AAD3253 ISLAM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN LAOS GROUP 3 – KAA1 NO NAME ID NUMBERS 1 MUHAMMAD SYAFIZAN BIN AZIZ 1201379 2 LUQMAN HAKIM BIN MOHD SOBRI 1201385 3 ARNISHA SYUHADA BINTI AZRUL 1201389 4 NURUL HASNITA BINTI ZULKIFLI 1201399 5 FATIN NUR IZZAH BINTI ABDUL SAMAD 1201431 6 NURUL NAWWARAH BINTI MOHAMAD SALEH 1201438 7 MARYAM JAMILAH BINTI HAZRI 1202853 8 NUR IZZAH SOFEA BINTI JOHARI 1202856 PREPARED FOR: DR. NIK SUHAIDA NIK ABDUL MAJID SEMESTER 2 (A222) ACADEMIC SESSION 2022/2023
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................3 2.0 THE ARRIVAL OF ISLAM TO LAOS...............................................................................5 3.0 MUSLIM SCHOLARS IN LAOS.......................................................................................7 3.1. Imams in Azahar Mosque and Vientiane Jamia Mosque, Laos.......................................7 3.2. Presidents of Yayasan As-Salam and Laos Muslim Association.....................................7 4.0 ISLAMIC ORGANIZATION IN LAOS .............................................................................9 4.1. Muslim Association Vientiane Laos................................................................................9 4.2. Mosque in Laos.............................................................................................................10 i. Vientiane Jamia Mosque ...........................................................................................10 ii. Azhar Mosque ...........................................................................................................10 5.0 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES..........................................................................................12 6.0 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................15 7.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................16 8.0 APPENDIX........................................................................................................................19
3 1.0 INTRODUCTION Laos is known as one of the ASEAN member countries in Southeast Asia that has a different geographical location compared to other countries, so it gets the nickname "The Land Locked Country". The country's name comes from the word "Lan Xang", which means "Land of a Million Elephants".1 The Kingdom of a Million Elephants was founded in the mid-14th century when the Khmer king at Angkor married his daughter to a Lao prince, Fa Ngum.2 After the fall of Lan Xang, Laos was conquered by Siam and later became a French and Japanese colony. Then, Laos has gained an independence in the mid-20th century and became a republic in 1975. The country's official name is the Lao People's Democratic Republic. As stated before, Laos is the only one country who does not have any land, so it comes with its uniqueness. Laos is one of the countries that did not facing any flood so far. Additionally, Laos is almost entirely made up of steep mountains and forested hills, making it impossible to live there. The forests in Laos are also quite lush. It is considered home to many amazing wildlife, including King Cobras, white-cheeked gibbons, tigers and many more. As for geografically, Laos is bordered by China to the north, Viet Nam to the east, Cambodia to the south, Thailand to the west and Myanmar to the northwest.3 Overall, Laos extends about 650 miles or 1,050 km from northwest to southeast. Administratively, Laos is divided into 16 provinces or at Laos, they called “khoueng”. The capital province is Viantiane or called Viangchan is located on the Mekong River in the northern portion of the country. The rest of the provinces are included Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Xaignabouli, Xekong and Xiangkhoang. 4 Furthermore, the majority of Lao people speak the Lao language, which is also the official language of the country. Laos or well-known as Lao Peoples’ Democratic Republic has been one of the world’s poorest countries, but it is now experiencing significant economic 1 n.a. (2021). Encyclopedia Britannica – Laos. Retrieved January 25, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com. 2 OMF INTERNATIONAL. 2014. “Laos-Profile”. http://omf.org. 3 FAO. 2011. AQUASTAT Country Profile – Lao People's Democratic Republic. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy 4 Maps of Lao’s People Democratic Republic. Retrieved February 24, 2021, from Lao People's Democratic Republic Maps & Facts - World Atlas
