are found orbiting the Sun. Phobos, the inner and larger of Mars’s two moons. It was discovered telescopically with its companion moon, Deimos, by the American astronomer Asaph Hall in 1877. Phobos is a small irregular rocky object with a crater-scarred, grooved surface. 12

https://www.astronoo.com/en/pallas.html Solar system Jupiter, the most massive planet of the solar system and the fifth in distance from the Sun. It is one of the brightest objects in the night sky. Ceres(dwarf planet) ดาวเคราะห์แคระซีรี ซี ส รี https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/ceres/overview/ Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, and it's the only dwarf planet located in the inner solar system. Pallas, minor-planet designation 2 Pallas, is the second asteroid to have been discovered (after Ceres), and one of the largest asteroids in the Solar System. Jupiter ดาวพฤหัส หั บดี Pallas(minor-planet) ดาวเคราะห์น้ ห์ น้ อยที่ใที่ หญ่ที่ ญ่ ที่ สุด สุ https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/06/world/jupiter-new-moons-scn/index.html 13

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/uranus/overview/ Solar system The eighth and most distant major planet orbiting our Sun—is dark, cold and whipped by supersonic winds. It was the first planet located through mathematical calculations. Saturn ดาวเสาร์ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/663/saturn-taken-from-voyager-2/ Saturn is the sixth planet that orbits the Sun, positioned between Jupiter and Uranus at an average distance of just over 1.4 billion kilometers (about 886 million miles). Known primarily for its majestic system of rings. Uranus is one of the giant planets, the seventh planet from the sun, sometimes visible to the naked eye. It has 27 satellites, a ring system, and an axis of rotation almost lying in the plane of the orbit. Neptune ดาวสมุท มุ ร (ดาวเกตุ)ตุ Uranus ดาวมฤตยู https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/neptune/overview/ 14

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/haumea/in-depth/ Solar system A dwarf planet located beyond Neptune's orbit; discovered in 2004, it has a diameter of 1240 km One of the largest known dwarf planets in our solar system. It's about the same size as Pluto but is three times farther from the Sun. https://www.space.com/43-pluto-the-ninth-planet-that-was-a-dwarf.html A dwarf planet that is farther away from the sun than Neptune, and is the second largest dwarf planet in the solar system Eris(dwarf planet) ดาวเคราะห์แ ห์ คระอีรี อี ส รี Pluto ดาวยม (ดาวพลูโ ลู ต) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/eris/in-depth/ Haumea (minor-planet) ดาวเคราะห์แ ห์ คระมีว มี งแหวน (ดาวเฮาเมอา) 15

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/galleries/ Solar system Comets are large objects made of dust and ice that orbit the Sun. Best known for their long, streaming tails, these ancient objects are leftovers from the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/dictionary/Meteoroid.html A meteoroid is a chunk of space debris composed of rock, iron, or a mixture of both. They can come from asteroid collisions, where smaller chunks of asteroids are thrown into space. Asteroids are composed of rock or iron and are larger versions of meteoroids. Meteoroid อุก อุ กาบาต Comet ดาวหาง 16

example Comet ดาวหาง The US space agency Nasa should prioritise a mission to Uranus, an influential panel of scientists says. (BBC,2022) กลุ่มลุ่ นักวิทวิยาศาสตร์ผู้ ร์ ผู้ทรงอิทอิธิพธิลกล่า ล่ วว่า ว่ องค์ก ค์ ารอวกาศของสหรัฐ รั ฯ นาซา ควรจัด จั ลำ ดับ ดั ความสำ คัญ คั ของภารกิจกิไปยัง ยั ดาวยูเ ยู รนัส Jupiter and Venus will appear very close together in the night sky on Wednesday, with the two planets set to pass each other.(CNN, 2022) ดาวพฤหัสบดีแ ดี ละดาวศุกร์จ ร์ ะปรากฏอยู่ใยู่ กล้กั ล้ น กั มากในท้อ ท้ งฟ้า ฟ้ ยามค่ำ คืน คื ในวัน วั พุธ โดยดาวเคราะห์ทั้ง ทั้ สองจะโคจรผ่านกัน กั และกัน กั URANUS VENUS 17 Jupiter now has 92 moons after new discovery. (CNN,2023) ดาวพฤหัสมีด มี วงจัน จั ทร์ 92 ดวงแล้ว ล้ หลัง ลั จากการค้น ค้ พบครั้ง รั้ ใหม่ JUPITER