4 growth as it enters the 21st century. According to Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data, the current population of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is around 7,582,982. 5 The people of Laos belong to these major groups despite the country having more than 100 ethnolinguistic groups. Among them, there is 59.2% Lao or Lao Loum which is Lowland Lao. Basically, they live mainly in the lowlands along the Mekong. Next, 28.1% of Lao Theung, Mon-Khmer or called Upland Lao. Then the Hmong-Mien is 4.0%, TibetanHimalayan 2.7% and the remaining 6% include many ethnic Vietnamese and Chinese. Moreover, Laos is officially recognizing four religions. The Laotian constitution protects the right to freedom of religion, although in practice the government maintains strict control over religious activities. Among the religions are Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and the Baha’i Faith. Of these four, Buddhism is the largest religions there, approximately 64.7% of Lao people are Buddhist. Although Islam is recognized as an official religion, Laos has one of the smallest populations of Muslims in Southeast Asia. The number of Muslims in Laos less than 800. Overall, Laos may be called as a unique country with a rich history, diverse culture and stunning geography. 5 Worldometer. 2023. “Laos Population LIVE”. http://www.Laos Population (2023) - Worldometer (worldometers.info)
5 2.0 THE ARRIVAL OF ISLAM TO LAOS Islam came into Laos by many ways throughout history, and the country has the smallest Muslims as compared to other ASEAN countries. There is a Muslim community of 1% in Laos, Buddhists as a large religious group and Christians 1.5% (Hinchey, 2019)6 . Lao Muslims are dominated by South Asian immigration and Cambodian Muslims. There are almost 1000 Muslims in Laos, and 200 among them coming from Cambodia. It was caused by the country's leader, Pol Pot, who was ruthless to his Muslim people, who destroying existing mosques and forbidding Muslims from worshiping to Allah until the Muslim community in the country was forced to eat grass and pork. Most other historical sources show that Islam originally arrived in Laos in the 18th century AD from Chinese traders coming from Yunnan province in southern China to Laos, Burma, and Thailand. This Chinese trader is credited with being the first to bring Islam to Laos. Muslims in Laos expanded because of these traders by establishing places of worship such as mosques. So, Laos has just two mosques, the first and oldest being the Jamia Vientiane Mosque, which was built by a Muslim from South India named Nizar Rahman7 , and the second being the Vientiane Azhar Mosque. The Cambodian Mosque was the original name for Vientiane's Azhar Mosque which was originally named as the Cambodian Mosque. In the city of Vientiane, an area called Namphu Village was built, which became the area of the Lao Muslim community's association. That is where the Muslim community's prayer activities are based, and they work together to collect money for da'wah activities for Islamic education in Laos. Laos allows for religious freedom, although Buddhism is the country's oldest religion, deeply embedded in its history and ethnic identity. 6 Hinchey, Jane. (2019). Laos: Discover the Country, Culture and People. Belrose: Redback Publishing 7 Republika.id. (2014). Belajar dari Gairah Minoritas Muslim Laos. https://republika.co.id/berita/nc34sc3/belajar-dari-gairah-minoritas-muslim-laos
6 Following that, the Lao Government has been looking into the activities of Vientiane's small Muslim minority since 2001 but did not get involved with its religious activities. Muslims can freely profess their faith and attend two functioning mosques, as well as do daily and Friday prayers without restriction, and all Islamic holidays are permitted. Furthermore, the Lao Muslim population is permitted to perform Hajj, although no one does so due to the exorbitant cost of the charges (Hays, 2014)8 . The emergence of Islam in Laos should not be regarded separately from the history of Islam in Indochina, particularly in relation to the Champa Islamic empire located in Vietnam. In Laos, the formation of Muslim principles occurs mostly through self-help (Republika, 2014)9 . Although Lao Muslims are not as integrated as Muslim communities in the maritime region, some research indicates that Muslim institutions like as mosques, madrasahs, and Muslim organizations do exist in Laos (Mutalib, 2008)10 . 8 Hays, J. (2014). RELIGION IN LAOS | Facts and Details. Factsanddetails.com. https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Laos/sub5_3a/entry-2946.html 9 Republika.id. (2014). Op.cit. 10 Mutalib, H. (2008). Islam in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
7 3.0 MUSLIM SCHOLARS IN LAOS 3.1. Imams in Azahar Mosque and Vientiane Jamia Mosque, Laos As we know, Laos is a country where the majority follow Buddhism. But there is also a small number of Muslim residents in Laos and can be seen in the capital of Laos, Vientiane. In Vientiane, there are two mosques named Jamia mosque and Azahar mosque. These two mosques are places of worship for Muslims in Laos which has a number of approximately 700 Muslims according to Nashih Nashrullah and may increase this year.11 These two mosques have different schools of thought or mazhab, Jamia mosque holds the Hanafi’s Mazhab and the Azahar mosque holds the Shafii’s Mazhab. 12 After conducting an in-depth search for information, these two mosques are held or chaired by two different people, the Azahar mosque is led by Haji Vina Keobandit and chaired by Haji Ahmad Komphavong who is reported to have received assistance from the Malaysian government in 2022. 13 While for the Jamia mosque, the search results found that there is only one imam who manages the oldest mosque developed by Pakistani and Bangladeshi immigrants in Laos, which is imam Haji Moulavi Kamarudeen Noori from Madras, India or known as Chennai. 14 3.2. Presidents of Yayasan As-Salam and Laos Muslim Association Yayasan As-Salam is in the northern Thai province of Nong Khai, near the Laotian city of Vientiane. This foundation serves as a temporary placement centre for Laotian student converts learning the fundamentals of Islam. Students will spend roughly 1-3 years at the foundation before being moved to pursue their education in the south of Thailand. 15 Yayasan as Salam is a centre in Nong Khai Province that serves as a venue for early education for converts. Ustaz Usman oversees this foundation. Ustaz Usman is acquainted with a Muslim convert who resides in Danxang, Vientiane. When members of the convert's family became 11 Nashrullah, N. (2016). Islam di Laos, Nikmati Toleransi di Bawah Pemerintah Komunis. REPUBLIKA.. 12 Farouk, O. (2008). The Re-organization of Islam in Cambodia and Laos. CIAS Discussion Paper No.3, 70-85. 13 VIENTIANE, E. O. (2022). Malawakil Vientiane. anyflip. https://anyflip.com/hnmqg/jxnr/ 14 Yulianto, A. (2016). Masjid Azahar Laos yang Sunyi Sepi, tapi Damai. Indonesia: REPUBLIKA. 15 n.a. (2023). Sumbangan Muallaf di Utara Thailand.
8 fascinated in discovering more about Islam, Ustaz Usman accompanied them to Oudomxay through some Danxang converts. As a result, the knowledge of Islam spread throughout Northern Laos. Ustaz Usman assists in providing Islamic instruction to converts who do not currently have passports in Danxang, Laos. Those who currently possess a passport must remain in Yayasan as Salam to study Islam. Converts who have grasped Islam (monotheism) and are able to read the Quran will be moved to the south of Thailand to further their studies. As a result, it was these students who carried Islam back to their hometown and persuaded their parents and other family members to convert to Islam. In addition to being transferred to the south of Thailand, some students earned scholarships and continued their education in Batam, Indonesia, under the supervision of Pak Imbalo. 16 According to Muhammad Rafiq Alias Sofi SengSone, President of the Laos Muslim Association, Muslim relations with members of other religions and the Laos government are doing extremely well. Because of the positive welcome, Cambodian Muslims, as the majority Muslims, were able to create the Azhar Mosque, also known as the Cambodian Mosque. 17 16 n.a (2020). Minoriti Muslim di Utara Laos. 17 Erasiah, Pratama, F.S., Hazari,V. (2022). Komunitas Muslim di Kawasan Komunis. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam. Vol. 12, No. 2, Pp. 149-167