Exo Planet

https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/ ExoPlanet Delphini, also named Musica /ˈ mjuːzɪkə/, is a single star in the constellation of Delphinus of the low northern hemisphere. It has a Sun-like golden hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.506. An object believed to be an extrasolar planet (designated 18 Delphini b or Arion) orbits the star. https://masseffectandromeda.fandom.com/wiki/Planet Andromedae is a gas giant exoplanet that orbits a K-type star. Andromedae ดาวแอนโดรเมดา Delphini ดาวโลมา 21

Star Constellation

Star Constellation Pisces กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวปลา Cancer กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวปู Pictor กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวขาตั้ง ตั้ ภาพ Pisces constellation lies in the northern sky. Its name means “the fish” (plural) in Latin. In astronomy, zodiacal constellation lying in the northern sky between Leo and Gemini, at about 8 hours 25 minutes right ascension and 20° north declination. It contains the well-known star cluster called Praesepe, or the Beehive. Its brighest star Is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere, located between the star Canopus and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Its name is Latin for painter, and is an abbreviation of the older name Equuleus Pictorishttps. 25

Star Constellation Hydra กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวงูไ งู ฮดรา Chamaeleon กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวกิ้งกิ้ก่า ก่ คะมีเ มี ลีย ลี น Ursa Major กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวจระเข้ หรือ รื ดาวหมีใมี หญ่ The constellation Hydra, the sea serpent, is best seen from the southern hemisphere, but can be observed in the north between January and May. It is the largest constellation in the night sky, covering an area of 1,303 square degrees. It is also one of the longest constellations. Ursa Major also called the Great Bear, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern sky, at about 10 hours 40 minutes right ascension and 56° north declination. Chamaeleon constellation is located in the southern sky. It was named after a type of lizard, the chameleon. The constellation was created by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius from the observations of Dutch navigators Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman in the 16th century. 26

Star Constellation Libra กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวคัน คั ชั่ง ชั่ Musca กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวแมลงวัน วั Libra was once considered to be a part of the Constellation of Scorpius and some of the stars have a meaning relating to the claws of a Scorpion.The Libra Constellation is an ancient Constellation and one of the first 48 Constellations listed by the Greek/Roman astronomer Ptolemy in his 2nd century Almagest. It is one of the 12 constellations of the zodiac. The Southern constellation of Musca, the Fly, is best viewed in Spring during the month of May. Musca is the 77th largest constellation. It's brightest star is Alpha Muscae at magnitude 2.69. The boundary of the Musca constellation contains 4 stars that host known exoplanets. Sculptor กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวช่า ช่ งแกะสลัก ลั The Sculptor, is best viewed in Fall during the month of November. Sculptor is the 36th largest constellation. It's brightest star is Alpha Sculptoris at magnitude 4.30. The boundary of the Sculptor constellation contains 6 stars that host known exoplanets 27

Star Constellation Ophiuchus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวคนแบกงู Monoceros กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวยูนิ ยู คนิอร์น ร์ Scorpius constellation lies in the southern sky. It represents the scorpion and is associated with the story of Orion in Greek mythology. Scorpius กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวแมงป่อ ป่ ง The Unicorn, a constellation south of Gemini and east of Orion. A large northern constellation that is visible between the constellations of Scutum and Hercules and that is represented by the figure of a man grasping a snake (the constellation Serpens). 28

Star Constellation Andromeda ดาวเเอนดรอเมดา Lyra กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวพิณพิ Virgo กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวหญิงญิพรหมจารีย์ รีย์ Andromeda, in astronomy, constellation of the northern sky at about one hour right ascension and 40° north declination. Lyra constellation lies in the northern sky. It represents the lyre, a musical instrument with strings used in antiquity and later times.The constellation is associated with the myth of the Greek musician and poet Orpheus. It was first catalogued by the astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. Astronomy. the Virgin, a zodiacal constellation between Leo and Libra, containing the bright star 29