9 4.0 ISLAMIC ORGANIZATION IN LAOS 4.1. Muslim Association Vientiane Laos Laos is one of the countries with a small number of Muslims. One of the Islamic organizations that guides and strengthens Muslims in Laos is the Muslim Association Vientiane in Laos. The Muslim Association of Laos is a non-profit organization which provides religious and educational services for the Muslim community in Vientiane, Laos. Muslim Association of Laos officially registered in Laos in 2004 and it is the only Association recognized by the government of Laos. This organization consists of Mr Samboune Khan as a president, Mr Somsak Sivilai, Imam Mohamad Rafi and Mr Mad Komphavong as vice presidents, Mr Habib Muhammad Chaudary as an advisor. Other than that, this organization also has six committee members which are Mr Lathsavong Bali, Mr Kaundalath Boriboun, Mr Yaline Vilavanh, Mr Vena Keobandith, Mr Muhammad Bounchalurn, and Mr Vasion Khan.18 The Muslim Association of Laos has played an important role in strengthening Islam in Laos and helping the minority Muslim community in Laos. Most of the activities carried out by this organization are focused on religious and welfare aspects. In the religious aspect, the Muslim Association of Laos has held congregational Yassin reading activities, opened religious classes such as fardhu ain classes and Quran study classes. 19 Then, this organization also do religious sharing on their Facebook accounts such as sharing about entering prayer times, “dua” that can be practiced, and important dates in Islam such as fasting days in the month of Ramadhan, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Fitr and so on.20 The religious activities that have been carried out can not only increase the knowledge and understanding of Lao Muslims towards Islamic teachings, but also increase their religious spirit to remain in carry out the Islamic obligation. Next, in the welfare aspect, the Muslim Association of Laos has held some programs such as visit the houses of the Islamic community in Laos, and a food donation program periodically.21 Indirectly, these programs have fostered a sense of love and strengthened the spirit of brotherhood among Muslims. In addition, this organization also had implemented some activities with non-Muslims. The aims of those activities are to establish the good 18 Muslim Association Vientiane, LAOS. (2018). A little about us [Facebook]. 19 Muslim Association Vientiane, LAOS. (2019). Sura e yasin in Jamia tonight [Facebook]. 20 Muslim Association Vientiane, LAOS. (2018). Dua is really helpful [Facebook]. 21 Muslim Association Vientiane, LAOS. (2018). Visiting our community in village [Facebook].
10 relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims and to instil mutual respect between each other. Last but not least, all the activities that had accomplished show that the Muslim Association of Vientiane, Laos is one of the organizations that strives to ensure that Islamic teachings continue to be spread in Muslim minority countries. 4.2. Mosque in Laos Among the population of Laos, Muslims constitute the smallest minority. Throughout the entire country, there are merely two mosques, both of which are situated in Vientiane City. These two mosques are named Jamia Vientiane Mosque and Azhar Mosque. i. Vientiane Jamia Mosque The Jamia Vientiane Mosque in Laos is the oldest and first mosque in the country, situated in the heart of Vientiane. It is located behind Hotel Langxaneg and Fathima restaurant, and is not far from the Nam Phou Fountain, which is a source of pride for the city. The mosque is located in close proximity to important structures, including the Traffic Police Station, the National Library, and the French Consulate Office, all of which are situated in the same area. Access to the mosque is convenient, as it is only about 40 meters away from the Nam Phou Fountain. The mosque serves not only as a place of worship, but also hosts various essential activities. These include Quranic education for children, teaching Islamic beliefs, and instructing proper prayer procedures according to Islamic law. These educational activities are held every Saturday and Thursday from 19:00 to 20:30. Architecturally, the Jami’ Vientiane Mosque exhibits a distinctive Mughal style, featuring a small tower on its roof. This architectural design is similar to many other mosques found across Southeast Asia. The ground floor of the mosque houses a communal kitchen, while the prayer area is located on the upper floor. An interesting aspect of the mosque is its unique nameplate, which is written in four languages: Lao, English, Arabic, and Tamil.22 ii. Azhar Mosque The Azhar Mosque, also known as the Cambodian Mosque, is situated in Banphone Sawattay, Chantabouly District, Vientiane, Laos. The Azhar Mosque holds significance as it was constructed by Muslims from the Champa ethnic group in Cambodia. These individuals 22 Kubah Masjid (2018). Masjid Jami Vientiane – Laos. Kontraktorkubahmasjid.com.
11 migrated to Laos between 1975 and 1979 to escape the widespread killings of ethnic Muslims carried out by the Khmer Rouge regime, led by Pol Pot. The mosque continues to function as a place of worship for Cambodian Champa Muslims, as the majority of Muslims in Laos are originally from Cambodia. Over 300 pilgrims, or approximately 70 families, have settled in the Republic of Laos. The Azhar Mosque is also considered a religious tourist attraction, drawing Muslim tourists who visit Laos for its tourist spots. In terms of appearance, not much has changed in the Azhar Mosque since the hosting of the 2009 SEA Games in Laos' capital, Vientiane. The construction of the mosque started in 1976 and was completed in 1986. The mosque still features a golden yellow dome, cream walls, and a gate inscribed with Laotian script rather than Arabic. The mosque sits in a complex with a total area of 700 m². The front yard remains relatively large but lacks ornamental plants, consisting of a clay and gravel mixture. The mosque's name, Azhar, is clearly displayed on the front gate, but other parts may also bear the names Alazhar or Al Azhar. Inside the mosque, the back room serves a dual purpose as a study room and contains two white fans, along with a yellow ceramic floor. Additionally, there is a designated area for ablution and an iron coffin placed at the rear. Due to the majority of worshippers at the Azhar Mosque being of Cambodian descent, it has become better known as the Cambodian Mosque.23 23 Hidayat. N (2022). Masjid Azhar – Vientiane, Masjid Bersejarah di Laos. Surau.co.
12 5.0 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES In delivering da'wah in Laos, several issues and challenges need to be addressed. The following is a description of these issues and challenges: 1. Great Buddhist Influence Laos is a country where the majority of its population follows Theravada Buddhism. The people of Laos are generally deeply rooted in their own religion, and they have limited understanding of other religions, including Islam. As a result, there may be a negative perception of Islamic teachings. In Laos, individuals who choose to leave Theravada Buddhism might be seen as traitors or as violating tradition and cultural identity. This is due to the fact that some practices in Islamic teachings may contradict cultural norms and Buddhist traditions. Therefore, spreading the message of Islam in a community where the majority practices Theravada Buddhism will likely face strong opposition. Moreover, it can be challenging for individuals who are interested in learning about or embracing Islam. 2. Lack of Islamic institutions and infrastructure Laos is one of the nations with a minority of Muslims, as is common knowledge. As a result, there are not enough Islamic institutions and infrastructure in that nation. The environment also restricted the locations where da'wah could be conducted. Among the examples that make this lack in Islamic institutions is that the first is the preaching place. When there aren't enough mosques, da'wah centres, or suitable places of worship, it can be challenging for preachers (preachers) to share Islam's teachings with the local population. To provide space for lectures, research, Islamic studies, and other religious programmes, it is crucial that suitable preaching locations exist. Therefore, the da'wah location is crucial to providing da'wah to all parties in a better and more comfortable manner, especially to those who simply wish to learn about Islam. The best infrastructure must be made available to them.24 3. Lack of Teachers and Religious Leaders In some circumstances, the transmission of authentic Islamic teachings and Laos Muslims' understanding are hampered by a dearth of knowledgeable religious leaders and 24 Hassan, N., Nik, S., Rahman, A., Wan, W., Mohamad, I., & Musa, Z. (2010). Conference Proceedings on IN CAMBODIA, LAO PD~& VIETNAM Holiday Villa Hotel, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Editors.