Star Constellation Eridanus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวม้า ม้ แกลบ Aquarius กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวคนถือ ถื หม้อ ม้ น้ำ Perseus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวเพอร์ซิ ร์ อัซิส อั A zodiacal constellation in the S hemisphere lying between Pisces and Capricorn on the ecliptic. Eridanus is one of the longest and largest constellations in the sky. The constellation represents nearly every major river known to humankind. To the Babylonians it was the Euphrates, to the Egyptians, the Nile. It has also been the Rhine, the Ebro, the Huang He, and the Rhone. Perseus is one of the larger northern constellations. It was first catalogued by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. 30

Star Constellation Triangulum กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวสามเหลี่ย ลี่ ม Crux กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวกางเขนใต้ Serpens กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวงู Triangulum, (Latin: “Triangle”) constellation in the northern sky at about 2 hours right ascension and 30° north in declination. The crux is one of the smallest constellations in the night sky located in the southern hemisphere. The crux is Latin for ‘the cross’ and ancient Greeks believed it was part of Centaurus constellation. Serpens constellation lies in the northern hemisphere. Its name means “the serpent” in Latin. Serpens is one of the Greek constellations, first catalogued by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. 31

Star Constellation Orion กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวนายพราน Indus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวอินอิเดีย ดี นแดง Octans กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวออกเเทนต์ Orion constellation is one of the brightest and best known constellations in the night sky. It lies on the celestial equator. Orion has been known since ancient times. The constellation is also known as the Hunter, as it is associated with one in Greek mythology. Indus constellation is located in the southern hemisphere. It does not contain any bright stars. The constellation represents the Indian, referring to a native of either of Asia or the Americas at the time the constellation was created. Is located in the southern hemisphere of the sky. It is only visible at latitudes south of the equator. It is circumpolar which means it is visible all night long. It was named by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1752. It is named after the octant, a navigational tool that was the precursor to the modern day sextant 32

Star Constellation Apus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวนกการเวด Lupus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวหมาป่า ป่ Telescopium กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวกล้อ ล้ งโทรทรรศน์ Apus constellation is located in the southern hemisphere. It is a small constellation that represents the bird of paradise. The name of the constellation is derived from the Greek word apous, which means “footless.” Lupus constellation is located in the southern hemisphere and was first catalogued by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. It lies between the constellations of Centaurus and Scorpius and. Its name means “the wolf” in Latin. Telescopium constellation lies in the southern sky, south of Sagittarius and Corona Australis.As the name indicates, Telescopum represents the telescope. The constellation was created by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. 33

Star Constellation Pavo กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวนกยูง ยู Aquila กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวนกอินอิทรี Sagitta กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวลูก ลู ศร Pavo lies close to the south celestial pole, where it is circumpolar across most of the southern hem Aquila constellation is located in the northern sky, on the celestial equator. The constellation’s name means “the eagle” in Latin. Sagitta constellation lies in the northern sky. Its name means “the arrow” in Latin. 34

Star Constellation Delphinus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวโลมา Capricornus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวมัง มั กร Lynx กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวแมวป่า ป่ Delphinus constellation is located in the northern sky. Its name means “dolphin” in Latin. In Greek mythology, the constellation represents the dolphin sent by the sea god Poseidon to find Amphitrite, the Nereid he wanted to marry. Lynx constellation is located in the northern hemisphere. It represents the lynx, and it is not usually associated with any myths. Located in the Southern Hemisphere, Capricornus represents a creature that is a blend of fish and goat; the name means "goat horn" in Latin. 35

Star Constellation Cassiopeia กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวค้า ค้ งคาว Leo กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวสิงสิ โต Canis major กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวหมาใหญ่ Cassiopeia is a constellation found in the northern sky. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century Greek astronomer Ptolemy. It lies in the northern sky. It is one of the zodiac constellations and one of the largest constellations in the sky. The constellation Canis Major, the great dog, is located in the southern hemisphere of the sky. It is visible in the northern hemisphere from December through March. It can be seen at latitudes between 60 degrees and -90 degrees. 36

Star Constellation Taurus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาววัว วั Sagittarius กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวคนถือ ถื ธนู Carina. กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวกระดูก ดู งูเ งู รือ รื Taurus is the sixth largest of the Zodiac constellations and the 17th largest constellation overall, occupying around 797.2 square degrees or 1.9% of the sky over Earth, according to Astronomy Trek. Sagittarius constellation lies in the southern sky. It is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It represents the archer. A constellation in the southern hemisphere lying near the Southern Cross that is represented by the figure of a ship's keel 37