13 professors. This occurs because few people are motivated to learn about Islam thoroughly from the start. Therefore, there aren't many teachers available to spread the preaching empire. As a result, there will be a decrease in religious instruction and training, and Lao Muslims may have less access to in-depth religious information. There are several issues related to the Muslim community in Laos. Here are some of the issues that may be faced by the Muslim minority in Laos: 1. Recognition and Protection of Rights The Muslim community in Laos faces challenges in the recognition and protection of their rights as a religious minority. The Laos government does not recognize Islam as the official religion of the country, potentially hindering their efforts to develop and defend their religious identity and practices. The protection of human rights, including freedom of religion, is also insufficient for the Muslim community in Laos. Additionally, the Muslim community in Laos also faces discrimination from the Buddhist majority. This discrimination can occur in various aspects of life, including education, employment, and access to social services. 2. Lack of Religious Education The Muslim community in Laos lacks access to religious education resources. Laos does not have enough educational institutions or teaching staff to provide quality religious education. As a result, there is a lack of awareness about religious teachings, understanding, and the ability to practice religion comprehensively. Moreover, without sufficient religious education, society will not have a proper understanding of Islamic teachings. This can lead to incorrect interpretations or superficial understanding of the principles and laws of religion. The absence of religious education can also contribute to the decline of religious values in Lao society. The moral and ethical values taught in Islam may not be consistently applied, resulting in non-compliance with religious teachings and causing disunity and disharmony in society. Additionally, they are susceptible to external cultural influences that can erode their religious values and Islamic identity. 3. Difficulties in Obtaining Sources of Halal Food The availability of halal food in Laos is not as plentiful or easily accessible as in other Muslim-majority countries. This can be attributed to a lack of halal food supply from sellers or
14 food producers within Laos. Additionally, the country lacks strict regulations regarding halal food labeling, which creates challenges for the Muslim community in distinguishing between halal and non-halal food. Moreover, the Muslim community faces difficulties in finding restaurants or eateries that offer halal food options, which restricts their choices for dining out. Consequently, obtaining halal food that aligns with religious requirements becomes a challenge.
15 6.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, the topic “Islamic Movement in Laos is a very unique topic to discussed. The points of the topic include the presence and the role of Islam in Laos. However, it is important to know that the information about the current state of Islamic practices in Laos might be so limited. However, we can still provide a general conclusion based on the available information. Laos is predominantly a Buddhist country, and the Muslim population represents a minority within the country. Islam has a long history in Laos, primarily among the Cham people, who are of Malay-Indonesian descent. The Cham community, concentrated mainly in the southern regions of Laos, has preserved their Islamic faith and cultural traditions over the centuries. The practice of Islam in Laos is relatively small-scale compared to other countries in Southeast Asia. Moreover, there are also Muslim scholars who give and make a lot of contributions and good impact on the Muslim population in Laos. It includes the Imams in Azhar Mosque and Vientiane Jamia Mosque, Laos, the Presidents of Yayasan As-Salam and Laos Muslim Association and so on. From there, we can see that Islam in Laos is well formed and spread even though they are not in a large group. Not only that, there are also Islamic organizations and mosques presented in Laos, particularly in the cities of Vientiane, Savannakhet, and Pakse. These institutions play a crucial role in facilitating religious activities, providing social support, and preserving the Islamic identity of the Cham community. However, Muslims in Laos cannot escape from facing any issues or challenges in spreading Islam, including the great of Buddhist influence in Laos, recognition and protection of rights, lack of religious education and many more. However, the Laotian government has recognized Islam as one of the country's official religions, granting the Cham Muslims certain rights and protections.