Star Constellation Cygnus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวหงส์ Corvus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวนกกา Cepheus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวซีฟิซี อัฟิส อั A constellation in the north hemisphere lying between Pegasus and Draco in the Milky Way. Corvus (Latin: “Raven”) constellation in the southern sky at about 12 hours right ascension and 20° south in declination. Cepheus, constellation in the northern sky, at about 23 hours right ascension and 70° north in declination. It is shaped like a box with a triangle on top. 38

Star Constellation Draco กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวมัง มั กร Gemini กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวคนคู่ Crater กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวถ้วย One of the largest constellation in the sky. Located in the northern celestial hemisphere, the constellation represents Ladon, the dragon that guarded the gardens of the Hesperides in Greek mythology. The name Draco means “the dragon” in Latin. The Gemini constellation is anchored by dual stars Castor and Pollux, so named for the twins of Greek mythology. The constellation Crater, the cup, is located in the southern hemisphere of the sky. It can best be seen in the northern hemisphere in April and is completely visible at latitudes between 65 degrees and -90 degrees. It is a small constellation covering an area of 282 square degrees. It ranks 53rd in size among the 88 constellations in the night sky. 39

Star Constellation Auriga กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวสารถี Grus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวนกกระเรีย รี น Vela กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวใบเรือ รื A lesser-known constellations neighboring Gemini and Taurus that is visible in the northern hemisphere during the winter months. The mythological character Auriga is based on is often depicted holding a female goat and her kids, along with the reins of a chariot. The Southern constellation of Grus, the Crane, is best viewed in Fall during the month of October Grus is the 45th largest constellation. It's brightest star is Alnair at magnitude 1.73. The boundary of the Grus constellation contains 6 stars that host known exoplanets. Vela is the 32nd largest constellation. It's brightest star is Gamma Velorum at magnitude 1.75. The boundary of the Vela constellation contains 7 stars that host known exoplanets. 40

Star Constellation Cetus กลุ่มลุ่ ดาววาฬ Pleiades. กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวลูก ลู ไก่ Aries กลุ่มลุ่ ดาวเเกะ Cetus constellation is located in the northern sky. Also known as the Whale, it is one of the largest constellations in the sky. The Pleiades are an asterism, or pattern of stars, as well as an open star cluster, made up of more than 1,000 stars. A small constellation (= a group of stars) said to look like a ram (= a male sheep with horns). 41

EXAMPLE 42 The Gemini constellation is anchored by dual stars Castor and Pollux, so named for the twins of Greek mythology. (Space,2023) กลุ่ม ลุ่ ดาวราศีเมถุน ถุ นั้น นั้ มีด มี าวคู่คื คู่ คื อคาสเตอร์ และพอลลักซ์ ซึ่ง ซึ่ได้รั ด้ บ รั การตั้ง ตั้ ชื่อ ชื่ ตามฝาแฝดในตำ นานเทพเจ้า จ้ กรีก รี Gemini Scorpius is among the most distinctive of constellations in the zodiac. (EarthSky, 2023) กลุ่ม ลุ่ ดาวแมงป่อ ป่ งเป็น ป็ หนึ่ง นึ่ในกลุ่ม ลุ่ ดาวที่โดดเด่นที่สุด สุ ในจัก จั รราศี Scorpius

GA L A XY

ANDROMEDA GALAXY ดาราจัก จั รเเอนดรอมิดมิา ANTENNAE GALAXY ดาราจัก จั รหนวดแมลง BACKWARD GALAXY OR NGC4622 ดาราจัก จั รชนิดนิก้นหอย Also called Andromeda Nebula, great spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda, the nearest large galaxy. The Andromeda Galaxy is one of the few visible to the unaided eye. It is located about 2,480,000 light-years from Earth. Formally known as NGC 4038 and NGC 4039, the pair is nicknamed the Antennae Galaxies because of two long streamers of stars, gas, and dust that extend from the crash site. Wide-field images reveal the elongated “antennae" formed during the initial impact. Spiral Galaxy located in the constellation of Centaurus. The galaxy is a separate, distinct galaxy and not in our The Milky Way galaxy or The Solar System for that matter. 45