16 7.0 REFERENCES Erasiah, Pratama, F.S., Hazari,V. (2022). Komunitas Muslim di Kawasan Komunis. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam. Vol. 12, No. 2, Pp. 149-167. Farouk, O. (2008). The Re-organization of Islam in Cambodia and Laos. CIAS Discussion Paper No.3, 70-85. FAO. (2011). AQUASTAT Country Profile – Lao People's Democratic Republic. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy Fitria Nada. (2022). Sejarah dan Perkembangan Islam di Laos. https://kumparan.com/fitria-nada-1650035408465271899/sejarah-dan-perkembangan-islamdi-laos-1xtVGUCkjv1/full Hassan, N., Nik, S., Rahman, A., Wan, W., Mohamad, I., & Musa, Z. (2010). Conference Proceedings on IN CAMBODIA, LAO PD~& VIETNAM Holiday Villa Hotel, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Editors. http://eprints.usm.my/32868/1/MASJID_KAMPUNG_LAUT_WARISAN_MALAYS IA_DAN_MASYARAKAT_CHAMPA.pdf Hays, J. (2014). RELIGION IN LAOS | Facts and Details. Factsanddetails.com. https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Laos/sub5_3a/entry-2946.html Hidayat. N (2022). Masjid Azhar – Vientiane, Masjid Bersejarah di Laos. Surau.co. https://surau.co/masjid-azhar-vientiane-masjid-bersejarah-di-laos/ Hinchey, Jane. (2019). Laos: Discover the Country, Culture and People. Belrose: Redback Publishing Kubah Masjid (2018). Masjid Jami Vientiane – Laos. Kontraktorkubahmasjid.com.https://www.kontraktorkubahmasjid.com/masjid-jamivientiane-laos/
17 Maps of Lao’s People Democratic Republic. Retrieved February 24, 2021, from Lao People's Democratic Republic Maps & Facts - World Atlas Muslim Association Vientiane, LAOS. (2018). A little about us [Facebook]. Retrieved from https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid02eNKtvvj6hYmdYiaTKi2BRHJZnoZ1J Gyhnzi5SjykAP71vqUZRqKZh8AtQeER6228l&id=1813541655606900&mibextid= Nif5oz Muslim Association Vientiane, LAOS. (2019). Sura e yasin in Jamia tonight [Facebook]. Retrieved from https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0WwVbEdCMiPHEQ2CbiarvNhVdh2m Rfrt18rSNF9dizsEbo6a2gMhnExuLxYRUSM5el&id=1813541655606900&mibextid =Nif5oz Muslim Association Vientiane, LAOS. (2018). Dua is really helpful [Facebook]. Retreived from https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0VYgHxeh8inE7rCaCLqApoWuuapbpL ZJdjeDRUCAxZ7J8hGWk6m4vcFuYzrGkHRkvl&id=1813541655606900&mibextid =Nif5oz Muslim Association Vientiane, LAOS. (2018). Visiting our community in village [Facebook]. Retrieved from https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0Av3X7FbCWAg9fVxbbBXtBF9pqjR3m fhnxVAusgTnnVUt9DXPMWTxjixGvJ1HTWPxl&id=1813541655606900&mibextid =Nif5oz Mutalib, H. (2008). Islam in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. n.a. (2021). Encyclopedia Britannica – Laos. Retrieved January 25, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com. n.a. (2016). Islam in Asean. https://www.facebook.com/alansormalaysia/photos/a.765106780248344/925174457574908/? type=3 n.a. (2020). Minoriti Muslim di Utara Laos. Retrieved from Pertubuhan Sukarelawan Misi7 https://infomisi7.wixsite.com/misi7/post/musliminlaos n.a. (2023).Sumbangan Muallaf di Utara Thailand. Retrieved from Kitafund.com https://kitafund.com/898-sumbangan-muallaf-di-utara-thailand
18 Nashrullah, N. (2016). Islam di Laos, Nikmati Toleransi di Bawah Pemerintah Komunis. REPUBLIKA. https://khazanah.republika.co.id/berita/qekagn320/islam-di-laosnikmati-toleransi-di-bawah-pemerintah-komunis. OMF INTERNATIONAL. 2014. “Laos-Profile”. http://omf.org. VIENTIANE, E. O. (2022). Malawakil Vientiane. anyflip. https://anyflip.com/hnmqg/jxnr/ Yulianto, A. (2016). Masjid Azahar Laos yang Sunyi Sepi, tapi Damai. Indonesia: REPUBLIKA. https://khazanah.republika.co.id/berita/dunia-islam/islamdigest/16/11/23/oh39pp396-masjid-azahar-laos-yang-sunyi-sepi-tapi-damai? Pratama, F. S. (2022). Minoritas Muslim di Negara Komunis Laos: Perkembangan dalam Keterbasan. Turast: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian. Vol: 10 (1). https://ejournal.uinib.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/turast/article/download/4000/2911 Republika.id. (2014). Belajar dari Gairah Minoritas Muslim Laos. https://republika.co.id/berita/nc34sc3/belajar-dari-gairah-minoritas-muslim-laos Worldometer. 2023. “Laos Population LIVE”. http://www.Laos Population (2023) - Worldometer (worldometers.info)
19 8.0 APPENDIX Vientiane Jamia Mosque Azhar Mosque
20 Muslim Association Vientiane Laos President of Al-Azhar Mosque, Haji Ahmad Komphavong & Imam of Al-Azhar Mosque Vientiane
21 Volunteerism activities by Muslim Association